In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f E
v
al
u
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
R
e
se
arc
h
in
Ed
u
c
ation
(
IJERE
)
Vol.
8
, No. 2, J
une
201
9
,
p
p
.
3
30
~3
43
ISSN
: 2252-
88
22,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ijer
e
.
v8i
2.
179
78
330
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
ERE
Review
o
f the effects of tec
h
n
ical assistance
on program,
organiz
a
tion and system c
h
ange
Ca
rl J
.
Dunst
, Kimberly
An
na
s,
H
elen
Wil
k
i
e,
Deborah
W.
Hamby
Ore
l
ena
Hawks
Pucke
tt
Instit
ute,
N
orth Car
oli
n
a,
US
A
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
ce
i
v
e
d
Jan
2
8, 201
9
Re
vise
d Mar
1
5
,
201
9
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
Ap
r
1
2
,
2
019
F
i
n
d
i
ngs
f
ro
m
a
sy
nt
hesis
of
t
ech
nical
a
ssist
ance
m
o
d
e
ls
a
nd
f
r
am
ewo
r
ks
were
u
sed
t
o
c
od
e
th
e
us
e
o
f
2
5
c
o
re
e
lem
e
nt
s
o
f
t
echn
i
cal
a
s
s
i
st
ance
in
st
udies
a
n
d
e
val
u
ati
o
n
s
o
f
im
plem
ent
a
ti
on
interv
ent
i
on
s
to
a
ffe
ct
p
rog
r
am
,
org
a
ni
za
t
i
o
n
,
an
d
sy
st
e
m
s
ch
ang
e
.
T
h
e
2
5
c
ore
el
em
e
n
ts
w
e
r
e
gro
up
into
f
ive
c
o
mpo
n
e
nts:
p
re
p
a
ra
tion
f
or
t
he
p
ro
v
i
sio
n
o
f
te
c
h
nic
a
l
a
ssista
n
ce,
dev
e
lo
pm
ent
of
a
t
ec
hn
ical
a
s
s
i
s
t
a
n
ce
pl
an,
im
p
l
e
m
ent
a
ti
on
o
f
t
echn
i
ca
l
ass
i
stance,
e
val
u
at
io
n
of
t
he
e
ffe
ct
s
o
f
t
echn
i
cal
a
ss
istan
ce,
an
d
sus
t
ai
nability
of
t
echni
cal
a
s
s
is
tan
ce-f
a
c
i
litat
e
d
chan
ges
.
R
esul
ts
i
n
d
icat
ed
t
h
at
a
s
ub
set
of
11
c
o
r
e
el
emen
ts
w
as
r
elated
t
o
bet
w
een
g
ro
up
s
and
b
e
tween
c
o
n
d
iti
on
diff
erences
i
n
th
e
s
i
zes
o
f
e
ffect
f
o
r
p
ro
gram,
organ
i
zat
ion
,
a
nd
systems
chan
ges
.
R
es
ul
ts
a
ls
o
sh
ow
ed
t
h
a
t
m
o
re
i
nt
ensiv
e
t
echn
i
cal
a
ssi
stan
c
e
w
as
ass
o
ci
ated
w
ith
l
arger
sizes
o
f
eff
ects
co
m
p
ared
t
o
l
e
ss
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
tech
nical
ass
i
stance
and
that
p
arti
cu
l
a
r
co
mb
in
a
t
i
ons
o
f
pract
ices
w
ere
a
ssoci
a
ted
with
th
e larg
es
t
s
i
zes o
f
e
f
f
ect.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Cor
e
e
lem
e
nts
F
i
del
i
t
y assess
m
e
nt
Im
pl
e
m
e
n
ta
tio
n
prac
tic
es
Interve
n
ti
on
pr
actic
e
s
P
r
og
r
a
m im
provem
e
nt
s
Te
chn
i
cal
as
s
ist
a
n
c
e
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
Scien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Ca
rl J.
D
unst,
Orel
en
a
Hawk
s P
u
ck
ett
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
12
8 S
.
S
terlin
g
S
t
r
eet
Mor
g
an
t
on,
N
C
2
8
6
55,
US
A
Em
ail:
cdu
n
s
t
@p
uc
ket
t
.
o
rg
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Te
ch
nica
l
as
si
sta
n
c
e
,
i
n
t
he
b
roa
d
e
s
t
p
o
ssi
ble
us
e
o
f
t
he
t
erm
,
r
efers
to
p
ro
fe
ssio
n
a
l
d
evel
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
coa
c
h
i
ng
an
d
me
nt
or
in
g,
c
o
n
su
l
t
a
tio
n,
a
n
d
o
t
he
r
s
u
p
p
o
rts
pro
v
i
d
ed
t
o
pro
g
r
ams
an
d
org
a
ni
za
tio
n
s
t
o
a
f
fect
cha
nge
o
r
a
d
o
p
t
i
on
o
f
e
v
i
de
nc
e-ba
se
d
or
i
nn
o
v
at
ive
prac
ti
c
e
s
[
1
-
3
].
T
he
re
i
s,
how
e
v
er,
no
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
ac
cept
e
d
de
f
i
nit
i
on
of
t
ec
h
n
i
c
a
l
assi
sta
n
c
e
a
s
no
te
d
by
a
num
be
r
o
f
e
x
p
e
rts
[1,
4].
West
e
t
a
l
.
conc
lude
d,
b
a
sed
o
n
a
n
ext
e
nsi
v
e
rev
i
e
w
o
f
th
e
e
ffe
c
t
iv
en
e
ss
of
t
ech
ni
cal
as
sis
t
a
n
ce
i
n
terve
n
t
i
ons,
t
h
a
t
“
We
w
e
r
e
u
n
ab
le
to fi
nd a
c
o
mmon
l
y
ac
cep
ted
defi
ni
tio
n
of te
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
ssis
ta
nce
in t
he
p
u
b
lis
hed
li
ter
a
t
u
re”
[4]
.
Th
e
l
a
ck
o
f
a
c
o
mmo
n
l
y
ac
c
e
p
t
ed
d
efi
n
it
io
n
o
f
t
e
c
hn
i
cal
a
s
s
i
s
t
a
nce
le
d
a
numbe
r
of
e
xper
t
s
t
o
pro
pose
w
o
r
k
ing
de
fi
ni
tio
ns
o
f
the
term
.
A
con
t
en
t
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
de
fi
n
iti
ons
f
i
n
ds
a
n
um
ber
of
com
m
on
e
l
e
m
e
n
ts;
nam
e
ly,
ca
paci
t
y
b
u
i
l
d
ing
[4,
5],
qual
ity
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
[
6],
a
nd
qua
lit
y
i
m
prov
em
ent
[7].
W
es
t
e
t
a
l.
f
or
e
xam
p
l
e
,
define
d
tec
h
nica
l
ass
i
st
a
n
c
e
a
s
“
A
d
yna
m
i
c,
c
a
p
aci
t
y
-bu
i
l
d
i
n
g
proce
ss
for
des
i
g
n
i
n
g
o
r
i
m
prov
in
g
the
qu
a
l
i
t
y,
e
ffe
c
t
i
v
ene
ss,
a
n
d
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
cy
o
f
sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
p
rog
r
amme
s,
r
e
s
ea
rch
,
s
e
r
v
i
ce
s,
pro
duc
ts,
or
s
y
s
tem
s
”
[4]
.
K
atz
a
n
d
Wa
n
d
ersm
an
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
a
sim
i
l
ar
d
efin
i
t
i
on:
“
Te
ch
ni
ca
l
assi
st
an
c
e
i
s
an
in
div
i
dua
l
i
ze
d
and ha
n
d
s-
o
n
appr
oach
t
o
ca
p
acit
y
-b
u
ild
in
g i
n
or
ga
niza
t
i
o
n
s
and
com
m
un
it
i
e
s”
[
5].
A
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
de
fin
iti
o
n
o
f
t
ech
nica
l
a
ssis
t
a
n
c
e
,
how
e
v
e
r
,
i
s
o
n
l
y
a
first
s
t
e
p
t
ow
a
r
d
o
p
er
a
tio
na
liza
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
t
erm
[8
].
A
s
econd
c
r
u
cia
l
s
t
e
p
is
d
efin
in
g
the
prac
t
i
c
e
s,
t
as
ks,
s
t
ep
s,
a
ct
i
v
i
tie
s,
e
lement
s,
e
tc.
that
com
p
rise
t
ec
h
n
ic
a
l
a
ss
ista
nc
e.
T
hi
s
ha
s
be
en
a
t
t
e
m
pte
d
b
y
a
n
u
m
be
r
of
i
n
v
es
ti
ga
tor
s
[
5,
6
,
9,
1
0]
w
he
re
f
i
nd
i
n
g
s
w
ere
u
s
ed
t
o
id
en
ti
fy
t
h
e
c
o
r
e
el
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
t
ech
ni
c
a
l
a
ss
is
ta
n
c
e
mode
ls
a
n
d
fram
e
w
o
r
k
s
[1
1
]
.
Tw
ent
y
-f
i
v
e
m
o
d
e
ls
a
nd
fram
e
w
o
rks
in
ear
ly
c
h
ild
ho
o
d
i
n
t
erve
n
t
i
on,
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n,
h
eal
t
h
c
a
r
e,
d
eve
l
op
m
e
nta
l
di
sa
b
ili
t
i
e
s
,
pr
egna
nc
y
preve
n
t
i
on,
c
hi
l
d
w
elfar
e
,
a
n
d
yo
ut
h
de
vel
o
pme
n
t
w
e
re
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
a
l
l
y
e
xa
m
i
ne
d
t
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
Eval & R
es E
d
u
c
.
IS
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
Re
vie
w
o
f
the
e
ffec
t
s o
f
t
e
c
h
n
i
cal a
ssist
a
n
ce
on pr
o
g
r
a
m
,
organ
iz
at
ion,
an
d sy
st
e
m
c
han
g
e
(Carl J.
D
unst)
33
1
ide
n
tif
y
t
h
e
c
o
re
e
l
e
me
nts
of
t
he
m
ode
ls
a
nd
fra
m
e
w
orks.
F
i
ve
c
ompo
ne
nts
w
e
r
e
i
de
n
t
i
f
ied
w
i
th
e
a
c
h
com
p
o
n
e
n
t
in
clu
d
i
n
g
b
e
t
w
e
en
4
a
n
d
6
c
or
e
elem
ents.
The
five
c
om
po
ne
nt
s
a
r
e
(1
)
pre
p
ara
tion
for
t
h
e
pro
v
is
ion
o
f
t
e
c
hnic
a
l
a
ss
is
t
a
nce,
(
2)
t
he
d
e
v
el
o
p
me
nt
o
f
a
tec
hni
cal
a
s
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
pl
a
n
,
(3
)
i
m
pl
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
on
o
f
tech
n
i
ca
l
a
ssis
t
anc
e
,
(
4
)
eva
l
ua
ti
on
o
f
t
he
e
ffe
c
t
s
of
t
ech
nica
l
a
s
si
st
an
ce,
a
n
d
(5
)
th
e
su
st
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
an
g
e
s, i
nno
va
t
i
on
s, i
mp
ro
ve
me
n
t
s, e
t
c
. fa
c
i
lit
a
t
e
d
by
t
ech
ni
c
al
a
ssi
st
ance
.
Tabl
e
1
i
n
clu
d
e
s
t
h
e
d
e
s
crip
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
ea
ch
c
o
r
e
el
emen
t
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
v
e
t
e
ch
ni
cal
a
ssi
s
t
a
n
c
e
co
mp
on
en
ts.
The use or
in
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
o
f e
a
c
h
c
or
e e
l
em
ent, as
we
ll
as com
b
i
n
at
i
on
s of e
le
m
e
nts, in the st
ud
ies a
nd e
v
al
uat
i
on
s
in
o
ur
r
e
v
i
e
w
w
e
r
e
e
xam
i
ne
d
as
f
a
c
t
ors
con
t
ri
b
u
t
i
ng
t
o
t
he
o
utc
om
es
o
f
tech
n
i
ca
l
as
si
s
t
anc
e
i
n
ter
m
s
of
ado
p
t
i
on
an
d
use
o
f
t
ar
ge
ted
i
n
ter
v
e
n
ti
on
pr
act
ice
s
.
Te
ch
nica
l
assist
an
c
e
w
as
c
o
n
cept
u
ali
zed
a
s
a
n
implem
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
p
rac
tic
e
tha
t
i
nc
lude
d
sp
e
c
ific
s
e
t
s
o
f
a
ctiv
it
i
e
s
(
c
o
r
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
)
t
o
a
f
f
e
c
t
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
a
pro
g
ra
m,
o
rga
n
iz
a
t
i
o
n,
o
r
sy
stem
s
[1
2]
w
h
e
re
v
a
r
iat
i
ons
i
n
tec
h
ni
cal
a
ssi
s
t
a
n
c
e
w
o
ul
d
b
e
e
xp
e
c
t
e
d
to
b
e
rela
t
e
d
t
o
v
a
r
i
a
ti
o
n
s
in
r
e
por
ted
or
o
bse
r
ve
d
c
h
a
n
ges
in
a
p
ro
g
ra
m
,
o
rga
n
i
z
a
t
ion,
o
r
sys
t
em
s
[1
3].
S
t
ated
di
ffe
re
nt
l
y
,
t
h
e
core
e
lem
e
n
t
s
are
the
type
s
o
f
p
rac
tice
s
t
ha
t
t
e
chni
ca
l
assi
st
a
n
ce
p
rov
i
d
e
rs
u
se
t
o
a
c
h
i
ev
e
des
i
red
pro
g
ra
m, orga
n
i
z
a
t
io
n
,
or
syst
e
m
c
ha
nge.
S
t
udie
s
a
n
d
e
val
u
a
t
i
o
ns
o
f
the
effe
ct
s
of
t
ec
h
n
ic
a
l
a
ss
is
tance
c
a
n
be
d
i
v
ide
d
i
nt
o
t
w
o
ty
pe
s
of
implem
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
p
r
a
c
tice
s
:
Pr
actic
e
s
t
ha
t
fo
cus
o
n
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
o
r
im
pro
v
em
ent
s
i
n
a
pr
ogr
a
m
,
or
ganiza
ti
on,
o
r
syste
m
[
14-
16]
a
n
d
p
r
act
ice
s
t
ha
t
f
o
cu
s
on
c
oa
li
tio
n
b
u
i
l
d
ing
[
1
7
,
1
8
]
or
c
om
muni
t
y
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
nt
[
1
9
]
.
The
stud
ies
a
nd
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
e
x
a
m
ined
i
n
t
h
e
pre
s
en
t
r
e
view
i
nc
l
ude
d
i
n
v
e
s
tiga
t
io
ns
w
he
re
t
ec
hn
i
c
a
l
a
s
s
istanc
e
w
a
s
use
d
t
o
inf
l
ue
nce
the
a
d
o
p
tio
n
a
n
d
u
s
e
o
f
e
v
i
de
nc
e
-
base
d,
i
n
n
ova
ti
ve,
or
r
e
c
om
me
nded
pra
c
t
i
ces
i
n
p
r
og
rams,
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
ti
on
s,
o
r
sy
st
ems.
S
t
u
di
e
s
a
nd
e
va
lu
at
ion
s
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
i
ca
l
assis
t
a
n
ce
f
o
r
coal
i
t
i
o
n
bu
i
l
d
i
ng
or
com
m
uni
t
y
de
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
nt
w
ere
be
yon
d
th
e
s
c
ope
o
f
t
h
e r
e
view
.
Exi
s
ti
n
g
r
evi
e
ws
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
i
cal
a
ssi
st
an
ce
s
tud
i
es
a
nd
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
ion
s
a
r
e
prim
aril
y
lim
ite
d
to
d
e
s
cri
p
tio
ns
of
t
h
e
t
e
c
h
nica
l
a
s
s
i
st
ance
p
rac
t
ic
es
u
se
d
to
a
ffec
t
cha
n
ges
in
p
ro
gr
am
s,
o
rga
n
i
z
a
t
ions,
or
s
ys
tem
s
[
5,
6
,
10
,
15,
2
0]
.
O
n
e
e
x
em
pti
o
n
i
s
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
by
We
st
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
].
T
hese
i
n
ve
st
iga
t
ors
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
d
escrip
ti
ve
f
i
n
d
i
ngs
o
f
bo
th
t
he
c
ore
e
l
em
ent
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
outc
o
me
s
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
i
ca
l
assis
t
a
n
ce
b
u
t
d
i
d
n
o
t
r
e
l
a
t
e
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
t
o
any
o
f
t
he
s
t
u
dy.
D
urla
k
a
n
d
D
u
P
r
e
[3]
as
w
e
l
l
inc
l
u
d
e
d
f
i
n
di
n
g
s
fo
r
bot
h
th
e
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
i
m
pl
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
on
o
f
targe
t
e
d
p
r
act
i
c
e
s
a
n
d
t
he
s
tu
d
y
outc
o
m
e
s.
N
either
o
f
t
h
ese
r
e
v
i
e
ws,
h
o
w
ev
e
r
,
in
cl
ud
ed
a
t
t
e
mp
ts
t
o
qua
n
t
i
t
a
tive
l
y
relate
t
he use
o
f
t
e
chn
i
ca
l
assista
n
ce
prac
t
i
c
e
s
to a
ny s
t
u
dy
o
r
e
valua
t
i
o
n ou
tcom
es.
Th
e
ext
e
nt
t
o
wh
i
c
h
t
h
e
co
re
e
l
e
ment
s
in
T
abl
e
1
w
e
r
e
u
s
ed
i
n
t
ec
h
n
i
c
al
a
ss
ista
nce
st
ud
ies
a
n
d
eva
l
ua
tio
ns
a
n
d
w
ere
re
lated
t
o
r
e
p
ort
or
o
bser
ve
d
cha
n
g
e
s
in
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
organ
i
za
tio
n,
o
r
sys
t
em
s
pra
c
tice
s
w
a
s
the
foc
u
s
of
t
he
r
e
v
iew
desc
ri
bed
i
n
t
hi
s
pa
per.
T
hi
s
w
a
s
a
cc
ompl
is
hed
by
c
o
din
g
t
he
u
se
o
f
t
h
e
2
5
tech
n
i
ca
l
ass
i
st
anc
e
c
ore
ele
m
ents
i
n
Ta
b
l
e
1
a
n
d
re
l
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
use
of
t
he
c
ore
e
l
em
e
n
t
s
t
o
di
ffe
re
nc
es
i
n
the
t
e
c
hni
c
a
l
a
s
si
sta
n
ce
s
tu
dy
a
nd
ev
a
l
u
a
ti
on
o
u
t
c
o
me
s.
T
h
i
s
wa
s
do
ne
i
n
a
n
u
mbe
r
o
f
w
a
ys
i
n
order
t
o
u
n
p
ac
k
the
i
n
flue
nce
s
o
f
tec
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
s
s
ista
nce
t
o
i
de
nti
f
y
t
h
e
pa
rti
c
ul
a
r
c
ore
elem
ent
s
a
n
d
c
on
d
i
tio
ns
u
nder
w
h
i
c
h
th
e
core
e
lem
e
n
t
s
were
a
ssociat
ed
w
i
t
h
o
b
se
rved
o
r
r
e
port
progra
m
,
organiza
ti
on,
o
r
s
y
s
t
em
c
han
g
e
s
.
The
e
x
p
ect
ed
out
c
o
me
w
a
s
t
h
e
i
d
e
nti
f
i
cat
ion
of
t
h
e
p
arti
cu
l
a
r
co
re
e
l
emen
t
s
o
r
co
mb
in
at
io
n
s
o
f
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
t
h
a
t
pro
v
ed
m
ost i
m
porta
nt i
n ter
m
s
of e
xpl
a
i
n
i
ng s
t
u
d
y
a
nd e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
on
ou
t
co
me
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2252-
8822
Int.
J
.
Ev
al. & R
es. Educ.
Vol.
8, No. 2, June
2
0
19:
3
30
- 3
43
33
2
Ta
b
l
e 1.
Core
elem
en
ts of tec
h
n
i
c
a
l
assis
t
a
n
ce
C
o
r
e
e
leme
nts
De
finitions of te
r
m
s
P
r
ep
ar
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
e
c
h
n
i
cal
a
s
s
i
s
t
an
ce
1
.
N
e
e
d
s
a
s
s
e
ssm
e
n
t
Proce
ss
for
de
te
r
m
i
n
ing
the
ga
p
be
twee
n
c
u
r
re
nt
c
onditions,
pra
c
t
i
c
e
s
,
o
r
outc
o
m
e
s a
nd
d
e
si
r
e
d c
o
nditi
ons,
p
ra
c
tice
s
, or
ou
tc
o
m
e
s
2
.
D
e
c
is
ion-
m
a
king
Proce
ss
for
inv
o
lving
p
r
o
g
ram
st
a
f
f
in
i
de
nt
i
f
y
i
ng,
a
m
ong
a
l
t
e
rn
a
t
iv
e
s
,
th
e
options
o
r
pri
o
ritie
s
t
h
a
t
b
e
s
t
f
i
t
with
t
he
org
a
niz
a
tion’s m
i
s
s
i
on
or
g
oa
l
s
3
.
V
is
ioning
P
roce
ss
f
o
r
de
te
r
m
ining
wha
t
a
n
o
r
ga
niz
a
t
i
o
n
w
ould
do
or
“
l
o
ok
l
i
k
e” i
f
i
t
w
a
s t
o
m
ak
e
d
e
s
i
r
e
d
ch
an
g
e
s
4
.
R
ea
din
e
ss
for
c
h
a
nge
(
buy-in)
Sta
f
f
c
o
m
m
i
t
m
e
n
t
to
c
ha
ng
e
pr
o
g
r
am
,
o
r
ga
ni
za
tion
a
l,
o
r
s
y
s
t
em
s
pra
c
t
i
c
e
s
t
o
i
m
pr
ove
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
ss
in
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
a
c
hie
v
e
de
sir
e
d
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
or
outc
o
m
e
s
5
.
O
rga
n
iz
at
iona
l
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
A
bility
o
f
a
n
o
rga
n
i
z
a
tion
t
o
c
o
m
m
i
t
t
he
hum
a
n
,
prog
ra
m
,
a
nd
othe
r
re
source
s
ne
e
d
e
d
f
or
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
org
a
ni
z
a
t
i
o
n,
o
r
s
y
s
t
em
c
h
a
nge
s
t
o
produc
e
d
e
sire
d
prac
ti
ce
s
T
ech
n
i
ca
l
as
s
i
s
t
an
ce
p
l
a
n
1
.
Goa
l
s a
nd
obje
c
tive
s
T
he
i
m
m
e
d
i
a
t
e
(
o
b
jec
tiv
e
s
)
a
nd
long-
te
rm
(
goa
ls)
pro
g
ram
c
h
a
nge
s
an
d
o
u
t
c
o
me
s th
at
a
r
e
th
e
d
e
s
ir
ed
b
e
n
efits o
f T
A
2
.
I
nte
r
v
e
ntion
pra
c
ti
c
e
s
T
he
p
a
r
tic
ul
a
r
e
vi
de
n
c
e
-
ba
s
e
d
int
e
rve
n
t
ion
prac
ti
c
e
o
r
be
s
t
p
rac
t
i
c
e
s
ide
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
(
ta
r
g
e
t
ed)
to
p
r
oduc
e
d
e
sir
e
d
pr
og
ram
,
o
r
g
a
n
iza
tion
a
l,
o
r
sy
st
e
m
s
c
h
a
nge
3
.
F
it a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
D
et
e
r
m
i
ning
how
w
e
ll
th
e
t
a
rge
t
e
d
i
nte
r
ve
nti
o
n
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
m
a
tc
he
s
(f
it
s
)
t
he
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
o
r
orga
niz
a
tio
n’s
m
i
ssion,
p
rio
r
i
tie
s,
d
e
s
ir
ed
c
h
a
n
g
e
s,
s
t
a
ff
b
e
l
ie
fs,
e
t
c
.
a
nd
how
w
e
ll
the
propose
d
T
A
prac
t
i
ces
a
l
so
f
it
t
h
e
p
rogr
a
m
ec
o
logy
4
.
L
ogi
c
m
o
d
e
l
or
t
he
or
y
of
c
ha
ng
e
A
de
s
c
r
i
pt
ion
or
g
ra
phic
r
e
p
re
s
e
nt
a
tion
o
f
t
he
r
e
l
a
tionship
be
tw
e
e
n
de
si
r
e
d
prog
r
a
m
,
o
rga
n
i
z
a
tion
a
l,
o
r
s
y
st
e
m
i
nputs
a
nd
r
e
source
s
;
th
e
inte
r
v
e
n
tion
pr
a
c
tice
s
,
a
c
ti
o
n
s
,
o
r
a
c
t
i
v
itie
s
to
a
ffec
t
d
esire
d
c
h
a
nge
;
a
nd
the
i
n
t
e
nd
e
d
outputs
a
nd
o
u
t
c
o
m
es
o
f
use
o
f
t
he
p
rac
t
i
c
es
,
ac
tions, or ac
tivities
5
.
T
A
r
e
source
s
T
A
r
e
source
s
m
a
d
e
a
v
a
ila
bl
e
to
a
nd/or
p
rovi
de
d
t
o
pro
g
r
a
m
st
a
f
f
to
i
m
prove
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
a
rge
t
e
d
e
vid
e
n
c
e
-
ba
s
e
d
or
b
e
s
t
pr
ac
t
i
ce
s
6
.
S
ta
f
f
ro
l
e
s
a
nd r
e
s
ponsibilit
ie
s
Spe
c
i
fi
c
a
t
i
on
of
t
h
e
r
ol
e
s
a
nd
re
sponsi
b
ilitie
s
of
i
n
d
i
v
id
ua
l
st
a
ff,
a
nd
how
e
n
a
c
t
m
e
nt
o
f
t
hose
role
s
a
n
d
r
e
sponsibili
tie
s
,
a
re
e
xpe
c
t
e
d
t
o
c
ontribute
to
d
e
s
i
r
e
d
c
h
a
ng
e
T
ech
n
i
ca
l
as
s
i
s
t
an
ce
i
m
p
l
e
men
t
at
io
n
1
.
T
A provide
r c
r
e
d
ibility
P
rac
t
i
c
e
s
u
se
d
b
y
a
T
A
pr
ovide
r
t
o
e
st
a
b
lish
st
a
f
f
trust,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
,
ra
pport,
a
nd
be
lie
fs
t
ha
t
the
provide
r
i
s
a
c
ting
in
t
he
b
e
s
t
in
t
e
re
sts
of
the
program
a
nd
st
a
ff
r
e
ce
iving
T
A
2
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P
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T
h
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ide
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ce
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a
s
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rof
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tice
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provide
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to bui
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use
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rg
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ith
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o
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a
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nt
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c
tions
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tifia
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outputs
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
Eval & R
es E
d
u
c
.
IS
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
Re
vie
w
o
f
the
e
ffec
t
s o
f
t
e
c
h
n
i
cal a
ssist
a
n
ce
on pr
o
g
r
a
m
,
organ
iz
at
ion,
an
d sy
st
e
m
c
han
g
e
(Carl J.
D
unst)
33
3
Ta
b
l
e 1.
Core
elem
en
ts of tec
h
n
i
c
a
l
assis
t
a
n
ce
(Cont
i
nued)
2
.
O
utc
o
m
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v
a
l
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a
tio
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Me
thods
o
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if
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F
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s of T
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.
L
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1
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a
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T
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ult
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ontinuous
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P
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use
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ogram
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r
syst
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s
th
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t
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r
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fo
c
u
s
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A
3
.
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ngoing
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support
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rog
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A-re
l
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act
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t
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s
4
.
F
ollow-up a
c
t
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la
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ca
l
ass
i
s
t
a
nce i
n
e
ach stud
y
or eva
l
ua
ti
o
n
w
e
r
e exa
m
ine
d
to
d
isc
e
rn
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
n
sit
y
o
f
th
e
imple
m
e
n
t
a
ti
on
pr
act
ice
s
t
o
aff
ec
t
pr
og
r
a
m
,
o
r
g
aniza
t
i
o
n,
o
r
sys
t
e
m
s
chan
ge
.
F
i
xse
n
,
Blase
,
H
orner
and
S
uga
i
’
s
[
21]
d
e
f
i
n
iti
on
of
i
nte
n
s
i
ve
t
ech
ni
c
a
l
a
ssi
st
an
c
e
w
as
u
s
e
d
t
o
g
ro
up
t
h
e
stud
ies
a
n
d
e
v
alua
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
o
e
it
her
inte
ns
i
v
e
or
l
e
s
s
i
n
t
e
ns
ive
a
ppr
oache
s
b
ased
on
fi
ve
k
e
y
f
ea
t
u
res
(c
lari
ty,
fre
que
nc
y,
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
,
dura
t
i
o
n,
a
nd
in
te
grit
y).
Clari
t
y
a
n
d
i
n
t
eg
ri
t
y
w
as
m
ea
su
re
d
in
t
e
r
ms
o
f
th
e
u
s
e
of
t
h
e
se
p
a
rti
c
ul
a
r
c
o
r
e
e
l
emen
t
s
o
f
t
e
c
h
ni
c
a
l
a
s
si
st
an
ce
a
n
d
f
r
equ
e
n
c
y
,
i
nt
e
n
s
i
ty,
a
nd
dura
t
i
o
n
w
a
s
de
term
ine
d
f
r
o
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2252-
8822
Int.
J
.
Ev
al. & R
es. Educ.
Vol.
8, No. 2, June
2
0
19:
3
30
- 3
43
33
4
a
n
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
of
e
a
c
h
of
t
h
e
s
t
udy
a
n
d
e
v
a
lu
a
t
io
n
re
po
rt
s.
H
a
l
f
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
n
d
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
(
5
2
%
)
w
e
r
e
ca
t
e
g
o
rize
d
as
i
n
t
ens
i
ve
t
ec
hn
ica
l
a
ssi
st
a
n
ce
in
t
e
rve
n
t
i
o
ns,
an
d
ha
lf
o
f
the
s
t
ud
ies
and
e
v
al
ua
ti
o
n
s
w
e
r
e
ca
t
e
g
o
rize
d
as le
s
s
inte
ns
i
v
e
te
chn
i
ca
l
assist
a
n
c
e
.
Ex
c
l
u
s
io
n
cri
t
e
ri
a
a
s
not
e
d
a
b
o
v
e
,
st
ud
i
e
s
an
d
ev
a
l
u
a
ti
on
s
t
h
at
f
oc
use
d
o
n
c
o
a
l
i
t
i
o
n
bu
ild
i
n
g
or
com
m
uni
t
y
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
nt
w
ere
also
e
x
c
l
u
de
d
from
the
r
e
v
i
ew.
Stud
i
es
a
n
d
e
va
l
u
a
tio
ns
t
h
a
t
did
n
o
t
i
nc
lude
a
sufficie
n
tl
y
de
tai
l
e
d
d
escr
ip
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
m
ak
e-
up
o
f
t
e
c
h
ni
cal
a
ss
ista
nce
to
a
ffec
t
pro
g
r
a
m
,
o
r
g
an
izat
i
on,
o
r
syste
m
s
c
h
an
g
e
w
ere
also
e
xcl
u
ded.
T
he
l
a
t
ter
t
y
pi
c
a
l
l
y
i
nc
l
ude
d
pa
p
e
rs
a
n
d
r
epor
ts
t
ha
t
sta
t
e
d
t
hat
t
h
e
implem
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
p
ra
c
tices
i
nc
lu
de
d
t
e
c
h
n
i
ca
l
a
ssis
t
ance
b
u
t
t
her
e
w
a
s
n
o
de
scri
pt
ion
of
t
he
c
ore
elem
ent
s
o
f
tech
n
i
ca
l
assis
t
a
n
ce
use
d
in t
h
e
studie
s
o
r
ev
alua
t
i
o
n
s.
2.3.
Da
ta
pre
pa
ra
ti
o
n
A
struc
t
ur
ed
d
ata
c
o
din
g
f
or
m
for
eac
h
o
f
t
h
e
T
ab
le
1
c
o
r
e
ele
m
en
t
s
w
as
u
sed
to
c
od
e
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
ce
or
a
bse
n
ce
o
f
the
c
o
r
e
e
l
e
me
nt
s
in
t
he
s
tu
die
s
a
n
d
e
va
lua
t
io
ns
b
y
s
e
a
r
c
hi
ng
e
le
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
ve
rsio
ns
o
f
ea
ch
retr
i
e
ve
d
pape
r
or
r
e
port.
T
he
c
o
d
i
n
g
f
or
m
incl
u
d
e
d
p
r
i
m
a
ry,
se
con
d
a
r
y
,
a
nd
rela
te
d
te
rm
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
c
ore
elem
en
t
(fide
l
i
t
y,
a
d
h
e
r
enc
e
,
or
i
n
t
egr
i
t
y
)
t
o
i
de
nt
ify
al
l
r
e
l
evan
t
core
e
le
m
e
nts.
T
he
e
le
ctro
nic
sear
che
s
w
er
e
su
pp
l
e
ment
ed
b
y
re
vi
e
w
e
r
e
x
a
mi
n
a
ti
o
n
o
f
ea
c
h
s
tu
dy
a
n
d
ev
al
u
a
ti
o
n
t
o
a
l
s
o
b
e
a
s
s
u
r
e
d
n
o
c
o
r
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
w
e
r
e
m
issed.
T
en
o
f
the
2
5
i
n
v
es
t
i
ga
t
i
o
n
s
(
40%)
w
e
re
r
a
n
d
o
ml
y
s
e
l
ecte
d
a
n
d
c
ode
d
inde
pe
nde
n
t
l
y
by
tw
o
aut
h
ors
for
c
a
l
c
ula
t
in
g
in
ter
r
ater
a
gre
e
m
e
nt.
A
g
re
em
ent
w
a
s
c
o
m
pu
te
d
a
s
t
he
num
ber
o
f
a
gre
e
m
e
nts
d
i
v
i
de
d
by
t
he
num
b
e
r
of
a
gre
e
m
e
n
t
s
p
l
us
n
o
n
-a
gree
me
nt
s.
T
he
m
edia
n
pe
r
ce
n
t
o
f
a
g
re
em
ent
wa
s
92
(
R
a
nge
=84
t
o
96).
D
i
sagr
ee
m
e
nts
w
e
r
e
r
e
s
ol
ve
d
by
a
n
a
uth
o
r
n
o
t
i
ng
the
pre
s
en
ce
o
f
a
cor
e
e
lem
e
n
t
n
ot
i
de
nt
ifie
d
b
y
o
t
h
e
r
aut
h
ors un
ti
l
t
h
ere
w
a
s
100%
a
gree
me
nt
.
The
t
y
pe
s
o
f
c
ompa
ris
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
st
u
d
ie
s
a
n
d
eva
l
ua
tio
ns
w
er
e
co
d
e
d
i
n
t
erms
o
f
th
e
re
se
a
r
ch
d
esi
g
n
use
d
t
o
deter
m
ine
t
h
e
r
e
la
t
i
onsh
i
ps
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
c
ore
el
em
ents
a
nd
s
i
ze
s
of
e
ffe
c
t
s
for
be
tw
ee
n
g
r
ou
p
or
betw
ee
n
c
o
n
d
itio
n
c
o
m
p
aris
o
n
s.
T
hre
e
d
iffe
r
e
nt
t
ype
s
o
f
c
ompa
ri
s
ons
o
r
cont
r
a
sts
were
u
sed
to
e
stablis
h
t
he
effec
t
s
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
ica
l
a
ss
ista
nc
e:
B
e
t
w
e
en
g
r
o
u
p
p
os
tt
e
s
t
d
i
ffe
r
e
nc
es,
bet
w
ee
n
c
o
nd
it
i
on
c
o
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
s
,
a
nd
prete
s
t-p
o
st
tes
t
d
iffere
nces.
The
de
pen
d
e
n
t
m
e
a
s
ures
i
nc
lu
ded
t
he
a
dop
ti
on
a
nd
u
s
e
of
t
he
p
rac
t
i
c
es
t
h
a
t
w
e
re
the
f
o
cu
s
o
f
p
rogra
m
,
orga
n
i
z
a
tio
n,
o
r
s
y
st
e
m
s
c
h
an
ge.
H
a
lf
o
f
the
i
nve
st
iga
t
i
o
ns
(
5
2
%
)
i
n
c
l
ude
d
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
ou
tc
ome
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
and t
h
e
oth
e
r ha
lf inc
l
u
de
d
mult
i
p
le
ou
t
c
o
m
e
m
e
asu
r
e
s
.
2.4.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
si
s
S
i
x
se
ts
o
f
a
n
aly
s
es
w
e
r
e
con
duc
te
d
t
o
i
d
e
nti
f
y
the
r
e
la
ti
o
n
shi
p
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
c
o
r
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
stud
y
a
n
d
e
v
a
l
uat
i
on
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s.
W
e
firs
t
de
term
ine
d
f
or
a
ll
25
i
nv
esti
g
a
tio
n
s
w
hi
ch
c
o
r
e
e
l
ement
s
w
e
r
e
u
s
ed
in
e
a
c
h
o
f
t
h
e
stud
ies
a
n
d
e
v
alua
t
i
ons.
S
econ
d
,
w
e
c
a
l
cu
l
a
ted
t
h
e
a
v
e
rag
e
m
e
a
n
di
ff
ere
n
ce
e
f
f
ect
s
i
zes
a
nd
95
%
co
nfi
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
erva
l
s
f
o
r
t
he
o
ut
c
o
me
s
in
t
he
s
t
u
d
i
es
a
nd
e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
ons
i
n
the
rese
arc
h
r
ep
orts
t
o
es
t
a
bl
is
h
the
e
ffica
cy
o
f
tec
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
ssis
t
ance
.
T
h
i
r
d,
w
e
ide
n
ti
fie
d
w
hic
h
pa
r
tic
u
l
ar
c
ore
e
l
e
m
e
n
ts
i
nc
lude
d
i
n
t
h
e
stud
ies
a
nd
e
v
alua
t
i
o
n
s
w
e
re
a
ssoc
i
ate
d
w
it
h
p
o
s
iti
ve
s
iz
e
s
o
f
ef
fec
t
.
F
our
th,
w
e
e
valu
ated
t
he
e
ffe
c
t
s
o
f
th
e
in
t
e
nsit
y
o
f
t
ec
hn
ica
l
a
ssis
ta
n
c
e
on
the
siz
e
s
of
e
ffec
ts
f
or
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
orga
ni
z
a
t
io
n,
a
nd
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
c
h
an
ge
.
F
i
ft
h,
w
e
d
e
t
erm
i
ne
d
w
h
ic
h
c
o
re
e
lem
e
nt
s
or
c
o
m
bina
t
i
o
n
s
of
c
or
e
e
l
e
m
e
nt
s
we
re
a
sso
c
i
at
ed
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
s
i
zes
o
f
effec
t
s
for
cor
e
e
lem
e
n
t
-o
ut
co
m
e
r
elati
o
ns
hips.
S
i
x
t
h,
w
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
t
h
e
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
f
i
d
e
l
i
t
y
core
e
l
e
me
n
t
s
(tec
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
ss
i
s
ta
nce
a
nd
in
te
rven
ti
o
n
)
on
the
s
i
ze
s
o
f
e
ffe
cts
f
o
r
pr
ogr
a
m
,
organiza
t
i
o
n
,
and
sy
st
ems
ch
ange
s
to
d
et
e
r
mi
ne
i
f
h
ypo
th
e
s
i
zed
r
e
l
ati
o
n
s
hi
ps
w
ere
s
u
p
p
o
rt
ed
b
y
the
ana
l
yses
o
f
the
effe
cts
o
f
tech
n
i
ca
l
assis
t
a
n
ce
on t
h
e
st
u
dy a
n
d e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
on
o
u
t
c
o
me
s [13,
21,
22].
P
a
ttern ma
t
ch
i
ng [2
3] w
as us
e
d t
o
ide
ntify
w
h
ic
h tec
h
ni
c
a
l
a
ssi
sta
n
ce
c
or
e elem
ents or
com
b
i
n
a
t
i
ons
of
e
lem
e
n
t
s
u
s
e
d
a
s
i
m
p
l
e
m
entat
i
on
pra
c
tice
s
w
e
r
e
re
l
a
te
d
to
t
h
e
si
ze
s
of
e
ffe
ct
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
out
c
o
mes.
A
part
icu
l
ar
t
y
p
e
of
p
r
o
cess
pa
t
t
e
rn
m
atch
in
g
w
a
s
used
t
o
de
term
i
ne,
a
m
on
g
a
ll
c
o
re
e
lem
e
nt
s,
w
hic
h
e
le
me
n
t
s
w
e
r
e
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
i
n
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
n
d
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
ha
t
d
i
ffe
r
ed
i
n
ter
m
s
of
r
esea
rch
des
i
g
n
s
and
t
ype
s
o
f
o
u
t
c
o
me
m
ea
sur
e
s
[2
4]
.
O
b
se
rved
o
r
ob
ta
ine
d
p
at
ter
ns
w
ere
m
a
ppe
d
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
t
e
chn
i
ca
l
assista
n
ce
st
u
d
y
a
nd e
v
a
l
ua
ti
on
ou
t
c
ome
s
as a
basis
for
establ
i
sh
in
g c
o
re
e
lem
e
nt o
u
t
c
o
m
e
r
ela
t
i
ons
h
i
ps.
I
n
a
d
d
it
io
n
t
o
p
at
tern
m
at
ch
i
ng,
o
t
h
er
a
na
ly
se
s
we
re
c
on
d
u
c
t
e
d
t
o
i
de
nt
ify
t
h
e
re
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
ps
b
e
t
w
e
en
(1
)
th
e
co
mb
i
n
ed
u
se
o
f
t
h
e
co
re
t
echn
i
ca
l
assi
st
a
n
ce
c
o
m
po
n
e
nt
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
stud
y
a
n
d
e
v
a
l
ua
ti
on
o
u
t
c
o
me
s,
(
2)
di
ffe
re
nt
l
e
v
e
l
s
of
t
e
c
h
n
i
ca
l
a
ssis
t
a
n
ce
a
nd
the
stu
d
y
a
nd
e
va
l
u
a
t
i
on
o
ut
c
o
mes,
a
n
d
(3
)
sp
eci
fi
c
co
mb
in
a
t
i
o
ns
of
c
ore
elem
ent
s
a
n
d
t
he
s
t
u
d
y
a
n
d
e
val
u
ati
o
n
ou
tc
ome
s
.
The
lat
t
e
r
pos
t
hoc
f
o
l
lo
w
-
up
ana
l
yse
s
w
er
e
in
form
ed by
the
r
e
sult
s
of a
ll
o
f
t
he
p
rec
e
d
i
n
g
ana
lyse
s.
3.
RESULT
S
3.1.
Ty
pes
o
f
s
t
u
dies
a
nd ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
O
n
e
hu
n
d
red
and
fi
fty-f
i
ve
(
15
5)
t
e
c
h
n
i
ca
l
assista
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
r
s
a
n
d
re
po
rt
s
were
l
o
cat
ed
a
nd
e
ac
h
exa
m
ine
d
i
n
te
rm
s
of
t
he
d
e
s
crip
tio
ns
o
f
c
o
re
e
lem
e
nts,
t
h
e
p
ra
ct
ices
c
onst
i
t
u
ti
n
g
t
he
f
o
c
us
o
f
inve
s
tig
ati
o
n,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
Eval & R
es E
d
u
c
.
IS
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
Re
vie
w
o
f
the
e
ffec
t
s o
f
t
e
c
h
n
i
cal a
ssist
a
n
ce
on pr
o
g
r
a
m
,
organ
iz
at
ion,
an
d sy
st
e
m
c
han
g
e
(Carl J.
D
unst)
33
5
rese
arc
h
d
es
ig
ns,
an
d
t
h
e
inc
l
u
s
i
o
n
of
d
a
t
a
to
c
om
p
u
t
e
m
e
an
d
i
f
fere
nce
e
ffe
c
t
s
izes.
Tw
ent
y
-five
(
2
5
)
of
t
he
15
5
s
t
ud
ies
a
n
d
e
v
al
ua
tio
ns
m
e
t
t
he
i
nc
l
u
sion
c
riter
i
a
.
T
h
e
m
a
j
ori
t
y
o
f
i
nve
sti
g
at
i
ons
w
e
r
e
cond
uc
te
d
in
ear
ly
chi
l
d
h
ood
in
te
rve
n
tio
n
pr
ogr
am
s
or
s
cho
o
l
s
(70%)
.
T
he
o
the
r
s
t
u
die
s
a
nd
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
ons
w
e
r
e
cond
uc
t
e
d
i
n
hea
l
t
h
car
e,
huma
n
s
e
r
vices,
fa
m
i
l
y
a
n
d
c
h
ildca
re
p
ro
gra
m
s,
a
nd
c
om
mun
ity-
b
a
s
e
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
s.
A
ppend
i
x
A
inc
l
ude
s the
lis
t of 2
5 st
ud
i
e
s
and
eva
l
ua
ti
o
n
s
.
Th
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
es
t
h
a
t
we
re
t
h
e
f
o
c
us
o
f
t
e
chn
i
ca
l
ass
i
st
an
c
e
i
n
c
l
u
de
d
sc
ho
ol-w
i
d
e
be
ha
vior
s
up
p
o
rts,
fa
mil
y
s
ys
tem
s
i
n
t
e
r
ve
nt
i
o
n
prac
tice
s
,
c
l
a
ssroom
p
ra
ct
i
c
es,
c
a
r
e
coord
i
na
t
i
o
n
,
tea
c
he
r
-
chil
d
inte
rac
t
i
o
ns,
inc
l
usio
n
prac
tic
es,
tea
c
h
i
n
g
qua
lit
y,
c
ur
ric
u
lar
pra
c
tice
s
,
e
a
rly
ch
i
l
dho
o
d
p
h
y
si
c
a
l
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
pra
c
tices,
c
h
il
d
and
fam
ily
s
u
p
p
o
rt,
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
er
ent
kin
d
s
of
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
m
a
na
gem
e
nt
in
te
rv
ent
i
o
n
s.
M
ost
of
t
he
i
nve
s
t
i
g
ator
s
st
a
t
ed
t
ha
t the
pr
act
ice
s
t
hat
w
e
re the
f
ocu
s
of tec
h
nic
a
l
a
ssi
s
t
a
n
ce
w
e
r
e e
v
i
d
e
n
ce
-base
d
or ev
i
d
ence
-
i
n
f
orm
e
d
i
n
t
e
rv
ent
i
on
s
.
S
ev
e
r
al
o
t
h
er
i
n
v
e
sti
g
at
o
r
s
sta
t
ed
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
pra
c
t
i
c
e
s
t
h
a
t
w
er
e
the
f
o
cu
s
o
f
t
ec
hn
ic
al
a
ss
i
s
ta
nc
e
w
e
r
e
inno
va
ti
v
e
i
nter
ven
t
i
o
n
prac
tic
es.
The
ou
tc
om
es for m
ea
suri
n
g
ado
p
t
i
o
n of,
a
dhe
renc
e
t
o
,
or i
mprov
e
d
u
se
of
th
e i
n
t
e
rv
ent
i
o
n
p
r
ac
ti
c
e
s
con
s
t
itu
t
i
ng
t
h
e
foc
u
s
o
f
i
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
tio
n
i
n
cl
ude
d
dif
f
ere
n
t
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s
o
f
i
n
t
e
rv
e
n
ti
o
n
f
i
de
l
ity
[
25
,
26
-28
]
a
nd
cha
nge
s
or
i
mpr
o
vem
e
nts
in
t
he
u
se
o
f
t
h
e
pr
act
ice
s
c
on
stit
u
tin
g
the
f
o
c
u
s
of
i
n
v
est
i
ga
tio
n
[29,
3
0-3
2
]
.
The
maj
o
rit
y
o
f
outc
o
me
m
ea
su
re
s
i
n
cl
ud
ed
d
i
r
e
c
t
ob
se
rv
a
t
ion
s
o
f
e
x
pec
t
e
d
c
han
g
es
o
r
impr
ove
me
n
t
s
in
t
a
r
gete
d
prac
t
i
c
e
s w
h
e
r
ea
s a
numbe
r of in
v
es
ti
g
a
t
i
o
n
s
use
d
ra
t
i
ng
sc
ales
for m
ea
surin
g
o
bserve
d o
r
repor
t
e
d cha
n
ges.
I
n
form
at
io
n
in
clu
d
e
d
i
n
the
st
ud
i
e
s
a
nd
e
v
alua
t
i
o
n
s
perm
it
t
e
d
1
7
betw
e
e
n
g
ro
u
p
c
om
pa
rison
s
,
12
betw
ee
n
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
com
par
i
so
ns, and 21 pre
t
e
s
t-
pos
ttes
t
c
om
par
i
s
on
s. The
b
e
t
we
en
g
ro
up
po
s
tt
e
s
t
on
ly
d
esi
gn
stud
ies
a
nd
e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
o
n
s
w
e
r
e
e
it
her
ex
pe
ri
me
nt
a
l
o
r
q
u
a
s
i-e
x
per
im
en
ta
l
in
ve
sti
g
a
t
i
o
n
s
w
he
re
t
he
u
se
o
f
tech
n
i
ca
l
a
s
si
st
ance
t
o
a
f
fec
t
c
han
g
es
i
n
a
p
r
ogra
m
,
or
gani
zati
o
n
,
or
s
ys
te
ms
w
a
s
c
ompa
red
to
o
ut
c
o
me
s
in
a
p
r
og
ram,
o
rg
a
n
i
z
ati
o
n
,
o
r
sy
st
ems
not
r
ec
ei
vin
g
t
e
c
hnic
a
l
assi
s
ta
nce
.
T
he
c
om
para
tive
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
de
s
i
gn
stud
ies
a
n
d
e
v
alua
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
ed
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
ga
ti
ons
w
he
re
t
he
e
ffe
c
ts
o
f
tec
hnic
a
l
a
ssis
t
a
n
ce
w
e
r
e
com
p
ar
ed
t
o
l
e
ss
int
e
nsi
v
e
t
e
c
hni
c
a
l
a
ssi
st
an
c
e
o
r
a
l
t
e
r
na
t
i
v
e
co
ndi
ti
on
s
(
e.
g.,
w
o
rksho
p
s).
The
pr
e
t
es
t-po
sttes
t
d
e
s
ig
n
eva
l
ua
tio
ns
c
ompa
red
pro
g
ra
m
or
o
r
g
an
iza
tio
n
o
u
tc
ome
s
b
e
f
or
e
an
d
af
ter
th
e
p
r
ov
isi
o
n
of
tech
n
i
ca
l
assis
t
a
n
ce.
3.2.
Co
re el
e
men
t
s
Ta
b
l
e
2
inc
l
ude
s
t
h
e
n
u
mbe
r
a
nd
pe
rce
n
t
o
f
c
ore
pr
act
ice
s
(
elem
ents)
use
d
i
n
t
h
e
25
i
n
v
e
stiga
tio
ns.
The
c
o
re
e
lem
e
nt
s
use
d
m
o
s
t
ofte
n
in
t
he
t
e
c
hn
ica
l
a
ss
is
ta
nce
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
ga
t
i
ons
w
ere
profe
s
si
ona
l
de
ve
l
opm
ent
(10
0
%),
exp
l
i
c
it
ide
n
tific
a
t
ion
o
f
t
a
r
g
e
te
d
in
ter
v
e
n
t
i
on
p
ra
ct
i
ce
s
(
9
6
%
),
t
e
c
hn
ica
l
a
ssis
ta
nce
pr
ov
i
d
er
con
s
u
l
t
a
ti
on
(
8
4
%
),
i
de
n
tifi
c
atio
n
o
f
t
ec
hnic
a
l
a
ss
is
t
a
nc
e
and
i
n
terve
n
ti
on
goa
ls
a
nd
ob
j
e
c
t
i
v
es
(
80%)
,
tech
n
i
ca
l
ass
i
s
t
a
n
ce
p
r
o
v
i
der
su
pp
ort
an
d
fee
d
bac
k
(
8
0
%
)
,
n
e
e
ds
a
sse
ssmen
t
(76
%
),
t
ec
h
n
i
c
al
a
ssi
s
t
a
n
ce
rec
i
p
i
e
n
t
dec
i
s
i
o
n
-m
aki
n
g
(76%)
,
a
nd
a
p
r
oc
ess
e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
o
n
f
or
d
eter
m
i
ni
ng
i
f
e
x
p
ected
c
ha
nge
s
w
e
r
e
ac
hi
e
v
e
d
(
7
6
%
)
.
Thi
s
c
o
n
s
t
e
l
l
a
tio
n
o
f
t
e
c
hn
ica
l
a
ss
ista
nce
prac
tice
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
h
a
t
a
mong
the
2
5
c
o
re
elem
en
ts,
thes
e
partic
u
l
ar
p
r
actic
e
s
“
stand
ou
t
”
a
s
m
o
st
f
r
e
que
nt
l
y
u
s
e
d
for
t
h
e
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
,
d
e
live
r
y,
a
nd
eva
l
ua
tio
n
of
t
he
e
ffe
c
t
s
o
f
e
fforts
t
o
a
ffec
t
p
ro
gram
,
or
ganiz
a
t
io
n,
o
r
s
y
ste
m
s
cha
n
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
in
ves
tiga
t
i
o
ns
i
n
the r
e
v
i
ew.
I
n
asmuc
h
a
s
i
n
te
rve
n
t
i
o
n
pr
actice
fide
lit
y
i
s
a
n
i
m
p
o
rta
n
t
me
as
ure
for
de
ter
m
in
in
g
if
a
p
rac
tic
e
w
a
s
ado
p
t
ed
a
nd
u
s
ed
a
s
in
t
e
n
d
e
d
,
i
t
w
as
s
om
ewhat
sur
p
r
i
sin
g
t
o
fin
d
tha
t
a
bo
u
t
o
ne-t
hir
d
o
f
the
in
ves
t
iga
t
i
o
ns
di
d
no
t
i
n
cl
u
d
e
a
n
e
xp
l
i
ci
t
de
scrip
tio
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
ty
pe
o
f
m
e
a
s
ure
.
It
w
as
a
lso
surpr
i
si
n
g
t
o
fin
d
t
ha
t
onl
y
a
bout
hal
f
o
f
the
in
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
ns
i
nc
lu
d
e
d
asses
s
m
ent
of
r
e
a
d
i
ness
t
o
c
h
ange
s
i
n
ce
n
ea
rly
a
l
l
of
t
h
e
i
nte
r
v
e
nt
i
o
n
prac
t
i
c
e
s
tha
t
w
er
e
the
f
o
c
u
s
of
t
ec
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
ssis
t
a
n
ce
were
o
ffe
re
d
t
o
p
rogra
m
s
t
a
f
f
ra
th
er
t
h
a
n
st
aff
d
e
c
i
di
ng
the p
r
act
ice
s
t
h
a
t
w
o
uld
be th
e
f
oc
us
o
f
tec
h
ni
c
a
l
a
ssis
t
an
c
e
.
It
w
as
not
s
ur
prisin
g
to
f
in
d
t
h
a
t
o
n
l
y
a
b
ou
t
o
n
e-
th
i
r
d
of
t
he
i
n
v
es
ti
ga
tio
ns
a
s
s
essed
fi
de
li
t
y
o
f
u
s
e
of
t
he
t
e
c
h
n
i
cal
a
ss
i
s
t
a
nce
pr
act
ice
s
.
Thi
s
w
a
s
t
h
e
c
a
s
e
sinc
e
t
h
i
s
t
yp
e
of
f
i
d
e
lit
y
ha
s
on
ly
r
ec
en
t
l
y
bee
n
r
eco
g
n
ize
d
a
s
i
m
po
rt
a
n
t
fo
r
ev
alua
t
i
ng
t
h
e
e
ff
ect
s
of
implem
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
pra
ct
ices
on
pro
g
ra
m, or
g
aniza
t
io
n,
o
r system
s c
ha
n
g
e [2
1, 22]
.
3.3.
Effe
ctiven
ess of
t
e
c
hn
ical as
s
ist
a
nce
Th
e
25
s
tu
di
e
s
a
nd
e
v
a
l
u
ati
o
n
s
a
l
l
in
c
l
ud
e
d
out
c
o
me
s
me
a
s
u
r
e
s
t
ha
t
pro
v
i
de
d
ev
i
d
enc
e
for
w
h
e
t
her
tech
n
i
ca
l
ass
i
s
t
a
n
ce
was
as
so
ciate
d
w
ith
o
bse
r
ved
or
r
ep
o
r
ted
c
ha
nge
s.
T
a
b
l
e
3
s
ho
w
s
t
he
m
ea
n
d
i
ffe
renc
e
effec
t
s
i
z
es
a
n
d
9
5%
c
o
n
fi
de
nc
e
inter
v
als
for
the
thr
ee
t
ype
s
o
f
rese
arch
d
e
s
ig
n
use
d
i
n
the
inve
s
tig
ati
o
ns.
Tec
h
ni
c
a
l
a
ssis
t
ance
w
a
s
r
e
l
at
ed to c
h
a
nge
s or impro
ve
me
nts i
n
the use
o
f
targe
te
d pr
act
i
c
es
r
eg
a
r
dl
e
ss
o
f
t
he
ty
pe
o
f
c
o
mp
ar
i
s
o
n
a
s
e
v
i
d
e
n
ce
d
b
y
s
ta
ti
stic
al
ly
s
i
g
n
i
fi
cant
Z-
test
s
f
o
r
the
be
tw
e
e
n
g
ro
up
or
b
e
t
w
e
en
con
d
i
t
i
on
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
on
s.
Th
e
f
a
c
t
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
mea
n
d
i
f
f
e
re
n
c
e
eff
e
c
t
s
i
z
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
b
et
we
en
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
c
o
mpa
r
is
o
n
s
is
s
m
a
ller
th
a
n
th
ose
f
o
r
the
o
t
her
tw
o
type
s
of
s
t
u
dy
d
e
s
i
g
ns
w
as
n
o
t
une
xpec
t
e
d
.
Whe
r
ea
s
t
h
e
com
p
ar
is
ons
f
or
t
he
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
gro
up
an
d
pret
e
s
t-p
o
s
ttes
t
s
t
u
die
s
b
o
t
h
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
c
on
tra
s
t
i
n
g
gr
ou
ps
o
r
co
n
d
i
t
i
on
s
no
t
i
n
v
o
l
v
i
ng
a
ny
t
e
c
h
n
i
cal
assista
n
ce,
t
he
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
c
o
ndi
ti
o
n
c
om
pari
so
ns
i
nvo
l
v
ed
s
o
m
e
typ
e
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
i
cal
a
ssi
s
t
a
nc
e
v
s
.
a
n
a
lt
ern
a
tiv
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2252-
8822
Int.
J
.
Ev
al. & R
es. Educ.
Vol.
8, No. 2, June
2
0
19:
3
30
- 3
43
33
6
ty
pe of
pro
f
e
ssio
n
a
l
d
eve
l
op
m
e
nt. The la
t
te
r
,
the
refore,
w
o
u
l
d
ha
v
e
be
e
n
e
x
p
ecte
d
t
o h
a
ve
had
a
t le
as
t
a sma
l
l
effec
t
on
t
h
e
m
easure
s
c
o
n
s
tit
ut
i
n
g
t
h
e
fo
cus
of
i
n
v
es
ti
ga
ti
on
whi
c
h
wo
ul
d
hav
e
i
nf
lu
en
c
e
d
th
e
bet
w
ee
n
c
o
ndi
ti
o
n
di
ff
eren
c
e
s
.
T
a
b
l
e 2.
Core
elem
en
ts
a
nd p
r
a
c
tices
i
nc
l
u
d
e
d in t
he
d
escr
i
p
t
i
on
s
of t
he
te
c
hn
ic
a
l
ass
is
t
a
nce
stud
ies
an
d e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
ons
C
o
r
e
e
lem
e
nts
N
u
m
b
e
r
P
e
r
ce
nt
P
r
ep
ar
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
e
c
h
n
i
cal
a
s
s
i
s
t
an
ce
N
e
e
d
s
a
sse
ss
me
nt
1
9
76
D
e
c
i
sion-m
a
ki
ng
19
7
6
R
ead
in
es
s
f
o
r
c
h
an
g
e
1
4
5
6
Or
g
a
n
i
za
t
i
o
n
a
l
cap
aci
t
y
7
2
8
V
i
sioning
4
1
6
T
ech
n
i
ca
l
as
s
i
s
t
an
ce
p
l
a
n
Inte
rve
n
t
i
on
pr
a
c
tice
s
2
4
96
G
o
a
l
s
a
nd
obj
e
c
tiv
e
s
20
8
0
Te
c
hnic
a
l a
ssist
a
n
ce
p
r
ovi
d
e
d
re
sour
ce
s
17
6
8
L
ogic
m
o
d
e
l
or
t
heory
of
c
ha
ng
e
10
4
0
S
t
a
ff role
s a
nd re
s
ponsi
b
i
litie
s
10
4
0
F
it a
sse
ss
me
nt
8
3
2
T
ech
n
i
ca
l
as
s
i
s
t
an
ce
i
m
p
l
e
men
t
at
io
n
P
r
ofe
ssi
ona
l
de
v
e
l
opm
e
n
t
25
100
Te
c
hnic
a
l a
ssist
a
n
ce
p
r
ovi
d
e
r
c
onsulta
tion
21
8
4
Te
c
hnic
a
l a
ssist
a
n
ce
p
r
ovi
d
e
r
suppor
t/fe
e
dbac
k
2
0
80
C
o
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
nd m
e
n
t
or
in
g
16
6
4
T
ech
n
i
ca
l
a
s
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
cr
ed
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
7
2
8
T
ech
n
i
ca
l
as
s
i
s
t
an
ce
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
P
r
oc
e
ss e
v
a
l
u
a
tion
19
7
6
Inte
rve
n
t
i
on
pr
a
c
tice
f
i
de
lit
y
17
6
8
O
u
tc
om
e e
v
a
l
u
a
tio
n
13
5
2
Te
c
hnic
a
l a
ssist
a
n
ce
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
f
i
de
lity
9
3
6
Le
ssons
l
ea
r
n
e
d
5
2
0
Susta
i
n
a
bil
ity of
t
e
c
h
n
i
ca
l a
ssi
st
a
n
c
e
-
fac
ilit
a
t
e
d
c
h
a
ng
e
O
ngoing
te
c
hni
c
a
l
a
ssist
a
n
ce
p
r
ovide
r
suppo
rts
17
6
8
Ca
p
a
c
i
t
y
-susta
ining ac
tivitie
s
14
5
6
F
o
llow-
up te
c
hni
c
a
l
a
ssista
n
c
e
a
c
tivitie
s
13
5
2
C
ontinuous qua
lity
i
m
p
rovem
e
nt
8
3
2
Tab
l
e
3. Me
a
n di
ffere
n
ce
effe
ct
s
i
z
es a
n
d
95
%
c
onfi
d
enc
e
i
nter
v
a
l
s
for
t
h
e
infl
uenc
es o
f
t
echn
i
ca
l
assis
t
a
n
ce
on ad
o
p
t
i
on an
d
use of
tar
ge
te
d pra
c
t
i
ces
T
y
p
e
o
f c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
on
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
ef
f
ect
s
Me
an
e
f
f
ect
siz
e
95%
C
I
Z
-te
s
t
p
-v
a
l
u
e
B
e
twee
n
gr
oup
di
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
1
7
.
82
.
38,
1
.
2
5
3.
98
.
0001
Between
c
ondition
diff
e
r
e
n
ce
s
13
.
58
.45, .70
10.06
.
0000
P
r
e
t
e
s
t
-
postt
e
s
t
diffe
re
n
c
e
s
2
1
.
99
.
58,
1
.
4
1
5.
01
.
0000
N
O
T
E
.
C
I
=c
onf
id
e
n
ce
i
nte
r
v
a
l.
3.4.
Patt
ern
mat
c
h
i
n
g
Ea
ch
o
f
the
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
nd
eva
l
u
a
tio
ns
f
or
eac
h
ty
pe
o
f
rese
arc
h
d
esig
n
wa
s
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
t
o
i
d
en
t
i
f
y
w
hi
ch
core
p
r
act
ice
s
w
e
r
e
most
o
ften
d
e
s
cr
ibe
d
i
n
t
h
e
rep
o
r
t
s
and
wer
e
ass
o
ci
at
ed
w
i
t
h
po
si
tiv
e
ou
t
c
o
m
e
s
a
s
evi
d
e
n
c
e
d
b
y
t
he
s
izes
o
f
effe
cts
for
t
h
e
b
e
twee
n
g
r
o
up
or
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
c
o
nd
i
tio
n
c
o
mpa
r
i
s
o
n
s.
I
nasm
u
c
h
as
di
ffe
re
nt
i
n
v
es
ti
g
a
tors
u
sed
d
i
ffere
n
t
t
erm
i
n
o
l
o
gy
to
d
e
s
cri
b
e
the
sam
e
o
r
ve
ry
s
im
ilar
cor
e
e
lem
e
nt
s,
t
hos
e
p
r
a
c
ti
ce
s
t
h
at
h
a
d
t
h
e
s
ame
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
(e
.g
.,
n
ee
d
s
a
s
s
essme
n
t
an
d
d
eci
si
on
-mak
i
n
g;
t
e
c
h
n
i
cal
a
ssi
s
t
a
n
ce
pro
v
i
d
er
c
ons
u
l
ta
tio
n a
n
d su
p
por
t)
were combined for the
p
atter
n
ma
t
c
hi
ng
ana
l
yse
s
.
El
ev
en
o
f
th
e
2
5
c
o
r
e
el
eme
n
t
s
w
ere
inc
o
rpo
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
o
s
e
stu
d
i
e
s
a
n
d
ev
alu
a
ti
o
n
s
th
a
t
w
ere
a
sso
ci
a
t
ed
w
i
t
h
p
o
s
it
iv
e
p
r
og
ram,
o
rg
a
n
i
z
at
ion
,
o
r
s
y
st
ems
ch
a
n
g
e
.
These
a
r
e
sho
w
n
i
n
T
ab
l
e
4
.
In
t
h
e
25
stud
ies
a
nd
e
v
alua
t
i
o
n
s,
w
i
t
h
on
l
y
a
f
ew
e
xce
p
tio
ns,
7
5
%
t
o
1
0
0
%
o
f
t
he
i
n
v
es
t
i
ga
tio
ns
i
nc
lude
d
the
s
e
part
icu
l
ar
c
ore
e
l
em
ent
s
.
Th
e
re
su
l
t
s
s
h
ow
w
h
i
c
h
p
a
r
tic
u
l
ar
t
ec
hnic
a
l
a
ssi
s
t
a
n
c
e
p
ra
ct
i
c
es
w
er
e
one
s
m
o
st
fre
que
n
tly
i
nc
l
ude
d i
n
the
s
tudie
s
a
nd
eva
l
u
a
ti
o
n
s.
The
c
o
re
e
le
m
e
nts
c
o
ns
i
d
e
r
ed
l
ea
st
o
f
t
e
n
i
n
the
s
t
ud
i
e
s
a
nd
e
v
a
lua
t
i
ons,
re
gar
d
le
s
s
o
f
r
e
sea
r
ch
d
e
si
gn
,
were
v
i
s
i
oni
ng
,
l
e
sson
s
l
e
a
r
n
e
d
,
e
st
ab
l
i
s
hi
ng
t
ech
ni
c
a
l
a
ssi
s
t
a
n
c
e
p
r
ov
i
d
er
c
re
dib
i
li
t
y
,
an
d
e
v
a
l
u
a
ti
ng
orga
niza
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
apac
it
y
to
a
d
o
p
t
a
nd
u
se
t
a
r
ge
t
e
d
in
ter
v
e
n
t
i
on
pra
c
t
i
ces
.
O
t
he
r
cor
e
e
le
me
nts
i
n
fre
q
uen
t
ly
con
s
i
d
ere
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
ud
ie
s
a
nd
e
v
al
ua
t
i
o
n
s
w
e
re
a
n
a
ssessme
n
t
o
f
h
ow
w
e
l
l
th
e
tar
g
e
t
e
d
i
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er
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pra
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tice
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
Eval & R
es E
d
u
c
.
IS
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
Re
vie
w
o
f
the
e
ffec
t
s o
f
t
e
c
h
n
i
cal a
ssist
a
n
ce
on pr
o
g
r
a
m
,
organ
iz
at
ion,
an
d sy
st
e
m
c
han
g
e
(Carl J.
D
unst)
33
7
ma
de
s
ense
(
f
it)
i
n
t
e
rm
s
of
a
p
r
o
gram
o
r
orga
niza
tio
n’s
missi
o
n
or
p
h
i
lo
so
p
hy
a
n
d
fi
del
i
t
y
o
f
u
se
o
f
t
h
e
tech
n
i
ca
l
assis
t
a
n
ce
prac
tic
es to a
f
fe
ct pr
o
g
r
am
,
organiza
ti
on
or
sys
t
e
ms
c
han
g
e
.
Tab
l
e
4. P
e
r
ce
nt
o
f st
ud
i
e
s an
d
eva
l
ua
tio
ns i
ncl
u
di
ng
tec
h
n
i
ca
l
ass
is
t
a
nce
(TA) cor
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l
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m
ents for
p
osit
ive
c
h
an
ges i
n
t
he
use
o
f ta
r
g
ete
d
i
n
t
er
ve
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tio
n
prac
ti
c
e
s
T
y
pe
o
f
de
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i
g
n
Co
r
e
e
l
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me
n
t
s
B
etw
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g
r
ou
p
B
e
t
w
een
c
ondition
Pre
t
e
s
t-
p
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s
tte
st
T
ech
n
i
ca
l
as
s
i
s
t
an
ce
p
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
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n
Ne
e
d
s
a
s
s
e
ssm
e
n
t/
de
c
i
sion-
m
a
king
100
100
100
T
ech
n
i
ca
l
as
s
i
s
t
an
ce
p
l
a
n
G
oa
ls a
nd
obje
c
tive
s
100
100
73
I
n
t
e
rve
n
tion
pra
c
ti
c
e
s
100
75
67
T
A
r
e
s
ourc
e
s
7
5
7
5
93
T
ech
n
i
ca
l
as
s
i
s
t
an
ce
i
m
p
l
e
men
t
at
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Prof
e
ssiona
l
de
v
e
lopm
e
n
t
100
100
100
TA
p
rovide
r
c
onsulta
tion/support/
fee
dbac
k
100
100
67
C
o
ac
hing
a
nd m
e
n
t
orin
g
7
5
75
53
T
ech
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ca
l
as
s
i
s
t
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ce
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v
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l
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a
t
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n
I
n
te
r
v
e
n
tion
pra
c
ti
ce
f
ide
l
i
t
y
100
75
53
Proce
s
s e
v
a
l
u
a
ti
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n
8
9
100
67
T
ech
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ca
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as
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i
s
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an
ce
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Follow
up/ong
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uppo
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t
7
8
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p
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c
ity
-
buil
d
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ng
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t
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viti
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s
/
C
Q
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7
100
67
N
O
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. C
Q
I
=
C
ont
inuous q
ua
lity i
m
p
rovem
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nt.
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Tech
nica
l
ass
i
stanc
e
i
n
t
ensity
The
s
t
ud
ies
a
n
d
e
v
al
ua
ti
o
n
s
w
e
re
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c
h
exa
m
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t
o
dete
r
m
ine
if
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h
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n
t
e
nsit
y
of
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e
c
h
n
i
cal
a
ss
ista
nc
e
w
a
s relate
d t
o
di
ffe
re
nc
es i
n
the
siz
e
s o
f
e
ffe
c
ts for
be
t
w
e
en
g
r
ou
p a
nd
be
t
w
ee
n co
nd
i
tio
n
com
p
aris
on
s. Tab
le
5
s
h
ow
s
the
re
su
l
t
s
for
bo
th
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ese
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rc
h
desi
gn
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n
d
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ten
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i
t
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f
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c
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l
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h
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s
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s
e
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F
irst
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rdle
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rc
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de
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gn
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s
ity
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o
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p
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ram,
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rg
an
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c
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the
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T
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ech
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betw
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bet
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n
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t
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-
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l
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ffe
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Ta
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5
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omp
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bl
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n
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f
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T
ab
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6
s
h
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the
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t
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
2
5
2
-
88
22
I
n
t
.
J.
Ev
al.
&
Res.
Ed
u
c
.
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
19: 3
30
-
3
43
33
8
Le
ss
i
nt
e
n
s
i
ve
a
ppr
oac
h
e
s
t
o
te
c
h
n
i
ca
l
as
sistanc
e
i
nc
l
u
d
e
d
m
o
r
e
p
r
e
par
a
tion
c
o
r
e
e
l
e
me
nt
s
com
p
ar
e
d
t
o
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
es
t
o
t
e
chn
i
cal
a
s
s
i
s
t
a
n
ce
as
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
d
b
y
a
st
ati
s
t
i
cal
ly
s
ign
i
fi
ca
nt
t
-
t
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
m
e
dium
s
i
z
e
o
f
e
f
f
e
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t
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o
r
t
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e
b
e
t
w
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e
n
c
o
n
d
i
t
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o
n
c
o
m
p
a
r
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s
o
n
.
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t,
m
or
e
in
t
e
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a
ppr
oa
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o
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h
nica
l
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s
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t
a
n
ce
i
ncl
ude
d
m
o
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e
v
a
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n
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o
r
e
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le
me
nts
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mpa
r
ed
t
o
l
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s
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te
ns
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oache
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t
o
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h
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s
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t
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n
ce
a
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de
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ed
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a
s
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a
tis
tic
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l
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n
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fica
n
t
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-t
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d
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l
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e
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z
e
o
f
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f
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r
t
h
e
b
etwee
n
c
o
n
d
it
i
on
c
o
m
p
ar
i
s
on.
Tab
l
e
6.
M
e
a
n
nu
m
b
er
o
f
cor
e
e
l
e
me
nts
i
n
t
h
e
i
nte
n
s
i
ve
a
nd
l
e
s
s
i
n
t
e
n
si
ve
t
echn
i
ca
l
assis
t
a
n
ce
(TA) studie
s
a
nd
eva
l
u
a
tio
n
s
I
nte
n
si
ve
T
A
L
e
ss
int
e
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T
A
Co
r
e
E
l
e
men
t
s
M
ean
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D
M
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S
D
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C
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P
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Pl
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26
Im
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3.
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1
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0
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93
1
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24
E
v
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(5)
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91
1
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79
S
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1624
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40
a
Nu
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ech
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F
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Ch
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w
een
G
r
oup
(
I
nten
si
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
i
ca
l
Ass
i
st
an
c
e
v
s.
L
e
ss
In
t
e
n
s
iv
e
T
e
chn
i
cal
A
ssi
s
t
a
n
c
e
)
X
2
B
e
t
we
en
C
o
r
e
El
e
m
en
t
(In
c
lu
de
d
v
s
.
N
o
t
I
n
c
l
ude
d)
c
om
par
i
so
n
s
w
er
e
use
d
t
o
ide
n
tif
y
t
h
e
so
ur
ce
s
of
t
he
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
g
r
o
u
p
d
if
f
e
r
e
nce
s
.
M
o
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
l
e
ss
i
nte
n
sive
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
es
t
o
t
e
chni
cal
a
ssi
st
an
c
e
in
cl
ud
ed
a
s
s
es
sme
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
o
rg
a
n
i
zati
o
n
a
l
c
a
p
a
b
i
li
t
y
c
o
r
e
el
emen
t
c
o
mp
are
d
t
o
th
e
mo
re
in
te
ns
ive
a
ppr
oa
che
s
t
o
te
c
h
nica
l
ass
i
sta
n
c
e
,
χ
2
=6.
76,
p
=.
00
9,
d=
.
7
8.
M
or
e
of
t
he
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
ve
a
ppr
oac
h
e
s
t
o
t
e
chni
cal
a
ssi
sta
n
ce
i
n
c
lud
e
d
a
sse
ssme
n
t
of
t
h
e
out
c
o
me
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
ion
c
o
re
e
l
e
me
nt
,
χ
2
=7
.
32,
p
=
.
007
,
d=
.
82,
a
nd
the
m
e
a
s
u
r
em
ent
of
f
ide
l
ity
o
f
tec
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
ssis
ta
nce
co
r
e
e
l
em
ent,
χ
2
=
6
.
50,
p=
.
011
,
d=
.
76,
c
ompa
r
e
d
t
o
the
le
ss in
te
ns
ive
a
ppr
oache
s
t
o tec
h
nic
a
l a
ssis
t
ance
.
3.
6.
Fi
d
e
lity assess
ment
A
pa
r
tic
ular
i
nt
e
r
est a
s
par
t
of
u
n
p
a
c
k
i
n
g t
h
e
eff
e
c
t
s
o
f
te
c
h
n
ica
l
ass
i
s
tan
c
e on
the s
i
ze
s o
f
effec
ts
f
or
pr
ogr
am
,
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
io
n
,
a
n
d
s
ys
t
e
m
c
h
an
ges
w
a
s
th
e
i
n
fl
ue
nc
es
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
c
l
u
sion
o
f
t
h
e
fid
e
lit
y
of
i
nt
e
r
ven
t
ion
pr
act
ice
s
a
n
d
the
fi
de
li
ty
o
f
t
e
c
h
nica
l
a
s
sis
t
a
n
ce
c
ore
elem
en
t
s
i
n
t
he
s
t
u
d
i
es
a
nd
e
va
l
u
a
tio
ns.
The
in
ves
t
iga
t
i
o
ns
w
e
r
e
gr
oupe
d
in
t
o
t
h
o
se
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
n
d
e
val
u
a
t
io
ns
i
n
c
l
ud
i
ng
bo
t
h
f
ide
l
i
t
y
c
o
r
e
e
le
me
nts
(
N
=
9
)
,
th
ose
in
cl
u
d
in
g
ei
t
h
er
o
f
t
h
e
two
fi
de
li
ty
c
o
r
e
elem
ents
(
N=
9),
a
nd
t
h
ose
inc
l
udi
ng
ne
it
h
e
r
of
t
he
t
w
o
f
i
d
el
it
y
c
o
re
e
le
me
n
t
s
(N=7).
Bec
au
s
e
t
he
s
i
z
es
o
f
effec
t
s
d
i
ffe
r
ed
a
s
a
f
unc
tio
n
of
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
i
g
n
(
Ta
b
l
e
3)
,
t
h
e
e
ffe
c
t
s
iz
es
f
or
e
a
c
h
of
t
he
t
hr
ee
ty
pes
of
c
on
tr
a
s
ts
o
r
com
p
ar
iso
n
s
were
c
enter
e
d
wher
e
t
h
e
ce
nter
e
d
s
iz
es
o
f
ef
f
ect
s were
u
s
e
d
as
t
h
e
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
nt
mea
su
re
s i
n
a
3
B
et
we
en G
ro
u
p
AVOV
A
with
a
l
i
n
e
a
r
co
n
t
rast.
The
r
e
sult
s
fr
o
m
t
he
a
na
ly
si
s
ar
e
show
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
1.
A
dow
nw
ar
d
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
i
n
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
s
o
f
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
w
a
s
f
o
und
for
t
h
e
i
n
cl
us
ion
or
e
x
c
lu
si
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
tw
o
fi
de
lit
y
co
r
e
e
lem
e
nts.
T
he
i
nc
l
u
si
o
n
o
f
bo
th
c
or
e
e
l
e
m
ents
was
asso
c
i
at
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
l
arge
st
s
i
z
e
of
c
ent
e
re
d
ef
fec
t
s
iz
es
a
nd
the
ex
clu
s
i
o
n
of
b
o
t
h
cor
e
e
lem
e
n
t
s
w
a
s
ass
o
c
i
at
ed
wit
h t
h
e
smal
l
e
st
si
z
e
o
f
ce
n
t
e
re
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
.
T
h
e
C
oh
e
n’
s
d
f
o
r
the
dow
nw
ar
d
l
i
ne
a
r
t
r
e
nd
w
a
s
d=
.
58.
F
i
gur
e
1.
S
t
ud
i
e
s
a
nd
e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
ons
i
nc
lud
i
ng
f
i
de
l
i
t
y
o
f
bo
t
h
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
tio
n
(tech
nica
l as
sis
t
a
n
ce)
a
nd
in
t
e
rve
n
ti
o
n
,
eith
e
r
o
f t
h
e
two
ty
pes o
f
fi
d
e
l
i
t
y
, a
nd ne
it
her
of
t
h
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
fi
de
lit
y
measur
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
Eval & R
es E
d
u
c
.
IS
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
Re
vie
w
o
f
the
e
ffec
t
s o
f
t
e
c
h
n
i
cal a
ssist
a
n
ce
on pr
o
g
r
a
m
,
organ
iz
at
ion,
an
d sy
st
e
m
c
han
g
e
(Carl J.
D
unst)
33
9
4.
DISC
USSION
Res
u
l
t
s fr
om
t
he
r
ev
iew
o
f
t
e
c
hn
ica
l
a
ss
ista
n
c
e
s
t
u
d
i
es
a
nd
e
va
lua
t
io
ns
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
ed
a
n
um
ber
of
c
o
r
e
elem
en
ts
t
h
a
t wer
e
a
ssocia
t
e
d
w
i
t
h be
twee
n
gro
u
p
a
nd
bet
wee
n
c
o
ndi
ti
on
d
iff
e
re
n
c
es
i
n
t
h
e
si
z
e
s
o
f
ef
fe
ct
f
o
r
t
e
c
hni
c
a
l
assi
sta
n
ce
i
mpl
e
me
nt
at
io
n
in
t
e
rv
e
n
ti
on
s
.
T
h
e
p
arti
cu
l
a
r
c
or
e
ele
m
ents
t
ha
t
w
e
r
e
u
sed
i
n
t
he
l
arge
st
numbe
r
o
f
s
t
u
die
s
a
n
d
e
va
lu
ati
o
ns
w
ere
nee
d
s
assessme
n
t
a
n
d
pra
cti
t
i
on
e
r
d
ec
i
s
i
o
n
mak
i
ng;
p
rof
e
ss
io
nal
deve
l
opm
en
t
a
nd
tec
h
ni
c
a
l
a
ssis
ta
nce
pr
ov
i
d
er
s
u
p
p
o
rts
;
p
roce
ss
e
va
l
u
a
tio
n
a
nd
a
sses
s
me
nt
o
f
inter
v
en
t
i
o
n
prac
t
i
c
e
f
i
d
e
lity
;
a
n
d
fo
l
l
o
w
-up
a
n
d
o
n
g
o
i
ng
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
p
ro
vi
der
s
up
p
o
rts
t
o
s
us
t
a
in
o
bserv
e
d
or
repor
t
e
d c
h
an
g
e
.
The
i
n
te
ns
i
t
y
o
f
t
ech
n
i
ca
l
ass
i
st
a
n
ce
used
i
n
the
s
t
u
d
i
es
a
nd
e
va
lua
t
i
ons
w
a
s
r
elate
d
t
o
d
i
ffe
renc
es
i
n
the
s
i
zes
of
e
ffects
for
changes
or
i
m
p
ro
ve
m
e
nts
i
n
t
he
u
se
o
f
t
a
rge
t
e
d
i
nte
r
ve
n
t
i
on
prac
t
i
c
e
s,
r
ega
r
d
l
e
ss
o
f
the
part
ic
ular
p
ra
ct
ices
t
ha
t
w
e
re
t
he
f
oc
us
o
f
inve
st
i
g
at
i
on.
M
o
r
e
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
s
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
h
a
d
m
o
r
e
rob
u
st
e
ffe
c
t
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
dy
a
n
d
eva
l
uat
i
o
n
ou
tc
om
es
c
om
par
e
d
t
o
l
e
s
s
i
n
te
ns
ive
t
e
ch
n
i
cal
a
ss
is
t
a
nce
.
F
oll
o
w
-
up
a
n
al
yses foun
d t
h
a
t
s
t
u
di
e
s
a
n
d
e
va
lua
t
i
o
ns
t
ha
t i
n
c
l
ude
d
f
i
de
lit
y
o
f
b
o
t
h tec
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
ssis
t
ance
pr
act
ic
es and
in
t
e
rve
n
ti
o
n
p
r
actic
e
s
w
e
r
e
i
n
ves
tiga
tio
ns
t
ha
t
ha
d
t
h
e
lar
g
est
s
i
z
es
o
f
e
ffec
t
s
co
mp
a
r
ed
t
o
in
v
e
st
ig
at
ion
s
t
hat
p
a
id
l
e
ss a
t
t
e
nt
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
se
t
wo
c
o
r
e e
l
emen
t
s
o
f
t
e
chni
cal
ass
is
ta
nce
.
F
i
ndi
ng
s
from
t
he
r
e
v
iew
b
o
t
h
a
dd
to
a
n
u
n
d
ersta
n
d
i
ng
o
f
the
co
r
e
e
lem
e
nt
s
o
f
t
ec
h
n
ic
a
l
a
ss
ista
n
c
e
tha
t
p
rove
d
m
o
st
i
mp
or
t
a
nt
i
n
term
s
of
e
x
p
la
i
n
i
ng
t
h
e
a
dop
ti
o
n
an
d
u
s
e
of
e
vi
de
nc
e
-
ba
se
d
a
nd
e
v
i
d
enc
e
-
in
form
ed
i
nte
r
ven
t
ion
pra
c
t
i
c
e
s.
D
ur
l
a
k
a
n
d
D
u
P
r
e
[3],
W
e
s
t
e
t
a
l
.
[4]
,
a
nd
o
t
he
rs
[
5,
7
]
ha
ve
e
x
t
e
n
sive
l
y
in
ves
tiga
t
e
d
t
h
e
p
u
b
l
i
s
he
d
l
i
te
ratur
e
t
o
i
d
e
n
t
i
fy
c
ore
te
c
h
n
i
ca
l
ass
i
st
a
n
c
e
p
ra
ct
i
c
es
a
nd
t
h
e
rela
ti
o
n
sh
ips
betw
ee
n
the
pr
ac
t
i
c
e
s
a
n
d
o
utc
o
me
s
in
s
t
udi
e
s
o
f
e
f
for
t
s
t
o
p
ro
mote
a
do
p
t
i
o
n
an
d
use
of
e
vide
n
ce-
base
d
an
d
evi
d
e
n
c
e
-i
nform
e
d
pra
c
t
i
ces.
The
l
a
tter
ha
s
be
en
acc
omp
l
i
s
he
d
p
rima
ri
l
y
by
descri
p
t
i
v
e
anal
yses
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
assista
n
ce-
i
n
te
r
v
en
tio
n
prac
ti
ce
r
elati
onsh
i
p
s
.
The
re
vie
w
d
e
s
c
r
ibe
d
i
n
th
is
p
ape
r
i
nc
lu
de
d
q
u
an
t
i
t
a
ti
ve
a
nal
y
s
es
o
f
th
e
ma
nner
i
n
w
hi
c
h
c
o
r
e
tech
n
i
ca
l
assi
s
t
a
n
ce
p
ra
ct
ices
w
ere
relate
d
to
s
t
u
d
y
a
nd
e
v
al
ua
t
i
o
n
o
u
t
c
o
me
s.
A
n
ite
r
a
tive
da
t
a
a
n
a
ly
sis
proce
dure w
a
s use
d
t
o ide
n
tify w
h
ic
h core
e
le
me
nts pro
v
e
d
most
im
por
ta
nt in te
rms of the
s
ize
s
of e
f
fe
cts for
the
a
d
op
t
i
o
n
a
nd
use
o
f
i
nte
r
ven
t
i
on
prac
ti
ce
s
cons
t
itu
t
i
n
g
t
he
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
s
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
there
f
ore,
di
f
fe
re
d fr
om prev
i
ous s
y
n
t
hese
s of tec
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
ssis
t
ance
a
nd re
l
a
te
d pra
c
t
i
ces
s
tud
i
es
by the
ma
nner
in wh
i
ch
t
e
c
h
n
i
cal
a
ss
i
s
tanc
e
pr
act
ice
s
wer
e relate
d
to t
he
s
t
u
d
y
a
n
d
eva
l
u
a
tio
n
outc
o
me
s.
As
p
a
r
t
o
f
o
u
r
r
ev
i
e
w,
t
e
c
h
n
ic
al
a
s
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
was
c
o
n
ceptu
al
i
zed
as
a
n
i
m
p
l
ement
a
t
i
o
n
pra
c
t
i
c
e
t
h
a
t
w
o
u
l
d
be
e
x
p
e
c
te
d
to
b
e
a
m
a
jor
deter
m
i
n
an
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
g
re
e
t
o
w
h
ic
h
tar
g
e
t
ed
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
nt
ion
pra
c
t
i
ce
s
w
e
r
e
ado
p
t
ed
a
n
d
u
s
e
d
as
p
ar
t
of
p
rogr
am
,
organi
z
a
tio
n,
a
nd
s
y
s
t
em
s
chan
ge
[
1
,
9
,
12].
A
c
c
o
rdi
ng
t
o
D
u
n
s
t
,
et
a
l.
[1
3],
th
e
f
i
de
l
i
t
y
o
f
u
s
e
of
i
m
p
le
me
nta
tio
n
p
r
ac
t
i
c
e
s
w
o
ul
d
be
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
be
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
v
a
riat
io
ns
i
n
a
d
op
t
i
o
n
and
fi
de
li
ty
o
f
use
o
f
i
n
t
erve
nti
o
n
prac
tic
es.
A
s
n
o
t
e
d
by
F
i
xs
e
n
,
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
,
“
i
mplem
e
nta
t
i
o
n
proce
s
se
s
[e
.g.
,
tech
n
i
ca
l
a
ssis
t
ance
]…sh
o
u
l
d
b
e
desc
ri
bed
in
s
uff
i
c
i
e
n
t
de
t
a
i
l
suc
h
t
hat
ind
e
pen
d
e
n
t
o
b
se
r
v
er
s
c
a
n
de
tec
t
t
he
prese
n
ce
a
n
d
s
t
r
e
ng
th
o
f the
‘speci
fic
se
t of
a
cti
v
i
t
ies’
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
the
im
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
ti
o
n
”.
T
echn
i
ca
l
ass
i
s
t
a
n
ce
a
s
descr
i
be
d
an
d
in
ve
st
iga
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
ape
r
u
se
d
a
spec
i
f
ic
s
e
t
o
f
c
ore
e
l
e
m
e
n
ts
a
s
imp
l
e
m
enta
ti
o
n
p
ra
ctice
s
t
o
affec
t
c
ha
nge
s
or
i
m
p
rove
me
nts
in
i
n
t
er
ve
n
tion
prac
ti
c
e
s.
5.
C
ON
C
L
US
ION
The
impor
ta
nc
e
of
e
x
p
lic
i
t
a
tte
n
t
i
o
n
to
t
h
e
f
ide
lit
y
of
bot
h
te
chni
ca
l
a
ssi
st
a
n
c
e
p
ra
ct
i
c
e
s
a
nd
i
n
t
e
rv
ent
i
on
p
ra
ct
i
ces
e
me
rg
e
d
a
s
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
t
echnica
l
a
ssistance.
F
uture
r
e
sea
r
ch
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
s
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
w
o
u
l
d
t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
f
r
o
m
e
x
p
l
i
c
i
t
a
s
s
e
ssm
ent
of
t
he
f
ide
lit
y
o
f
bot
h
im
p
l
e
m
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
a
n
n
e
r
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
a
r
e
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
,
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
our u
nde
rs
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f te
ch
n
i
ca
l a
ssi
s
t
a
n
c
e
-i
nt
erve
n
t
i
o
n pr
act
ice
rel
ati
o
n
s
hi
ps
.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
pre
p
ara
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r
w
a
s
supp
ort
e
d,
i
n
par
t
,
b
y
fun
d
i
n
g
from
t
he
U
.S
.
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
Ed
uca
t
i
on,
O
ffic
e
o
f
S
pe
cia
l
E
duc
a
t
io
n
P
r
ogram
s
(N
o.
3
2
5
B
12
000
4
)
for
t
h
e
Ear
l
y
C
h
i
l
dh
o
od
P
e
rson
n
e
l
Ce
nter,
U
n
i
v
er
sity
o
f
Co
nnec
t
i
c
u
t
H
e
a
l
t
h
C
e
nter
(
Ma
ry
B
eth
Br
u
d
er,
P
r
inc
i
pal
I
nve
st
i
g
at
or).
T
he
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
and
o
p
i
n
i
ons
e
xpresse
d,
how
ever,
are
tho
s
e
of
t
he
a
ut
h
o
rs
a
nd
d
o
no
t
ne
c
e
ssar
i
l
y
r
ef
l
e
c
t
t
he
p
o
lic
y
or
o
ffic
ia
l
pos
it
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
U
.S.
D
e
partm
e
nt
o
f
Ed
uc
atio
n,
O
ffice
o
f
S
p
ec
ia
l
E
d
u
ca
ti
on
P
r
ogr
am
s,
U
ni
ve
rs
i
t
y
of
Con
n
e
c
tic
u
t
H
e
a
lt
h
Cen
t
er
,
or
t
he
E
arly
C
h
i
ld
hoo
d
P
e
rson
nel
Ce
n
t
e
r,
a
nd
no
en
d
o
rsem
ent
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
n
fer
r
ed
or im
p
l
i
e
d
.
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