In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f E
v
al
u
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
R
e
se
arc
h
in
Ed
u
c
ation
(
IJERE
)
V
o
l.7,
N
o.4,
D
ece
mbe
r
201
8,
pp.
2
9
9
~
3
0
4
IS
S
N
: 2252-
88
22
D
O
I
: 10.
1
1
591
/i
jere
.v7
i
4.15
3
5
4
299
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
ERE
/
Hope as Unique Agent of Res
ilien
ce in Socio
-economically
Disadvantage
d Adolescents
Zey
n
e
p
A
y
d
ın
S
ünbül,
Fera
h
Çe
k
i
c
i
Depart
m
e
nt
o
f Edu
catio
nal
S
c
ien
ces,
I
stan
bu
l M
e
di
po
l
U
n
i
v
ers
i
ty
,
Is
t
a
nbul,
Turkey
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
Ju
l
2
6,
201
8
Re
vise
d S
e
p 20,
201
8
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
Oc
t
3
, 2
0
18
Th
e
ai
m
o
f
t
his
st
ud
y
was
t
o
e
xp
lore
t
h
e
p
r
e
di
ctiv
e
eff
ect
o
f
h
op
e
f
o
r
resi
li
ence
in
s
oci
o
-econ
o
m
i
cally
d
is
adv
a
ntag
ed
a
do
les
cents
.
P
a
r
ti
c
i
pan
t
s
of
th
e
stud
y
were
6
92
(
39
5
f
e
m
a
l
e
,
297
m
al
e
)
s
t
u
d
e
nts
atten
d
in
g
to
9
th,
10th
a
n
d
11
th
g
ra
de
s.
T
he
a
ge
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
th
e
sa
mp
le
w
a
s
1
4
-
1
9
(
M
=
1
6
.
24
,
S
D
=.8
9
).
A
c
o
n
v
e
nien
t
sam
p
li
n
g
w
as
u
s
e
d
to
s
elect
t
he
p
art
i
c
i
p
a
nt
s
who
are
pi
cked
f
ro
m
f
o
u
r
h
i
g
h
s
c
ho
ols
locat
ed
i
n
low
inco
m
e
r
eg
io
ns.
In
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
col
l
ect
d
at
a
,
T
h
e
1
4-Item
R
esi
lience
Scale
and
Di
spos
itional
Ho
pe
S
c
a
l
e
were
u
s
e
d
as
d
ata
coll
ecti
o
n
i
n
strum
e
nts
.
T
he
p
redi
cti
v
e
e
f
f
ect
o
f
h
ope
on
resi
li
ence
was
anal
yzed
t
hro
ugh
l
i
n
ear
r
egre
s
s
i
o
n
.
R
egressio
n
a
na
ly
si
s
yi
eld
e
d
th
a
t
hope
e
xpl
ain
s
4
8
%
o
f
th
e
v
a
riance
i
n
t
h
e
resi
li
enc
e
sco
r
es
o
f
part
ici
p
ants.
This
r
esu
l
t
in
d
i
cates
t
h
a
t
h
o
p
e
i
s
a p
o
w
e
rf
ul
s
i
g
nif
i
ca
n
t
predi
cto
r
of
resil
ien
ce f
o
r s
o
ci
o-econ
o
m
i
cal
ly d
i
s
ad
van
t
aged
ado
les
cents
.
K
eyw
ord
:
Ado
l
esce
n
t
s
H
ope
R
e
si
li
en
ce
S
o
c
i
o-
ec
on
om
i
call
y
di
sa
d
v
a
n
ta
ge
d
st
a
t
us
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
018 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
Scien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
Educ
at
i
ona
l S
c
ience
s
,
Ist
a
nb
ul
M
edi
p
o
l
Uni
v
e
rsi
t
y
,
İstan
b
u
l
Me
d
ip
ol Ü
n
i
vers
ite
si
K
a
v
acı
k G
üne
y Y
e
rleşkes
i
G
öz
t
e
pe
M
a
ha
lle
si
A
tat
ü
rk
C
a
d
de
si
N
o 40
/1
6
3
481
5
Be
yko
z
,
Ist
a
n
bu
l
,
Tu
r
ke
y
.
Em
ail:
zsu
n
b
u
l
@m
edi
p
ol.e
du
.
t
r
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Res
i
l
i
e
n
ce
i
s
a
t
la
rge
de
fi
ned
as
t
he
d
isp
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
a
p
ab
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
t
a
k
e
o
n
a
n
e
w
l
e
a
s
e
o
f
l
i
f
e
o
n
t
h
e
f
a
c
e
of
t
oug
h
li
f
e
e
xp
eri
e
n
c
es
a
n
d
st
re
ss
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
[1
].
T
o
e
xpl
a
i
n
i
n
de
p
t
h,
r
e
s
i
lie
nce
is
a
p
roce
ss
o
f
pos
se
ssing
and
a
t
tai
n
in
g
spe
c
i
f
ic
s
k
i
ll
s,
c
om
pete
nc
ie
s
a
nd
i
n
ne
r
v
i
sio
n
in
a
s
i
t
ua
tio
n
w
h
i
l
e
pe
o
p
le
s
tru
g
g
l
e
t
o
c
o
p
e
w
i
th
the
b
u
rde
n
s
of
t
he
ir
t
ou
g
h
e
xpe
r
i
ence
s
[2].
I
n
ge
nera
l,
e
xi
ste
n
c
e
o
f
t
w
o
me
ch
a
n
i
s
ms
g
en
erat
e
a
re
sil
i
ent
respo
n
se
:
a
prese
n
t
or
f
orm
e
r
r
i
sk
s
e
t
t
i
ng
a
n
d
an
a
dap
t
ive
r
e
sp
onse
des
p
i
t
e
t
h
e
un
fa
vora
b
le
c
o
n
seq
u
e
n
ces
a
nd
p
r
ob
l
e
m
bu
ndle
s
o
f
su
c
h
r
i
s
ky
e
xp
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s
[
3
]
.
B
ase
d
o
n
th
i
s
v
i
e
w,
o
wnin
g
a
ri
sk
f
ac
to
r
i
s
c
h
a
ra
c
t
eri
z
ed
a
s
a
situa
t
io
n
t
h
a
t
w
ou
l
d
possi
b
l
y
r
e
s
u
lts
i
n
u
n
fav
o
ra
b
l
e
a
n
d
un
des
i
rab
l
e
c
o
nse
que
nces
l
ea
vi
n
g
o
ff
c
o
nsi
d
er
ab
le
leve
ls
o
f
s
t
ress
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
urse
o
f
l
i
vi
n
g
.
S
u
ch
m
ajor
r
isk
fac
t
o
rs
c
a
m
e
forw
a
r
d
b
y
t
he
r
e
s
ilie
nc
e
l
ite
rat
u
re
a
re
,
b
u
t
not
l
i
m
it
ed
t
o
,
poo
r
so
cio-ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
l
iv
in
g
c
ondi
tio
n
s
,
st
re
ss
ful
an
d
t
r
au
mat
i
c
ex
p
e
rie
n
c
e
s,
t
ro
ubl
e
s
o
m
e
ea
rly ch
il
d
h
o
o
d
i
nc
i
d
enc
e
s
and
etc.
[4]
.
Referr
ing
t
o
t
h
e
r
isk
y
c
on
t
e
xts
as
o
u
tli
ned
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
ilie
nc
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
b
y
M
a
s
t
e
n
a
n
d
G
a
r
m
e
z
y
[
1
3
]
a
d
ol
e
s
c
e
nt
s
wi
t
h
s
o
c
io
-ec
o
n
o
mi
ca
ll
y
di
s
a
dva
n
t
ag
eo
us
lif
e
c
o
ndi
t
i
o
n
s
c
a
n
b
e
arg
u
ed
a
s
one
o
f
t
h
ese
spe
c
i
f
ic
risky
tar
g
et
g
r
o
ups
for
directin
g
resi
li
e
n
ce
s
t
u
d
ie
s
an
d
m
o
d
e
l
s
[
5-
6].
Suppor
ted
in
v
ar
ious
s
tud
i
es
,
s
u
c
h
g
r
oup
of
a
d
o
le
scen
ts
s
uffer
from
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
cal
d
isorde
rs
[
7-1
0
],
a
ffe
c
t
i
v
e
a
nd
be
ha
vi
oral
c
omp
l
e
x
i
ties
[1
8],
a
n
ti
so
c
i
a
l
a
ct
ion
s
[
11
],
s
ui
ci
dal
t
e
nd
en
c
y
[
12
]
c
o
mp
a
r
ed
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
p
e
e
r
s
w
i
t
h
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
p
e
r
i
o
r
s
o
c
i
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
con
d
i
t
i
on.
O
n
the
ot
her
ha
n
d
,
e
m
phas
i
ze
d
th
a
t
n
ot
a
ll
a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
ts
w
i
t
h
lo
w
soc
i
o-
ec
on
o
m
i
c
s
ta
t
u
s
are
pro
n
e
to
c
ult
i
va
te
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
p
hysic
a
l
c
ompl
ica
tio
ns
[
13].
A
c
c
ordin
g
l
y
t
h
i
s
p
r
e
m
i
se
s
i
g
nal
s
t
he
e
xi
ste
n
c
e
o
f
part
icu
l
ar
a
t
t
ri
bu
tes
a
nd
proc
e
s
se
s
a
s
t
h
e
y
ba
tt
le
a
ga
i
n
s
t
t
he
r
i
s
k
c
om
pa
ny
of
s
uc
h
a
d
ol
e
s
cen
ts.
In
a
dd
iti
o
n
,
reve
al
in
g
an
d
w
o
rki
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
se
s
pec
i
fic
m
echa
n
i
s
m
s
a
n
d
a
t
tri
b
ut
es
t
h
a
t
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
a
dol
esc
e
n
t
resi
li
ency
i
s
ac
cept
e
d
as e
ssent
i
a
l
ste
p
s of
p
rom
o
ti
n
g
he
a
l
t
hy
de
vel
o
pm
ent i
n
t
hese
gro
ups [
5-6].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2252-
8822
IJERE
V
ol
.
7,
N
o.
4,
D
ece
mbe
r
20
18
:
29
9
–
304
30
0
The
lite
rat
u
re
h
ig
hl
i
g
h
t
s
se
v
e
ra
l
resil
i
e
n
ce
s
tud
i
es
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
lar
l
y
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
you
ng
p
e
ople
wi
th
poo
r
soc
i
o-ec
o
n
o
mi
c
con
d
iti
ons.
A
s
s
uch,
p
rel
i
minar
y
r
e
s
il
ie
nce
st
u
d
i
e
s
exa
m
in
i
ng
t
h
e
in
tera
ct
ion
s
o
f
risk-
resil
i
enc
e
m
e
c
h
an
ism
s
i
nc
lude
d
s
o
c
i
o-ec
on
omica
l
l
y
d
isa
d
van
t
a
g
ed
g
rou
p
s
a
s
t
hei
r
t
a
r
get
po
pu
lat
i
o
n
.
Fur
t
he
rm
o
r
e,
t
he
re
a
re
r
e
cent
st
u
d
i
e
s
spec
i
f
ica
l
ly
c
once
n
t
r
a
t
i
n
g
t
o
u
nco
v
e
r
t
he
p
r
o
t
e
ct
or
a
n
d
cou
n
t
erpr
o
duc
t
i
ve
a
ge
n
t
s i
n
t
h
i
s s
p
eci
fic
gr
ou
p.
I
n suc
h
a
s
t
u
d
y, a t
e
n
t
a
tive
fr
am
ew
ork w
a
s d
i
sc
lose
d ove
r
the
risk
a
nd
pro
t
e
c
ti
ve
e
lem
e
n
t
s
in
t
e
rfe
r
i
n
g
i
n
t
he
r
es
ilie
nc
e
p
r
oc
ess
of
s
oc
io-e
co
n
o
mi
ca
lly
d
isa
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
d
chi
l
d
ren
a
nd
a
d
o
l
e
s
ce
n
t
s
[1
4].
A
c
c
o
rdi
n
g
t
o
t
his
e
x
am
i
n
a
t
i
on,
t
he
p
a
t
hw
ays
to
r
esi
lie
nce
for
t
h
is
g
r
o
u
p
w
e
re
pu
t
for
w
arde
d
a
s
a
c
cess t
o
s
a
n
i
t
ary an
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
na
l
reso
urc
e
s,
in
t
e
rna
liz
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
t
hos, p
e
rc
eive
d
s
upp
o
r
t
fr
o
m
clo
s
e
sur
r
ou
nd
i
n
g,
f
a
m
i
l
i
al
a
t
t
i
t
ude
s,
p
r
o
mot
i
ng
c
o
n
n
e
c
tions,
p
er
so
na
l
agen
ts
o
f
i
n
w
a
rdne
ss,
se
lf-c
on
tro
l
,
self-c
on
fi
de
nc
e
a
n
d
e
t
c
.
I
n
a
n
o
t
her
st
u
dy,
r
esi
lie
nce
fact
or
s
w
ere
i
n
ve
sti
g
ated
i
n
y
o
u
n
g
p
eo
p
l
e
suf
f
er
in
g
fr
om
po
orness,
v
i
o
l
e
nce
an
d
ad
d
i
cti
o
n
[15].
The
result
s
of
t
his
st
u
d
y
di
scl
o
sed
t
h
a
t
p
erso
na
l
a
t
tr
ib
u
t
es
s
uch
as
ho
pe
fu
l
n
ess,
e
ffec
t
i
ve
r
eg
ula
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
el
f,
f
avor
a
b
le
s
e
l
f-
pe
rc
e
pt
io
n
an
d
soc
i
a
l
f
a
c
t
ors
l
i
ke
p
os
iti
ve
p
ar
e
n
t
i
ng
prac
t
i
c
e
s,
p
ro
m
o
ti
n
g
c
omm
una
l
m
e
a
n
s,
r
elig
io
n
a
r
e
t
h
e
ge
n
e
ric
p
ro
te
cti
v
e
in
gre
d
ie
nts
o
f
r
e
s
i
l
ie
nc
e
i
n
t
h
i
s
g
roup
.
Cu
rren
t
s
t
udy
i
s
a
n
o
th
e
r
a
tt
emp
t
t
o
al
so
s
tu
dy
r
e
s
ili
e
n
c
e
i
n
s
o
c
i
o-
e
c
on
om
i
c
a
l
ly
d
i
s
a
dva
n
t
age
d
ado
l
esce
n
t
s thr
o
u
g
h
c
ons
i
d
eri
n
g
the
e
m
e
r
ge
d t
h
e
r
ap
e
u
tic e
ffec
t
s
of an i
nd
iv
idua
l
fa
c
t
or, ho
pe tha
t has
sli
g
htl
y
bee
n
u
nde
rl
ine
d
i
n
re
si
lie
nce
stud
ies
w
i
t
h
s
o
c
ioec
o
nom
ica
l
l
y
d
i
sa
d
v
a
n
ta
ge
d
a
d
o
l
esce
n
t
s.
H
ope
i
s
de
fi
ne
d
a
s
“
a
posit
ive
m
o
tiva
t
i
o
na
l
sta
t
e
tha
t
i
s
ba
se
d
on
a
n
i
nter
ac
ti
vel
y
deri
ve
d
se
nse
of
s
uc
ce
ssfu
l
(
a)
a
ge
ncy
(goa
l-
direc
t
e
d
e
ne
rg
y)
a
n
d
(
b)
p
a
t
hw
a
y
s
(p
la
nn
i
ng
t
o
m
ee
t
go
als)”
[16
].
I
nd
i
v
i
dua
l
s
e
x
h
i
b
i
t
goa
l
direc
t
ed
a
ctio
ns
and
th
ose
g
o
a
l
s
tha
t
a
r
e
v
al
u
a
ble
a
nd
unc
er
tai
n
c
a
rry
t
he
h
o
p
e
p
o
t
e
n
tia
l
a
s
t
he
y
p
u
t
di
r
e
cti
o
n
a
n
d
me
ani
n
g
t
o
the
life
[1
7]
.
A
s
w
e
l
l,
b
e
i
n
g
h
ope
ful
affec
t
s
c
ogn
i
t
i
v
e,
e
moti
o
nal
a
n
d
beha
v
i
or
a
l
c
on
di
tio
n
o
f
i
nd
i
v
i
d
ua
l
s
t
o
wa
rd
a
f
u
t
u
r
e
i
n
t
h
a
t
g
ood
e
x
p
e
ri
e
n
c
e
s
are
e
x
p
ect
ed
t
o
t
r
a
n
sc
e
n
d
ba
d
o
n
es.
Base
d
on
t
hese
v
ie
w
s
,
the
pro
t
ec
ti
ve st
r
u
c
ture an
d
char
a
cte
r
isti
c of hop
e
c
o
u
l
d a
l
s
o
b
e
g
ene
r
al
ize
d
t
o
a
d
o
l
e
s
ce
nts
s
u
fferi
n
g from
a
r
a
nge
of
c
om
p
l
e
x
r
is
ky
p
at
hw
ays,
b
y
the
po
te
nt
ia
l
of
t
h
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
tin
g
a
pos
it
ive
an
d
p
u
rp
osefu
l
e
xpe
c
t
at
io
n
tow
a
rd
f
ut
ure
and e
n
c
o
ura
g
i
n
g
a c
opio
u
s
w
a
y of l
ife
i
n
sp
i
t
e
of
t
he
su
f
fer
i
ng a
n
d o
b
s
t
a
c
l
e
s
o
f
li
v
i
n
g
[18
]
.
Bri
n
g
i
ng
al
l
toge
the
r
,
base
d
on
t
h
e
c
u
rre
nt
e
ff
orts
a
nd
u
n
d
er
st
a
n
di
ng
o
f
re
sil
i
e
n
c
e
p
r
o
c
ess
spec
ific
a
lly
i
n
at
r
i
s
k
a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
nt
s,
h
o
p
e
w
a
s
assume
d
t
o
b
e
a
p
ro
m
i
si
n
g
p
ro
t
ect
iv
e
l
a
y
e
r
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
e
g
r
oup
s
.
I
n
th
i
s
d
irec
tio
n,
t
his
st
u
d
y
ex
am
ines
t
h
e
s
tre
n
g
t
h
a
nd
fea
s
i
b
i
lit
y
of
t
he
h
ope
fu
l
pa
thw
a
y
an
d
thi
n
ki
n
g
i
n
exp
l
a
i
n
i
ng
the
r
e
silie
nc
e
t
e
n
d
e
ncie
s
of a
d
o
le
scen
ts w
it
h po
or
s
oci
o
-ec
o
no
mic
cond
i
tio
ns
.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
2.1.
Part
i
c
ipant
s
P
a
rtici
p
an
ts
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
udy
w
e
re
c
om
po
sed
of
6
9
2
9
th
,
1
0
th
a
nd
11
th
g
rade
s
t
u
de
n
t
s
re
sidi
n
g
i
n
s
o
ci
o-
ec
onom
ica
lly
d
i
s
ad
va
nt
a
g
e
d
d
is
tric
ts.
In
t
he
s
am
ple
gr
oup
t
h
e
r
e
w
er
e
39
5
g
i
rls
(
5
7
.
08%)
a
n
d
2
9
7
b
o
y
s
(42.0
2
%
)
w
ith
t
he
a
ve
ra
ge
a
g
e
of
16.2
4
.
The
fea
t
ur
es of t
h
e
sa
m
ple
grou
p a
r
e
prese
n
t
e
d i
n
Ta
b
l
e
1.
Tab
l
e
1.
T
he soc
io-de
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic fea
t
u
re
s of
t
h
e
sa
m
p
l
e
V
a
ri
a
b
l
e
G
roups
N
%
I
nc
o
m
e
500
T
L
a
nd
be
low
16
2
.
3
501
-10
00
T
L
1
7
2.
5
1001
-
15
00
TL
151
22.
6
1501
-3
000
T
L
3001 TL and
a
bove
305
178
45.
7
26.
7
Mothe
r
E
du
c
a
tion
I
l
l
ite
ra
te
Elem
e
n
t
a
ry
s
c
hool
Sec
ond
a
r
y
s
c
hool
High
sc
hool
C
o
ll
e
g
e
a
nd a
bove
41
5
.
9
321
46.
4
164
23.
7
125
18.
1
3
8
5.
5
F
a
th
e
r
E
du
c
a
tion
I
l
l
ite
ra
te
Elem
e
n
t
a
ry
s
c
hool
Sec
ond
a
r
y
s
c
hool
High
sc
hool
C
o
ll
e
g
e
a
nd a
bove
9
1.
3
234
33.
8
185
26.
7
177
25.
6
7
6
1
1
In
c
o
me
a
nd
l
e
v
el
o
f
edu
c
a
t
ion
a
r
e
t
h
e
mo
st
e
ss
enti
al
c
ri
t
e
ri
a
i
n
d
i
c
a
ti
n
g
l
ow
-soc
io
e
c
onom
ic
con
d
i
t
i
on
s [
1
9]. A
s show
n in
T
ab
le 1, a
l
m
o
s
t
%
74
o
f
t
he
sa
m
ple
gr
oup
ha
ve
t
he i
nc
ome
less tha
n
3
00
1
TL. In
add
i
tio
n,
t
he
l
ow
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
l
evel
s
o
f
m
o
t
he
rs
(
onl
y
%
6
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
re
u
ni
versi
t
y
grad
ua
te
)
a
n
d
fat
h
er
s
of
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
H
o
pe
as a
U
n
i
que A
g
e
n
t
o
f
Resi
li
e
n
ce
i
n
So
cio-e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
a
lly D
i
s
a
dva
n
t
a
g
ed
…
(Z
e
y
ne
p
Ayd
ı
n
S
ünb
ül
)
30
1
part
ici
p
a
n
t
s
(
o
n
ly
%
1
1
o
f
th
em
a
re
u
n
i
v
e
rs
ity
g
rad
u
a
t
e
)
a
ls
o
te
n
t
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
po
i
n
t
t
o
t
he
d
isa
dva
n
t
e
g
o
u
s
s
o
ci
o-
econom
ic
c
onditions for
the
sample group.
2.2.
Instrument
s
2.2.
1.Th
e
14-Ite
m
R
e
s
i
l
ien
ce
S
c
al
e
(R
S-14)
Res
i
l
i
e
n
ce
S
c
a
l
e
(
R
S
)
i
s
a
1
4
-
item
i
nve
n
t
o
r
y
assess
ing
re
silie
n
ce
l
ev
e
l
s
i
n
a
d
o
l
e
scent
po
pul
a
tio
n
.
The
scal
e
is
a
7
p
oin
t
L
i
k
e
r
t
t
ype
s
ca
l
e
from
1
(S
trong
ly di
s
ag
r
ee)
t
o
7
(S
t
r
on
gly
agr
ee)
f
or
e
ach
i
tem
.
H
i
g
her
score
s
m
ean
s
uper
i
or
l
e
v
e
l
s
of
r
e
s
i
l
ie
nc
e
t
e
nde
nc
ies.
C
ro
n
b
ac
h
alp
h
a
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
sc
a
l
e
wa
s
ca
l
c
ul
at
ed
.
9
1
in
dic
a
t
i
n
g
a
s
at
isfac
t
or
y
c
onsi
s
te
ncy
for
t
h
e
ent
i
re
s
ca
le
[
2
0
]
.
The
Tur
k
is
h
tran
sla
t
ion
a
nd
a
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
RS
-14
su
p
port
e
d
t
h
e
s
i
ng
le
f
a
c
tor
struc
t
ure
of
t
he
s
ca
le
(
χ
2
/d
f
=
4
.
4
,
R
MSEA=
.
0
7
,
C
F
I
=
.
93
;
TLI=
.
9
1
)
a
l
ong
w
ith
t
he
C
r
onba
ch
a
l
p
ha
v
al
ue
o
f
.8
1
[21].
The
Cr
on
bac
h
a
l
p
ha
l
ev
el
o
f
R
S
-1
4
wa
s
a
l
so
f
ou
nd
.
81
in
t
he
curr
ent st
u
dy.
2.2.
2.D
i
sp
osit
ion
a
l Hop
e
S
cale
(
DHS
)
D
i
sp
os
iti
ona
l
H
ope
S
ca
le
[
2
2
]
assesses
a
glo
b
a
l
t
ra
it
ba
sed
h
o
p
e
sc
o
r
e
fo
r
in
divi
dua
l
s
a
bo
v
e
15
yea
r
s
o
l
d.
T
he
s
ca
le
i
s
i
n
4
-p
oi
n
t
L
ik
ert-t
y
p
e
s
cale
ra
ng
i
n
g
fr
om
D
efini
t
e
ly
F
alse
t
o
D
e
fi
n
i
t
e
ly
T
rue.
T
he
re
a
r
e
t
w
el
v
e
i
t
e
ms
i
n
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
d
i
s
t
ribut
e
d
a
s
f
o
ll
o
w
s:
p
ath
w
a
y
s
sub
s
ca
le
(
4
it
em
s),
age
n
ti
c
th
i
n
kin
g
s
u
b
sc
ale
(4
it
e
m
s)
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
n
ega
t
i
v
e
s
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
ts
c
a
lle
d
fi
ller
s
t
hat
ar
e
n
’t
r
e
la
te
d
t
o
h
ope
.
I
n
t
e
rna
l
c
onsis
te
ncy
sc
o
r
es
f
or
the
sc
a
l
e
ran
g
e
d
be
tw
e
e
n
.7
4
a
n
d
.
84
in
s
i
x
s
t
u
dies
a
n
d
t
he
s
ca
le
s
h
o
w
e
d
g
o
o
d
r
e
l
a
t
ions
w
i
t
h
me
asure
s
o
f
cop
i
ng,
n
e
g
a
tive
af
fec
t
a
nd
goa
l-orie
n
t
e
d
b
eha
v
iors
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
Turk
i
s
h
ada
p
tat
i
on
and
va
l
i
d
ity
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
D
H
S
,
t
h
e
sc
a
l
e
w
a
s
adm
i
ni
ste
r
e
d
t
o
103
u
n
d
e
rgr
a
dua
te
s
a
n
d
Cr
o
n
b
ac
h
a
l
pha
l
e
v
e
l
w
as
r
epor
te
d
as
.
6
5
f
or
t
he
sc
a
l
e
[2
3
]
.
Th
en
,
w
i
t
h
a
g
roup
o
f
7
4
stud
e
n
t
s
,
t
e
st
-re
t
e
s
t
re
li
abi
l
i
t
y
w
as
e
xa
mined
a
nd
fo
u
nd
.6
6
in
f
o
u
r
w
e
ek
in
t
e
rva
l
.
In
t
his
stu
dy,
t
he
Cr
o
nbac
h
a
l
pha
l
e
v
el f
or D
H
S
w
as a
l
s
o
fou
n
d
.81.
3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
D
I
SC
U
S
SI
O
N
I
n
o
rder
t
o
a
n
a
l
yze
t
h
e
da
t
a
,
l
i
near
r
egr
e
ssio
n
a
na
l
y
sis
wa
s
ut
il
i
zed
t
o
ex
ami
n
e
th
e
p
r
ed
ic
t
i
v
e
e
ffe
ct
of
h
o
p
e
over
r
e
si
li
e
n
ce.
A
f
t
e
r
c
heck
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
ssump
t
i
ons
o
f
li
n
e
ar
r
egr
e
ss
i
o
n
a
n
a
l
y
s
is,
descript
ive
st
a
t
ics
for
the va
r
i
ab
les (
m
e
a
n, S
D
and
corr
elat
i
on m
a
t
r
ix) w
e
re exa
mine
d
i
n the
first
st
e
p
a
nd
appe
a
r
e
d
i
n Ta
ble
2.
Ta
ble
2.
M
ean
s,
standar
d
de
v
iat
i
o
n
s
and
in
te
r
c
orr
e
lati
ons
f
o
r
h
o
p
e
and
resi
l
i
e
n
ce
Var
i
ab
le
M
S
D
r
Re
sili
e
n
ce
75.
77
13.
65
Pre
d
ic
tor
Va
ria
b
le
.
69***
H
ope
25.
59
4
.
0
7
Note
.
N
=
692;
***p
<
.
001
Base
d
o
n
t
he
i
nterc
o
rre
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
p
r
e
sen
t
ed
i
n
Ta
b
l
e
2,
i
t
ca
n
be
c
onc
l
ude
d
tha
t
t
her
e
i
s
a
si
gnific
a
n
t,
me
dium
c
orr
e
l
a
ti
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
en
h
o
p
e
a
n
d
r
e
s
ili
enc
e
s
c
o
re
s.
M
or
eo
ver
,
ho
pe
i
s
se
en
t
o
be
p
o
s
iti
ve
ly
c
orre
la
ted
to
re
si
li
e
n
ce
mea
n
ing
t
h
at
a
s
hop
e
sc
o
r
es
o
f
pa
rt
i
c
i
p
ant
s
i
n
c
rea
s
e
,
resili
e
n
ce
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
p
art
i
cipa
n
t
s
als
o
i
nc
rea
s
e
and
vic
e
ve
r
sa.
A
t
t
he
n
e
x
t
s
t
e
p
o
f
the
a
n
aly
s
is,
si
g
n
i
f
ic
anc
e
o
f
regr
ession
c
o
eff
i
ci
en
t
,
s
qu
are
d
s
e
m
i
-
p
a
rt
i
a
l
corr
elat
i
on,
R
2
a
n
d
a
d
j
u
s
t
e
d
R
2
v
a
l
u
e
s,
u
n
s
t
a
nd
ardi
z
e
d
/st
a
n
d
a
rd
i
zed
w
ei
gh
ts
s
u
m
ma
ry
o
f
si
mp
l
e
li
n
ear
regr
ession
ana
l
ys
is we
r
e
checked
a
n
d
re
s
ults
a
re
p
rese
nt
e
d
i
n T
abl
e
3
.
Ta
ble
3 S
u
m
m
a
r
y of line
a
r
regr
essio
n
a
nal
y
s
i
s for
h
ope
p
re
dic
t
i
n
g
re
s
ilie
n
c
e
(N
=
692)
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
B
S
E
Β
T
P
ΔR
2
R
2
(C
onst
a
nt)
H
ope
16.
42
2.
31
2.
36
.
91
.
69
6.
93
25.
39
.
000
.
48
.
48
Not
e
s.
F
(1,
690)
=
644.
45,
(
p
=
.
000).
Ta
b
l
e
3
s
how
s
tha
t
h
o
p
e
si
g
n
if
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
pred
i
c
ts
r
e
s
i
lie
nce
(F
(
1
.690)
=
64
4.5,
p
<
.0
0
1
).
T
he
a
d
j
us
te
d
R
2
va
l
ue
of .4
8
ind
i
ca
tes tha
t
hope
e
x
p
l
a
ins 48
%
o
f
the
var
ianc
e,
nea
rl
y
h
a
lf o
f t
h
e va
ria
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ce
, for the
r
e
silie
n
c
e
sc
o
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o
f
p
a
rtic
i
p
ant
s
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B
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sed
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b
et
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f
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ci
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it
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h
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ifica
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n
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g
t
h
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va
r
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a
n
ce
i
n re
si
l
i
e
nc
e (
β
= .
69
,
t
=
25.3
9
,
p < .
001
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2252-
8822
IJERE
V
ol
.
7,
N
o.
4,
D
ece
mbe
r
20
18
:
29
9
–
304
30
2
The
s
t
ud
y
pro
pose
d
h
ope
a
s
a
pr
o
t
e
c
t
i
v
e
fa
ctor
o
v
e
r
re
si
l
i
e
nce
in
u
n
d
erp
r
i
v
ile
ge
d
a
d
o
l
e
s
ce
nts.
T
he
resul
t
s
of
t
he
s
tud
y
s
u
ppor
t
e
d
the
h
y
p
o
t
hes
i
z
e
d
rela
t
i
o
n
sh
i
p
t
h
a
t
h
o
p
e
is
a
s
i
g
ni
fica
nt
pos
it
ive
pred
ic
tor
o
f
re
si
li
e
n
ce
in
t
hese
a
do
le
sce
n
ts.
Des
p
it
e
t
h
e
d
i
stin
c
t
s
o
c
i
a
l
i
n
e
q
ua
li
t
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
ind
i
v
i
dua
ls
f
a
ce,
s
oc
iet
y
i
s
als
o
a
source
o
f
s
o
cia
l
o
p
p
o
rt
un
ities
a
nd
ho
pe
t
hr
o
u
g
h
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
ttai
n
m
e
n
t
t
o
cer
t
a
i
n
r
es
ourc
e
s
tha
t
f
ac
i
l
i
t
ate
s
o
ci
a
l
mobi
l
ity.
Th
is
h
o
p
e
is
c
ha
r
a
c
t
erize
d
a
s
th
e
in
di
v
i
dua
l
s
’
expe
r
i
ence
o
f
ce
rtai
n
p
o
ssi
b
ili
t
i
e
s
t
ha
t
the
i
r
li
fe
prese
n
t
s
,
o
t
he
rw
ise
the
y
f
e
e
l
e
ntra
pm
ent
as
t
he
s
e
n
se
o
f
no
d
i
r
ect
io
n
t
o
a
r
r
ive
[
24].
I
n
t
h
i
s
v
i
e
w
,
i
t
i
s
c
l
ear
ly
un
derl
i
n
ed
t
ha
t
as
w
e
ll
a
s
t
he
c
ha
l
l
en
g
i
n
g
i
n
j
u
s
t
i
c
e
s
o
f
s
oc
i
e
t
a
l
c
on
t
e
xt
s,
i
nd
i
v
i
d
ual
s
w
h
o
h
o
l
d
h
ope
t
h
r
ou
gh
no
tic
in
g
t
h
e
s
o
cia
l
r
e
s
our
ces
a
nd
p
o
ss
ib
il
ities
i
n
t
he
i
r
life
m
ay
f
i
n
d
mor
e
m
ea
ni
n
g
f
u
l
a
n
d
p
u
rp
osefu
l
direc
t
i
o
ns.
O
t
he
rw
ise,
t
hey
b
e
com
e
s
tuc
k
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
mp
e
l
l
i
ng
pe
rs
o
n
a
l
,
fam
i
l
i
a
l
a
nd
s
o
c
i
a
l
e
n
f
or
cem
en
t
s
t
ha
t
the
y
p
e
r
ce
ive
i
n
t
he
i
r
s
ocia
l
con
d
iti
on.
I
n
thi
s
s
e
n
se
,
h
o
p
e
c
a
n
be
acc
e
p
ted
as
a
m
ec
h
a
ni
sm
t
ha
t
e
v
o
k
e
th
e
b
e
l
i
e
f
a
n
d
f
a
i
t
h
t
h
a
t
a
d
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
e
s
c
a
n
b
e
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
p
e
c
i
fica
ll
y
foc
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
a
n
d
a
d
ap
t
i
n
g
t
he
r
e
s
our
ces
and
ga
i
n
in
gs t
h
a
t
l
i
fe
br
i
n
g
s in
spi
te
o
f t
h
e
so
cial or
ec
o
nom
i
c
chal
le
n
g
e
s
[
24].
The
r
e
ar
e
a
nu
m
b
er
o
f
stu
d
ie
s
in
dic
a
tin
g
ce
rtai
n
h
o
p
e
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
m
ec
ha
n
i
sms
pred
ict
i
ng
re
silie
nc
e
in
soc
i
o-ec
o
n
o
mi
ca
l
l
y
di
sa
d
v
a
n
tage
d
a
dole
s
c
e
n
t
s
.
In
s
uch
a
stu
d
y
,
t
h
e
ro
le
a
n
d
c
or
rela
te
s
of
h
o
p
e
a
m
ong
resil
i
en
t
a
d
o
l
e
s
cent
s
w
er
e
exa
m
ined
[
25].
Th
e
re
sul
t
s
of
t
ha
t
s
t
u
dy
sh
ow
e
d
t
ha
t
ho
pe
i
s
a
w
a
y
t
o
r
eac
h
to
t
h
e
ac
adem
ic
a
n
d
l
on
g-
t
e
rm
goa
l
s
,
forming
g
o
a
l
s
b
y
the
mo
de
li
ng
fa
m
i
l
y
roles
a
nd
a
l
s
o
a
d
esire
f
o
r
a
hig
h
qua
l
ity
life,
a
c
c
e
s
si
ng
v
a
ri
o
u
s
su
p
por
t
sys
t
em
s
a
nd
u
t
i
l
i
z
in
g
p
erso
nal
cop
i
ng
s
t
rate
g
i
es
i
n
t
h
e
fa
ce
o
f
a
numbe
r
o
f
a
d
v
e
r
s
it
ies
t
h
e
y
e
xper
i
e
n
ce
(e
.g.
discr
i
m
i
na
t
i
on)
.
A
t
a
not
her
stud
y,
t
he
e
x
p
erie
nc
e
o
f
h
o
p
e
an
d
ho
pe
less
ness
i
n
l
ow
-
i
n
c
ome
A
frica
n-A
m
erica
n
a
dole
s
c
e
n
t
s
w
a
s
i
n
v
est
i
ga
t
e
d
[
2
6].
The
s
t
u
d
y
r
eve
a
l
e
d
tha
t
t
h
e
expe
r
i
ence
o
f
ho
pe
i
n
t
h
es
e
ado
l
esce
n
t
s
is
l
i
n
ked
t
o
f
ive
a
t
tit
ud
e
s
a
s
c
a
ri
ng
c
onnec
t
i
o
n
s
,
spi
r
i
t
u
a
l
i
t
y
,
educ
a
t
i
o
n,
"
ba
sic
nee
d
s,
”
an
d
“
gon
na
m
a
k
e
it
m
e
nta
l
it
y.”
A
s
w
e
l
l
,
hop
e
l
e
ssne
s
s
w
a
s
fo
u
nd
t
o
b
e
li
nke
d
t
o
nega
t
i
ve
a
t
t
itu
de
s
a
nd
be
lie
fs,
ex
terna
l
c
onstra
i
nts,
n
e
g
at
ive
be
ha
v
i
ors,
a
nd
de
le
te
rio
u
s
e
n
v
i
ro
n
m
ental
con
d
i
t
i
on
s.
T
h
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
o
f
t
h
is
s
tud
y
h
i
ghl
ig
h
t
ed
b
ot
h
h
ope
a
nd
h
ope
le
ss
ne
ss
are
dis
tinc
t
a
ttr
ib
u
t
es
b
e
y
o
n
d t
h
e
cog
n
i
t
i
ve
m
ea
nin
g
s of goa
l a
tta
inme
nt
f
or lo
w
-
i
nc
ome
A
fri
can A
m
e
r
i
c
an
a
d
o
l
es
cent
s
. B
as
ed
o
n
t
h
ese
st
udi
e
s
,
it
ca
n
a
l
s
o
b
e
sum
m
a
rize
d
th
at
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
pe
rce
p
t
i
on
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
t
he
c
orre
la
tes
o
f
h
o
p
ef
u
l
ne
ss
f
a
c
i
lita
te
w
el
l-
bei
n
g
a
n
d
e
m
pow
e
r
s
t
r
eng
t
h
t
o
ove
rcom
e
th
e
cha
llen
g
i
ng
pat
h
w
a
y
s
o
f
th
e
li
fe.
To
p
u
t
i
t
ano
t
her
w
a
y,
a
s
w
e
ll
as
h
o
p
e,
o
the
r
i
n
d
i
v
i
dua
l
le
v
e
l
pr
ote
c
tive
fac
t
ors
em
erge
d
for
these
gr
ou
ps
s
uc
h
as
s
elf-c
o
n
t
r
o
l,
r
e
l
i
g
i
o
u
s
dev
o
t
i
on,
s
elf-
con
f
ide
n
c
e
a
n
d
i
nw
ardne
ss
[
14]
s
el
f-de
te
rmina
t
i
o
n,
e
ffe
c
t
i
v
e
reg
u
la
t
i
o
n
o
f
se
lf
a
nd
fa
vora
b
l
e
se
l
f
-p
erc
e
p
t
ion [1
5
]
ca
n
b
e exa
m
i
n
ed
by
th
eir i
n
t
e
ra
ct
io
n
wi
t
h
ho
pe
in r
e
sil
i
enc
e
.
A
s
w
ell
as
t
he
c
on
tri
b
ut
ion
s
i
n
d
i
cat
ed
t
hrou
gh
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
the
r
e
a
r
e
also
s
om
e
lim
i
t
a
tio
n
s
t
hat
o
t
h
e
r
rese
arc
h
ers
ar
e
adv
i
sed
to
b
e
crit
ical
w
i
t
h
whe
n
r
eferrin
g
t
o
t
he
ove
ra
ll
fr
a
m
e
w
ork
and
resu
lts
e
m
e
rged
.
O
n
e
of
t
hes
e
l
imita
t
i
o
n
s
of
t
he
s
t
u
dy
is
t
he
r
el
ian
c
e
on
t
h
e
se
lf-r
e
por
t
me
asure
s
w
he
n
co
l
l
e
c
t
i
ng
t
h
e
da
ta.
I
n
s
pi
t
e
of t
he
t
e
n
t
a
ti
ve
a
ssum
p
ti
o
n
t
h
a
t
par
tic
i
p
an
ts
p
r
o
v
i
de
d
ge
n
u
i
n
e
in
fo
rma
t
ion
,
t
h
e
a
c
c
u
ra
cy
o
f
t
h
e
in
fo
rmat
i
o
n
i
n
suc
h
s
el
f-r
e
por
t
m
easure
s
f
or
m
a
limita
t
i
o
n
ove
r
t
h
e
data.
A
no
t
h
e
r
l
imi
t
a
t
i
on
o
f
t
he
s
t
u
dy
is
p
e
r
ti
n
e
nt
t
o
t
h
e
p
a
rti
c
ip
an
t
sel
ect
ion
me
tho
d
.
T
h
e
d
at
a
f
o
r
the
st
ud
y
was
col
l
ec
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
s
c
h
ool
s
tu
de
n
t
s
l
i
vi
ng
i
n
so
c
i
o
-
ec
on
omica
lly
d
i
s
ad
va
nta
g
e
d
d
i
s
tric
ts.
D
e
spite
t
he
c
orre
sponde
nc
e
o
f
p
art
i
c
ipa
n
t
cha
r
ac
t
e
ristic
s
t
o
t
he
a
im
o
f
the s
t
u
d
y
,
random
izat
i
o
n for
selec
t
in
g
t
h
e
sa
m
p
le m
ay
c
re
a
t
e
di
ffe
re
nt r
esul
t
s
o
t
h
e
r
tha
n
t
h
is st
u
dy.
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
The
a
i
m
of
t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
w
a
s
to
t
e
s
t
t
h
e
ro
le
o
f
h
o
p
e
in
p
redic
tin
g
resi
li
e
n
ce
i
n
s
oc
io-ec
o
n
o
mica
lly
di
sa
d
v
a
n
ta
ge
d ado
l
esce
n
t
s.
R
egre
ssi
o
n ana
l
ys
i
s
w
as use
d t
o
se
e
t
h
e
co
rre
l
a
t
ion
as
w
e
l
l
as
t
h
e
p
red
i
cti
v
e e
f
fe
ct
of
h
o
p
e
to
r
e
s
ilie
nc
e
le
ve
ls
o
f
pa
rt
i
c
ipa
n
t
s
.
A
s
p
ro
po
sed,
t
he
result
s
of
r
egression
a
n
a
l
y
sis
sh
ow
ed
t
ha
t
ho
pe
exp
l
a
i
n
s
n
ea
rl
y
ha
lf
o
f
the
va
ria
n
ce
(
48%
)
i
n
r
esilie
nce
sc
ores
o
f
a
d
o
l
e
s
ce
nts
b
y
p
a
r
tia
ll
y
s
u
p
por
t
i
ng
t
h
e
rese
arc
h
quest
i
on pre
s
e
n
te
d u
nde
r t
h
is s
tud
y
.
The
stu
dy
ha
s
cer
t
a
in
i
mp
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
for
future
s
t
udie
s
a
nd
pra
c
t
i
t
i
o
n
e
r
s
a
s
w
e
l
l
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
implem
e
n
te
d
t
h
e
d
o
mina
nc
e
role
o
f
h
o
pe
f
o
r
a
g
roup
o
f
d
i
s
ad
van
t
ag
ed
a
d
o
l
e
sc
ent
s
.
Fu
t
u
re
s
t
udi
e
s
e
x
a
mi
n
i
ng
the
re
l
a
t
i
on
s
o
f
h
o
p
e
t
o
r
es
ilie
nc
e
i
n
s
uc
h
gr
ou
ps
m
ay
a
ls
o
foc
us
on
se
tt
i
ng
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
m
ode
l
s
t
o
ex
p
l
ai
n
h
o
w
ho
pe
b
ri
ng
s
in
s
uch
pr
ed
ic
t
i
ve
e
ffect
s
o
n
resil
i
e
n
ce
t
hr
ou
g
h
i
n
di
vid
u
a
l
/f
amil
i
a
l
and
s
o
c
i
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
rs
.
Th
e
sign
ifica
n
t
re
l
a
ti
o
n
shi
p
o
f
h
ope
t
o
re
si
lie
nce
em
erge
d
in
t
he
s
tu
d
y
m
a
y
a
lso
i
n
fo
r
m
s
choo
l
co
uns
el
ors
espec
i
al
ly
w
or
ki
n
g
i
n
s
i
m
i
la
r
d
i
s
t
ric
t
s
a
s
r
ega
r
d
i
n
g
t
he
e
me
rge
d
r
o
l
e
o
f
h
o
p
e
t
h
a
t
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
fa
ci
lita
t
o
r
of
r
e
s
i
lie
nc
y
an
d
psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
w
e
l
l
-be
i
ng
for
a
dol
e
s
c
e
n
ts
t
hey
a
r
e
w
o
rk
i
n
g
w
ith.
In
a
d
d
it
io
n,
sch
o
o
l
c
o
u
n
s
el
ors
a
nd
e
duca
t
or
s
w
ho
ad
op
t
a
stre
ng
th
a
nd
c
om
pet
e
n
ce
b
ase
d
f
o
c
u
s
m
ay
t
ak
e
t
h
e
p
r
e
d
i
c
tive
role
o
f
h
ope
i
nt
o
ac
c
o
un
t
w
h
e
n
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
i
n
g
re
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
o
r
cop
i
ng
pro
g
r
a
ms
a
nd
in
t
e
rv
ent
i
o
n
s
i
n
a
d
o
l
esce
nt
s
with
s
i
m
i
l
ar
c
har
acte
r
ist
i
cs.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
H
o
pe
as a
U
n
i
que A
g
e
n
t
o
f
Resi
li
e
n
ce
i
n
So
cio-e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
a
lly D
i
s
a
dva
n
t
a
g
ed
…
(Z
e
y
ne
p
Ayd
ı
n
S
ünb
ül
)
30
3
REFE
RENCES
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k
s
, K.
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een
,
H. Van
d
e,
B
os J. van
den
&
M
ack
enb
ach
, J
.
P
.
“T
h
e i
n
t
e
rrelati
on
ship
between
i
nco
m
e, h
e
a
l
t
h
and
em
pl
oym
ent
s
t
atus
”.
In
tern
a
tio
na
l Jo
ur
nal of
E
p
i
d
emi
o
l
o
g
y
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2
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(
3):
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600;
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.,
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l
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A., Ir
v
i
ng,
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M.
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igmon
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T
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,
et
a
l.
“
The
wi
ll and the
way
s
:
Dev
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lo
pment
and
valid
ati
o
n
of
a
n
in
di
v
i
dua
l
-
diff
erences
m
e
a
s
u
re
o
f
ho
pe”.
Jour
na
l
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f
Pers
onal
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Mast
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a
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ect
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f
a
ct
ors
in
d
ev
elop
ment
al
p
sy
c
h
op
athol
ogy
.
In
B
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Lahey
&
A.
Kazd
i
n
A (
Eds)”,
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nces
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[4]
Embu
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f
ske
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“
Resil
i
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ce i
n
terv
en
t
i
on
s
f
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r
you
th
in
d
i
vers
e
p
o
pu
lati
on
s”.
Sp
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New
York
;
20
14
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[5]
Garm
ezy
,
N
.
"
Res
i
li
ency
a
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vuln
e
rabil
i
t
y
t
o
adv
e
rs
e
dev
e
lo
pm
ent
al o
u
t
com
e
s
ass
o
ciat
ed wit
h
p
overty”.
Am
eri
c
a
n
Behavi
oral
Scie
ntist
,
3
4
,
4
16
-430;
1
9
91.
[6]
Ak
m
a
n,
Y
.
&
Kork
ut
,
F.
“
Um
ut ö
l
çeği
üzerin
e b
i
r çalı
ş
m
a”.
Hace
t
t
ep
e Üniversit
e
s
i
E
ğ
i
tim Fakülte
si Dergis
i
,
9
,
19
3-2
0
2
;
1
99
3
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[7]
Ay
dı
n-S
ü
nbül,
Z.
“
The
re
l
a
ti
onship
between
m
i
ndf
u
l
ness
a
nd
res
i
lience am
o
n
g
ado
l
escen
ts
: m
e
d
i
ating
rol
e
o
f
self-
compassion and
di
ff
icul
ties
in e
motion
regulation”
(Un
pu
bl
ish
e
d
d
o
c
to
ral
dissertat
io
n).
Middle
East
Tech
ni
ca
l
Un
iv
ers
i
ty
,
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt o
f
Edu
cati
o
n
a
l S
c
ien
ces, An
k
ara, 2
01
6.
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W
a
gn
i
l
d
,
G
. M
.
“The Res
ili
en
ce Scal
e u
s
er’
s
gu
i
d
e
f
o
r
the
US
E
n
glish
vers
i
o
n o
f
t
he
r
es
ilience scal
e and the
14-
it
e
m
res
i
l
i
e
nce scale (RS
-
14
)”.
W
o
rden
, MT: The Res
ili
e
nce Cen
t
er;
20
10.
[9]
Zolko
s
ki,
M.
S
. & Bulloc
k
, M
. L
.”
Resilience i
n
c
hil
d
ren and you
th:
A
review
”
.
Chi
l
dren
an
d Yo
uth S
e
rvices
Revi
ew
,
34,
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303
;
2
0
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2
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[10]
Harl
ey,
M
.
D.
“
P
e
rce
p
ti
on
s
of
h
o
p
e
an
d
h
o
p
e
les
s
nes
s
a
m
o
ng low-i
ncom
e Af
rican
Am
e
rican
ado
les
cent
s
” (Do
c
to
ral
di
ss
ertation
)
.
T
h
e
O
h
i
o
S
t
a
te
U
n
i
versi
t
y,
O
hio,
US
A
;
20
11
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Chen, E.,
& M
iller, E
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G
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h
i
f
t
-
and-persi
s
t
”
s
t
r
ategies:
W
hy
l
ow
socio
econ
o
m
i
c
s
t
atus
is
n
’t
a
lw
ays bad
f
o
r
heal
th
”.
Per
s
p
ecti
v
es
o
n
Psycho
l
o
g
i
c
al
Sc
i
e
nce
,
7
(
2),
13
5-15
8
;
2012
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Ha
ge
, G.
“
A
ga
in
st p
a
r
a
n
o
i
d n
a
tio
n
a
lism
:
Se
a
r
c
h
in
g fo
r
ho
pe
i
n a
shri
nki
ng
so
cie
t
y
”
.
Plut
o
P
r
ess;
A
u
s
t
r
alia.
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03.
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Col
e
m
a
n, J
. & Hagel
l
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do
le
s
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e
n
ce, ri
s
k
and
resi
lien
ce: A
ga
i
n
s
t
t
he
o
dds”.
J
ohn W
i
l
e
y
an
d
S
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n
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,
Lt
d.
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7
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W
a
gn
i
l
d
,
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.,
&
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o
u
n
g
,
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“Dev
elop
ment
and
psych
omet
r
i
c
ev
aluation
o
f
t
h
e
resilience
scale”.
Jour
na
l o
f
Nur
s
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e
a
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uremen
t
,
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1
9
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[15]
Garmezy, N.
“R
ef
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i
o
ns
and
comme
n
t
ary o
n
r
i
s
k
,
res
i
l
i
e
n
ce, an
d
d
e
vel
opm
en
t”.
In
R
.
Hagg
erty
,
L.
S
herrod
,
N
.
Garmezy, & M
.
Rutt
ers
(E
d
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,
Stress
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R
i
sk,
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e
silience in ch
i
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dren
and ado
l
escents:
Pro
cesses,
mechani
s
ms
,
and in
t
e
rvention
s
(
pp
.
1
-
18
).
C
am
bri
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:
Cam
b
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dg
e
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a
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l
ato
r
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r
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ses,
ris
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an
d res
i
l
i
ence
in
a
do
le
scent devel
opme
n
t”.
Anna
l
s
of
The New York
Aca
d
em
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Sc
i
e
nces
,
10
21
,
31
0-3
1
9
;
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[17]
New
acheck
,
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.
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H
ung,
Y
.
Y.,
P
ark
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,
B
rind
is,
C
.
D
.
,
&
I
rwi
n
,
C.
E
.
“D
is
p
a
r
i
ti
es
i
n
ad
oles
c
e
nt
h
eal
th
a
nd
heal
th
care: D
oe
s
so
cio
e
co
no
mic
stat
us m
a
tter?
”.
Health Services
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,
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8
,
1235-1
2
5
2
;
20
03.
[18]
M
a
st
en,
S. A
.
“Ord
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a
gi
c: Res
ilience
proc
es
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n
d
evel
op
m
e
n
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Amer
ica
n
P
s
ych
olo
g
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,
56
(3),
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20
01
.
[19]
Hu
ds
on
,
G.
C
.
“S
o
c
ioeco
no
m
i
c stat
us
a
nd
m
e
ntal i
lln
e
ss:
T
est
s
o
f
the s
o
cial
caus
a
tion
and
sel
ectio
n hyp
ot
hes
e
s”.
Am
er
i
c
an
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ortho
ps
ychi
a
tr
y
,
7
5
(1
),
3
-1
8
;
2
005.
[20]
Sch
n
eiders, J.,
Dru
kk
er, M.,
End
e
,
D
. V.
J.,
Verh
ulst,
F
.
C
.,
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i
c
olso
n
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“Neigh
bo
ur
h
o
o
d
so
cio
econ
o
m
i
c dis
a
dv
antag
e
and
b
e
h
avi
o
u
r
al p
robl
em
s
f
r
o
m
lat
e c
hi
ld
hoo
d
int
o
earl
y
a
d
o
l
e
scen
ce
”
,
J Epidem
i
o
l
Community Heal
t
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7
,
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99-7
0
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;
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.
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e, R.
“Soci
o
econo
m
i
c s
t
a
t
us
a
nd
a
nt
is
ocial
beh
a
vi
ou
r
am
ong
chi
l
d
r
en an
d
ad
o
l
e
scent
s
: A
sy
s
t
e
m
atic rev
iew
an
d
m
e
ta-anal
y
sis
”.
Cli
n
i
c
al Ps
yc
h
o
l
o
g
y
Revi
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5
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7-55;
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acheck
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ung,
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B
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.
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,
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“D
is
p
a
r
i
ti
es
i
n
ad
oles
c
e
nt
h
eal
th
a
nd
heal
th
care: D
oe
s
so
cio
e
co
no
mic
stat
us m
a
tter?
”.
Health Services
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c
on
om
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s
ta
t
u
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:
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s
k
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resi
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i
e
n
ce.
I
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&
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.
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.
(Eds.)”,
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t
e
rmina
nt
s o
f
min
o
rity men
t
al h
e
alt
h
and
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ness
(pp
.
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7
3
-3
02
).
N
ew
Yo
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k: S
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r
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ccli
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t
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ck,
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p
e
a
m
o
ng re
si
li
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f
ri
c
a
n
Am
eri
can ad
o
les
cent
s
” (D
oct
o
ral
dis
s
ert
a
ti
on). Marqu
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ty
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s
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ch
ang
e
y
o
u
r m
i
nd
a
nd
yo
u
r lif
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i
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ent
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l
di
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A
lo
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
nal
st
ud
y
of
sel
ecti
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a
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atio
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Ameri
c
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I
S
S
N: 2
2
5
2
-
88
22
I
J
ERE
Vo
l
.
7
, No
.
4
, Decemb
e
r
2
0
1
8
:
2
99 –
3
0
4
30
4
BIOGRAPHI
E
S
OF
AUT
HORS
D
r
.
Zeyne
p
A
y
di
n
S
u
n
b
u
l
i
s
a
n
A
ssista
n
t
P
r
o
fe
ssor
o
f
P
s
yc
h
o
l
o
gi
ca
l
C
o
uns
eli
n
g
and
G
u
i
d
ance
a
t
t
h
e
I
s
tanb
ul
M
e
d
i
p
o
l
U
ni
ve
r
s
ity
,
in
I
stanb
u
l,
T
ur
ke
y.
Her researc
h
inte
r
e
st
s
ar
e
i
n
posi
t
i
ve
p
s
y
c
hol
o
gy,
m
i
n
d
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ss
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p
p
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h
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,
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nd
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deve
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opm
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pub
lis
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stud
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o
n
p
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-
s
oc
i
a
l
de
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o
p
m
ent
of
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o
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ild
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a
do
l
e
s
cen
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mi
ndf
uln
e
ss a
n
d
re
si
li
e
n
c
e
.
D
r
.
F
e
r
a
h
Çeki
c
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a
n
A
ssista
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t
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r
of
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o
r
of
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syc
h
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l
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l
C
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n
g
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d
G
u
i
d
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e
at
t
he
I
sta
n
b
u
l
M
e
d
i
p
ol
U
n
i
ve
r
s
it
y,
i
n
I
s
tan
b
u
l,
T
ur
ke
y.
H
er
r
e
sea
r
ch
i
nter
ests ar
e
in
cog
n
iti
ve-
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
ther
a
py,
pos
it
ive
psyc
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
and
c
h
i
l
d
/
ado
l
esce
n
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
.
S
h
e
pub
l
i
s
h
ed
s
tud
i
es
o
n
po
si
t
i
ve
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y,
i
nd
i
v
id
ua
l
and
g
r
ou
p
co
un
sel
i
n
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.