In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f E
v
al
u
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
R
e
se
arc
h
in
Ed
u
c
ation
(
IJERE
)
V
o
l.7,
N
o.1,
M
a
r
ch
2018,
pp.
48~
5
6
ISSN
: 2252-
88
22,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ijer
e
.
v
7
.
i
1
.11
4
0
6
48
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
ERE
Improvi
ng R
esilience and Se
lf-Est
eem among U
nive
rsity
Students with
Entrepren
eurshi
p Simulation Board Game
Kususan
t
o Pri
h
adi
1
, Dami
e
n Z.
Y
. C
h
e
ow
2
,
Jon
ath
a
n
H. E.
Y
o
n
g
3
,
Megaan
esh
S
u
n
d
ras
agr
an
4
1
Dep
artm
en
t
of P
sych
ol
og
y
,
F
ac
u
l
t
y
of
Behav
i
o
r
al S
cien
ce, HELP
Un
i
v
ers
i
t
y
, M
al
ays
i
a
2,
3
,
4
D
epart
m
en
t o
f
P
sy
cho
l
o
g
y
,
DIS
TED
Coll
eg
e P
e
n
a
ng
, M
alaysi
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
ce
i
v
e
d
Jan
1
2, 201
8
Re
vise
d F
e
b 20,
201
8
A
c
c
e
pte
d
F
eb 28,
2
0
1
8
Th
is
s
tud
y
a
im
s
to
e
v
a
luat
e
t
h
e
effect
o
f
t
h
e
f
r
eq
uen
c
y
o
f
p
lay
i
n
g
a
board
gam
e
t
hat
s
i
m
u
l
a
tes
en
trep
rene
u
r
i
a
l
ex
peri
ence
cal
led
“Traders
”
o
n
t
h
e
universi
t
y
s
tude
nts’
r
es
ilience
an
d
self
-es
t
ee
m.
T
raders
B
oard
Gam
e
(
TBG
)
was
dev
e
lo
ped
in
2
0
15
wi
th
a
n
ai
m
to
i
m
p
ro
v
e
s
ev
eral
e
n
t
repren
e
ursh
ip
ski
l
l
s
a
mong
y
oung
a
dul
t
s
,
a
n
d
r
esilience
bei
n
g
one
o
f
them.
Pr
e
and
po
sttes
t
s
o
f
r
esil
ience
hav
e
b
ee
n
do
ne
t
o
12
p
a
rt
ici
p
an
ts
b
ef
or
e
th
e
y
w
er
e
di
vi
ded
i
n
t
o
t
h
r
e
e
g
rou
p
s
:
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
ol
g
roup
,
wh
o
di
d
no
t
p
l
ay
t
h
e
gam
e
,
th
e
exp
e
rim
e
nt
al
g
rou
p
A
,
w
h
o
p
l
a
y
ed
t
h
e
g
am
e
once
a
week
f
or
t
hree
w
eeks
,
and
th
e
ex
peri
men
t
al
g
rou
p
B
,
w
h
o
play
ed
t
he
g
am
e
t
w
ice
a
w
e
ek
f
o
r
t
h
ree
week
s.
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esi
l
i
e
nce
was
me
as
ure
d
b
y
ad
ap
ti
ng
C
o
n
n
o
r-Dav
id
son
Resi
lien
ce
S
cale,
w
h
e
re
as
s
elf
-
es
t
eem
w
as
m
eas
ured
b
y
u
t
ilizi
n
g
M
r
uk
t
wo-d
im
en
si
onal
S
e
lf
-es
t
eem
s
cale.
T
h
e
re
w
as
a
s
tati
s
t
ically
s
ig
n
i
fican
t
diff
er
ence
am
on
g
th
e
the
t
h
ree
groups
i
n
resilience
im
provement,
w
he
re
t
he
e
xperimen
ta
l
g
r
ou
p
A
sc
ore
d
t
he
h
ig
he
st
,
a
n
d
no
s
ign
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
d
i
ffe
re
nc
e
wa
s
di
sc
o
v
e
r
e
d
in
t
e
r
ms
o
f
self
-eteem
i
mp
rov
e
m
e
nt.
Th
e
resu
lts
s
ugg
est
e
d
that
p
l
a
yi
ng
TBG
in
certain
f
r
equency
sign
if
i
cantly
i
mproves
resilienc
e
among the partici
p
a
nts.
K
eyw
ord
:
Ent
r
e
p
ren
e
u
r
shi
p
edu
c
a
ti
on
Boa
r
d ga
me
R
e
si
li
en
ce
Sel
f-esteem
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
018 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
Scien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Kususanto Pr
i
h
adi,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
P
s
hyco
l
o
gy,
H
ELP
U
nivers
it
y S
u
ba
ng 2,
N
o
.2,
Lot P
T
1
22
9
1
,
P
e
rsiara
n Ca
ker
a
w
a
la
, S
ec
ti
o
n
U
4,
4015
0,
S
h
ah Ala
m, S
elang
o
r,
Ma
l
a
y
s
i
a.
Em
ail:
pri
h
ad
i.k@
he
lp.e
d
u
.m
y
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
En
tre
p
rene
ursh
i
p
e
duca
t
io
n
i
s
s
ig
ni
fica
n
t
i
n
na
t
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
l
ess
sta
b
l
e
e
c
onom
ic
s
i
t
uat
i
on,
b
ec
a
u
se
entre
p
reneur
s
h
ip
p
red
i
c
t
s
th
e
eco
nom
ic
r
es
i
l
ie
nc
e
of
a
n
at
io
n
[
1]
.
A
ccor
d
in
gl
y,
e
n
t
repr
eneurs
hi
p
e
d
uc
ati
o
n,
w
h
en
d
one
i
nt
e
n
ti
ona
l
l
y
a
n
d
c
o
rrec
tly,
p
o
s
i
t
i
ve
ly
p
re
d
i
c
t
s
t
h
e
e
n
tre
p
r
e
ne
u
r
ia
l
i
n
te
n
tio
n
a
n
d
mot
i
v
at
i
o
n
[2]
.
I
n
20
1
5
,
a
board
g
a
m
e
ca
ll
e
d
T
he
T
r
a
der
s
o
f
A
n
tra
p
re,
or
T
RA
D
E
RS
b
oa
rd
g
am
e
(TBG),
w
as
d
esigne
d
a
s
a
n
in
strum
e
n
t
t
o
i
n
t
r
od
uce
an
d
im
prove
g
e
n
era
l
e
n
t
re
prene
u
r
s
hip
ab
i
lit
ies
a
m
ong
tee
n
a
g
er
s
and
y
o
u
n
g
a
du
l
t
s,
and
a
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
tive
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
t
h
e
par
ticu
l
a
r
g
a
m
e
sh
ow
ed
t
ha
t
the
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
p
l
a
ying
T
B
G
i
s
asso
ci
at
ed
t
o
th
e
qua
l
ity
o
f
se
v
e
ral
e
n
tr
epre
ne
ursh
ip
f
ac
to
r
s
(
EF)
as
f
ol
lo
w
s
:
se
l
f
-
e
stee
m
,
c
om
petiti
v
e
ne
ss,
re
si
l
i
e
n
ce
,
se
lf-
efficac
y,
p
r
act
i
cal
i
nt
el
l
i
ge
nc
e
and
e
xpe
rie
n
ce
[
3]
.
The
afo
r
em
entione
d
E
F
s
w
e
re
a
lso
m
e
ntio
ne
d
in
a
no
t
h
er
stud
y
a
s
t
he
t
raits
t
ha
t
s
h
o
w
e
d
s
i
g
n
i
fic
a
n
t
d
i
f
f
ere
n
ce
s
betw
ee
n
e
nt
re
p
r
en
eu
rs
a
nd
n
on
-e
nt
re
p
r
e
n
eu
rs
i
n
purs
u
i
ng
op
p
o
rtu
n
it
ies [
4
].
Th
is
e
x
p
e
r
ime
n
t
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
a
im
s
to
i
nves
t
iga
t
e
the
e
f
fec
tive
n
e
ss
o
f
pl
a
y
i
n
g
T
R
A
D
E
RS
boa
r
d
g
am
e
(TBG)
to
i
m
p
r
ove
c
ertain
e
ntrepr
ene
u
rsh
i
p
elem
en
ts
a
mon
g
c
o
l
le
g
e
s
t
u
d
e
nt
s.
I
t
is
b
el
ie
ved
t
h
a
t
l
ear
ning
t
o
ac
quir
e
cer
tai
n
s
ki
l
l
s
ca
n
be
d
o
n
e
thro
u
gh
pla
y
in
g
s
i
m
u
l
a
ti
on
g
a
m
e
s
,
be
ca
use
o
f
i
t
s
l
o
w
er
r
i
s
ks
a
nd
safe
r
appr
oa
ch
t
o
pre
p
are
the
lea
r
n
e
r
s
’
r
eadiness
for
re
ali
t
y
[5]
,
a
s
l
o
n
g
a
s
t
h
e
g
a
m
e
play
c
a
n
s
i
m
ulate
t
h
e
re
al
ity
a
s
ac
cura
t
e
a
s
p
o
s
si
ble.
A
part
f
r
o
m
t
h
at,
u
s
i
n
g
g
a
me
s
to
i
m
p
rove
e
ntre
prene
u
rsh
i
p
sk
i
lls
i
s
an
a
lter
n
a
t
i
v
e
to
t
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
Im
provi
n
g Resi
lie
nce
a
nd S
e
lf
-Estee
m
am
on
g
U
n
i
v
ers
i
t
y
St
ude
n
t
s w
i
t
h
.... (
K
usus
a
n
to
Pr
i
h
a
d
i)
49
com
m
on
st
ory
t
ell
i
n
g
a
ppr
oac
h
,
in
w
h
i
ch
a
s
uc
ce
ss
fu
l
e
n
t
r
epre
n
e
u
r
tells
stude
nts
their
secret
s
of
s
ucces
s
[
6
]
,
b
e
ca
use
g
a
mes l
e
t
t
h
e l
e
arn
e
rs t
o
f
e
e
l
th
e
e
xpe
ri
en
c
e
,
d
es
pite
i
n
a
m
u
c
h
l
o
w
e
r
s
c
a
l
e.
A
boar
d
g
a
m
e
,
i
nstea
d
o
f
o
n
l
i
n
e
dig
ita
l
a
p
ps,
w
a
s
chose
n
t
o
sim
ul
at
e
en
t
r
ep
re
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
e
x
p
e
ri
e
n
c
e
s
bec
a
u
s
e
i
t
e
nc
oura
g
e
s
p
laye
r
s
t
o
i
n
te
rac
t
t
o
one
a
no
the
r
w
it
h
o
u
t
hav
i
ng
to
h
ide
t
h
em
sel
v
es
b
eh
i
nd
al
t
e
r
n
at
i
v
e
ide
n
tit
y
or
a
ni
m
o
sity
[
7],[8].
A
p
a
r
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
a
t
,
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
d
a
n
d
a
ppar
e
nt
s
af
et
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
et
t
i
ng
o
f
t
h
e
gam
e
ena
b
le
s d
i
ffic
u
lt
e
m
o
t
io
na
l
c
o
nte
n
t,
s
uc
h
a
s
a
nge
r or
d
e
s
pe
ra
t
i
on,
t
o
be
e
xpr
essed i
n
a
le
g
i
tim
ate
w
a
y,
a
s
‘
i
t is
on
ly
a
g
am
e’
[
9].
The
c
o
nt
e
x
tua
l
s
i
g
n
i
fica
nce
of
t
hi
s
s
t
u
dy
rel
i
e
s
on
t
h
e
fac
t
t
ha
t
T
B
G
w
a
s
de
sig
n
e
d
t
o
impro
v
e
the
p
a
rtic
ipa
n
ts’
c
e
r
tai
n
p
syc
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
t
rai
t
s,
w
hic
h
a
re
t
he
or
etica
l
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
en
trepre
n
e
uria
l
succe
ss,
a
s
w
ell a
s
the
e
ffec
t
i
v
e
ne
ss
o
f the
o
p
por
tun
i
t
y
p
ursu
i
ng
skil
l
s [3
].
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
a
i
m
s
to
q
ua
nt
i
t
a
tive
l
y
st
u
dy
th
e
effec
t
o
f
p
l
a
y
in
g
T
BG
o
n
one
o
f
t
h
e
en
t
r
epre
neuri
a
l
fa
ct
ors
na
me
ly
r
e
s
i
lie
nc
e
(RE)
.
R
E
d
efine
d
a
s
the
a
b
i
l
ity
t
o
r
e
turn
f
ro
m
a
dversit
y
or
a
s
treng
t
h
to
s
urv
i
ve
des
p
i
t
e
d
i
ffic
u
l
t
s
i
t
u
a
t
ions
a
n
d
t
o
co
nt
i
nue
p
ro
gr
ess
tow
a
r
d
s
p
os
it
ive
fut
u
re
[
1
0
],
[11],
i
n
t
he
e
n
t
repre
n
eur
i
al
con
t
e
x
t,
R
E
is
w
hat
ma
kes e
n
tr
eprene
urs sta
r
t
ano
t
her
bu
si
ne
ss
after
fa
ilu
re
or fina
nc
i
a
l
di
sasters [
12].
1.1.
E
n
tr
epr
e
n
e
urship
a
nd Ent
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
rial F
ac
tors
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
e
n
t
r
e
p
rene
ursh
i
p
c
an
b
e
defi
ne
d
a
s
t
he
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
p
u
rsue
a
n
d
u
t
i
l
i
ze
o
ppor
tu
ni
t
i
e
s
,
bec
a
u
s
e e
n
trep
re
neurs are
o
p
por
t
u
n
i
st
s a
n
d c
r
ea
t
o
r
s
o
f
opp
or
tun
i
t
i
e
s
[1
3]. The
r
ef
ore,
it i
s
su
g
g
este
d
tha
t
one’
s
effec
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
in
p
ur
su
in
g
o
p
por
tu
n
ities
m
i
gh
t
p
o
si
ti
ve
ly
b
e
r
e
l
ate
d
t
o
t
h
eir
en
trepre
n
e
uria
l
suc
cess
in
t
h
e
fu
t
u
re.
T
h
e
se
con
d
o
b
j
ec
tive
of th
i
s
s
t
ud
y
is
t
o
e
v
al
ua
te
w
h
e
th
er
t
he
f
r
e
qu
ency of p
l
a
y
in
g
T
B
G
,
t
oge
th
e
r
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
i
m
p
r
ov
e
m
e
n
t
of
t
h
e
E
Fs
p
re
d
i
ct
s
t
h
e
eff
ect
iv
en
ess
o
f
opp
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
y
purs
u
in
g
(EO
P
),
w
hic
h
i
s
in
t
he
c
o
n
te
x
t
of
t
h
i
s
stu
dy,
i
s
de
fi
ne
d
a
s
t
he
a
v
e
rage
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
the
w
ealt
h
g
en
era
t
ed
i
n
TB
G
g
a
mes.
T
h
u
s
,
i
t
i
s
al
so
h
ypo
t
h
esi
zed
t
h
a
t
th
ere
wo
uld
b
e
a
s
i
g
n
i
fi
can
t
di
ff
ere
n
ce
i
n
t
e
rm
s
of
t
he g
ap o
f
a
v
era
g
e wealt
h
m
ade
b
e
t
w
ee
n
the f
i
r
s
t
an
d t
h
e
last gam
e
bet
w
ee
n the
gro
u
p
who
p
l
a
y
e
d
m
ore
f
r
e
quen
t
l
y
a
n
d
l
e
ss fr
eq
uen
t
ly.
En
tre
p
rene
uria
l
fa
c
t
or
s
ha
ve
b
een
s
t
u
die
d
f
or
d
eca
des,
a
n
d
i
t
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ovin
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tren
d
o
f
exter
n
al
f
a
c
t
or
s to i
n
t
e
r
na
l fa
ctors.
S
t
u
d
i
es in the nine
t
i
es r
epor
te
d t
h
a
t
e
n
t
r
e
pre
n
e
u
ria
l
suc
ce
ss w
er
e
pr
edic
te
d
by
e
x
t
erna
l
fa
ctors
suc
h
a
s
t
h
e
e
c
o
n
o
mic
e
n
v
i
r
o
nme
n
t
[1
4]
a
n
d
s
oc
ioc
u
lt
ural
f
a
c
t
ors
[15].
A
dec
a
d
e
la
ter
,
stud
ies
star
t
e
d
t
o
f
ocus
o
n
i
n
ter
n
al
f
ac
t
o
rs,
su
c
h
a
s
pe
rs
ona
l
i
t
y
t
ra
its
[
16]
a
n
d
m
ot
iv
ati
o
n
[1
7].
Re
cent
l
y
,
stud
ies
on
e
n
t
r
e
p
rene
uria
l
f
actors
are
st
il
l
f
o
c
u
si
ng
o
n
in
tern
a
l
f
a
c
t
ors,
s
uch
a
s
b
i
o
l
o
g
i
ca
l
or
g
ene
t
ic
pred
isp
o
s
iti
o
n
[
1
8
]
,
e
specia
l
l
y
w
he
n
i
t
i
s
rela
t
e
d
re
co
g
n
iz
i
ng
o
p
p
o
rt
uni
t
i
es
[
19]
,
w
h
i
l
e
some
o
thers
f
o
cuse
d
on
inte
r
n
al
f
ac
tors
t
ha
t
c
a
n
b
e
a
l
ter
e
d,
s
uc
h
a
s
i
nte
n
ti
o
n
(
Ba
e
,
et
a
l.,
20
14
)
,
i
nd
ivi
d
ua
l
or
ien
t
a
t
i
o
n
[2
0],
se
lf-
efficac
y a
nd
resi
lie
nce
[1
2],
[
2
1
],
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e,
[
2
2
],
or
com
p
et
iti
ve
ne
ss
[
2
3
].
I
n
a
c
c
orda
nce
w
i
t
h
t
he
p
rev
i
ous
p
a
r
agr
a
p
h
,
ma
ny
stu
d
i
e
s
h
a
v
e
a
l
so
d
o
n
e
i
n
order
t
o
o
bta
i
n
be
tter
kn
ow
le
d
g
e
o
f
e
nt
r
e
pre
n
eurs
h
i
p
e
d
uc
at
i
o
n,
d
e
s
pite
w
he
t
h
er
e
ntre
p
re
ne
urs
h
ip
c
a
n
b
e
tau
g
h
t
i
s
st
ill
de
b
a
tab
l
e
due
t
o
t
h
e
na
tur
e
o
f
the
fac
t
or
s
disco
v
e
r
ed
.
Whi
l
e
m
a
n
y
c
onte
n
t
s
of
e
ntre
pre
n
eurs
hi
p
ed
uc
a
tio
n
i
s
a
bou
t
st
a
r
t
i
n
g
a
n
e
w
bus
i
n
e
ss
or
gan
i
za
t
i
on
[2
4],
stud
ies
ha
ve
b
ee
n
d
o
ne
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
fac
t
ors
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
im
pro
v
ed
t
o
gai
n
o
ve
ral
l
e
n
t
r
e
pre
n
e
u
ria
l
s
u
c
ce
ss [2],
[
3],
[
25].
Tw
o fa
ct
o
r
s,
n
am
ely
se
l
f
-estee
m
and
resi
lie
nce
,
h
a
v
e alway
s
bee
n
c
o
n
s
i
sten
tl
y
selec
t
e
d
,
t
o
get
h
er
w
i
t
h
e
x
perie
n
c
e
a
nd
k
now
l
e
d
g
e
i
n
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
o
n
l
e
arn
a
ble
EF
s.
T
he
m
ode
l
pro
pose
d
by
F
r
ese
(F
igure
1)
[
26]
a
nd
P
r
ih
adi
(F
i
g
ur
e
2)
[
3]
a
r
e
the
e
x
a
m
pl
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
nd
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
lat
e
d
prev
io
us st
u
die
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
2
5
2
-
88
22
I
J
ERE
V
ol.
7,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
c
h 20
1
8
:
48
–
56
50
F
i
gur
e
1.
T
he
A
cti
on-
C
h
a
r
ac
t
e
r
i
s
t
ic
s
Mo
de
l
of
E
ntr
e
pr
e
n
e
u
r
s
h
i
p
[
26]
I
n
F
ig
ur
e
1,
R
E
w
a
s
p
h
r
a
se
d
a
s
s
tre
s
s
t
o
l
e
r
a
nc
e,
a
n
d
it
w
a
s
c
o
n
si
d
e
re
d
a
s
t
h
e
p
re
di
c
t
or
o
f
a
c
t
i
on
c
h
ara
c
teris
t
ics
as
w
ell
as
t
he
m
e
d
i
a
to
r
b
e
twee
n
a
c
t
i
o
n
c
h
ara
c
te
ris
tic
a
nd
en
tre
p
re
ne
ur
ial
suc
c
e
s
s.
O
t
h
e
r
fa
c
t
o
r
s,
s
u
c
h
a
s
e
xp
erti
se
o
r
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
al
i
nt
e
l
lig
e
n
ce
a
n
d
knowl
e
d
g
e
were
t
ake
n
a
s
pr
ed
ic
ted
by
co
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
soc
i
a
l
p
r
e
co
nd
i
tio
ns,
a
s
w
ell
a
s
t
he
p
r
e
d
i
ct
or
s
of
a
c
tio
n
cha
r
a
c
t
erist
i
c
.
F
re
se’
s
m
odel
s
u
g
g
es
ted
tha
t
R
E
is
a
n
el
ement
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
nal
i
t
y
t
h
a
t
wi
ll
t
ri
gg
e
r
t
h
e
a
n
t
e
ced
ent
s
f
o
r
i
n
div
i
du
al
s
to
t
ak
e
ent
r
e
p
ren
e
u
r
i
a
l
a
c
t
i
ons.
T
h
e
an
t
e
c
e
d
e
nt
s
of
a
c
t
ion
s
w
e
r
e
a
l
so
a
ffe
ct
ed
b
y
co
gni
tiv
e
ca
paci
ty
a
nd
s
o
c
i
a
l
p
r
eco
nd
i
tio
n,
s
uc
h
as
r
ole
m
ode
ls
or
e
duca
t
io
n.
T
hu
s,
it
t
a
k
e
s
a
ce
r
t
ain
per
s
o
n
al
i
t
y
a
n
d
co
g
n
i
tiv
e
c
a
p
a
ci
ty
,
as
w
e
l
l
as
s
p
eci
fi
c
so
c
i
al
pr
eco
nd
i
tio
ns
i
n
or
der
to
t
r
i
g
g
e
r
a
m
ot
i
v
at
i
ona
l
a
n
t
e
c
e
de
n
t
f
or
a
n
i
ndi
vi
d
u
a
l
t
o
s
t
a
rt
p
u
r
suing
th
e
op
p
o
r
t
un
i
t
ie
s.
A
dd
i
t
i
ona
l
l
y
,
cog
n
i
t
i
ve
c
a
p
a
c
ity
a
n
d
s
oc
i
a
l
pr
ec
o
n
d
iti
o
n
s
w
i
l
l
a
lso
a
ffe
c
t
t
he
c
o
g
n
it
ive
a
n
t
e
ce
d
e
n
t
s
tha
t
eve
n
t
ua
lly
a
ff
ect
t
he
c
h
a
ra
ct
erist
i
c
s
of
t
h
e
a
c
t
io
n
s
t
a
k
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
i
ndi
vi
du
al
s.
F
r
e
s
e
’
s
m
o
d
e
l
d
i
d
n
o
t
e
x
a
c
t
l
y
m
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
h
e
t
e
r
m
s
e
l
f
-
e
s
t
e
e
m
,
n
e
v
e
r
thel
ess,
t
he
w
ay
i
nd
i
v
id
ua
ls
e
v
al
ua
te
t
he
mse
l
ve
s
is
t
er
m
e
d
as
posi
t
i
ve
/
n
ega
t
ive
a
ffe
c
t
a
nd
s
e
l
f-
ef
f
i
c
acy.
This
w
a
y
o
f
desc
r
i
bi
ng
s
e
l
f-
est
e
e
m
i
s
i
n
l
in
e
with
t
h
e
t
wo
d
i
m
en
sion
al
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
s
e
l
f-e
st
e
e
m
[
27],
[
2
8]
t
ha
t
describes
self-esteem
as
a
n
in
te
gr
a
t
e
d
s
um
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
s
el
f-
w
o
r
t
h
a
n
d
se
lf
-
c
om
pete
nc
e.
S
elf-
w
o
r
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
tw
o
d
i
m
e
ns
io
na
l
m
o
del
o
f
s
e
l
f-
e
s
t
e
em
(
2D
MS
E)
i
s
r
e
pr
e
s
ent
e
d
b
y
p
o
s
i
t
i
ve
/
n
ega
t
ive
a
f
fec
t
i
n
th
e
Fres
e’s
mo
d
e
l
,
w
h
e
re
a
s
s
e
l
f
-
c
o
mp
et
en
c
e
i
s
r
e
pr
e
s
e
n
te
d
by
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
icac
y.
I
n
F
r
ese’
s
m
odel,
s
e
l
f
-
e
s
t
ee
m
(
S
E
)
w
a
s
ill
ust
r
a
t
e
d
a
s
t
h
e
pr
od
uc
t
o
f
p
er
s
o
nal
i
t
y,
inc
l
ud
i
ng
RE.
A
slig
ht
l
y
d
if
f
e
r
e
nt
p
at
ter
n
o
f
in
ter
r
ela
tio
ns
hip
a
m
ong
t
he
f
ac
t
o
r
s
i
s
shown
in
a
not
he
r
mo
d
e
l
by
P
r
ihad
i
a
nd
H
a
i
r
ul
(
201
5)
a
fte
r
t
hey
ha
ve
done
t
he
ir
f
ir
st
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
t
he
T
B
G
(
F
i
gur
e
2)
[
3]
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
he
e
nt
r
e
pr
e
n
eur
s
hi
p
Elem
en
ts
M
o
d
el
[
3]
Ef
fec
tive
O
p
po
r
t
u
n
i
t
y
Pu
r
s
u
i
n
g
Op
po
rtu
n
it
y
Pu
r
s
ui
ng
Sty
l
es
Sel
f-esteem
st
yle
a
n
d
ad
equ
a
cy
C
o
m
p
et
iti
ve
T
rait
s
Res
il
ie
nce
Se
l
f
-e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
P
r
ac
ti
c
a
l I
n
t
e
lli
genc
e
E
x
p
e
ri
e
n
ce
S
c
humpe
t
e
r
i
an
Kirn
zerian
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
Im
provi
n
g Resi
lie
nce
a
nd S
e
lf
-Estee
m
am
on
g
U
n
i
v
ers
i
t
y
St
ude
n
t
s w
i
t
h
.... (
K
usus
a
n
to
Pr
i
h
a
d
i)
51
F
i
gure
2
i
n
d
i
c
a
ted
t
h
at
R
E
a
nd
S
E
a
re
t
he
p
redi
ct
ors
o
f
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
i
t
y
p
u
r
sui
ng
s
t
yl
e
s
(
als
o
cal
le
d
ac
t
i
o
n
c
hara
ct
erist
i
c
s
i
n
F
r
ese’s
mode
l)
t
o
be
m
ore
Sc
hum
pe
teri
an
o
r
Kir
n
zerian
.
S
c
hu
mpet
e
r
i
a
n
op
p
o
rt
uni
ties
ar
e
m
o
re
l
ike
l
y
t
o
b
e
pur
sue
d
b
y
ac
ti
ve
ly
s
ea
rchi
ng
fo
r
in
nova
tive
id
e
a
s
and
m
e
a
n
s
,
w
hile
foc
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
the
e
x
p
l
oi
t
a
tio
n
o
f
p
re
sen
t
d
em
and
s
a
re
m
ore
cons
id
ere
d
a
s
Ki
rz
n
e
r
i
an;
i
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
in
div
i
dua
ls
w
i
t
h
hi
g
h
e
r
i
m
pul
si
v
ity
a
n
d
r
isk-ta
kin
g
a
t
t
i
t
ude
t
e
nd
to
o
pt
f
or
S
chum
peter
i
a
n
m
et
h
od
of
op
p
o
rt
uni
ty
pur
suing,
w
h
ile
l
ess
i
m
p
u
lsi
v
e
and
m
o
re
s
ta
b
l
e
i
ndi
vi
du
al
s
wo
ul
d
l
i
k
e
l
y
to
opt
f
o
r
K
i
r
z
n
eri
a
n
[2
1].
The
di
ffe
rnce
is
t
h
a
t
the
m
odel
o
f
P
r
i
ha
di an
d
H
a
i
rul’s
o
fferr
ed a s
u
g
g
es
ti
o
n
t
ha
t R
E
a
n
d
SE
ar
e a
ffe
c
t
e
d
by i
n
di
vid
u
a
l
s’
e
xper
i
e
n
ce
, a
nd the
i
r
relat
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
i
s
m
e
d
i
a
te
d
by
prac
t
i
c
a
l
i
nte
l
l
i
ge
nc
e.
The
tw
o
mod
e
ls
h
a
d
r
epre
se
nt
e
d
s
om
e
of
t
he
p
revi
o
u
s
st
ud
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
e
s
t
a
b
lis
hed
resi
l
i
e
n
ce
a
s
an
elem
en
t
of
e
ntr
e
pr
ene
u
r
s
h
i
p,
a
nd
in
t
he
l
i
g
ht
o
f
t
h
a
t
,
the
i
r
ro
l
e
s
in
i
mp
rovi
ng
t
h
e
e
ff
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
ess
of
o
p
p
o
r
tunit
y
purs
u
i
ng
a
r
e
in
ves
t
i
g
a
t
ed
i
n
t
h
is
c
u
r
rent
s
t
u
dy
.
In
l
in
e
w
i
t
h
t
ha
t
,
t
he
g
am
epla
y
of
T
BG
i
s
des
i
g
n
ed
i
n
su
c
h
a
way wher
e
a
p
l
aye
r
has t
o
m
a
ke
a
s
m
u
c
h
p
r
o
fi
t
as p
oss
i
b
l
e wi
t
h
i
n t
h
e al
l
o
cate
d
t
ime
(on
e
h
o
u
r,
i
n
t
h
is c
urrent
stud
y)
,
and
in
o
rde
r
t
o
w
i
n
t
h
e
gam
e
,
hi
s
or
h
e
r
n
e
t
w
or
th
a
t
t
he
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
ga
me
s
ho
u
l
d
be
h
i
g
he
r
t
h
an
a
n
y
ot
her
pl
a
y
ers
[3].
F
urtherm
o
re
,
t
h
e
fact
t
h
a
t
P
r
iha
d
i
a
nd
H
a
i
r
u
l’s
m
ode
l
s
u
gges
t
e
d
t
ha
t
RE
a
n
d
S
E
a
r
e
affec
t
e
d
b
y ex
perie
n
ce ca
n
al
so be
se
e
n
as
a
sug
g
es
ti
on t
h
a
t
t
h
er
i
s
a
differen
t
i
n
term
s
of
R
E
a
nd
S
E
b
et
ween
in
div
i
dua
ls w
it
h m
o
re expe
r
i
e
n
ce
a
nd
less e
x
pe
rie
n
ce
i
n e
n
t
r
epr
e
n
eursh
i
p. In the
c
o
nte
x
t of th
i
s c
u
rr
ent st
ud
y,
pla
y
in
g
TBG
can
a
l
s
o
be
t
r
a
ns
late
d
as
b
e
i
ng
e
x
p
o
sed
t
o
a
s
im
u
l
a
t
e
d
e
n
tre
p
re
neur
ial
expe
r
i
ence
;
t
h
us
i
t
is
hy
p
o
the
s
iz
e
d
t
hat
the
fr
eq
ue
n
c
y of
p
l
a
yin
g
i
t
w
i
ll im
pro
v
e
the
RE and SE.
The
gam
e
o
ffe
r
s
sever
a
l
w
a
y
s
o
f
m
a
k
i
ng
p
r
o
fi
t
,
i
ncl
u
d
i
n
g
l
ega
l
w
a
ys
s
uc
h
a
s
t
r
a
di
ng
a
n
d
in
ve
st
in
g,
as
w
ell
a
s
i
l
l
e
g
al,
suc
h
a
s
r
o
b
b
i
n
g
ot
he
r
p
l
ay
e
r
s’
w
ea
l
t
h [3].
Ne
verthe
le
ss,
ther
e
are
m
o
me
nt
s
wher
e
the
prof
it
from
i
lle
ga
l
r
e
so
urce
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
ta
ken
b
y
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
orit
y
as
p
u
n
is
h
me
nt
.
T
h
e
gam
e
a
ls
o
offe
rs
s
om
e
unc
o
n
tr
ol
l
a
ble
a
s
pects,
s
uc
h
as
p
r
i
c
e
i
ns
ta
bi
l
i
t
y
,
sec
u
ri
t
y
r
is
ks,
and
i
n
c
i
de
nta
l
l
o
s
se
s.
E
a
c
h
of
t
he
p
rof
i
t
ma
kin
g
m
et
ho
d,
a
s
w
e
ll
as
how
t
o
preve
n
t
l
o
sses
w
e
re
c
on
nec
t
ed
t
o
c
erta
in
E
F
,
t
hus
t
he
i
m
p
rov
e
me
nt
o
f
ce
rtai
n
EF
s
w
i
l
l
d
e
t
erm
i
ne
t
he
w
a
y
t
he
p
la
ye
rs
p
la
y
the
ga
m
e
,
a
s
ill
ustra
t
ed
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
2
.
In
t
he
c
onte
x
t
of
t
his
curr
ent
stu
d
y
,
the
e
ffe
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
of
opp
or
tun
i
t
y
pur
sui
n
g
w
a
s
op
er
a
tio
na
ll
y
de
fine
d
a
s
t
he
p
r
o
fi
t
e
a
rne
d
b
y
ea
ch pla
ye
r in
e
ver
y
gam
e.
1.2.
Re
si
li
ence
Res
i
l
i
e
n
ce
re
fe
r
s
t
o
the
a
b
ili
ty
o
r
a
s
t
ren
g
t
h
to
s
ur
vi
v
e
d
e
s
p
i
te
d
iffic
u
lt
s
i
t
ua
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
to
c
on
ti
n
u
e
pro
g
re
ss
t
ow
ards
p
os
iti
ve
f
u
t
ure
[1
1].
It
w
a
s
a
l
s
o
descr
i
be
d
a
s
t
h
e
opt
i
m
a
l
d
ev
e
l
opme
n
t
a
l
ou
t
c
ome
s
o
r
succe
ssfu
l
a
da
pta
t
io
n
des
p
i
t
e
ex
pos
ure
t
o
a
dve
rs
ity
o
r
en
vir
onm
e
n
t
a
l
t
h
r
eats
af
t
e
r
a
c
ons
ide
r
ab
le
s
trug
g
l
e
[2
9].
In
a
m
or
e
de
tai
l
e
d
e
xp
l
a
nat
i
on,
R
E
c
a
n
b
e
de
scr
i
b
e
d
a
s
t
h
e
ow
ne
rs
hip
of
s
ele
c
t
iv
e
stre
n
g
ths
to
h
e
l
p
in
div
i
dua
ls sur
vi
ve
d
es
p
i
te
t
h
e
ir
e
xp
osure
to
d
i
f
fic
u
lt a
nd
str
essf
ul sit
ua
tions [10].
S
i
gni
fic
a
n
ce
o
f
RE
i
n
life
ha
s
bee
n
e
st
ab
l
i
she
d
by
m
a
n
y
s
tu
d
i
es
;
i
t
h
as
b
e
e
n
assoc
i
a
t
ed
w
i
t
h
pos
t-
traum
a
t
i
c grow
th [3
0
],
pos
i
tiv
e
att
i
t
u
de
tow
a
r
ds per
cei
ved a
u
t
h
ori
t
a
r
ia
n pa
re
ntin
g s
t
y
l
es [
31
]
, reduc
i
n
g ris
k
o
f
in
div
i
dua
ls
w
it
h
O
b
se
ss
ive
C
o
mpu
l
s
i
ve
P
ersona
l
ity
D
i
s
or
d
e
rs
[
3
2
],
i
ncr
e
asi
ng
the
l
i
ke
l
i
ho
o
d
o
f
surv
iv
a
l
a
f
t
er
pos
t
-
t
r
a
u
m
a
tic
s
tre
s
s
d
i
sor
d
er
s
[3
3]
a
n
d
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
e
ntr
e
p
rene
urs
h
ip,
RE
c
on
t
r
ib
ute
s
t
o
t
h
e
ret
u
rn
o
f
fa
lle
n
e
n
tre
p
re
neurs
t
o
t
he
b
u
s
iness
[
12]
.
I
n
o
t
h
e
r
w
or
ds,
RE
k
e
e
p
s
i
ndiv
i
du
als
t
o
s
t
a
y
st
ro
ng
a
ft
e
r
a
f
a
i
lu
re
and
e
n
a
b
le
s t
h
em
t
o
m
ove on
.
F
ur
t
h
e
r
m
o
re,
som
e
s
tud
i
es
a
l
s
o
r
e
p
orted the
a
s
soc
i
a
t
ion be
tw
ee
n
RE
a
n
d
S
E
in
di
ffe
re
nt
s
e
t
t
i
n
g
s;
t
h
e
y
pa
r
t
i
a
lly
m
e
d
i
a
ted
t
h
e
re
l
a
tio
ns
hi
p
be
t
w
een
b
eh
av
io
ra
l
and
emo
tio
n
a
l
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
ogi
cal
ma
lt
r
eatm
e
n
t
p
rob
l
em
s
in
a
d
o
l
esce
nts
[34],
S
E
w
a
s
also
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
i
n
terve
n
e
be
tw
e
e
n
R
E
a
nd
ps
yc
ho
l
o
g
i
ca
l
di
stre
ss
[
35].
In
t
he
c
o
n
te
x
t
o
f
en
tre
p
rene
urship,
RE
w
a
s
r
epor
ted
to
s
ig
n
i
fica
n
t
l
y
r
ela
t
e
d
t
o
en
tre
p
rene
ur
sh
i
p
[3
6];
apa
r
t
fr
o
m
t
hat,
t
h
e
y
a
l
so
a
rgue
d
tha
t
t
he
R
E
o
f
t
he
e
ntr
e
p
r
e
ne
ur
s
is
h
ig
h
l
y
r
e
la
t
e
d
to
t
he
R
E
of
t
he
soc
i
et
y
w
h
e
r
e t
h
e e
n
trepre
ne
u
r
shi
p
is be
ing
prac
tic
ed. T
h
e
y
e
x
p
la
i
n
ed
tha
t
res
i
l
i
e
n
t
en
tre
p
rene
urs
w
i
ll
s
urv
i
ve
and
gr
ow
,
and the
i
r
grow
t
h
w
il
l e
n
sur
e
the
s
ocie
t
y
a
rou
nd t
h
em
that
l
i
f
e
c
a
n st
ill
g
o
on.
D
e
spite
its
i
m
por
t
a
nce
i
n
l
i
f
e
,
R
E
w
a
s
disc
ove
re
d
t
o
b
e
mult
idi
m
e
nsi
o
nal
a
nd
c
o
mpl
e
x;
it
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
an i
n
t
e
r
ac
ti
ve proce
ss be
tw
ee
n
r
i
s
k
a
n
d
pr
o
t
e
ctive
fac
t
ors [37]
.
Inter
n
al
f
a
c
tor s
u
c
h
a
s
sp
iri
t
ua
lit
y
w
e
re
sai
d to
b
e
e
l
e
ment
s
tha
t
h
el
p
i
ndi
vidu
a
l
s
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
op
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
[38
]
,
w
hile
e
xte
r
nal
fa
ct
or,
such
a
s
soc
i
al
s
u
p
p
o
rt
pos
it
ive
l
y
i
m
pr
ove
s
t
h
e
leve
l
of
r
es
il
ie
nce
[
3
9].
A
lth
oug
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
on
t
e
xt
o
f
thi
s
c
u
r
re
n
t
s
t
u
dy
,
spi
r
it
ua
li
ty
a
nd
soc
i
al
s
up
p
o
rt are
not ne
e
de
d by the part
ici
p
ant
s
b
e
c
a
u
se
a
b
an
kr
up
tc
y or bei
n
g
v
ic
timiz
ed
i
n a b
o
ard g
a
m
e
i
s
no
t
c
ons
ider
e
d
life
-
threa
t
e
n
in
g
[9]
,
R
E
am
ong
the
pa
r
t
i
c
ip
a
n
ts
w
ho
h
it
t
h
e
r
o
ck
b
o
ttom
in
T
B
G
p
la
y
i
n
g
p
lays
impor
ta
nt
r
ole
in
d
e
t
erm
i
n
i
ng
t
h
e
i
r e
ffe
c
tive
n
ess in r
ebu
ild
i
n
g
their
w
eal
t
h
[3].
I
t
w
as
a
d
v
o
c
a
t
e
d
tha
t
R
E
pre
d
ic
t
e
n
tr
eprene
ursh
ip
a
m
ong
entre
p
r
e
n
eurs
a
nd
s
ma
ll
bus
i
n
ess
ow
ner
s
[2
6],
[
4
0
].
R
E
is
o
ne
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
porta
nt
c
hara
cter
i
s
t
i
cs
r
e
quire
d
b
y
i
n
d
i
v
idua
ls
t
o
s
u
rv
i
v
e
an
d
gr
ow
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
entre
p
reneur
i
a
l
endea
v
o
r
[
4
1
].
I
n
the
co
n
t
ex
t
o
f
e
n
t
r
e
pre
n
e
u
rsh
ip
e
d
u
ca
ti
on,
R
E
w
a
s
a
l
so
r
epor
ted
t
o
p
redi
c
t
the
de
ve
lo
pm
ent
of
g
e
n
er
a
l
e
ntrepre
n
eur
s
h
i
p
sk
il
ls
[
3].
H
o
w
e
ver
,
i
n
t
he
c
ont
e
x
t
o
f
e
nt
rep
r
e
n
e
u
rshi
p
educ
a
t
i
o
n,
o
t
h
e
r
f
actors
have
b
e
e
n
re
po
r
t
e
d
t
o
be
i
nv
o
l
ve
d
i
n
t
he
i
m
p
ro
ve
m
e
nt
o
f
the
e
n
t
r
epr
e
neur
sh
i
p
s
k
i
l
l
s.
More
ove
r,
a
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
Ma
la
ysia
n
co
n
t
ex
t
re
por
t
e
d
a
str
o
n
g
pos
it
i
ve
c
or
rel
a
ti
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
e
ntre
pr
eneur
s
h
i
p
a
n
d
RE
,
a
nd
a
d
vo
c
a
ted
t
h
a
t
e
n
t
re
prene
u
rsh
i
p
e
duca
t
i
o
n
pro
g
r
a
m
ha
s
a
s
ign
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
r
o
le
i
n
im
prov
ing
t
h
e
RE
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2252-
8822
IJERE
V
ol
.
7,
N
o.
1,
Ma
r
ch 201
8
: 48
– 56
52
am
ong
pu
b
lic
u
n
i
ve
rsi
t
y
s
t
ude
nt
s
[4
1]
.
In
t
h
e
c
on
tex
t
o
f
t
h
i
s
c
urrent
s
tu
dy
,
RE
i
s
o
p
er
ati
o
na
lly
d
ef
ine
d
a
s
th
e
score
of
t
he
c
onte
x
tua
l
l
y
m
od
ifie
d
C
onn
or
-D
avi
d
s
on
r
e
si
li
enc
e
s
ca
le
[
42
]
,
a
nd
t
h
e
i
m
pro
v
em
ent
o
f
R
E
a
s
t
h
e
gap
be
tw
ee
n t
h
e pr
e a
nd pos
t-
tes
t
s
of
t
he
sam
e
scale
.
1.3.
Sel
f
-esteem
A
s
p
re
v
i
o
u
s
l
y
m
e
nti
o
ned,
2
D
M
S
E
e
x
p
la
ine
d
t
ha
t
S
E
i
s
a
n
i
n
t
e
g
ra
t
e
d
s
u
m
o
f
s
e
l
f
-
w
o
r
t
h
a
n
d
s
e
l
f
-
com
p
ete
n
c
e
[
2
7
],[28]
;
t
h
ere
f
ore
,
i
ts
a
deq
u
a
c
y
i
s
s
i
g
ni
fica
nt
f
o
r
e
v
e
r
y
i
n
d
i
v
i
du
al
.
It
h
as
b
een
s
aid
t
o
b
e
the
fa
ct
or
o
f
ad
e
q
uate
a
ca
dem
i
c
ac
h
i
evem
en
ts
[
43]
,
suc
cess
of
t
ea
c
h
in
g
a
nd
l
e
arn
i
ng
[
4
4],
risk
t
o
l
e
r
anc
e
i
n
entre
p
reneur
s
h
ip
[
4
5
],
a
nd
e
ve
n
the
w
a
y
i
n
div
i
d
u
a
l
s
c
hoose
t
h
e
cou
r
se
o
f
a
c
t
i
on
i
n
e
n
t
r
e
p
ren
e
ursh
ip
;
in
div
i
dua
ls
w
ith
d
omi
n
an
t
s
e
lf-w
o
r
th
t
en
d
to
p
ur
sue
o
p
por
tu
n
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
Kirnze
rian
w
ay,
whi
l
e
th
ose
with
domi
n
a
n
t
se
lf-
c
om
pete
n
c
e
t
e
nd t
o
p
ursue
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
in
S
chum
p
ete
r
ian
w
a
y [25]
.
The
im
pl
e
m
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
o
f 2D
MS
E as the
s
um
o
f sel
f
-w
o
r
th an
d
se
l
f-c
ompe
te
n
c
e c
o
n
t
ri
bu
t
e
d t
o
t
he w
a
y
entre
p
reneur
s
h
ip
i
s
do
ne
;
ind
i
vi
dua
l
s
w
i
t
h
m
o
re
dom
ina
n
t
se
lf-w
o
r
t
h
(
w
o
r
t
h
i
n
e
s
s
-
b
a
s
e
d
S
E
)
p
u
r
s
u
e
op
p
o
rt
uni
ties
i
n
d
i
f
fere
n
t
w
a
y
from
i
n
d
i
v
i
du
a
l
s w
i
th mor
e dom
i
n
a
n
t
se
lf-
c
om
pete
nce
(
c
om
pete
nce
-
ba
s
e
d S
E
).
A
si
ngl
e
su
bj
ec
t
st
udy
b
y
Prih
a
d
i
et
a
l
(20
1
4
)
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
ed
t
hat
w
he
n
a
y
o
u
ng
en
tre
p
rene
ur
g
r
e
w
up
a
n
d
had
her
self-e
s
t
e
e
m
sty
l
e
cha
n
g
e
d
fr
om
w
orthine
s
s-
base
d
to
c
om
p
e
tenc
e-
b
a
s
e
d
,
her
op
p
o
rtu
n
i
t
y
pur
suin
g
sty
l
e
w
a
s
als
o
g
rad
u
a
l
ly
s
h
i
f
t
e
d
f
rom
K
i
r
n
zer
ia
n
t
o
S
c
hum
pe
teria
n
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
i
s
i
n
di
c
a
t
e
s
t
h
a
t
S
E
s
t
yle
wi
ll
not
a
ffec
t
t
h
e
succe
ss
o
f
t
he
e
n
t
repre
n
e
u
ri
al
e
nde
a
v
our
;
in
stea
d,
i
t
c
o
ntr
i
bu
t
es
t
o
the
me
t
h
od
o
f
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
y
pur
su
in
g.
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
t
he
over
a
ll
o
f
S
E
a
deq
u
ac
y
c
o
nt
rib
u
te
d
t
o
e
nt
r
e
pre
n
e
u
r
ial
succes
s
[
3
]
,
[
2
6],
[
46]
des
p
ite
i
t
s
st
yle;
there
f
ore,
a
ny
e
duca
t
i
o
nal
p
r
ogr
am
t
hat
e
l
eva
t
e
the
S
E
a
de
q
u
ac
y
w
ould
li
ke
ly
t
o
i
m
pr
ov
e
t
h
e
c
h
ance
o
f
entre
p
reneur
i
a
l
succ
ess.
The
pre
v
i
o
us
q
ua
li
ta
ti
ve
s
tu
dy
r
e
gar
d
in
g
T
B
G
sh
ow
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
fr
e
que
nc
y
o
f
p
l
a
yin
g
T
BG
i
s
r
e
la
te
d
t
o
t
h
e
w
a
y
t
h
e
p
a
r
ti
ci
pa
nt
s
a
s
ses
s
t
h
e
i
r
c
omp
e
t
e
n
ce
i
n
w
i
n
ni
ng
the
ga
me
[
3],
an
d
s
i
m
u
lta
ne
ou
sl
y
a
t
tra
c
t
ed
the
i
r
S
E
s
t
y
le
i
n
t
o
m
o
re
c
om
pete
nc
e-ba
se
d
tha
n
w
ort
h
i
n
es
s-based
.
N
e
ver
t
he
l
e
ss,
the
a
f
orem
ent
i
o
n
e
d
s
tud
y
di
d
n
o
t
i
n
vol
v
e
a
n
y
qua
n
tita
t
i
ve
m
ea
sur
e
m
e
nt
s
r
e
gar
d
ing
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
ibu
t
i
o
n
of
S
E
on
t
h
e
o
pp
o
r
t
u
nit
y
pursu
i
ng
effec
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s.
I
n
t
h
i
s
cur
rent
s
tu
d
y
, S
E
is ope
ra
tiona
lly defi
n
ed as the
sc
or
e
of
M
r
uk’s T
w
o-dim
e
ns
ion
a
l
S
e
lf-
estee
m
s
cale
[27]
,
an
d
t
h
e
S
E
i
mpr
ovem
e
nt
i
s
t
h
e
ga
p
betw
ee
n
th
e
sc
ores
o
f
pre
and
pos
t-tes
t
s
of
t
he
sam
e
s
cale.
The
afor
em
ent
i
one
d
li
ter
a
t
u
re,
espec
i
a
lly
t
h
e
e
ntre
pre
n
eur
i
al
e
l
e
me
n
t
s
m
ode
l
by
P
r
iha
d
i
an
d
H
a
iru
l
(
2
0
1
5
)
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
R
E
a
n
d
S
E
a
r
e
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
b
y
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s
’
e
x
p
e
ri
en
ce
,
whi
c
h
me
a
n
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
di
ffe
re
nce
in
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
RE
b
et
w
e
e
n
i
n
d
i
vi
du
als
w
ith
m
ore
expe
r
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
l
e
ss
e
x
pe
ri
en
ce
i
n
ent
r
e
p
ren
e
u
r
shi
p
,
w
h
et
her
i
t
i
s
i
n
t
he
f
orm
of
f
ie
l
d
p
r
act
ice
or
e
n
t
r
e
pre
n
e
u
rshi
p
e
duc
at
i
o
n
[3].
I
n
the
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
of
t
hi
s
c
u
rrent
stud
y,
p
la
yi
n
g
T
BG
c
a
n
a
lso
be
t
rans
la
ted
a
s
b
e
i
ng
e
xp
ose
d
t
o
a
s
i
m
ul
at
ed
e
nt
rep
r
e
n
e
u
ria
l
e
xp
e
r
i
e
nce
;
t
hu
s
i
t
i
s
hy
pot
h
e
si
zed
t
h
a
t
t
h
e f
r
e
que
n
c
y
of
pl
a
yi
ng
mi
g
ht
i
mp
rov
e
t
h
e
R
E
a
n
d
S
E
.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
Ex
pe
rime
n
t
a
l
d
es
ign
w
a
s
em
pl
o
y
ed
i
n
t
h
is
c
urrent
s
tu
d
y
.
Tw
e
l
v
e
par
tici
p
an
ts
w
e
r
e
se
le
cted
a
mo
n
g
the
s
t
ude
n
t
s
of
a
p
riva
te
c
ol
le
ge
i
n
P
e
na
ng,
M
ala
y
s
i
a.
T
he
f
act
t
ha
t
the
p
a
rtic
ipa
n
ts
h
a
d
t
o
be
c
om
m
itt
ed
t
o
me
et
a
n
d
p
l
a
y
eve
r
y
w
e
e
k
f
or
s
ever
al
w
eeks
l
e
d
t
o
t
he
d
i
f
fi
cul
t
y
of
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
am
pl
i
n
g.
N
e
v
ert
h
eles
s,
e
fforts
t
o
con
t
ro
l
t
h
e
co
nfo
u
n
d
i
ng
va
ri
able
s
ha
ve
b
ee
n
pa
i
d
by
m
a
k
i
n
g
s
ur
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
pa
r
t
i
c
ipa
n
ts
a
re
f
r
o
m
the
sam
e
batc
h
a
nd
hav
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ex
pos
ed
t
o
a
ny
e
n
t
r
e
p
re
neur
ial
ac
tiv
it
i
es
b
efor
e
get
t
i
n
g
i
n
v
o
l
ved
i
n
t
hi
s
c
u
rre
n
t
stud
y.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
,
bec
a
u
se TBG
is
a
re
l
a
tive
l
y new
bo
ard gam
e
,
no
ne o
f the
par
t
ic
ipa
n
t
s
ha
v
e been
e
xp
os
e
d
to
T
BG
y
e
t
.
A
pre
t
est
of
R
E
and
S
E
w
as
c
on
d
u
cte
d
t
o
a
ll
the
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
nts
by
usi
n
g
a
n
a
da
pte
d
v
e
r
s
i
on
o
f
Con
n
o
r-
D
a
vid
s
on
Re
si
lie
nce
S
c
a
l
e
[4
2]
a
n
d
M
r
uk’
s
t
w
o-
di
m
e
n
s
i
o
na
l
Se
l
f-es
t
ee
m
sca
l
e
[2
7].
The
ad
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
w
a
s
con
d
u
c
t
e
d
a
f
ter
t
h
e
c
onte
n
t
o
f
t
he
i
ns
t
r
um
ents
h
ave
be
en
v
a
l
i
da
te
d
b
y
a
p
a
n
e
l
o
f
e
x
pe
rts
a
nd
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s
w
ith
s
a
m
e
de
m
ograp
hy
a
s
the
part
ici
p
a
n
ts
.
A
f
t
e
r
t
h
e
pr
e
-
test
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
co
ndu
ct
e
d
,
t
h
e
p
a
rti
c
ip
ant
s
w
e
r
e
rand
om
ly
g
r
o
u
p
ed
i
n
t
o
t
h
r
e
e
gr
oups
o
f
fo
ur;
t
h
e
ra
nd
om
iza
t
i
o
n
w
a
s
p
e
r
fo
rmed
b
y
g
i
vi
ng
s
equ
e
nt
i
a
l
nu
mb
e
r
s
from
one
t
o
t
h
re
e
in
f
r
o
nt
o
f
eac
h
par
tic
i
p
a
n
t’s
n
a
me
,
a
nd
part
ic
i
p
an
ts
w
ith
s
a
m
e
n
u
mb
e
r
s
w
e
r
e
a
ssig
ned
t
o
the same groups.
The
c
o
n
t
rol
g
r
ou
p
m
e
m
b
ers
w
e
re
not
a
sk
e
d
t
o
p
l
ay
a
t
a
l
l
,
w
hile
t
h
e
m
e
m
b
ers
of
t
he
e
xper
i
m
e
nt
a
l
gro
u
p
A
an
d
B
w
e
r
e
b
riefe
d
a
bo
u
t
t
he
g
am
e.
M
e
m
be
rs
o
f
t
h
e
e
xper
im
ent
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
A
w
e
re
a
ske
d
t
o
pl
a
y
T
BG
once
a w
e
e
k
fo
r
three
w
e
e
ks
i
n a r
o
w
, w
here
as t
ho
se w
h
o
b
elo
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
e
xp
eri
m
ent
a
l
g
r
ou
p B t
w
i
c
e
a
w
e
e
k
i
n
the
sam
e
w
eek
s.
G
uid
a
nce
fr
om
r
e
s
e
a
rc
hers
a
nd
rese
arc
h
a
ssista
n
t
s
w
e
r
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
t
w
o
g
a
m
e
s
;
i
n
the
t
h
ir
d
gam
e
s
onw
a
r
ds,
t
h
e
pa
rtic
i
p
a
n
ts
h
a
d
s
tar
t
ed
t
o
e
n
j
o
y
a
n
d
got
f
am
i
l
i
a
r
w
ith
t
he
g
am
e,
t
he
r
e
fore
gu
ida
n
ce
w
as
n
eede
d
l
e
s
s.
A
fter
t
hre
e
w
e
e
k
s
,
a
l
l
t
h
e
par
t
ic
ipa
n
ts,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
ng
the
c
o
n
t
ro
l
gro
up,
w
e
r
e
aske
d
t
o
respo
nd
t
o
t
he
pos
t
t
e
s
t
,
w
hic
h
i
s
a
n
o
t
her
versio
n
o
f
t
he
a
dap
t
a
ti
o
n
o
f
b
o
th
s
ca
les.
T
h
e
pos
ttest
v
e
r
sio
n
h
a
d
als
o
be
e
n va
lid
ate
d
b
y t
h
e
sam
e
pa
n
el a
s th
e pr
etest ve
rsio
n
of
the scal
e
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
Im
provi
n
g Resi
lie
nce
a
nd S
e
lf
-Estee
m
am
on
g
U
n
i
v
ers
i
t
y
St
ude
n
t
s w
i
t
h
.... (
K
usus
a
n
to
Pr
i
h
a
d
i)
53
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
ANALY
S
IS
Bet
w
een
-
subj
ect
MANOVA
h
a
s
b
een
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
t
e
st
t
h
e
hy
p
o
t
h
eses.
The
a
ssum
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
corr
elat
i
on
bet
w
ee
n
S
E
a
nd
R
E
w
a
s
sa
t
i
s
f
i
e
d
(P
e
a
rson’s
r
=
.
42,
p
=
.
1
3
1
).
T
he
a
ssum
pt
ion
of
h
omo
g
ene
i
t
y
of
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
-gro
ups
v
ar
ianc
e
w
a
s
sat
i
s
f
i
e
d
for
S
E
a
nd
RE
[
F
(
2,
1
1
)
=
.
1
29,
p
=
.8
80
;
F
(
2,
1
1)
=
0
.8
4,
p
=
.
9
2
0
]
.
The
a
s
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
of
hom
oge
nei
t
y
o
f
v
a
r
ia
nce
-
c
ova
ria
n
ce
m
atrice
s
w
as
s
a
t
i
s
fied
[
Bo
x
'
s
M
=
5.22,
F
(
6
,
1
295
.0
96
)
=
.62
,
p
=
.7
13
].
U
si
n
g
t
h
e
Wil
k
s’
c
ri
t
e
ri
on
,
th
e
c
o
mb
i
n
e
d
d
e
p
ende
n
t
v
a
r
iab
l
es
w
ere
stat
isti
ca
ll
y
affec
t
e
d
by
the
fr
eque
nc
y
of
p
la
y
i
n
g
T
BG
,
Wi
lks’
Λ
=
.
20,
F
(4,
20)
=
6
.
0
8
2
,
p
=
.002.
F
oll
o
w
i
ng
up
us
i
n
g
un
iva
r
ia
te
F
a
nd
a
p
p
l
yin
g
B
on
fe
rron
i
'
s
c
or
re
cti
on
(ad
j
us
t
e
d
α
w
as
.
02
5)
,
ther
e
wa
s
a
s
t
at
is
tic
al
ly
s
i
g
ni
fican
t
di
ffe
re
nce
in
R
E [F
(2, 11)
=
17.28
7,
p <
.
001
] but
n
ot
i
n
S
E
[F
(2,
11) = .
240, p
=
.79].
S
i
gni
fic
a
n
t
di
ff
ere
n
c
e
i
n
t
h
e
a
v
e
r
age
sc
or
es
o
f
R
E
a
m
o
ng
t
h
e
gr
ou
p
s
s
ugge
st
ed
t
h
a
t
th
e
freq
u
e
n
c
y
of
pla
y
in
g
T
B
G
affec
t
s
t
h
e
ad
equa
c
y
o
f
R
E
;
ne
ve
rt
heles
s
,
the
ave
r
a
ge
R
E
s
c
o
r
es
o
f
t
h
e
me
mb
e
r
s
o
f
t
he
expe
r
i
me
nt
a
l
g
r
oup
B
is
s
i
g
n
i
fica
n
t
l
y
l
ow
er
t
h
a
n
the
m
e
m
b
ers
of
t
h
e
e
xp
eri
m
e
n
t
a
l
g
r
oup
A.
I
n
o
t
h
e
r
wo
rd
s,
des
p
i
t
e
pla
y
ing
T
B
G
im
pro
v
es
t
he
p
ar
tici
p
a
n
ts’
R
E
a
de
quac
y
b
e
t
t
er
t
ha
n
n
o
t
p
l
ay
i
n
g
at
a
l
l
,
pla
y
i
ng
i
t
i
n
mode
rat
i
o
n
(
o
n
ce
a
w
e
ek)
gave
b
e
tter
im
provem
e
n
t
o
f
RE
a
de
qua
cy
t
h
a
n
pl
a
y
in
g
i
t
m
ore
ofte
n
(twice
a
w
ee
k).
I
n
si
gn
i
f
ica
n
t
d
i
ffe
re
n
c
e
in
t
he
a
ve
rage
S
E
scor
es
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
g
ro
u
p
s
sug
g
e
s
te
d
tha
t
t
he
f
r
e
que
nc
y
o
f
p
l
ayi
n
g
TBG
di
d
no
t
h
a
v
e
a
ny
s
i
gni
fi
can
t
eff
e
c
t
o
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
r
ov
em
e
n
t
o
f
S
E
score
s
.
N
e
ve
rt
heles
s
,
de
spi
t
e
t
h
e
in
si
g
n
i
f
ica
n
c
e
,
ga
p
o
f
S
E
sc
ores
b
e
t
w
e
en
p
re
a
n
d
pos
t
-
te
st
o
f
t
he
e
xp
er
i
m
enta
l
grou
p
B
w
a
s
the
h
i
g
h
es
t,
fo
l
l
ow
e
d
b
y
the
expe
r
i
me
nt
a
l
g
r
oup
A
an
d
t
h
e
co
n
t
ro
l
gro
up.
I
t
c
a
n
b
e
c
onc
l
ude
d
tha
t
d
es
pi
t
e
t
he
f
re
que
n
c
y
of
p
l
a
yin
g
T
B
G
i
m
p
ro
ves
t
h
e
a
v
era
g
e
S
E
s
core
s,
t
he
i
m
p
ro
vem
e
nt
mi
gh
t
n
o
t
be
t
ha
t
sign
i
f
ica
n
t
w
h
e
n
t
he
dura
t
i
o
n
of
p
la
yi
n
g
w
as
o
n
l
y
thre
e
w
e
e
k
s.
F
i
g
ur
e
1
i
l
l
u
stra
te
t
he
g
a
p
b
e
t
w
een
p
os
t
t
est
and
pre
t
e
s
t
o
f
S
E
and
R
E
a
mo
ng
t
he
t
h
r
e
e
in
vo
l
v
ed
g
rou
p
s
.
F
i
gur
e 1.
S
E and
RE am
ong t
h
e
G
r
oups
F
i
gure
1
il
lu
strate
s
t
h
e
s
t
ate
m
e
n
ts
i
n
the
a
f
ore
m
e
n
ti
one
d
para
g
ra
ph
.
In
t
h
e
c
on
t
r
o
l
g
roup
,
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
d
i
d
n
o
t
p
l
a
y
T
B
G
a
t
a
l
l
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
R
E
s
c
o
r
e
i
n
t
he
p
osttes
t
i
s
l
o
we
r
t
h
a
n
i
n
t
h
eir
p
r
etest,
w
h
i
l
e
the
gro
u
p
t
h
a
t
p
l
a
ye
d
T
B
G
l
e
ss
ofte
n
s
h
ow
s
t
h
e
hig
h
es
t
RE
s
core,
dif
f
e
rences
i
n
terms
of
R
E
deve
l
opm
en
t
a
m
ong
t
he
g
ro
u
p
s
w
a
s
si
g
n
ific
ant,
a
n
d
n
o
sign
i
f
ica
n
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
S
E
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
;
neve
r
t
h
e
less,
t
he
S
E
deve
lop
m
ent in
t
he
gro
up
w
h
o pla
y
e
d
m
or
e o
ft
e
n
w
a
s
the
a
ver
a
ge
l
y
hig
hes
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2252-
8822
IJERE
V
ol
.
7,
N
o.
1,
Ma
r
ch 201
8
: 48
– 56
54
I
t
i
s
impe
ra
ti
v
e
t
o
no
t
e
t
hat
F
i
g
u
re
1
a
lso
in
d
i
cate
d
n
e
g
at
i
v
e
impro
v
e
me
nt
o
f
RE
a
mong
t
he
me
mbe
r
s
of
c
o
n
t
r
ol
g
r
o
up.
I
n
o
t
her
w
o
rd
s,
m
em
bers
o
f
th
e
co
ntro
l
gro
u
p
h
ad
t
he
ir
R
E
dec
r
ea
sed
w
i
thi
n
t
he
three
w
e
ek
s
o
f
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
t
pe
rio
d
.
It
c
a
n
a
ls
o
be
c
onc
lude
d
tha
t
a
p
a
rt
fro
m
i
m
p
r
ov
i
n
g
R
E
a
nd
S
E,
p
l
a
yi
ng
TBG
w
i
l
l
a
ls
o pro
t
ec
t i
n
div
i
d
u
al
s from
havi
ng t
h
e
i
r
RE
d
e
c
r
ea
se
d by
pos
si
ble da
ily
l
i
f
e
eve
n
ts.
4.
DISC
USSION
F
i
ndi
ng
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
st
ud
y
sug
g
e
s
te
d
t
h
at
p
lay
i
n
g
T
BG
s
i
g
n
i
fic
a
nt
l
y
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
R
E
.
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
of
s
om
e
st
u
d
i
e
s
[3],
[25],
[
3
8
],
[4
0],
an
i
mpr
o
vem
e
nt
o
f
R
E
s
i
gnif
ic
a
n
t
l
y
p
r
edic
ts
t
he
i
mp
r
ovem
e
n
t
o
f
g
e
ne
ra
l
entre
p
reneur
s
h
ip
s
kil
l
s.
T
here
fore
,
pl
a
y
in
g
TBG
freq
u
en
t
l
y
m
i
g
h
t
hel
p
i
nd
i
v
i
d
ual
s
t
o
ga
in
m
ore
re
silie
nce
,
w
h
ic
h w
i
l
l
be
re
qu
i
r
ed t
o de
v
e
lo
p stro
n
g
er
e
ntre
preneur
s
hi
p
sk
i
ll
s
.
H
o
w
e
ver,
f
i
n
di
n
g
s
of
t
his
st
ud
y
did
n
o
t
su
g
g
e
s
t
an
y
c
o
n
t
ri
bu
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
l
a
yin
g
TBG
to
t
he
i
m
p
r
ov
emen
t
of
S
E.
A
p
re
v
i
ou
s
qu
al
it
a
t
iv
e
st
udy
b
y
Pri
h
adi
and
Ha
i
r
ul
(
20
15
)
rep
o
r
t
e
d
th
e
ad
eq
ua
c
y
o
f
SE
am
ong
t
h
e
par
tici
p
a
n
t
s
w
ere
im
prov
ing
a
l
o
n
g
w
ith the
ir
fre
que
n
c
y
of
p
l
a
yi
ng
T
BG
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
f
r
equ
e
nc
y
of
risk
y
mo
ve
s
the
y
t
ook
a
fter
t
he
y
gai
n
e
d
s
om
e
e
x
perie
n
c
e
i
n
p
l
ay
in
g
th
e
g
a
me
[
3
]
.
Th
e
same
s
t
u
dy
a
l
s
o
sug
g
es
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
he
S
E
st
y
l
e
sh
ifted
fr
om
w
or
t
h
i
n
ess-ba
s
e
d
t
o
c
o
mp
et
en
c
e
-b
a
s
e
d
a
ft
er
s
o
m
e
g
a
i
n
i
n
g
so
me
expe
r
i
ence
. Bo
t
h fe
a
t
ure
s
(fr
eque
nc
y o
f
t
ak
i
n
g
r
i
sk
y m
o
ves
a
nd
t
h
e shi
f
t
o
f
S
E st
yle) were
no
t de
te
cte
d
i
n t
h
i
s
q
u
a
nt
it
a
t
i
v
e
stu
d
y
,
a
nd
m
ost
i
m
po
rt
an
tly
,
s
i
g
ni
fi
c
a
n
c
e
of
t
h
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
p
re
a
nd
p
o
s
t
-
t
e
st
o
f
SE
w
a
s
no
t de
tec
t
e
d
.
F
i
ndi
ng
of
t
h
i
s
curre
nt
s
t
u
d
y
s
up
p
o
rts
t
h
e
s
t
atem
en
t
of
B
a
e
e
t
a
l
.
t
h
a
t
i
n
t
e
r
na
l
fa
ct
ors
t
h
at
a
ffec
t
s
gene
ra
l
e
n
t
r
e
p
re
n
e
urs
h
i
p
c
a
n
b
e
alt
e
red
[2].
T
her
e
for
e
,
it
m
igh
t
n
o
t
be
i
n
l
i
ne
w
ith
t
he
r
e
port
o
f
S
ha
ne
a
n
d
N
i
co
lao
u
(
2
0
1
5
)
t
h
a
t
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
p
re
di
s
p
osi
t
i
o
n
i
s
t
he
dom
i
n
an
t
fac
t
o
r
of
e
ntre
prene
u
r
s
hip
;
by
sh
ow
i
ng
the
con
n
ec
tio
n
be
t
w
ee
n
th
e
freq
u
enc
y
o
f
p
l
a
y
i
ng
T
B
G
a
nd
t
h
e
le
ve
l
o
f
R
E
,
i
t
i
s
s
u
g
g
es
te
d
t
h
a
t
s
om
e
fa
ctors,
inc
l
ud
ing
RE,
ca
n be
al
t
ere
d
. In ot
her
w
o
rds, e
nt
r
e
pre
n
e
u
ria
l
s
k
i
l
l
s
can
b
e
ta
ug
ht
a
nd le
arne
d [1
8].
The
re
p
o
rts
fr
om
p
revi
o
u
s
re
se
arc
h
s
u
gge
s
t
ed
t
ha
t
e
n
tre
p
r
e
neur
i
a
l
s
k
i
l
l
i
s
a
f
fe
cte
d
b
y
self-e
ffica
cy
and
a
t
tit
ud
e
t
o
w
a
rds
the
e
n
trepr
e
ne
ursh
ip
e
duca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
ram
,
a
s
w
ell
as
p
r
i
or
e
nt
r
e
pre
n
euria
l
e
x
p
er
i
e
n
ces.
At
the
sa
me
t
o
n
e
,
F
ayo
lle
a
nd
G
ail
l
y
re
por
te
d
t
h
a
t
i
ndi
v
i
dua
ls
m
i
g
ht
d
evel
o
p
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
at
t
i
t
u
de
t
o
w
ards
entre
p
reneur
s
h
ip
e
duca
tio
n
p
r
ogram
w
hen
t
h
e
y
w
e
r
e
exp
o
s
ed
t
o
ne
ga
ti
v
e
e
ntre
prene
u
r
i
a
l
e
xpe
rie
n
ce
s
[22
]
.
D
e
m
ogra
p
h
i
c
a
lly,
p
a
rt
ic
ipa
n
t
s
i
n
thi
s
c
urre
n
t
s
t
u
dy
w
e
re
n
ot
o
l
d
e
n
ou
g
h
t
o
be
e
x
pose
d
t
o
an
y
e
n
trepre
neur
ial
expe
r
i
ence
;
th
e
r
efor
e,
t
h
e
ir
a
tt
i
t
u
d
e
t
o
wards
TBG
wa
s
posit
i
v
e,
a
nd
i
t
w
as
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
im
pro
v
e
m
ent
o
f
the
i
r RE a
l
ong
the ga
me
.
A
s
e
xp
la
ine
d
i
n
m
ode
ls
b
y
F
r
ese
[26]
a
n
d
P
riha
di
a
n
d
H
airul
[3]
,
en
t
r
epr
e
neursh
i
p
o
r
effec
t
ive
op
p
o
rt
uni
ty
p
u
r
sui
n
g
occ
u
rs
a
fter
c
om
ple
x
i
n
t
e
rre
l
a
tio
nsh
i
p
am
o
ng
m
any
va
ria
b
les;
a
p
a
rt
from
SE
a
nd
R
E,
ot
her
var
i
a
b
l
e
s
a
r
e
a
l
so
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
c
on
tri
b
u
t
or
s
of
e
ntre
pre
n
e
urs
h
i
p
.
N
e
verthe
less,
t
he
o
b
j
ec
t
i
ve
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
a
c
h
i
e
ve
d;
i
t
is
e
mp
irica
l
l
y
p
ro
ve
n
tha
t
t
he
f
re
que
nc
y
of
p
la
y
i
ng
t
he
T
BG
p
o
s
i
t
i
ve
ly
a
ffe
c
t
s
R
E
a
m
on
g
y
oun
g
a
dul
ts, a
n
d
do
e
s
not
si
g
n
i
fi
c
a
nt
l
y
a
ffe
ct
S
E.
4.1.
Su
g
g
e
stio
ns
F
i
rst
o
f
a
l
l
, it is su
g
g
e
s
t
e
d t
o
c
on
duc
t l
o
ng
it
ud
i
n
al
s
tu
d
i
e
s
w
i
t
h
l
a
rg
e
r
s
amp
l
e
si
z
e
and
mo
re
v
ari
a
bl
e
s
in
vol
ve
d.
N
um
erous
v
a
r
ia
ble
s
a
n
d
s
u
c
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
w
i
l
l
p
ro
vide
b
et
te
r
kn
ow
le
dge
i
n
the
e
f
fec
t
o
f
p
l
a
y
i
n
g
T
B
G
on
the
part
ic
ip
ant
s
’
ac
t
u
a
l
e
n
t
re
p
r
en
eu
ri
al
v
e
n
tu
res,
a
n
d
a
l
a
r
ger
sa
mple
s
ize
o
ffe
rs
m
or
e
vario
u
s
dat
a
.
O
t
her
v
a
ri
a
b
l
e
s,
s
u
c
h
a
s
p
e
r
son
a
lity
,
se
l
f
-effi
ca
c
y
o
r
o
t
he
rs
t
ha
t
w
e
re
m
e
n
t
i
one
d
in
p
rev
i
ous
s
t
u
die
s
[
3],
[
26]
s
ho
uld
be
freq
u
en
t
l
y
m
easure
d
i
n
ce
r
t
a
i
n
pe
ri
od
of
time
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
ob
ta
in
m
uc
h
mor
e
c
omplet
e
pic
t
ur
e
ab
o
u
t
w
h
at
TBG
ca
n do
to
e
ntrepr
ene
u
rshi
p sk
i
l
l
o
f
i
n
d
i
vi
dua
l
s
.
The
sec
o
n
d
s
u
gge
st
i
o
n
is
r
e
l
ated
t
o
dem
o
graph
y
o
f
the
pa
rtic
ipa
n
t
s.
S
t
u
d
i
es
o
n
the
e
ffe
cti
v
e
n
ess
o
f
TBG
i
n
i
m
p
rov
i
ng
e
nt
re
p
r
e
n
e
u
ri
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
rs
h
a
d
b
e
e
n
do
ne
o
n
y
oun
g
a
d
u
l
t
s
a
nd
tee
n
a
g
ers,
b
u
t
not
a
mong
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
on
a
l
s
o
r
s
t
a
rt
u
p
s
.
Old
e
r
a
g
e
g
r
oup
wi
t
h
m
o
r
e
ent
r
ep
re
n
e
uria
l
e
xpe
r
i
ence
s
mi
gh
t
offer
r
i
c
h
e
r
d
ata
w
h
et
her
TBG
pla
y
in
g
ac
tua
l
l
y
i
ncr
ease
o
p
por
tun
i
t
y
p
urs
u
i
n
g
sk
il
ls
i
n
re
al
e
ntre
pren
e
u
ri
al
v
en
tu
re
,
wh
i
l
e
y
oun
g
e
r g
r
ou
ps
mi
g
ht
o
ff
e
r
d
i
f
f
e
re
nt
p
ersp
ect
iv
e
s
of
en
t
r
ep
ren
e
urial
e
d
u
cati
o
n.
The
t
h
i
r
d
su
gg
e
s
tio
n
is
t
o
in
v
o
l
v
e
s
u
cce
ssf
ul
e
ntre
pre
n
eurs
i
n
pla
y
in
g
t
h
e
ga
me
.
Whe
n
p
la
y
i
n
g
t
he
gam
e
i
m
p
r
o
ve
s
fac
t
o
r
s
t
h
a
t
a
ffe
c
t
i
n
d
i
v
idua
ls’
en
trepre
ne
u
r
ial
s
k
i
lls,
succ
essfu
l
e
ntre
pr
eneur
s
s
ho
u
l
d
be
a
ble
to
p
la
y
t
h
e
ga
me
(
afte
r
bei
n
g
brie
fe
d
a
n
d
t
r
ai
ne
d)
m
ore
e
f
fe
ct
i
ve
ly
t
ha
n
ot
h
e
r
in
d
i
v
i
dua
l
s
f
r
o
m
di
ffe
re
nt de
m
o
g
ra
p
hy.
F
u
ture
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
sh
o
u
l
d
a
do
p
t
t
he
t
hree
a
fo
re
me
nt
i
one
d
s
u
g
g
es
tio
n
in
o
rde
r
t
o
bri
ng
the
T
B
G
an
d
ot
her
e
duca
t
i
o
nal
ga
me
s
re
late
d
to
e
n
t
repr
ene
u
ria
l
s
kill
s
to
h
i
gh
e
r
l
ev
el
.
It
i
s
a
l
so
s
u
g
g
e
st
ed
t
hat
entre
p
reneur
i
a
l
gam
e
s,
s
uch
as
T
BG
a
r
e
o
ffe
r
ed
i
n
en
tre
p
rene
uri
a
l
w
or
ksho
ps
f
or
you
ng
a
d
u
l
ts
i
n
or
de
r
to
enha
nc
e
t
h
e
i
r
ba
sic
t
r
ai
ts
o
f
entre
p
r
e
neur
i
a
l
fac
t
or
s.
F
ut
ure
r
ese
a
rc
h
sh
o
u
l
d
a
ls
o
be
d
o
n
e
acr
o
s
s
nat
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
di
ffe
re
nt
c
u
ltur
e
a
nd
s
o
cia
l
s
e
t
t
i
n
g
i
n
o
rde
r
t
o
obta
i
n
be
t
t
er
kn
o
w
l
e
dg
e
in
d
esi
gni
ng
m
ore
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
g
e
n
e
ra
l
entre
p
reneur
s
h
ip
e
d
u
ca
tio
n pr
ogram
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
Im
provi
n
g Resi
lie
nce
a
nd S
e
lf
-Estee
m
am
on
g
U
n
i
v
ers
i
t
y
St
ude
n
t
s w
i
t
h
.... (
K
usus
a
n
to
Pr
i
h
a
d
i)
55
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
Thi
s
s
t
u
dy
w
a
s
c
on
du
ct
ed
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
Int
e
rn
al
R
e
s
ea
rch
Gra
n
t
Sch
e
m
e
from
H
E
LP
U
ni
versi
t
y,
Ma
lays
ia,
and
w
a
s fully
s
up
p
o
rte
d
by t
h
e
D
e
pa
rtme
n
t
o
f P
s
yc
ho
l
o
g
y
,
D
I
S
TED
C
ol
lege
,
P
e
na
ng.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
N.
W
illi
a
m
s
and
T.
V
orl
e
y,
“
E
c
ono
m
i
c
resili
ence
an
d
ent
r
eprene
u
rsh
i
p:
l
es
so
ns
from
th
e
S
h
effield
City
R
eg
io
n
,
”
En
tr
epren
e
ur
sh
ip
&
Region
al De
vel
op
ment
,
v
o
l/issu
e:
2
6(3
-
4),
pp
.
25
7-2
81,
2
0
1
4
.
[2]
T.
J
.
Bae,
et al.
,
“
T
h
e
R
ela
t
ions
h
i
p
bet
w
een
E
n
t
repreneu
rsh
i
p
Edu
cati
on
an
d
E
n
t
r
e
p
re
n
e
uria
l
I
n
t
e
ntio
ns
:
A
Me
ta
-
An
alytic
R
ev
iew,”
Entr
epr
e
neur
sh
ip
T
h
eory and
Practice
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
,
p
p.
2
1
7–2
54
,
201
4.
[3]
K.
P
r
i
ha
d
i
a
nd
N
.
I
.
H
a
i
ru
l,
“
Util
iz
in
g
“
T
ra
d
e
rs”
Boa
r
d
Game
t
o
I
m
p
rov
e
E
n
t
repren
eursh
i
p
F
acto
r
s
am
o
n
g
Teen
agers:
A Q
ual
i
t
a
ti
ve St
u
d
y
,”
Jurnal
Psikol
o
g
i
Ma
l
a
ysia
,
vol/is
su
e
:
2
9(2),
pp.
4
3-60
,
2
01
5.
[4]
S
.
R
am
oglo
u
,
“W
ho
is
a
‘
n
o
n
-
entrep
reneu
r’?
T
aki
ng
t
h
e
‘o
thers’
of
e
n
t
rep
r
e
n
eurs
hi
p
seri
ou
sl
y,
”
Interna
tion
a
l
Sm
all B
u
sines
s
J
o
ur
na
l
,
v
o
l
/
i
s
su
e:
3
1(4
)
, pp
.
4
32
-
4
5
3
,
2
01
3.
[5]
J.
M
.
W
e
ller,
“
S
i
m
u
la
t
i
on
in
underg
radu
ate
m
e
d
i
cal
e
d
u
cat
ion
:
b
ri
dgin
g
t
h
e
g
ap
b
et
ween
t
h
e
ory
an
d
pract
ice
,
”
Me
dic
a
l Ed
u
c
atio
n
,
vol/issu
e:
3
8
(
1
)
,
pp
.
3
2–3
8,
2
0
0
4
.
[6]
R.
K
h
u
ran
a
,
“
F
rom
High
er
A
ims
t
o
H
ired
H
and
s
:
Th
e
So
cial
T
ran
s
f
orm
a
t
i
on
o
f
A
m
erican
B
u
s
i
n
es
s
S
c
ho
ol
s
an
d
th
e Unf
u
lf
ill
ed
P
ro
m
i
s
e
o
f
M
a
n
a
gem
e
nt
as
a
P
r
o
f
ess
i
o
n
,”
P
rincet
on
,
P
rin
ceto
n
U
niversi
t
y
P
r
ess,
2
0
1
0
.
[7]
B.
B
aran
,
“
F
acebo
o
k
as
a
f
orm
a
l
in
stru
cti
o
n
a
l
e
n
vi
ron
m
ent,
”
Britis
h Jour
nal of
Educa
t
i
o
n
a
l
T
echn
o
l
ogy
,
vol
/issue
:
41
(6),
p
p.
E1
4
6
-
E14
9
,
20
10.
[8]
S
.
M
eh
d
i
zadeh
,
“
S
elf
-
P
r
e
s
ent
a
tion
2
.0:
N
a
rcis
s
i
sm
a
n
d
S
elf
-
E
s
te
e
m
o
n
Fa
c
e
book
,”
Cyber
p
s
ych
ol
og
y,
B
e
ha
vior,
an
d S
o
ci
al Networ
kin
g
,
vol/i
ss
ue
:
13
(4),
p
p
.
3
5
7
-3
64,
2
0
1
0
.
[9]
A.
O
ren,
“
Th
e
us
e
o
f
board
g
ames
i
n
child
p
sy
c
h
o
t
h
e
rap
y
,”
Jo
ur
nal
o
f
Chil
d Psycho
t
h
e
rap
y
,
vo
l/
is
sue:
3
4
(
3),
pp.
36
4-3
83,
2
0
0
8
.
[10]
A.
A
lm
edo
m
a
nd
D
.
G
l
an
do
n,
“
Resi
li
ence
i
s
not
t
h
e
a
b
s
ence
of
P
T
S
D
a
ny
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
h
e
a
l
t
h
i
s
t
h
e
a
b
s
ence
of
di
sease,
”
J
o
urna
l
o
f
Lo
ss
an
d Tr
au
ma
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
pp.
1
2
7–1
43
,
2
007.
[11]
A.
Z
aut
r
a,
“
Resili
ence:
O
n
e
p
art
recov
e
ry
,
t
w
o
part
s
s
u
stain
a
b
i
li
t
y
,
”
J
o
urna
l o
f
Pe
rso
n
a
l
i
t
y
,
vo
l/issue
:
7
7(6),
pp.
19
35
-194
3,
2
0
0
9
.
[12]
A.
B
u
llo
ug
h,
et
a
l
.
,
“
D
ang
e
r
Zo
ne
E
ntrep
r
eneu
rs:
The
Im
port
a
nce
o
f
R
esi
l
i
e
nce
an
d
S
e
lf
-Eff
icacy
f
or
Entrepreneuri
a
l I
n
tentions,”
Entrepreneurship Th
e
o
ry
an
d P
r
a
c
tic
e
,
v
ol.
38,
p
p
.
473–4
99
,
2
014
.
[13]
H.
Littunen,
“
E
n
t
r
epreneurshi
p
a
nd
t
he
c
h
a
ra
ct
eri
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
the
e
n
t
rep
r
eneuri
al
p
ers
o
n
a
lit
y
,”
Internati
o
nal Journal of
En
tr
epren
e
ur
ia
l B
e
havi
o
r
&
Resear
ch
,
vol/i
ss
ue
:
6(6
)
,
pp.
2
95
-309,
2
00
0.
[14]
D.
B
.
Audret
sch
and
Z.
J
.
A
c
s,
“
New
-firm
s
t
a
r
t
u
p
s,
t
echnology,
and
m
acroeco
no
m
i
c
fl
uct
u
ations,
”
Small Bus
i
ness
Ec
on
omic
s
, vo
l
/
i
s
sue: 6(6
)
,
p
p
. 4
39
-44
9
, 1
99
4.
[15]
H.
E
.
Al
drich
,
“
Us
in
g
an
ecol
o
g
i
cal
p
ersp
ectiv
e
to
s
tu
dy
o
r
gan
i
z
a
ti
on
al
f
ou
nd
ing
rates
,
”
En
tre
p
re
ne
ursh
ip
Th
e
o
ry
an
d p
r
a
c
ti
c
e
,
vol/
i
s
s
ue:
1
4
(3),
p
p
.
7
-24,
1
9
90.
[16]
J.
T.
Eckh
ardt
a
nd
S
.
A.
S
h
a
ne,
“
O
p
port
u
n
i
ties
and
ent
r
epren
e
u
r
ship,”
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
ma
na
gem
e
nt
,
vol/issu
e:
2
9(3
)
,
pp.
33
3-3
49,
2
0
0
3
.
[17]
S.
S
ha
n
e
,
et a
l
.
,
“
E
ntrepren
euri
al
m
o
t
i
v
ation
,
”
Hu
m
a
n
r
e
source management revi
e
w
,
v
o
l/
is
su
e:
13(2),
pp
.
2
5
7
-
279
,
20
03
.
[18]
S
.
S
han
e
a
nd
N
.
Nicol
a
ou
,
“Th
e
b
i
o
lo
g
i
cal
b
asis
o
f
en
trep
ren
e
ur
s
h
i
p
,
”
e
m
Th
e
Bio
l
ogical
F
ou
ndatio
ns
o
f
Org
a
nizat
io
nal Behav
i
or,
Ch
i
c
a
g
o,
C
h
i
cago
Univers
i
t
y
P
ress,
p
p
.
7
1,
2
01
5.
[19]
S.
S
ha
n
e
,
et a
l
.
,
“Do
op
e
n
ne
ss
t
o
e
x
pe
r
i
e
n
ce
a
n
d
r
e
c
o
gn
iz
in
g
op
po
rtu
n
i
t
i
e
s
h
a
v
e
t
he
s
am
e
g
e
net
i
c
s
o
u
r
ce
?
”
Human
Res
our
ce M
a
n
a
g
em
ent
,
vol/is
s
ue:
4
9
(2),
pp.
2
9
1
-303
,
2
0
1
0
.
[20]
D.
B
olto
n
an
d
M
.
L
ane,
“
In
d
i
vi
du
al
e
n
t
rep
r
eneuri
al
o
rien
tation:
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
nt
o
f
a
m
eas
ure
m
ent
inst
ru
m
e
n
t
,”
Em
erald Edu
c
atio
n
&
T
r
a
i
n
i
ng
,
v
o
l/issu
e:
4
0(2/
3),
p
p
.
2
19-2
33,
2
0
1
2
.
[21]
J
.
D
e
-
J
o
n
g
a
n
d
O
.
M
a
r
s
i
l
i
,
“
S
c
h
u
mp
eteri
a
n
an
d
Kirzn
e
rian
o
p
port
u
n
ities
:
A
n
empi
rical
i
n
v
est
i
g
a
ti
on
o
f
op
port
unity
ty
pes
,
”
em
DRU
I
D
20
11
on
INNOVAT
I
O
N
,
ST
RATE
GY,
an
d ST
RU
CT
UR
E-Or
ga
ni
za
tio
ns,
In
stit
u
tion
s
,
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
an
d R
e
gi
on
s
,
Copen
hag
en,
Denm
ar
k,
2
011
.
[22]
A.
F
ayolle
a
nd
B
.
Gail
ly,
“The
I
m
p
act
o
f
Ent
r
e
p
ren
e
ursh
ip
E
duca
ti
on
o
n
E
n
t
r
epreneu
r
ial
At
titu
d
e
s
a
n
d
In
te
nt
io
n:
Hy
st
e
r
esis
and
Persi
s
t
ence,”
Jo
ur
na
l of Sma
l
l
Bu
si
ness
M
a
n
a
g
eme
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
53
,
pp.
75–
93,
2
0
1
5
.
[23]
J.
E
.
Ku
rn
i
a
wan,
“
Com
p
etiti
ve
t
ra
i
t
s
and
en
trep
ren
e
uri
a
l
ori
e
nt
atio
n
o
n
univ
e
rsi
t
y
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
,
”
e
m
Pr
oceed
in
g Bo
o
k
of
In
t
e
rn
ation
a
l
Con
f
er
ence o
n
Ent
r
epr
e
neu
rship
Ed
uca
t
i
on
20
14
,
Su
ra
ba
ya
, 20
1
4
.
[24]
T.
M
.
S
h
a
t
z,
et
a
l
.
,
“
P
romo
ti
ng
b
u
s
in
ess
and
e
n
trep
reneuri
a
l
aw
aren
ess
in
h
ealt
h
c
are
pro
f
ess
i
on
a
l
s:
l
ess
o
n
s
f
ro
m
ven
t
u
r
e
capi
t
al
p
an
els
at
m
ed
icine
2.0
con
f
erences
,”
Jou
r
n
a
l
of M
e
dical
Int
e
r
n
et
R
e
sear
ch
,
vol/
i
s
s
ue:
1
6
(8),
pp.
18
4-1
90,
2
0
1
4
.
[25]
K.
P
r
i
hadi,
et
a
l
.
,
“
C
reat
ing
n
e
w
J
o
b
s
,
Ga
t
e
s
an
d
Zuck
:
devel
o
p
i
ng
en
trep
reneurs
h
i
p
a
t
early
t
eens,”
em
P
r
o
c
eed
in
g
Bo
ok o
f
In
ter
natio
na
l Co
n
f
erence
on
Entrep
ren
e
urs
h
i
p
Edu
c
at
ion 2
014
,
S
u
r
a
b
a
ya
,
20
14
.
[26]
M
.
F
res
e
,
“To
w
ard
s
a
P
sy
cho
l
o
g
y
of
E
n
t
repreneu
rsh
i
p
—
A
n
A
cti
o
n
T
h
e
ory
P
e
rsp
ecti
v
e,”
Fou
n
d
a
t
i
ons an
d
Trends(R) in
E
n
t
r
epr
e
neurship
,
vol
/issu
e:
5
(6),
pp.
4
3
7
-4
96
,
20
09
.
[27]
C. M
ruk, “
S
e
lf
-Es
t
eem
Research,
Th
eory,
& P
r
acti
ce,” New
Yo
rk,
S
p
rin
g
er
P
u
b
lis
h
in
g
Com
p
an
y,
200
6.
[28]
R.
W
.
Ta
f
a
ro
di
a
n
d
W
.
B.
S
wann,
“
P
e
rs
onalit
y
and
i
ndiv
i
d
u
a
l
D
if
f
e
rences
,”
Two-di
mensional self-est
eem: Theory
an
d m
e
as
urem
en
t
,
v
o
l/is
su
e
:
3
1(5),
p
p
.
6
53
-673
.,
200
1.
[29]
A.
M
as
ten,
“
Ord
i
n
a
ry
m
agi
c
:
Resi
li
ence
p
r
oc
ess
e
s
i
n
d
evelo
p
men
t
,”
A
m
erican
Ps
ycho
l
og
ist
,
v
o
l
/
i
s
s
u
e:
56(3
)
,
pp.
22
7-2
38,
2
0
0
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2252-
8822
IJERE
V
ol
.
7,
N
o.
1,
Ma
r
ch 201
8
: 48
– 56
56
[30]
H.
M
ahd
i
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
P
o
s
ttrau
m
a
tic
G
row
t
h
and
Resi
li
ence
af
t
e
r
a
P
r
ol
on
ged
W
a
r:
A
S
t
u
d
y
i
n
Baghd
ad,
Ira
q,
”
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Ev
a
l
ua
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Re
se
arc
h
in
Edu
c
a
tion
,
v
o
l/issu
e: 3
(3), p
p
.
1
-8
, 2
01
4.
[31]
C
.
M
a
i
r
e
a
n
a
n
d
M
.
N
.
T
u
r
l
i
u
c
,
“
T
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
s
o
c
i
a
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
,
T
o
d
a
y’s
Ch
il
dren
A
re
T
om
orro
w’s
Parent
s,
”
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
Revi
ew:
Ris
k
a
n
d
resili
ence i
n
c
h
il
d
r
en
, pp
.
3
0-3
1
, 2
01
1.
[32]
J.
K
libert,
et a
l
.,
“
R
es
ilien
ce
M
e
di
ates
t
he
R
el
ation
s
b
etw
een
P
erf
ect
ionism
a
n
d
C
oll
e
ge
S
tudent
D
istress,”
Jo
u
r
na
l
of
Cou
n
s
e
lling &
Deve
l
o
p
m
en
t
,
v
o
l
.
9
2,
201
4.
[33]
E.
B
.
S
u
arez,
“
S
u
rv
iving
the
“S
asach
acuy
Ti
em
pu
“
[d
ifficu
lt
t
im
es]:
t
h
e
R
es
ili
e
nce
of
Q
u
echua
W
o
m
en
i
n
th
e
Aft
e
rmat
h
o
f
t
h
e
Peru
v
ian
Arme
d Co
nfl
i
c
t
,” PhD
t
h
e
sis, 2
01
1
.
[34]
G.
A
rslan
,
“
Psychol
og
ical
m
al
treatm
e
n
t
,
e
m
otional
an
d
beh
a
vio
r
a
l
pro
b
l
e
ms
i
n
a
d
ol
escent
s
:
T
h
e
m
e
di
ati
ng
role
o
f
resi
li
e
n
ce and
s
e
lf
-est
eem,”
Child
ab
us
e
&
neg
l
e
c
t
, v
o
l
. 5
2,
p
p.
2
0
0
-2
09
, 20
1
6
.
[35]
Y.
L
i
u
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
A
ff
ect
a
n
d
s
e
l
f-esteem
a
s
m
e
d
i
at
ors
b
e
tween
t
rait
r
esili
e
nce
a
nd
p
sych
ol
ogical
a
dj
ustm
en
t,”
Per
s
o
n
a
l
it
y an
d
ind
i
v
i
du
al diff
erences
,
v
ol.
6
6
,
pp.
92-9
7
,
20
14.
[36]
R.
B
.
M
c
Naugh
t
on
a
nd
B
.
G
ray,
“
Entrepreneur
shi
p
a
nd
r
esilient
c
o
m
mu
n
iti
es–introd
u
ctio
n
t
o
t
h
e
s
peci
al
i
ss
ue,
”
Journal o
f
Enterpri
s
i
ng
Co
mmunities:
Peopl
e
and
Place
s i
n
t
h
e Gl
obal
E
c
onomy
,
v
o
l/i
s
s
u
e:
1
1
(
1),
p
p
.
2-1
9
,
201
7.
[37]
C.
E
.
Agai
b
i
a
n
d
J
.
P
.
W
il
so
n
,
“
T
r
aum
a
,
PT
SD,
an
d
resili
ence:
A
r
evi
e
w
of
t
h
e
l
it
erature,
”
T
r
au
ma
, Vi
o
l
ence,
&
Abuse
,
vo
l/is
su
e
:
6
(3),
p
p
.
1
9
5
-216,
2
0
05.
[38]
R.
C
.
W
i
nd
ha
m,
et a
l
.
,
“S
el
ected
s
pi
rit
u
a
l
r
el
ig
iou
s
,
an
d
f
a
m
i
l
y
f
acto
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
rev
enti
on
o
f
sch
o
o
l
v
i
o
l
e
nce,”
Co
un
se
ling
an
d
Value
s
,
vo
l/issue
:
49(3)
, pp
.
208-
2
16,
2005.
[39]
M
.
P
an
agioti
,
et
a
l
.
,
“P
erceiv
e
d
so
c
i
al
s
u
p
p
o
rt
buff
e
rs
t
he
i
m
p
ac
t
of
P
T
S
D
s
y
m
p
toms
o
n
suicida
l
b
ehavior:
Im
plicati
ons i
n
t
o
s
u
i
c
id
e resili
e
n
ce research
,”
Co
m
p
r
e
hens
ive p
s
ych
iat
r
y
, vol/is
su
e:
55(1),
pp
.
104
-
112, 2014.
[40]
C
.
M
.
B
o
w
e
r
s
a
n
d
D
.
L
.
G
.
B
.
L
.
P
a
r
r
i
s
,
“
W
h
i
c
h
c
a
m
e
f
i
r
s
t
,
t
h
e
chick
e
n
or
t
he
e
g
g
?
E
xp
lo
ri
ng
t
he
r
el
atio
n
s
hi
p
bet
w
een
e
nt
repren
eursh
i
p
an
d
resi
lien
ce
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
Boruca
Ind
i
an
s
o
f
C
os
t
a
R
i
ca,”
Jour
na
l of
E
n
t
e
rprisin
g
Com
m
un
ities
:
Peo
p
l
e
an
d
Pla
c
es
i
n
t
h
e
Glo
bal Econo
my
,
v
o
l
/issu
e:
1
1(1
)
,
p
p
. 3
9-
6
0
, 2
01
7.
[41]
A.
W
.
H
a
riyaty,
et a
l
.
,
“
S
oc
i
a
l
E
n
t
r
epreneu
r
sh
ip
a
nd
R
esil
ien
ce
am
on
g
P
u
bli
c
U
n
i
v
e
rsi
ty
S
tudent
s
i
n
M
a
l
ays
i
a
,
”
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Ac
ad
e
m
ic
Re
se
a
r
c
h
in
Bu
sine
ss
a
n
d
So
c
i
a
l
S
c
ie
nc
e
s
,
vo
l/iss
u
e:
6
(1
2),
pp
.
17
1-1
84,
2
0
1
6
.
[42]
K.
M
.
Co
nn
or
a
nd
J
.
R
.
D
a
v
idso
n,
“
De
ve
lo
pme
n
t
o
f
a
n
e
w
r
e
s
ili
e
n
ce
s
ca
l
e
:
Th
e
Co
nn
or
-
Davidson
resilience
scale
(CD
-
RISC),”
Depres
si
on an
d a
n
xi
ety
,
v
o
l
/i
ssu
e
:
18
(2
),
p
p.
76-8
2
,
2
0
03.
[43]
L.
F
.
G
onzál
ez,
et
al
.
,
“
R
e
l
ati
o
n
s
h
i
ps
b
etween
a
c
a
dem
i
c
st
ress,
s
o
c
ial
s
upp
ort
,
o
p
t
im
is
m
-
pessim
i
s
m
and sel
f-esteem
i
n
c
ol
le
g
e
s
tu
de
n
t
s
,
”
El
ectro
n
i
c
Jo
ur
na
l of
R
e
sea
r
ch i
n
Ed
ucat
io
na
l
Ps
ychol
ogy
,
vo
l/i
s
s
u
e:
1
3(1
)
,
pp.
1
11
-130
,
20
15
.
[44]
M
.
F
erkan
y
,
“The edu
catio
nal
imp
o
rt
ance o
f
se
l
f
-
esteem
,”
Jour
nal of Ph
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
o
f
Ed
uca
t
i
o
n
,
vol/is
su
e
:
4
2(1
)
, pp
.
11
9-1
32,
2
0
0
8
.
[45]
V.
S
uen,
et
a
l
.
,
“Ri
s
k
T
o
leran
ce,
I
m
p
ulsivit
y
,
and
S
e
lf
-esteem:
Diff
erences
a
n
d
Simi
l
a
ri
ties
be
t
w
e
e
n
Gamblers
a
nd
Non-Gamblers
i
n a P
i
lo
t S
t
udy,”
A
d
van
ces i
n
Soci
a
l Sci
e
nces
Rese
a
r
ch
Jou
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l/issue:
4(4
), pp
.
1
72
-1
84
, 2
01
7
.
[46]
M
.
F
res
e
a
nd
M
.
M
.
G
iel
n
ik
,
“
T
h
e
P
sy
chol
og
y
o
f
E
nt
repreneu
rsh
i
p
,”
An
nu
al
R
e
view o
f
Org
aniz
a
t
i
on
al
Psycho
l
o
g
y
&
Orga
n
i
zatio
n
a
l B
e
ha
vior
,
v
o
l
/
i
ssu
e
:
1
(1),
pp.
413-4
3
8
,
2
014
.
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