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4
C
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k
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E
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Sk
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tr
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ar
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p
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ev
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s
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v
o
lu
ti
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ar
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p
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s
[
1
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.
C
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eq
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ly
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is
cip
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I
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d
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4
.
0
[
2
]
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
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p
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cr
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r
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l
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in
p
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em
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ac
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k
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tech
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T
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in
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s
(
I
o
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an
d
ar
tific
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in
tellig
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(
AI
)
[
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
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m
o
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e,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
o
f
t sk
ills
s
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,
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b
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m
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eq
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I
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d
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4
.
0
[
4
]
.
L
if
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es
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p
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with
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a
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tech
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lo
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ical
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ec
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in
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ca
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alig
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d
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m
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I
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d
u
s
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4
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0
[
5
]
.
T
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tio
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ce
n
tr
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cu
lti
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k
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in
s
tu
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f
o
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in
d
u
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4
.
0
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a.
T
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e
h
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d
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f
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c
r
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tiv
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,
c
o
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m
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cr
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k
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an
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c
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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J
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Vo
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13
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5
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Octo
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2
4
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34
3
5
-
3442
3436
(
4
C
)
in
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
ese
s
k
ills
[
6
]
.
T
ea
ch
e
r
s
p
l
ay
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
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ag
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ts
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ac
tiv
ities
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at
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tim
u
late
cr
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an
d
cr
ea
tiv
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th
in
k
in
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[
7
]
.
I
n
m
at
h
em
atics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
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ch
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s
p
lay
a
cr
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r
o
le
i
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o
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tu
d
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'
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lis
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ev
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cu
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4
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k
ills
th
r
o
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g
h
p
r
o
b
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s
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lv
in
g
task
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
ese
task
s
s
er
v
e
as
ca
taly
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ts
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in
s
p
ir
in
g
s
tu
d
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to
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ate
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r
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p
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to
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ea
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ld
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itu
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s
.
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o
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o
p
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n
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ed
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r
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s
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th
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r
ac
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ath
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atica
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k
n
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p
p
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o
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[
9
]
.
B
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p
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task
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a
well
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[
1
0
]
.
Gr
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ch
an
g
e.
T
h
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
d
em
an
d
ed
in
th
ese
task
s
d
ee
p
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
m
ath
em
ati
ca
l
p
r
in
cip
les,
p
r
ep
ar
i
n
g
th
e
m
f
o
r
a
f
u
tu
r
e
w
h
er
e
s
u
ch
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
s
k
ills
ar
e
ess
en
tial f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
in
d
iv
er
s
e
a
ca
d
em
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
u
r
s
u
its
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
teac
h
er
s
n
ee
d
t
o
ad
ap
t
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
f
o
s
ter
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
v
ital
4
C
s
k
ills
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
g
ap
s
in
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
g
u
i
d
e
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
m
at
h
em
atics
teac
h
er
s
'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
to
war
d
s
4
C
s
k
ills
in
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
a
n
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
v
alu
ab
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
teac
h
e
r
s
,
f
ac
il
itatin
g
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
o
n
h
o
w
teac
h
er
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
e
e
f
f
icac
y
o
f
th
ese
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
4
C
s
k
ills
an
d
th
eir
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
in
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
e
ch
allen
g
es
p
o
s
ed
b
y
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
R
ev
o
lu
tio
n
4
.
0
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
s
y
s
tem
in
cu
ltiv
atin
g
s
k
ills
lik
e
4
C
to
em
p
o
wer
th
e
u
p
co
m
in
g
g
en
e
r
atio
n
[
1
2
]
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
r
eq
u
ir
es
teac
h
er
s
to
a
d
ap
t
t
h
eir
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
m
ath
em
atics
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f
4
C
s
k
ills
in
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Pro
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
em
er
g
es
as
a
p
o
ten
t
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
d
iv
er
s
e
id
ea
s
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tat
io
n
,
th
e
2
1
s
t
C
en
tu
r
y
L
ea
r
n
in
g
Mo
d
el
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
er
v
es
as
a
g
u
id
in
g
p
r
in
cip
le
f
o
r
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
i
n
g
b
y
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
4
C
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ap
p
ly
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
co
n
te
x
ts
to
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
t
h
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e
a
n
d
th
e
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
R
ev
o
lu
tio
n
4
.
0
er
a
[
1
6
]
.
T
ea
c
h
er
s
wid
ely
u
t
ilize
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
im
p
lem
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
s
ter
in
g
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
ch
a
s
th
o
s
e
by
M
u
h
am
m
a
d
et
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
an
d
Hu
a
n
g
a
n
d
I
k
s
an
[
1
7
]
,
esp
ec
ially
in
m
ath
em
atics e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
e
n
co
u
r
ag
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
,
aid
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
cu
ltiv
atin
g
ess
en
tial
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
l
v
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
4
.
0
er
a
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
au
th
en
tic
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
p
r
o
jects,
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
en
ab
les
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
a
p
p
ly
t
h
e
ir
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
e
q
u
ip
p
in
g
t
h
e
m
f
o
r
th
e
e
v
o
lv
in
g
d
e
m
an
d
s
o
f
th
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
,
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
th
em
to
m
ee
t th
e
c
h
allen
g
es o
f
th
e
4
.
0
er
a
[
1
9
]
.
Af
ter
r
ev
iewin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
a
s
ca
r
city
o
f
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
d
elv
in
g
in
to
th
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
4
C
s
k
ill
s
s
p
ec
if
ically
with
in
m
ath
em
atics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
0
]
–
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
ca
r
city
is
attr
ib
u
ted
to
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atin
g
m
o
r
e
o
n
a
p
p
r
aisi
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
n
ess
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
tea
ch
er
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
4
C
s
k
ills
in
d
if
f
er
en
t e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
p
o
s
it a
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
an
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
t
o
ass
ess
t
h
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
m
ath
em
atic
s
teac
h
er
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
4
C
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
ex
is
tin
g
g
ap
s
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
v
ali
d
atin
g
an
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
to
g
au
g
e
m
ath
em
a
tics
teac
h
er
s
’
o
n
4
C
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
in
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
in
ten
tio
n
is
t
o
p
i
n
p
o
i
n
t
ar
ea
s
wh
er
e
teac
h
er
s
m
ig
h
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
e
x
tr
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
r
tr
ain
i
n
g
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
in
class
r
o
o
m
s
an
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
o
v
er
all
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
o
th
at
en
d
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
ac
q
u
ir
e
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
in
th
e
er
a
o
f
4
.
0
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
m
eth
o
d
,
a
s
u
itab
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
a
lar
g
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
g
ath
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
d
iv
er
s
e
s
u
b
jects,
in
clu
d
in
g
attitu
d
es,
b
elief
s
,
an
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
ed
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
1
2
0
m
ath
em
ati
cs
teac
h
er
s
,
ch
o
s
en
b
ased
o
n
a
l
o
ad
in
g
f
ac
to
r
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
5
0
[
2
9
]
.
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s
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ma
th
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3437
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h
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ta
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ased
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e
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f
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am
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k
[
3
0
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,
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
2
1
item
s
d
esig
n
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
4
C
s
k
il
ls
with
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
p
r
o
b
l
em
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
as
o
u
tlin
ed
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ics
o
f
ea
ch
d
o
m
ain
'
s
item
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
4
C
s
2
1
s
t c
en
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t th
e
q
u
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o
n
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item
s
P
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r
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o
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r
u
c
t
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u
b
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c
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s
t
r
u
c
t
N
u
mb
e
r
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o
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i
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e
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P
a
r
t
A
D
e
mo
g
r
a
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h
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P
a
r
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B
4
C
sk
i
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s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
b
l
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o
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To
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C1
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C2
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C3
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C4
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C5
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C
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5
C
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Th
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k
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s.
C
t
1
P
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v
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p
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f
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st
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s.
C
t
2
U
si
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t
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me
mo
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i
z
a
t
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m
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o
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k
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y
w
o
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d
s a
n
d
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l
a
t
e
d
f
o
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mu
l
a
s.
C
t
3
U
si
n
g
P
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a
M
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p
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m
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s
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g
q
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st
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n
s.
C
t
4
En
c
o
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t
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n
t
s
t
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x
p
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(
F
o
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x
a
m
p
l
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:
u
si
n
g
I
C
T)
C
t
5
C
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s w
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C
t
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w
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s.
C
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1
U
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v
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me
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p
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2
1
st
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(
f
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p
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f
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p
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ssr
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C
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2
U
se
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.
C
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D
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C
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C
r
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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T
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s
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ed
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p
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th
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h
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y
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s
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SP
SS
Ver
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co
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ten
t,
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n
d
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n
s
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ct
v
alid
ity
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estab
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ar
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r
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r
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t th
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'
s
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lts
[
3
1
]
.
T
o
ca
r
r
y
o
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t
th
e
f
ac
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an
d
co
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ten
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ass
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m
ath
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c
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cu
r
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m
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d
Ma
lay
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lis
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.
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o
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et
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in
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d
y
s
h
o
u
ld
in
v
o
lv
e
at
least
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ee
ex
p
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r
ts
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
is
ex
p
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t
p
an
el
d
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m
i
n
ed
wh
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h
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)
th
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p
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ap
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p
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th
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q
u
an
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item
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f
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p
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r
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an
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ter
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o
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th
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5
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p
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in
t scale
co
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ld
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cc
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lly
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ex
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4
item
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ated
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2
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n
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air
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ain
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illu
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
1
.
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o
ass
ess
th
e
co
n
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o
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ased
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ata
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m
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y
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m
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in
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th
e
d
esig
n
ated
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
r
ee
cr
u
cial
f
ac
to
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s
:
s
am
p
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g
ad
eq
u
ac
y
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co
r
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atr
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x
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d
s
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p
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s
ize.
Var
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u
s
test
s
f
o
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s
am
p
lin
g
ad
eq
u
ac
y
,
d
etailed
in
T
a
b
le
3
,
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
t
o
s
cr
u
tin
ize
th
e
ad
eq
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ac
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f
th
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s
am
p
le
an
d
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
d
ata
[
3
3
]
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
cla
r
ity
o
f
ea
ch
item
with
in
th
e
s
u
b
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c
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s
tr
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ts
,
p
r
in
cip
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c
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m
p
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en
t
a
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aly
s
is
(
PC
A)
with
v
ar
im
ax
r
o
tatio
n
was
u
tili
ze
d
[
2
9
]
.
Par
allel
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
s
we
r
e
also
a
p
p
lied
to
id
e
n
tify
wh
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h
elem
en
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
etain
ed
o
r
d
is
ca
r
d
ed
[
3
4
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
eig
en
v
alu
e
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ascer
tain
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
in
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
On
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co
n
s
tr
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ct
v
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ity
was
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
,
th
e
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;
an
d
iv
)
p
i
n
p
o
in
tin
g
a
n
y
item
lack
in
g
s
u
b
s
tan
tial lo
a
d
in
g
o
n
an
y
f
ac
to
r
[
3
6
]
.
B
ea
v
er
s
et
a
l
.
[
3
7
]
ass
er
ted
th
at
th
e
E
FA
m
eth
o
d
s
er
v
es
as
a
v
alu
ab
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
v
alid
ity
b
y
d
is
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
o
r
d
im
en
s
io
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s
elu
cid
atin
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
in
a
v
ar
iab
le
s
et.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
em
p
l
o
y
in
g
t
h
is
m
eth
o
d
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ac
cu
r
ately
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
E
FA
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
5
item
s
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
d
u
e
to
th
eir
f
ailu
r
e
to
m
ee
t
th
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
item
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
wh
en
th
eir
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
d
f
ac
to
r
l
o
a
d
in
g
v
al
u
es we
r
e
b
elo
w
0
.
5
0
.
Facto
r
lo
ad
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g
s
d
en
o
te
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
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ea
c
h
ite
m
an
d
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
ac
to
r
,
with
v
alu
es
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
1
in
d
icatin
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
an
d
v
alu
es
n
ea
r
in
g
0
s
ig
n
if
y
in
g
a
wea
k
er
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
[
3
8
]
.
B
y
r
etain
in
g
item
s
with
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
0
.
5
,
t
h
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
er
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
r
etai
n
ed
item
s
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
g
a
u
g
e
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
,
th
er
e
b
y
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
t
h
e
in
ter
p
r
etab
ilit
y
an
d
ac
cu
r
a
cy
o
f
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
,
as
item
s
wea
k
ly
ass
o
c
iated
with
th
e
f
ac
to
r
m
ig
h
t
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
b
ias
in
to
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
[
3
9
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
ex
p
l
o
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
r
e
v
ea
led
t
h
at
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t'
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
is
d
elin
ea
ted
b
y
f
o
u
r
f
ac
to
r
s
: c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
ea
ch
g
en
er
atin
g
a
d
is
tin
ct
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
th
ese
f
o
u
r
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
e
v
alu
atin
g
t
h
e
p
er
c
ep
tio
n
s
o
f
m
ath
em
atics
teac
h
er
s
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
4
C
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
l
v
in
g
.
R
u
s
cio
an
d
R
o
ch
e
[
4
0
]
a
n
d
I
zq
u
ier
d
o
et
a
l
.
[
4
1
]
a
d
v
o
ca
te
th
at
an
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
attain
s
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
v
alid
it
y
wh
en
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
g
en
er
ated
alig
n
s
with
t
h
e
in
i
tial
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
with
a
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
v
alid
ity
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
item
s
allo
ca
ted
to
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
ass
ess
th
e
s
u
b
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
(
5
item
s
)
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
(
5
item
s
)
,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
(
3
item
s
)
,
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ity
(
3
item
s
)
.
T
h
is
ad
h
er
es
to
th
e
cr
iter
io
n
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
y
B
r
o
an
d
Sm
ild
e
[
4
2
]
,
wh
ich
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
s
a
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
3
item
s
p
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
f
ac
to
r
in
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
-
b
ased
s
tu
d
ies
u
s
in
g
E
FA
to
en
s
u
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t.
Yu
s
o
f
f
[
4
3
]
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
at
h
av
i
n
g
a
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
3
item
s
p
e
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
f
ac
to
r
'
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
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h
en
s
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e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
r
esu
ltin
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in
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
o
u
tco
m
e
s
.
W
ith
f
ewe
r
th
an
3
item
s
p
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
o
b
tain
in
g
a
u
n
iq
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esti
m
ate
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f
f
ac
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b
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es c
h
allen
g
in
g
,
h
in
d
er
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n
g
th
e
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
34
3
5
-
3442
3440
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
1
6
r
etain
ed
item
s
in
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ex
h
ib
it
an
ex
ce
llen
t
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lev
el
o
f
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
o
n
d
an
d
Fo
x
[
3
5
]
,
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
with
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a
s
co
r
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
8
to
1
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
p
o
s
s
ess
es
h
ig
h
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t
is
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
b
y
T
r
izan
o
an
d
Alv
ar
ad
o
[
4
4
]
,
wh
e
r
e
an
alp
h
a
v
a
lu
e
o
f
0
.
7
o
r
h
ig
h
er
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
d
icativ
e
o
f
g
o
o
d
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
9
3
s
ig
n
if
ies
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
af
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t'
s
item
s
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
ex
p
lo
r
at
o
r
y
f
a
cto
r
an
aly
s
is
(
E
FA)
an
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
test
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
I
t
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
ad
j
u
s
t
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
th
at
all
r
em
ain
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
item
s
in
th
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
ad
h
er
e
to
t
h
e
m
i
n
im
u
m
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
a
n
a
ly
s
is
,
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
lly
g
en
e
r
ates
f
o
u
r
f
ac
to
r
s
:
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
with
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
g
en
e
r
ated
f
ac
to
r
s
m
a
tch
in
g
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t'
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
All
r
etain
ed
item
s
with
in
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
m
ee
t
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
f
o
r
item
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
a
f
ac
t
o
r
lo
ad
in
g
v
alu
e
o
f
at
least
0
.
5
0
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
tes
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
s
ig
n
if
y
in
g
its
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
r
e
al
-
wo
r
ld
s
tu
d
ies.
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
to
f
o
r
m
u
late
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
a
l
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SEM
)
m
o
d
el
alig
n
e
d
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
ata.
I
n
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
v
a
lid
ated
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
m
a
th
em
atics
teac
h
er
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
4
C
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
teac
h
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
m
ak
i
n
g
it a
p
p
licab
le
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
u
s
e
in
s
tu
d
ies.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
wo
r
k
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
/f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
u
n
d
er
Fu
n
d
am
en
ta
l
R
esear
ch
Gr
an
t Sch
em
e
(
FR
GS/1
/2
0
2
3
/
SS
1
0
7
/UT
M/0
2
/2
0
)
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
M
.
F
a
i
z
a
l
,
N
.
J
a
f
f
a
r
,
a
n
d
M
.
N
.
A
.
S
h
a
b
r
i
n
a
,
“
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
t
h
e
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
a
m
o
n
g
s
t
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
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sy
g
.
2
0
1
6
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0
0
7
6
9
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
34
3
5
-
3442
3442
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Mo
h
a
m
a
d
I
k
r
a
m
Za
k
a
r
i
a
e
a
rn
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
in
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
fr
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
lay
sia
,
Ba
n
g
i
,
S
e
lan
g
o
r.
W
it
h
o
v
e
r
o
n
e
y
e
a
r
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
,
h
e
se
rv
e
s
a
s
a
S
e
n
io
r
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tu
re
r
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t
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c
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u
c
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ti
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n
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a
c
u
lt
y
o
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o
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ial
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ien
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e
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a
n
d
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m
a
n
i
ti
e
s
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(
UTM
).
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c
u
rre
n
t
fo
c
u
s
in
re
se
a
rc
h
re
v
o
l
v
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s
a
ro
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n
d
stu
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e
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ts'
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d
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t
a
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u
c
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a
l
lev
e
ls
a
n
d
d
o
m
a
in
s.
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p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
wo
r
k
s
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
ss
to
p
ics
su
c
h
a
s
p
r
o
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lem
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so
lv
in
g
,
p
ro
b
lem
-
b
a
se
d
lea
r
n
in
g
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m
o
b
il
e
lea
rn
in
g
(m
-
lea
rn
in
g
)
,
a
n
d
th
e
h
e
u
tag
o
g
ica
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
wit
h
in
t
h
e
fiel
d
o
f
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
o
h
a
m
a
d
.
i
k
ra
m
@u
tm.m
y
.
Nik
Abd
u
l
H
a
d
i
No
o
r
Na
sr
a
n
o
b
tain
e
d
a
b
a
c
h
e
lo
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g
re
e
in
sc
ien
c
e
wit
h
a
fo
c
u
s
o
n
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
c
s
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
(UTM
)
.
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g
a
in
e
d
th
re
e
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
in
tern
sh
ip
e
x
p
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rien
c
e
a
s
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re
se
a
rc
h
a
ss
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t
in
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
t
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tu
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
(UTHM
).
C
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
in
g
a
m
a
ste
r’s
in
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
t
UT
M
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
:
n
i
k
a
b
d
u
l
h
a
d
i@g
ra
d
u
a
te.u
tm.m
y
.
Abd
u
l
H
a
li
m
Abd
u
ll
a
h
p
re
se
n
tl
y
h
o
ld
s
t
h
e
p
o
sit
io
n
o
f
As
so
c
ia
te
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
th
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
t
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
.
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re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
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s
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
wit
h
sp
e
c
ifi
c
in
tere
sts
in
h
i
g
h
e
r
-
o
r
d
e
r
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
il
ls
a
n
d
g
e
o
m
e
tri
c
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
il
ls
.
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e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
p
-
h
a
li
m
@u
tm.m
y
.
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ju
a
S
y
u
h
a
d
a
Ah
m
a
d
Alh
a
ss
o
r
a
h
o
ld
s
th
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p
o
siti
o
n
o
f
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e
n
i
o
r
Lec
tu
re
r
in
t
h
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
t
Un
iv
e
r
siti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
r
r
e
se
a
rc
h
p
u
rsu
it
s
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
ss
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
re
a
so
n
in
g
,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
t
o
wa
rd
s
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
a
j
u
a
sy
u
h
a
d
a
@u
tm.m
y
.
Mo
h
d
F
a
d
z
il
Abd
u
l
H
a
n
i
d
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
in
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
Jo
h
o
r
Ba
h
ru
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
in
2
0
2
1
.
P
re
se
n
tl
y
,
h
e
se
rv
e
s
a
s
a
S
e
n
io
r
Lec
tu
re
r
in
th
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
wit
h
in
th
e
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
S
o
c
ial
S
c
ien
c
e
s
a
n
d
Hu
m
a
n
it
ies
a
t
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Te
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
p
u
rs
u
it
s
i
n
c
lu
d
e
e
x
p
lo
ri
n
g
th
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
Au
g
m
e
n
ted
Re
a
l
it
y
(AR)
in
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
C
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
Th
i
n
k
in
g
,
Im
m
e
rsiv
e
Lea
rn
in
g
,
a
n
d
O
n
li
n
e
Lea
rn
i
n
g
.
F
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
o
h
d
fa
d
z
il
a
b
d
u
lh
a
n
id
@
u
tm.m
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.