I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in
E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2020
,
p
p
.
558
~
563
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8822
,
DOI
: 1
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.
1
1
5
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1
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.
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:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
The
ro
le
of
entr
e
preneuria
l
i
nten
ti
o
n
in
predi
cting
v
o
ca
tiona
l
hig
h
scho
o
l
stude
nts’
e
m
p
lo
y
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bility
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a
t
wa
T
ent
a
m
a
,
Sa
brina
Yu
s
a
ntr
i
F
a
c
u
lt
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P
sy
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h
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y
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Un
iv
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rsit
a
s
A
h
m
a
d
Da
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lan
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n
d
o
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nfo
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ticle
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to
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y:
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ev
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u
n
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1
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cc
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ted
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u
l
14
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2
0
2
0
On
e
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th
e
f
a
c
to
rs
th
a
t
c
o
n
tri
b
u
te
to
t
h
e
lev
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l
of
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m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
is
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rial
in
te
n
ti
o
n
.
T
h
is
stu
d
y
d
isc
u
ss
e
s
th
e
r
o
le
of
e
n
tre
p
re
n
e
u
rial
in
ten
ti
o
n
s
on
stu
d
e
n
ts'
e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
in
th
is
st
u
d
y
wa
s
a
ll
stu
d
e
n
ts
of
g
ra
d
e
X
II
of
Vo
c
a
ti
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l
Hig
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o
p
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ra
si
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y
a
k
a
rta,
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n
d
o
n
e
sia
,
c
o
n
sist
in
g
of
1
4
1
st
u
d
e
n
ts.
T
h
e
sa
m
p
le
in
th
is
st
u
d
y
w
a
s
86
stu
d
e
n
ts.
T
h
e
sa
m
p
le
se
lec
ti
o
n
w
a
s
done
by
ra
n
d
o
m
izin
g
u
sin
g
a
c
lu
ste
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ra
n
d
o
m
sa
m
p
li
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g
tec
h
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iq
u
e
.
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e
t
h
o
d
s
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a
ta
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o
ll
e
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ti
o
n
u
se
d
in
t
h
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s
stu
d
y
a
re
sc
a
les
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e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
sc
a
l
e
,
a
n
d
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
r
ial
in
ten
ti
o
n
s
sc
a
le.
A
n
a
ly
sis
of
th
e
d
a
ta
u
se
d
in
th
is
st
u
d
y
is
th
e
p
ro
d
u
c
t
-
m
o
m
e
n
t
a
n
a
ly
sis
te
c
h
n
iq
u
e
.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
of
d
a
ta
a
n
a
ly
sis
sh
o
w
e
d
th
e
c
o
rre
latio
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
e
n
tr
e
p
re
n
e
u
rial
in
ten
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
w
h
e
re
r
=
0
.
3
3
9
w
it
h
p
=
0
.
0
0
1
(p
<
0
.
0
1
),
w
h
ich
sh
o
w
e
d
a
v
e
r
y
sig
n
if
i
c
a
n
t
p
o
siti
v
e
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o
rre
latio
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
t
h
e
tw
o
v
a
riab
les
at
th
e
re
s
e
a
rc
h
site.
It
m
e
a
n
s
th
a
t
th
e
lev
e
l
of
e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
c
a
n
be
p
re
d
icte
d
b
a
se
d
on
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
in
ten
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rial
in
ten
ti
o
n
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ted
1
1
.
5
%
to
e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
re
m
a
in
in
g
8
8
.
5
%
can
be
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
d
by
o
th
e
r
v
a
riab
les
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
i
n
te
n
tio
n
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
T
h
is
is
an
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
CC
BY
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Fat
w
a
T
en
ta
m
a,
Facu
lt
y
of
P
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
i
v
er
s
ita
s
A
h
m
ad
Dah
lan
,
Kap
as
Stre
et
9,
Se
m
ak
i,
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
E
m
ail:
f
at
w
a.
te
n
ta
m
a@
p
s
y
.
u
a
d
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
In
f
ac
in
g
th
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
of
th
e
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et
w
it
h
all
of
its
ch
a
llen
g
es,
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
n
ee
d
to
be
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
as
w
ell
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
[
1
]
.
On
e
of
th
e
s
k
ill
s
th
a
t
n
ee
d
to
be
p
r
ep
ar
ed
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
ed
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
[
2
]
.
E
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
is
a
m
aj
o
r
co
n
ce
r
n
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
t
h
at
n
ee
d
s
to
be
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
[
3
]
b
ec
au
s
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
as
a
p
r
o
v
i
s
io
n
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
to
f
i
n
d
w
o
r
k
in
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
lev
el
of
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
can
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
’
ca
p
ac
it
y
to
m
a
n
a
g
e
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
s
[
5
,
6
]
.
Dev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
is
es
s
e
n
tial
[
7
]
b
ec
au
s
e
it
can
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
w
o
r
k
s
k
ills
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
s
elf
-
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t,
ab
ilit
y
to
an
al
y
ze
an
d
to
f
ac
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
[
8
]
.
E
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
p
la
y
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
p
lan
n
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
ca
r
ee
r
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
f
o
r
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
.
W
ith
s
tr
o
n
g
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
,
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
ca
n
r
ea
lize
ca
r
ee
r
g
o
als
an
d
s
tar
t
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
or
ev
en
w
o
r
k
[
4
]
.
L
o
w
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
il
it
y
h
a
s
s
e
v
er
al
i
m
p
ac
ts
on
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
s
,
t
he
i
m
p
ac
t
of
lo
w
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ili
t
y
is
lo
w
s
el
f
-
estee
m
,
lac
k
of
ef
f
o
r
t,
an
d
w
ill
in
g
n
ess
to
e
n
te
r
th
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
ce
[
9
]
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
a
ls
w
it
h
lo
w
e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
ilit
y
ar
e
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ed
to
en
ter
th
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
ce
or
to
g
et
a
jo
b
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
t
h
eir
ex
p
ec
ted
ca
r
ee
r
[
1
0
]
.
In
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
u
n
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
to
d
a
y
,
as
m
a
n
y
h
a
v
e
ass
u
m
ed
,
is
also
ca
u
s
ed
by
t
h
e
lo
w
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
[
1
1
]
.
Oth
er
i
m
p
ac
ts
ca
u
s
ed
by
lo
w
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
i
li
t
y
ar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
v
al
&
R
e
s
E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ia
l in
t
en
tio
n
in
p
r
ed
ictin
g
vo
ca
ti
o
n
a
l h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
’
… (
F
a
tw
a
Ten
ta
ma
)
559
in
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
i
n
g
,
co
n
f
lict,
in
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
,
lo
w
m
eta
-
co
g
n
iti
v
e
s
k
ills
,
in
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
lo
w
s
o
cial
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ili
t
y
,
a
n
d
p
ess
i
m
is
m
[
1
2
]
.
E
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
as
a
s
k
ill,
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
an
d
co
m
p
ete
n
c
y
ar
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
attr
ib
u
tes
t
h
at
can
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
's
ab
ilit
y
to
g
e
t
a
j
o
b
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
l
y
g
iv
e
th
e
m
ea
s
ier
ac
ce
s
s
to
en
ter
t
h
e
j
o
b
m
ar
k
et
[
1
3
]
.
E
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
of
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
en
ter
th
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
ce
,
ad
a
p
t
to
th
e
w
o
r
k
p
lace
,
an
d
be
d
y
n
a
m
ic
in
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
p
lace
[
1
4
,
1
5
]
.
E
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
is
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
ta
n
t
ab
ilit
y
of
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
to
do,
to
g
et,
or
to
cr
ea
te
w
o
r
k
[
1
6
,
1
7
]
.
E
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
is
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
a
f
o
r
m
of
s
k
ill
as
a
p
ar
t
of
s
p
ec
ial
ab
ilit
ies
th
a
t
en
ab
le
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
id
en
tify
a
n
d
r
ea
lize
ca
r
ee
r
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
of
em
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
is
clo
s
el
y
r
elate
d
to
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
in
te
n
tio
n
s
[
1
9
,
2
0
]
.
So
m
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
f
i
n
d
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
in
te
n
tio
n
s
is
b
eliev
ed
to
be
a
s
tr
ateg
y
t
h
at
can
be
ap
p
lied
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
of
lo
w
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
in
te
n
ti
o
n
of
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
en
co
u
r
ag
es
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
to
en
g
a
g
e
in
v
ar
io
u
s
tas
k
s
a
n
d
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
t
h
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
v
ar
iet
y
of
s
k
ills
a
n
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
al
s
w
it
h
h
ig
h
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
i
n
te
n
tio
n
s
te
n
d
to
h
av
e
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
v
al
u
es,
attit
u
d
es,
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e,
an
d
s
k
i
lls
t
h
at
en
ab
le
th
e
m
to
co
p
e
w
it
h
ch
a
n
g
in
g
n
ee
d
s
in
t
h
e
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et
[
2
3
-
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
in
ten
t
io
n
of
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
is
th
e
i
n
te
n
tio
n
to
s
tar
t
a
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
an
d
or
to
lau
n
ch
a
n
e
w
b
u
s
i
n
ess
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
in
ten
t
io
n
is
f
u
r
th
er
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
as
an
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
's
r
ea
d
in
es
s
to
in
ter
ac
t
w
i
th
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
in
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
ac
tio
n
,
or
n
e
w
b
u
s
i
n
ess
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
th
at
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
n
er
g
u
t
s
,
p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
an
d
n
eg
o
tiatio
n
s
to
f
ac
e
in
ten
s
e
co
m
p
eti
tio
n
in
th
e
w
o
r
ld
of
w
o
r
k
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
in
ten
tio
n
of
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
is
d
escr
ib
ed
as
a
co
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
th
at
d
r
iv
es
s
o
m
eo
n
e
to
b
ec
o
m
e
an
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
[
2
8
]
.
C
o
g
n
iti
v
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
of
a
ctio
n
s
to
be
ta
k
en
by
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
to
b
u
ild
n
e
w
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
e
s
[
2
9
]
an
d
a
co
m
m
it
m
en
t
to
s
tar
tin
g
a
n
e
w
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
an
d
a
ten
d
en
c
y
to
act
as
th
e
m
a
in
f
o
r
c
e
w
h
ic
h
d
r
iv
es
n
e
w
b
u
s
i
n
ess
e
s
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elt
y
of
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
is
th
e
s
tu
d
y
of
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
,
w
h
ich
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
r
elate
d
to
in
ten
tio
n
th
eo
r
y
,
esp
ec
iall
y
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
in
ten
tio
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
s
till
r
ar
ely
d
o
n
e.
In
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
f
o
cu
s
of
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
on
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
Hi
g
h
Sc
h
o
o
l
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
in
cla
s
s
X
I
I
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
i
n
te
n
tio
n
s
an
d
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
in
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
at
th
e
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
Hig
h
Sc
h
o
o
l
Ko
p
er
asi
Yo
g
y
a
k
ar
ta
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n,
s
a
m
ple
a
nd
s
a
mp
lin
g
t
ec
hn
iq
ue
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
w
er
e
all
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
of
g
r
ad
e
XI
I
of
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
H
ig
h
Sch
o
o
l
Ko
p
er
asi
Yo
g
y
a
k
ar
ta,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
co
n
s
i
s
t
in
g
of
141
s
tu
d
en
t
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
r
e
e
m
aj
o
r
s
co
v
er
in
g
s
i
x
clas
s
es.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
a
s
m
ai
n
l
y
f
r
o
m
g
r
ad
e
XI
I
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
t
h
e
y
h
ad
s
k
ill
s
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
th
eir
m
aj
o
r
s
an
d
h
ad
co
m
p
let
ed
th
e
j
o
b
tr
ain
in
g
(
i
n
ter
n
s
h
ip
)
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
86
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
r
ee
m
aj
o
r
class
es,
n
a
m
el
y
:
v
is
u
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
esig
n
,
ac
co
u
n
ti
n
g
,
an
d
m
ar
k
e
tin
g
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
of
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
w
as
r
an
d
o
m
ized
u
s
i
n
g
a
clu
s
ter
r
an
d
o
m
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e.
2
.
2
.
M
e
a
s
uring
ins
t
ru
m
ent
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
m
et
h
o
d
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
co
n
s
is
t
s
of
s
o
m
e
s
c
ales.
Firstl
y
,
th
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
s
ca
le
w
a
s
d
esig
n
ed
by
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
th
e
m
s
el
v
es
b
ased
on
th
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
Fu
g
ate,
Kin
ick
i,
an
d
A
s
h
f
o
r
th
[
3
1
]
,
n
a
m
el
y
ca
r
ee
r
id
en
tit
y
,
p
er
s
o
n
a
l
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
s
o
cial
a
n
d
h
u
m
an
ca
p
ital.
T
h
e
s
ca
lin
g
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
s
ca
le
is
t
h
e
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
li
n
g
m
o
d
el.
E
x
a
m
p
les
of
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ili
t
y
s
ca
le
ite
m
s
ar
e:
"I
co
n
s
id
er
lear
n
in
g
as
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
th
in
g
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
my
s
ea
r
c
h
f
o
r
a
j
o
b
"
,
"I
f
ee
l
th
e
p
r
ac
tice
of
f
ield
w
o
r
k
can
in
cr
ea
s
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
ab
ilit
y
to
w
o
r
k
"
,
an
d
"I
s
h
ar
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
w
it
h
f
r
ie
n
d
s
r
elate
d
to
s
u
b
j
ec
t
m
atter
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice
in
s
c
h
o
o
l"
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
of
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
d
ata
is
w
r
itte
n
in
I
n
d
o
n
es
ian
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
of
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
in
te
n
tio
n
s
w
a
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
by
t
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
th
e
m
s
elv
e
s
by
r
ef
er
r
in
g
to
th
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
of
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
in
te
n
tio
n
s
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
Van
Geld
er
en
,
B
r
an
d
,
Van
P
r
aa
g
,
B
o
d
ew
e
s
,
P
o
u
ts
m
a,
a
n
d
Van
Gi
ls
[
2
2
]
n
a
m
e
l
y
d
es
ir
es,
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
,
p
lan
s
,
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
ex
p
ec
ta
n
cies.
T
h
e
s
ca
li
n
g
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
ca
le
is
al
s
o
th
e
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
le
m
o
d
el.
E
x
a
m
p
les
of
s
ca
le
ite
m
s
of
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
in
te
n
tio
n
s
ar
e:
"I
f
ee
l
I
am
r
ea
d
y
to
be
an
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
"
,
"I
w
ill
r
u
n
a
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ex
p
er
tis
e
I
h
a
v
e"
,
an
d
"I
h
av
e
a
s
p
ir
atio
n
s
to
b
ec
o
m
e
an
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
"
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
of
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ia
l
i
n
te
n
tio
n
s
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
d
ata
is
w
r
itten
in
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
n
.
2
.
3
.
Va
lid
it
y
a
nd
re
lia
bil
it
y
of
m
ea
s
uring
ins
t
ru
m
ent
s
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
of
t
h
e
tr
ial
an
a
l
y
s
is
of
40
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
on
th
e
s
ca
le
of
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
il
it
y
o
b
tai
n
ed
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
of
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
(
α
)
of
0
.
8
8
6
w
ith
a
r
a
n
g
e
of
ite
m
(
co
r
r
ec
ted
item
-
to
tal
co
r
r
elatio
n
)
p
o
w
er
in
d
e
x
t
h
at
m
o
v
e
s
f
r
o
m
0
.
3
0
1
to
0
.
6
6
0
.
Valid
an
d
r
eliab
le
i
te
m
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
ar
e
24
ite
m
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
of
t
h
e
tr
ial
an
al
y
s
is
of
40
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
on
t
h
e
s
ca
le
of
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
i
n
ten
tio
n
s
o
b
tain
ed
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
of
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8822
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
55
8
-
563
560
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
(
α
)
of
0
.
8
6
6
w
it
h
a
r
an
g
e
of
ite
m
p
o
w
er
i
n
d
ex
(
co
r
r
ec
ted
item
-
to
tal
co
r
r
elatio
n
)
th
at
m
o
v
e
s
f
r
o
m
0
.
3
0
4
to
0
.
6
3
2
.
Valid
an
d
r
elia
b
le
ite
m
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
ar
e
20
item
s
.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
an
al
y
zin
g
d
at
a
is
p
ar
am
e
tr
ic
s
tati
s
tical
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
Data
an
al
y
s
i
s
w
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
i
n
g
I
B
M
SP
SS
2
1
.
0
f
o
r
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
-
m
o
m
en
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
e,
w
h
ich
is
a
s
tati
s
tical
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
in
te
n
tio
n
s
an
d
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ili
t
y
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
P
re
re
qu
is
it
e
t
est
B
ef
o
r
e
d
o
in
g
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
w
i
t
h
P
r
o
d
u
ct
m
o
m
e
n
t
an
al
y
s
is
,
it
is
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
do
an
ass
u
m
p
ti
o
n
test
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
alit
y
test
a
n
d
th
e
li
n
ea
r
it
y
te
s
t,
as
a
co
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
P
r
o
d
u
ct
m
o
m
e
n
t
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
No
r
m
a
lity
t
est
T
h
e
n
o
r
m
alit
y
tes
t
is
d
o
n
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
ai
m
to
a
s
s
es
s
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
of
d
ata
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
of
d
ata
or
v
ar
iab
les,
w
h
et
h
er
th
e
d
ata
d
is
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tio
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is
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h
e
n
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y
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s
ef
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l
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o
r
d
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m
in
i
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ata
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at
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th
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ased
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n
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al
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lis
ted
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ab
le
1,
it
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k
n
o
w
n
t
h
at
th
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s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
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ce
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al
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e
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e
m
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lo
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ili
t
y
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ar
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a
n
d
en
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1
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d
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4
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,
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m
ea
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s
t
h
at
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ata
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o
r
m
all
y
d
is
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ib
u
ted
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T
ab
le
1
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Dis
tr
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tio
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n
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m
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V
a
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a
b
l
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S
c
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K
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g
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e
Ex
p
l
a
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t
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Emp
l
o
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a
b
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l
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t
y
0
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7
5
9
0
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6
1
2
N
o
r
mal
En
t
r
e
p
r
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u
r
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8
8
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4
1
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N
o
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mal
3
.
1
.
2
.
L
inea
rit
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est
T
h
e
lin
ea
r
it
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test
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s
to
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eter
m
i
n
e
w
h
et
h
er
t
w
o
v
ar
ia
b
les
h
av
e
a
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
or
n
o
t
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
.
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li
n
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
ch
a
n
g
e
s
in
p
r
ed
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r
v
ar
iab
les
w
ill
ten
d
to
be
f
o
llo
w
ed
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ch
an
g
es
in
cr
iter
io
n
v
ar
iab
les
by
f
o
r
m
in
g
lin
ea
r
l
in
e
s
.
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i
n
ea
r
it
y
te
s
t
r
es
u
lt
s
b
et
w
ee
n
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
in
ten
t
io
n
s
on
e
m
p
lo
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s
h
o
w
n
in
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ab
le
2
o
b
tain
ed
F
lin
ea
r
it
y
of
11
.
6
2
5
w
it
h
a
s
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n
if
ican
ce
lev
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(
p
)
of
0
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0
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1
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h
m
ea
n
s
l
in
ea
r
or
th
er
e
is
a
lin
e
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
t
h
e
en
tr
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r
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eu
r
ial
i
n
te
n
tio
n
v
ar
iab
les
to
e
m
p
lo
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ab
ilit
y
.
T
ab
le
2
.
L
in
ea
r
it
y
te
s
t
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
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L
i
n
e
a
r
i
t
y
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
C
r
i
t
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a
Ex
p
l
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t
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En
t
r
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r
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t
i
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l
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i
l
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t
y
1
1
.
6
2
5
0
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1
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<
0
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0
5
L
i
n
e
a
r
3
.
2
.
H
y
po
t
hes
is
t
est
T
esti
n
g
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
o
n
e
u
s
i
n
g
p
r
o
d
u
ct
m
o
m
e
n
t
an
al
y
s
i
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
in
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
w
th
at
t
h
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
of
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
b
et
w
ee
n
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
ial
in
te
n
tio
n
an
d
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
il
it
y
is
r
=
0
.
3
3
9
w
i
th
p
=
0
.
0
0
1
(p
<
0
.
0
1
)
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
v
er
y
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
in
t
en
tio
n
s
an
d
th
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
of
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
at
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
Ko
p
er
asi
Yo
g
y
a
k
ar
ta.
T
ab
le
3.
P
r
o
d
u
ct
m
o
m
e
n
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
al
y
s
is
V
a
r
i
a
b
le
r
R
S
q
u
a
r
e
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
Ex
p
l
a
n
a
t
i
o
n
En
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
on
e
mp
l
o
y
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
0
.
3
3
9
0
.
1
1
5
0
.
0
01
p
<
0
.
0
1
T
h
e
r
e
is
a
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
v
e
r
y
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
T
h
ese
r
esu
lt
s
i
n
d
icate
t
h
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
is
ac
ce
p
t
ed
so
th
at
th
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
v
ar
iab
le
can
be
p
r
ed
icted
b
ased
on
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
in
te
n
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
of
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
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y
ar
e
in
li
n
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w
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t
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s
e
v
er
al
p
r
ev
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u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
th
a
t
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
en
tr
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r
en
eu
r
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in
ten
tio
n
s
p
la
y
an
es
s
en
tia
l
r
o
le
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
il
it
y
[
3
2
,
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
in
ten
tio
n
of
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
co
n
tr
ib
u
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1
1
.
5
%
to
em
p
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,
an
d
th
e
r
e
m
ai
n
in
g
8
8
.
5
%
can
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s
th
at
in
f
l
u
en
c
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tr
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r
en
eu
r
ial
in
te
n
tio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
s
o
f
t
-
s
k
i
ll
f
ac
to
r
s
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
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ill
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in
ter
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h
ip
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s
p
ec
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s
k
il
ls
,
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
[
3
4
]
.
So
m
e
r
esear
ch
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ad
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f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
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v
e
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en
t,
s
el
f
-
co
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ce
p
t
[
3
5
]
,
lear
n
in
g
m
o
t
iv
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n
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d
s
o
c
ial
s
u
p
p
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r
t
[
3
6
]
,
ca
r
ee
r
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
p
r
ac
tices,
w
o
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k
e
x
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ien
ce
,
tr
ain
i
n
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,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
3
7
]
.
L
o
w
e
m
p
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y
ab
ilit
y
is
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
r
o
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in
t
h
e
w
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ld
of
w
o
r
k
,
an
d
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o
lu
tio
n
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
e
m
p
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is
to
in
s
ti
ll
or
en
co
u
r
a
g
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i
n
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iv
id
u
als
to
h
a
v
e
en
tr
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r
en
eu
r
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i
n
ten
tio
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s
[
3
8
,
3
9
]
.
T
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of
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es
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n
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to
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ar
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ee
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s
[
4
0
,
4
1
]
.
Hig
h
en
tr
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r
en
eu
r
ial
i
n
te
n
tio
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en
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iv
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y
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n
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s
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p
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t
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u
s
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n
es
s
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t
h
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t
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[
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4
3
]
.
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n
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iv
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u
als
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th
en
tr
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r
en
e
u
r
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s
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e
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g
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ch
a
n
ce
of
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ett
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g
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s
e
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e
y
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ll
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te
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o
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t
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e
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el
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en
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o
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ities
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er
s
[
4
4
,
4
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]
.
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h
e
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ten
tio
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tr
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r
s
h
ip
is
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ec
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m
in
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l
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m
p
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t
f
r
o
m
ti
m
e
to
tim
e
g
lo
b
all
y
[
4
6
,
4
7
]
.
It
w
o
r
k
s
as
a
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asic
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n
ce
p
t
to
m
ee
t
th
e
d
e
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a
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d
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s
f
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ed
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t
h
i
n
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iv
id
u
al
s
an
d
s
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cial
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r
g
an
izatio
n
s
[
4
8
,
4
9
]
.
T
h
e
in
ten
tio
n
of
e
n
tr
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r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
h
elp
s
in
d
i
v
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d
u
als
to
d
ev
elo
p
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
s
k
i
lls
as
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
t
of
th
e
p
r
o
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s
s
of
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eg
o
tiatio
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et
w
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i
n
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iv
id
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s
an
d
o
th
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ar
ts
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n
to
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ev
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e
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n
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es
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5
0
]
.
Hig
h
e
n
tr
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r
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n
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s
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h
e
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ir
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m
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y
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il
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o
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r
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t
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e
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s
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m
p
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ts
[
5
1
]
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
a
ls
w
h
o
h
av
e
e
n
tr
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r
en
eu
r
ial
in
te
n
tio
n
s
w
il
l
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on
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o
w
t
h
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n
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or
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m
p
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eir
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n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
s
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ill
s
so
t
h
at
t
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e
y
ca
n
h
a
n
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le
o
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s
tac
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ap
p
r
o
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r
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h
en
t
h
e
y
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ter
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
of
en
tr
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en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
[
5
2
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
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p
r
o
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id
e
s
in
s
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g
h
t
to
b
ec
o
m
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
n
e
w
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
,
esp
ec
ial
l
y
f
o
r
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
Hig
h
Sc
h
o
o
ls
g
r
ad
u
ates.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
b
tai
n
ed
in
d
icate
t
h
at
in
d
iv
id
u
al
i
n
te
n
tio
n
s
in
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
ten
d
to
p
lay
an
ac
ti
v
e
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
v
o
lv
e
m
e
n
t
of
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
in
b
u
ild
i
n
g
a
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
w
i
th
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
in
ten
t
io
n
s
ten
d
to
h
av
e
h
i
g
h
er
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
of
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
ca
n
also
be
u
s
e
f
u
l
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
.
In
ad
d
itio
n
to
teac
h
in
g
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ill
s
,
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
also
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
co
n
v
in
c
in
g
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
to
cr
ea
te
j
o
b
s
th
at
ar
e
in
li
n
e
w
i
th
t
h
eir
p
o
ten
tial
v
o
ca
tio
n
a
l
s
k
ill
s
.
St
u
d
en
t
s
can
as
k
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
tio
n
s
to
d
ir
ec
t
th
eir
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
b
eh
av
io
r
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
f
iel
d
,
th
er
eb
y
h
o
p
in
g
th
e
m
n
o
t
to
o
r
elian
t
on
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
b
u
t
t
h
e
y
ar
e
ab
le
to
cr
e
ate
j
o
b
s
f
o
r
th
e
m
s
el
v
es
a
n
d
o
th
er
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
in
ten
t
io
n
of
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
can
be
a
g
o
o
d
in
d
icat
o
r
of
th
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
of
s
tu
d
en
t
s
at
th
e
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
Ko
p
er
asi
Yo
g
y
a
k
ar
ta.
T
h
er
e
is
a
v
er
y
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
it
iv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
i
n
te
n
tio
n
s
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
em
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
.
It
m
e
an
s
t
h
at
th
e
le
v
el
of
s
t
u
d
en
t
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
can
be
p
r
ed
icted
b
ased
on
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
i
n
ten
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
te
n
ti
o
n
of
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
p
la
y
s
a
r
o
le
of
1
1
.
5
%
to
e
m
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
t
h
e
o
th
er
8
8
.
5
%
of
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
m
i
g
h
t
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
er
f
ac
to
r
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
w
o
u
ld
lik
e
to
th
an
k
th
e
Fac
u
lt
y
of
P
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
of
Un
i
v
er
s
ita
s
A
h
m
ad
Dah
lan
an
d
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
H
i
g
h
Sc
h
o
o
l
Ko
p
er
asi
Yo
g
y
a
k
ar
ta
f
o
r
th
e
t
ec
h
n
ica
l
ass
is
ta
n
ce
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
al
s
o
th
an
k
a
ll
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
s
t
u
d
en
ts
,
teac
h
er
s
,
s
c
h
o
o
l
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
an
d
o
th
er
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
s
f
o
r
t
h
eir
e
f
f
o
r
ts
,
ass
is
tan
ce
,
a
n
d
in
v
o
lv
e
m
e
n
t
in
th
is
r
esear
c
h
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A.
De
V
o
s,
S.
De
Ha
u
w
,
a
n
d
B.
I.
V
a
n
d
e
r
He
ij
d
e
n
,
“
Co
m
p
e
ten
c
y
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
c
a
re
e
r
su
c
c
e
ss
:
T
h
e
m
e
d
iatin
g
ro
le
of
e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
Vo
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Beh
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l.
7
9
,
no.
2,
pp.
4
3
8
-
4
4
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
]
C.
M.
V
a
n
d
e
r
He
ij
d
e
a
n
d
B.
V
a
n
d
e
r
He
ij
d
e
n
,
“
T
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
p
sy
c
h
o
m
e
tri
c
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
of
a
m
u
lt
i
-
d
im
e
n
sio
n
a
l
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
in
stru
m
e
n
t
of
e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
of
a
g
in
g
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
g
re
ss
S
e
rie
s
,
v
o
l.
1
2
8
0
,
n
o
.
Ju
n
e
,
p
p
.
1
4
2
–
1
4
7
,
2
0
0
5
.
[3
]
H.
G
u
,
R.
R.
Ka
v
a
n
a
u
g
h
,
a
n
d
Y.
Co
n
g
,
“
Em
p
iri
c
a
l
st
u
d
ies
of
to
u
ri
s
m
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
in
Ch
i
n
a
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
in
T
ra
v
e
l
&
T
o
u
rism
,
v
o
l.
7,
n
o
.
1,
p
p
.
3
-
2
4
,
2
0
0
7
.
[4
]
Y.
F.
W
a
n
g
a
n
d
C.
T.
Tsa
i
,
“
E
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
of
h
o
sp
it
a
li
ty
g
r
a
d
u
a
tes
:
S
tu
d
e
n
t
a
n
d
in
d
u
stry
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
Ho
s
p
it
a
li
ty
&
T
o
u
rism
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l.
26,
n
o
.
3,
pp.
1
2
5
-
1
3
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
N.
He
ss
,
D.
M.
Je
p
se
n
,
a
n
d
N.
Drie
s
,
“
Ca
re
e
r
a
n
d
e
m
p
lo
y
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
in
th
e
a
g
e
of
th
e
‘
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
l
e
ss
’
c
a
re
e
r,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
V
o
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Beh
a
v
io
r
,
v
o
l.
8
1
,
no.
2,
p
p
.
2
8
0
-
2
8
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[6
]
S.
M
c
A
rd
le,
L.
W
a
ters
,
J.
P.
Bri
sc
o
e
,
a
n
d
D.
T.
Ha
ll
,
“
Em
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
d
u
rin
g
u
n
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t:
A
d
a
p
tab
il
i
ty
,
c
a
re
e
r
id
e
n
ti
ty
,
a
n
d
h
u
m
a
n
a
n
d
s
o
c
ial
c
a
p
it
a
l,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
Vo
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Beh
a
v
io
r
,
v
o
l
.
7
1
,
n
o
.
2,
p
p
.
2
4
7
-
2
6
4
,
2
0
0
7
.
[7
]
S.
M.
Ja
m
e
so
n
,
“A
c
a
se
stu
d
y
of
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
h
o
sp
it
a
li
ty
stu
d
e
n
ts’
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
of
e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
sk
il
ls,”
CAUT
HE
2
0
0
8
:
T
o
u
rism
a
n
d
Ho
s
p
it
a
li
ty R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
T
ra
in
in
g
a
n
d
Pra
c
ti
c
e
,
p
p
.
57
-
59,
2
0
0
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8822
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
55
8
-
563
562
[8
]
K.
L
o
w
d
e
n
,
S.
Ha
ll
,
D.
El
li
o
t,
a
n
d
J.
L
e
w
in
,
Emp
lo
y
e
rs
’
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
of
t
h
e
e
mp
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
sk
il
ls
of
n
e
w
g
ra
d
u
a
tes
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
:
E
d
g
e
F
o
u
n
d
a
t
io
n
,
2
0
1
1
.
[9
]
R.
Be
n
a
b
o
u
a
n
d
J.
T
iro
le
,
“
S
e
lf
-
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
p
e
rso
n
a
l
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
,
”
T
h
e
Qu
a
rte
rly
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
Eco
n
o
mic
s,
v
o
l.
1
1
7
,
n
o
.
3,
pp.
8
7
1
–
9
1
5
,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
0
]
M.
Y
o
rk
e
a
n
d
P.
K
n
ig
h
t
,
“
Ev
id
e
n
c
e
-
in
f
o
rm
e
d
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
of
stu
d
e
n
t
e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
,
”
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
in
Hig
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
no.
2,
p
p
.
1
5
7
–
1
7
0
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
1
]
P.
R
o
n
n
å
s
a
n
d
L.
S
h
a
m
c
h
i
y
e
v
a
,
Emp
lo
y
me
n
t
d
i
a
g
n
o
stic
a
n
a
lys
is:
M
a
lu
k
u
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
G
e
n
e
v
a
:
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
L
a
b
o
u
r
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
2
]
D.
Ja
c
k
so
n
a
n
d
E.
C
h
a
p
m
a
n
,
“
N
o
n
-
tec
h
n
ica
l
sk
il
l
g
a
p
s
in
A
u
stra
l
ian
b
u
si
n
e
ss
g
ra
d
u
a
tes
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
+
T
r
a
in
in
g
,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
no.
2
/
3
,
p
p
.
95
-
1
1
3
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
3
]
L.
Bre
we
r
,
En
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
y
o
u
th
e
mp
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
:
W
h
a
t
?
W
h
y
?
A
n
d
Ho
w?
Gu
id
e
to
c
o
re
w
o
rk
sk
il
ls
,
G
e
n
e
v
a
:
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
L
a
b
o
u
r
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
4
]
M.
Co
e
tze
e
a
n
d
H.
Ro
y
th
o
rn
e
-
J
a
c
o
b
s
,
Ca
re
e
r
c
o
u
n
se
li
n
g
a
n
d
g
u
id
a
n
c
e
in
t
h
e
wo
rk
p
l
a
c
e
:
A
ma
n
u
a
l
fo
r
c
a
re
e
r
p
ra
c
ti
ti
o
n
e
rs
,
Ca
p
e
T
o
w
n
:
Ju
ta
a
n
d
Co
m
p
a
n
y
L
td
.
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
5
]
E.
He
rr,
et
al
,
C
a
re
e
r
g
u
id
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
u
n
se
li
n
g
th
ro
u
g
h
t
h
e
li
fes
p
a
n
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
:
P
re
n
ti
c
e
-
Ha
ll
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
6
]
D.
T.
Ha
ll
a
n
d
D.
E.
Ch
a
n
d
ler
,
“
P
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
su
c
c
e
ss
:
W
h
e
n
th
e
c
a
re
e
r
is
a
c
a
ll
in
g
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
Or
g
a
n
iz
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Beh
a
v
io
r:
T
h
e
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
In
d
u
stri
a
l,
Oc
c
u
p
a
t
io
n
a
l
a
n
d
Or
g
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
Beh
a
v
io
r
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
no.
2,
p
p
.
1
5
5
-
1
7
6
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
7
]
C.
M.
V
a
n
d
e
r
He
ij
d
e
a
n
d
B.
I.
V
a
n
De
r
He
ij
d
e
n
,
“A
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
-
b
a
se
d
a
n
d
m
u
lt
id
im
e
n
sio
n
a
l
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
of
e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
,
”
Hu
ma
n
Res
o
u
rc
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
4
5
,
n
o
.
3,
p
p
.
4
4
9
-
4
7
6
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
8
]
M.
F
u
g
a
te
a
n
d
B.
E.
A
sh
f
o
rth
,
“
Em
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
:
T
h
e
c
o
n
stru
c
t,
its
d
im
e
n
sio
n
s,
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
Aca
d
e
my
of
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
0
3
,
n
o
.
1,
pp.
1
-
6,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
9
]
S.
H
o
d
z
ic,
P.
Rip
o
ll
,
E.
L
ira,
a
n
d
F.
Zen
a
sn
i
,
“
Ca
n
in
terv
e
n
ti
o
n
in
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
s
in
c
re
a
se
e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
p
ro
sp
e
c
ts
of
u
n
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
a
d
u
lt
s?
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
V
o
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Be
h
a
v
io
r
,
v
o
l.
8
8
,
n
o
.
Ju
n
e
,
p
p
.
28
-
37,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
0
]
F.
D.
V
ieira
a
n
d
C.
S.
R
o
d
r
ig
u
e
s
,
“
En
trep
re
n
e
u
r
ial
in
te
n
ti
o
n
s
of
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
stu
d
e
n
ts,”
Aca
d
e
mic
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
Pu
b
li
s
h
in
g
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
,
p
p
.
7
1
2
-
7
2
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
1
]
E.
J.
S
c
h
w
a
rz
,
et
al
,
“
T
h
e
e
ff
e
c
t
s
of
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
on
stu
d
e
n
ts'
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rial
in
ten
t,
”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
+
T
ra
i
n
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
5
1
,
n
o
.
4,
p
p
.
2
7
2
-
2
9
1
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
2
]
M.
V
a
n
G
e
ld
e
re
n
,
et
al
,
“
Ex
p
lai
n
in
g
e
n
tre
p
re
n
e
u
rial
in
te
n
ti
o
n
s
by
m
e
a
n
s
of
th
e
th
e
o
ry
of
p
lan
n
e
d
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
r,
”
Ca
re
e
r
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
,
v
o
.
13,
n
o
.
6,
pp.
5
3
8
-
5
5
9
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
3
]
N.
E.
P
e
term
a
n
a
n
d
J.
Ke
n
n
e
d
y
,
“
En
terp
rise
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
I
n
f
lu
e
n
c
in
g
stu
d
e
n
ts’
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
of
e
n
tr
e
p
re
n
e
u
rsh
i
p
,
”
En
tre
p
re
n
e
u
rs
h
i
p
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
Pra
c
ti
c
e
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
no.
2,
p
p
.
1
2
9
-
1
4
4
,
2
0
0
3
.
[2
4
]
H.
M
a
tl
a
y
,
“
T
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
of
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rsh
i
p
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
on
e
n
tre
p
r
e
n
e
u
rial
o
u
tc
o
m
e
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
s
ma
ll
b
u
sin
e
ss
and
e
n
ter
p
rise
d
e
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
15,
n
o
.
2,
p
p
.
3
8
2
–
3
9
6
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
5
]
H.
Oo
ste
rb
e
e
k
,
M.
V
a
n
P
ra
a
g
,
a
n
d
A.
Ijsse
lstein
,
“
T
h
e
im
p
a
c
t
of
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rs
h
ip
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
on
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rs
h
ip
sk
il
ls
a
n
d
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
,
”
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
Eco
n
o
mic
Rev
iew,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
n
o
.
3,
pp.
4
4
2
-
4
5
4
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
6
]
N.
F.
Kr
u
e
g
e
r
,
“
En
trep
re
n
e
u
rial
i
n
ten
ti
o
n
s
a
re
d
e
a
d
:
L
o
n
g
l
iv
e
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rial
i
n
ten
ti
o
n
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
tu
d
ies
in
En
tre
p
re
n
e
u
rs
h
i
p
,
v
o
l.
35,
p
p
.
13
-
34,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
7
]
M.
S.
De
ll
,
“
A
n
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
of
u
n
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
a
te
stu
d
e
n
t
s
e
lf
-
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
in
ten
ti
o
n
a
n
d
th
e
im
p
a
c
t
of
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rsh
ip
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
re
v
io
u
s
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rial
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
,
”
P
h
.
D.
d
isse
rtati
o
n
,
S
y
d
n
e
y
.
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
of
S
y
d
n
e
y
,
2008.
[2
8
]
H.
Zh
a
o
,
S.
E.
S
e
ib
e
rt,
a
n
d
G.
T.
L
u
m
p
k
in
,
“
T
h
e
re
latio
n
sh
ip
of
p
e
rso
n
a
li
ty
to
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rial
in
ten
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
:
A
m
e
ta
-
a
n
a
l
y
ti
c
re
v
iew
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
3
6
,
no.
2,
p
p
.
3
8
1
-
4
0
4
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
9
]
S.
Z.
A
h
m
a
d
,
S.
R.
X
a
v
ier,
a
n
d
A.
R.
A
b
u
Ba
k
a
r
,
“
Ex
a
m
in
in
g
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rial
in
te
n
ti
o
n
t
h
ro
u
g
h
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
u
sin
g
M
a
lay
sia
G
EM
d
a
ta,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
Or
g
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
C
h
a
n
g
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
no.
3,
p
p
.
4
4
9
-
4
6
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
0
]
C.
S.
Ch
o
y
,
J.
Ku
p
p
u
sa
m
y
,
a
n
d
M.
Ju
s
o
h
,
“
En
tre
p
re
n
e
u
rial
c
a
re
e
r
s
a
m
o
n
g
b
u
sin
e
ss
g
ra
d
u
a
tes
:
m
a
tch
-
m
a
k
in
g
u
sin
g
th
e
o
ry
of
p
lan
n
e
d
b
e
h
a
v
io
r,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
E
n
tre
p
re
n
e
u
rs
h
ip
,
v
o
l
.
9,
p
p
.
67
-
9
0
,
2
0
0
5
.
[3
1
]
M.
F
u
g
a
te,
A.
J.
Ki
n
ick
i,
a
n
d
B.
E.
A
sh
f
o
rth
,
“
Em
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
:
A
p
sy
c
h
o
-
so
c
ial
c
o
n
stru
c
t,
its
d
im
e
n
sio
n
s,
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
of
Vo
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
,
v
o
l
.
6
5
,
n
o
.
1,
p
p
.
14
-
3
8
,
2
0
0
4
.
[3
2
]
W.
L.
Ko
e
,
J.
R.
S
a
’a
ri,
I.
A.
M
a
ji
d
,
a
n
d
K.
Ism
a
il
,
“
De
ter
m
in
a
n
ts
of
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rial
in
te
n
ti
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
m
il
len
n
ial
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
-
S
o
c
ia
l
a
n
d
Beh
a
v
i
o
ra
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
40,
p
p
.
1
9
7
-
2
0
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
3
]
L.
P
it
taw
a
y
a
n
d
J.
Co
p
e
,
“
E
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rsh
ip
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
A
sy
ste
m
a
t
ic
re
v
ie
w
of
th
e
e
v
id
e
n
c
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
ma
ll
Bu
sin
e
ss
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
no.
5,
p
p
.
4
7
9
-
5
1
0
,
2
0
0
7
.
[3
4
]
D.
J.
F
in
c
h
,
L.
K.
Ha
m
il
to
n
,
R.
B
a
ld
w
in
,
a
n
d
M.
Zeh
n
e
r
,
“
A
n
e
x
p
lo
ra
to
ry
stu
d
y
of
fa
c
to
rs
a
ff
e
c
ti
n
g
u
n
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
a
te
e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
+
T
r
a
i
n
in
g
,
v
o
l
.
5
5
,
n
o
.
7,
p
p
.
6
8
1
-
7
0
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
5
]
F.
T
e
n
tam
a
a
n
d
M.
H.
A
b
d
il
lah
,
“
S
tu
d
e
n
t
e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
f
ro
m
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
se
lf
-
c
o
n
c
e
p
t,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
8,
n
o
.
2,
pp.
2
4
3
-
2
4
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
6
]
F.
T
e
n
tam
a
,
e
t
a
l
,
“
M
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
to
lea
rn
a
n
d
s
o
c
ial
su
p
p
o
rt
d
e
term
in
e
e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
a
m
o
n
g
v
o
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
h
ig
h
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
d
e
n
ts,”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
of
Eva
lu
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
8,
n
o
.
2,
pp.
2
3
7
-
2
4
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
7
]
N.
Ju
h
d
i
,
F.
P
a
’W
a
n
,
N.
A.
Ot
h
m
a
n
,
a
n
d
H.
M
o
k
sin
,
“
F
a
c
to
rs
in
f
lu
e
n
c
in
g
in
tern
a
l
a
n
d
e
x
tern
a
l
e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
of
e
m
p
lo
y
e
e
s,”
Bu
sin
e
ss
and
Eco
n
o
mic
s
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
pp.
1
-
10,
2
0
1
0
.
[3
8
]
Y.
Ch
e
n
,
e
t
a
l
,
“
IT
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
ies
a
n
d
p
ro
d
u
c
t
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
:
T
h
e
ro
les
of
c
o
rp
o
ra
te
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rsh
ip
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
e
ti
ti
v
e
in
ten
sity
,
”
In
fo
r
ma
t
io
n
&
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
5
2
,
n
o
.
6,
p
p
.
6
4
3
-
6
5
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
9
]
B.
Do
w
n
,
“
S
c
h
o
o
li
n
g
,
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
a
n
d
th
e
e
n
terp
risin
g
se
lf
:
Be
y
o
n
d
m
a
r
k
e
t
v
a
lu
e
s,”
C
riti
c
a
l
S
tu
d
ies
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
5
0
,
no.
1,
p
p
.
51
-
64,
2
0
0
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
v
al
&
R
e
s
E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ia
l in
t
en
tio
n
in
p
r
ed
ictin
g
vo
ca
ti
o
n
a
l h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
’
… (
F
a
tw
a
Ten
ta
ma
)
563
[4
0
]
P.
S
e
rn
e
e
ls,
K.
Be
e
g
le,
a
n
d
A.
D
il
lo
n
,
“
Do
re
tu
rn
s
to
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
on
h
o
w
a
n
d
w
h
o
m
y
o
u
a
s
k
?
”
Eco
n
o
mic
s
of
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l.
6
0
,
n
o
.
Oc
to
b
e
r,
p
p
.
5
-
1
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
1
]
G.
A.
S
e
c
i
m
,
“
S
tu
d
y
on
S
u
b
sta
n
c
e
A
b
u
se
P
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
,
”
Eu
r
a
sia
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
M
a
t
h
e
ma
ti
c
s
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
6,
p
p
.
2
4
8
5
-
2
5
0
4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
2
]
V.
S
a
u
n
d
e
rs
a
n
d
K.
Zu
z
e
l
,
“
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
s
k
il
ls:
Em
p
lo
y
e
r
a
n
d
stu
d
e
n
t
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s,”
Bi
o
sc
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1,
p
p
.
1
-
1
5
,
2
0
1
0
.
[4
3
]
UN
ES
CO
Ba
n
g
k
o
k
.
A
sia
a
n
d
P
a
c
if
ic
Re
g
io
n
a
l
Bu
re
a
u
f
o
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
‘
Gr
a
d
u
a
te
Em
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
in
Asia
,
Ba
n
g
k
o
k
,
T
h
a
il
a
n
d
:
UN
ES
CO Ba
n
g
k
o
k
,
2
0
1
2
.
[4
4
]
F.
K.
Ulg
e
n
c
e
,
“
Em
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
of
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
in
stit
u
ti
o
n
s
g
ra
d
u
a
tes
:
Ex
p
lo
ri
n
g
t
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
of
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rsh
ip
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
sk
il
ls
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
p
ro
g
ra
m
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
in
T
a
n
z
a
n
ia
,
”
Diss
e
rtatio
n
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
of
S
ieg
e
n
,
S
ieg
e
n
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
5
]
K.
Ko
m
u
lain
e
n
,
e
t
a
l
,
“
Risk
‐tak
in
g
a
b
il
it
ies
f
o
r
e
v
e
r
y
o
n
e
?
F
in
n
is
h
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rsh
i
p
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
th
e
e
n
terp
r
isin
g
se
lv
e
s
i
m
a
g
in
e
d
by
p
u
p
il
s,”
Ge
n
d
e
r
and
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
6,
pp.
6
3
1
-
6
4
9
,
2
0
0
9
.
[4
6
]
S.
M
o
h
tar
a
n
d
H.
L.
Ra
h
im
,
“
S
o
c
ial
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rsh
ip
,
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rial
lea
d
e
rsh
i
p
a
n
d
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
:
A
m
e
d
iatio
n
c
o
n
c
e
p
tu
a
l
f
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
,
”
Au
stra
li
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
Ba
sic
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
v
o
l.
8,
n
o
.
23,
|
pp.
1
8
4
-
1
9
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
7
]
H.
L.
Ra
h
im
a
n
d
S.
M
o
h
tar
,
“
S
o
c
ial
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rs
h
ip
:
A
d
if
f
e
re
n
t
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Aca
d
e
mic
Res
e
a
rc
h
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
B
u
sin
e
ss
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1.
n
o
.
1,
p
p
.
9
-
1
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
8
]
J.
G.
De
e
s
,
S
o
c
ia
l
v
e
n
t
u
re
s
as
l
e
a
rn
in
g
l
a
b
o
ra
t
o
rie
s
in
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
s:
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
g
o
v
e
rn
a
n
c
e
,
and
g
lo
b
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
,
Bo
sto
n
:
M
IT
P
re
ss
Jo
u
r
n
a
l,
2
0
0
9
.
[4
9
]
M.
Ko
r
h
o
n
e
n
,
K.
Ko
m
u
lain
e
n
,
a
n
d
H.
Rä
ty
,
“
No
t
e
v
e
r
y
o
n
e
is
c
u
t
o
u
t
to
be
th
e
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
r
ty
p
e
:
Ho
w
F
in
n
ish
sc
h
o
o
l
tea
c
h
e
rs
c
o
n
stru
c
t
t
h
e
m
e
a
n
in
g
of
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rsh
i
p
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
re
late
d
a
b
il
i
ti
e
s
of
th
e
p
u
p
i
ls,”
S
c
a
n
d
in
a
v
ia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
5
6
,
n
o
.
1,
p
p
.
1
-
1
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
0
]
H.
L.
Ra
h
im
a
n
d
N.
F.
M.
L
a
ji
n
,
“
S
o
c
ial
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rsh
i
p
a
n
d
g
ra
d
u
a
te
e
m
p
lo
y
a
b
il
it
y
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Aca
d
e
mic
Res
e
a
rc
h
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
S
o
c
ia
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1,
n
o
.
1,
pp.
33
-
4
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[5
1
]
B.
M
a
th
u
r
-
He
lm
a
n
d
H.
J.
C.
V
a
n
Zy
l
,
“
Ex
p
lo
r
in
g
a
c
o
n
c
e
p
tu
a
l
m
o
d
e
l,
b
a
se
d
on
t
h
e
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
e
ff
e
c
ts
of
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rial
lea
d
e
rsh
i
p
,
m
a
rk
e
t
o
rien
tatio
n
a
n
d
re
lati
o
n
s
h
i
p
m
a
rk
e
ti
n
g
o
rien
tatio
n
on
S
o
u
t
h
A
f
ri
c
a
'
s
s
m
a
l
l
to
u
rism
b
u
si
n
e
ss
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
,
”
S
o
u
t
h
Af
ric
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
B
u
sin
e
ss
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
no.
2,
p
p
.
17
-
2
4
,
2
0
0
7
.
[5
2
]
C.
Cre
m
in
,
Ca
p
it
a
li
sm
'
s
n
e
w
c
l
o
t
h
e
s:
En
ter
p
rise
,
e
t
h
ics
a
n
d
e
n
jo
y
me
n
t
in
ti
me
s
of
c
risis
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
:
P
lu
to
,
2
0
1
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.