Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
valua
tio
n
an
d
Rese
arch
in
Educa
tio
n (
I
JE
RE)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
654
~
658
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ije
r
e
.
v
8
i
4
.
20308
654
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJE
R
E
The non
-
techn
ical skil
ls
needed b
y gradua
tes of tec
hn
ical
co
ll
eges i
n
m
eta
l
work
t
echn
ology
Bakare
S
ho
l
a F
1
, A
z
lan
Abd
ul Latib
2
, Ros
mah
Samari
3
,
Yu
sri
Ka
mi
n
4
, Muh
amm
ad
Sukri S
aud
5
,
No
r
F
ad
il
a A
mi
n
6
1
Depa
rtment of
Voca
ti
on
al
and Te
chn
ic
a
l Educ
a
ti
on,
Adekunl
e Ajasin
Univer
si
t
y
,
Niger
ia
2,3,4,5,6
Depa
rtmen
t
of Te
chni
c
al a
n
d
Engi
n
ee
ring
E
duca
t
ion, School of
Edu
cation,
Univer
siti
Te
kno
logi
Ma
lay
sia
,
Malay
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
27
, 201
9
Re
vised
Oct
2
7
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Nov
29
, 201
9
Thi
s
stud
y
c
ent
e
r
ed
on
th
e
vi
ews
of
the
profe
ss
io
nal
s
about
the
n
on
-
te
chn
ic
a
l
skill
s
conside
re
d
cru
cial
as
re
cru
it
m
ent
pr
erequisite
among
gra
duates
of
m
et
al
work
te
chn
olog
y
from
te
ch
nic
a
l
and
vocati
onal
insti
tu
ti
ons
in
Niger
ia.
It
will
a
lso
ex
amine
th
e
poss
ibi
lit
y
of
integr
at
ing
the
se
skil
ls
int
o
the
cur
ric
u
lum.
The
stud
y
m
ade
use
of
the
surve
y
res
ea
rch
design
.
One
rese
ar
ch
questi
on
guid
ed the
stud
y
.
Th
e
p
opula
ti
on
for the
stud
y
comprise
d
m
et
al
work
te
chno
log
y
prof
essional
s
in
Ogun
Stat
e,
South
weste
rn
Niger
ia.
A
36
-
item
questi
o
nnaire
w
as
the
instrume
nt
used
for
data
col
l
ec
t
ion.
The
instrument
was
val
ida
t
ed
b
y
exp
ert
s
from
the
Univer
sit
y
of
La
gos
(UN
ILAG).
The
rel
i
abi
l
ity
of
the
instrument
was
det
ermin
ed
usi
ng
Cronbac
h
Al
pha
and
the
rel
i
abi
l
ity
ind
ex
which
stood
a
t
0
.
79.
The
d
at
a
collecte
d
wer
e
an
aly
sed
usin
g
m
ea
n
stat
isti
c
a
nd
standa
rd
dev
i
at
ion
.
The
stud
y
rev
eale
d
th
at
pr
ofe
ss
iona
ls
pla
c
ed
gre
at
im
porta
nc
e
on
comm
unic
at
ion
skill
s,
proble
m
-
sol
ving
skill
s,
te
amw
ork
skill
s
and
se
lf
-
m
ana
g
ement
qua
li
t
ie
s
among
othe
rs,
a
s
important
re
cru
i
tment
pre
r
equi
site
among
gra
duat
es
of
m
et
al
work
te
ch
nolog
y
from
te
chn
ic
a
l
and
vo
ca
t
iona
l
inst
it
ut
i
ons
in
Niger
ia
.
The
stud
y
concl
udes
with
the
suggestions
tha
t
non
-
te
chn
ic
a
l
skill
s
should
be
integra
t
ed
int
o
th
e
cur
ric
u
lum
par
ticula
r
l
y
in
t
he
fie
ld
of
m
et
al
work
technol
og
y
in
techni
cal
col
le
g
es.
Student
s
should
be
famil
ia
r
wi
t
h
the
emplo
y
ers’
rec
ru
it
m
ent
criter
i
a
whil
e
they
ar
e
stil
l
in
schools
in
orde
r
to
equi
p
them
with
the
necess
ar
y
skil
ls
nee
ded
for em
plo
y
m
ent.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Fu
tu
re em
plo
ym
ent
Gr
a
duat
es
Me
ta
lwork
te
c
hnology
Non
-
te
c
hnic
al
sk
il
ls
Tech
nical
colle
ges
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ba
kar
e
Shola
F.,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f Vo
cat
io
nal a
nd
Tech
nical
E
ducat
ion
,
Ad
e
kunle
A
j
as
in Unive
rsity
,
Aku
ngba
-
A
ko
ko, 340
001 Ni
ger
ia
.
Em
a
il
: sho
la
.bakare
@aa
ua.
e
du.
ng
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
e
xisti
ng
ga
p
betwee
n
t
he
sk
il
ls
ac
qu
i
r
ed
by
gr
a
duat
es
an
d
t
hose
re
qu
i
red
by
em
plo
ye
rs
is
so
wide
that
m
os
t
of
the
grad
uat
es
are
fin
ding
it
diff
ic
ult
to
get
e
m
plo
ye
d
[1,
2
]
.
It
has
bee
n
repo
rted
by
m
any
sch
olars
that
f
resh
grad
uates
face
prob
le
m
s
to
sec
ur
e
s
uitable
em
plo
yme
nt.
T
her
e
is
a
lso
no
doubt
that
the
issue
of
dis
ple
asur
e
ove
r
th
e
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
grad
uates
ha
s
bee
n
unde
rs
cor
e
d
a
nd
deliberate
d
for
ye
a
rs.
I
n
order
to
ov
e
rc
om
e
this
diff
ic
ulty
,
it
is
i
m
pe
rati
ve
to
co
ns
ider
the
prer
eq
uisit
e
fo
r
rec
r
ui
t
m
ent
that
m
e
ta
lwork
te
chnolo
gy gra
du
at
es
n
ee
d
i
n order
to se
cu
re
futur
e
em
plo
ym
ent su
ccess
ful
ly
.
All
ov
e
r
the
w
or
l
d,
em
plo
ya
bi
li
t
y
a
m
on
g
gradu
at
e
is
c
onsider
e
d
a
pro
blem
.
Acco
rd
i
ng
to
Kathle
e
n
[3
]
,
t
he
em
ploy
ers
in
Am
erica
are
not
pleased
with
m
any
j
ob
ap
plica
nt
s,
pa
rtic
ularly
those
who
gr
adu
at
e
d
from
te
chn
ic
al
insti
tuti
ons.
T
his
prob
le
m
oc
cur
s
m
os
tl
y
becau
se
t
he
a
pp
li
cants
do
not
possess
en
ough
non
-
te
chn
ic
al
sk
il
ls.
Ma
ny
factors
hav
e
at
trib
ute
d
to
the
reas
ons
f
or
the
un
e
m
plo
yme
nt
of
gr
a
du
at
es
.
Ra
hm
ah,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Th
e
non
-
te
ch
ni
cal skil
ls nee
de
d by
gradu
ates o
f t
ech
nic
al col
le
ges
in
metal
work
…
(
B
akare S
hola F
)
655
Ish
a
k,
a
nd
W
ei
Sieng
[4
]
s
pec
ifie
d
that
grad
uates
la
ck
em
plo
ya
bili
ty
sk
il
l
s
(no
n
-
te
c
hn
ic
al
sk
il
ls)
in
Ma
la
ysi
a,
wh
ic
h
res
ulted
in
a
low
per
f
orm
ance
in
the
place
of
w
ork.
Ra
su
l
&
Ma
ns
or,
[
5]
al
so
re
vealed
that
the
re
is
a
m
is
m
a
tc
h
betw
een
sk
il
ls
that
gr
a
duat
es
acq
ui
red
a
nd
th
e
pr
erequisi
te
dem
and
e
d
by
em
pl
oyers
that
ca
n
m
ake
them
per
f
or
m
eff
ect
ively
at
work.
The
refo
re,
it
is
an
ind
ic
at
ion
that
the
re
is
a
need
f
or
no
n
-
te
ch
nical
sk
il
ls
enh
a
ncem
ent
am
on
g
gr
a
duat
e
s.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
C
al
eb
&
U
dofia
,
[
6]
s
ub
m
it
te
d
that
e
m
plo
ya
bi
li
t
y
that
hin
ge
s
on
so
ft
s
kill
s
will
resu
lt
in
ada
pt
at
ion
in
di
ver
s
e
workplace
se
tt
ing
s.
Sim
i
la
rly
,
Om
ar,
Ba
kar
&
Ra
sh
i
d
[7
]
sta
te
d
that
te
chn
ic
al
s
kill
s
d
evel
op
m
ent
al
on
e
with
ou
t
s
of
t
s
kill
s
(no
n
-
te
ch
nical
sk
il
ls)
co
uld
not
pro
vid
e
ass
ur
a
nce
of em
plo
ym
ent
.
As
the c
urren
t
stud
y i
s concer
ned
with gra
duat
es o
f
te
ch
nic
al
co
ll
eges,
it
is essentia
l t
o
bri
efly
d
efi
ne
m
et
al
wo
rk
te
c
hnology
i
n
th
e
co
ntext
of
t
echn
ic
a
l
e
duca
ti
on
i
n
Nige
ria.
T
he
natio
na
l
boar
d
for
te
chn
ic
al
edu
cat
io
n
[
8]
ref
e
rr
e
d
to
m
e
ta
lwork
te
ch
nolo
gy
as
a
segm
ent
of
te
ch
nical
and
vo
c
at
ion
al
ed
ucati
on
a
nd
trai
ning
(
TVE
T)
pro
gr
am
m
e
s
that
are
ta
ught
i
n
te
ch
nic
al
colle
ges
i
n
Nige
ria,
w
hich
e
nco
m
passe
s
ot
he
r
su
bject
s
s
uc
h
as
fou
ndry
cr
aft
pr
act
ic
e,
f
abr
ic
at
io
n
an
d
weldin
g,
f
org
ing
,
m
achine
sh
op,
a
nd
eq
ui
pm
en
t
m
echan
ic
w
ork.
Ac
co
rd
i
ng
t
o
the
Fe
der
al
Re
public
of
Niger
ia
in
it
s
national
po
li
cy
on
edu
cat
io
n
[
9
]
,
on
e
of
the
obj
ect
ives
of
te
ch
nical
an
d
vo
c
at
ion
a
l
e
du
cat
io
n
is
to
create
an
oppo
rtu
nity
for
it
r
eci
pients
to
be
sel
f
-
reli
ant and
be
e
m
plo
ya
ble.
Non
-
te
c
hnic
al
sk
il
ls,
on
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
f
oc
us
on
th
e
gr
adu
at
es
’
abili
ti
es
to
ada
pt
an
d
us
e
t
heir
per
s
onal
an
d
academ
ic
sk
ills
to
create
m
or
e
ta
ng
ible
edu
cat
io
n
al
ou
tc
om
es
that
associat
e
gradu
at
e
e
m
plo
ya
bili
ty
with
em
plo
yme
nt.
It
al
s
o
re
fer
s
t
o
the
re
adiness
of
ne
w
gra
du
at
es
t
o
c
on
tri
bu
te
t
o
thei
r
orga
nizat
ion
s
i
n
te
rm
s
of
s
kill
s,
knowle
dge,
and
at
ti
tud
e,
as
well
as
pra
gm
atic
ind
us
t
r
y
under
sta
nd
i
ng
[
10
]
.
Th
us
,
th
e
c
oncept
of
em
ploy
abili
ty
can
be
ob
se
rv
e
d
in
sit
uations
wh
e
re
ne
w
grad
ua
te
s
are
able
to
m
ake
them
sel
ves
valuab
le
to
t
he
orga
nizat
ion
s
by
possessi
ng
sk
il
ls,
knowl
edg
e
,
an
d
at
ti
tud
e
releva
nt
to
th
e
requirem
ent
of
the
or
gan
iz
at
ion
s.
Ge
neral
ly
,
no
n
-
te
ch
nical
sk
il
ls
ar
e
need
e
d
by
stud
e
nts
to
pr
e
pare
them
sel
ves
to
m
ee
t
the
ne
eds
of
m
any
dif
fer
e
nt
occ
up
at
io
ns
up
on
grad
uatio
n.
The
c
urre
nt
tren
d
of
e
m
plo
ym
ent
i
ncr
ease
d
the
e
m
ph
asi
s
on
suc
h
sk
il
ls.
As
a
resu
lt
,
there
is
a
need
fo
r
te
chn
ic
al
colle
ge’s
curriculum
to
i
ncor
porate
opport
un
it
ie
s
to
de
velo
p
s
uc
h
s
kill
s
in
c
onjun
ct
i
on
with
s
ubj
ec
t
-
sp
eci
fic
sk
il
ls
an
d
knowle
dge
f
or
the
pur
pose
of
en
ha
ncin
g
the
grad
uat
es’
em
plo
ya
bili
ty
par
ti
cularl
y
in
the
field
of
m
et
al
wo
rk tec
hnology.
Tech
nical
an
d
vo
cat
io
nal
e
ducat
ion
is
on
e
of
the
fiel
ds
of
stud
y
that
a
re
par
ti
cula
rly
co
ncerne
d
wit
h
sk
il
ls
dev
el
opm
ent
that
m
akes
it
recipients
to
be
sel
f
-
reli
ant,
sel
f
-
suffici
ent.
Th
ese
sk
il
ls
are
m
eant
to
enab
le
them
to
hav
e
easy
acce
ss
to
su
it
able
em
plo
yme
nt
wh
ic
h
co
uld
la
t
er
translat
e
to
n
at
ion
al
eco
no
m
ic
dev
el
op
m
ent
[
11
]
.
Howe
ver,
it
has
been
e
sta
blished
i
n
va
rio
us
past
stu
dies
that
unem
plo
ym
ent
and
sk
il
ls
m
is
m
a
tc
h
am
o
ng
gra
du
at
es
a
re
s
o
ram
pan
t
and
crit
ic
al
[
6].
T
his
ha
s
gen
e
rated
w
orries
t
hro
ughout
t
he
world
,
and
pa
rtic
ularl
y
a
m
on
g
t
he
d
evelo
ping
nations.
T
he
“t
wi
n”
pro
blem
s
(u
nem
plo
ym
ent
and
sk
il
ls
m
is
m
at
ch)
m
ay
n
ot b
e
unc
onnected
w
it
h
the il
l
-
pr
e
pa
rati
on
of gra
du
at
e
s w
it
h
t
he
s
kill
s d
em
and
e
d
by
em
plo
ye
rs
for t
hem
to
be
rele
van
t
and
em
plo
ya
bl
e.
Acc
ordin
g
to
Tan
sen
,
[
12
]
it
has
been
dif
fi
cult
for
va
rio
us
natio
ns
ac
ross
the
world
t
o
m
ake
pro
vision
f
or
qu
al
it
y
trai
ning
that
ca
n
bri
ng
ab
out
su
c
h
t
ran
s
f
or
m
at
ion
.
Triki,
[13]
ho
wev
e
r
,
asserted
that
t
her
e
is
a
nee
d
to
m
ake
a
li
nk
bet
ween
insti
tuti
ons
a
nd
in
dustrie
s.
I
nvaria
bly,
this
is
tra
ns
la
te
d
into
a
nee
d
to
consi
der
t
he
in
cl
us
io
n
of
non
-
te
ch
nical
sk
il
ls
into
the
cu
rr
i
culum
of
te
ch
nical
and
vo
ca
ti
on
al
edu
cat
io
n.
T
hi
s
stud
y
will
sit
uate
the
cur
ricul
um
inclusion
wit
h
a
pa
rtic
ular
re
fere
nce
to
m
et
a
l
work
te
chnolo
gy in
techn
ic
al
a
nd
vocat
ion
al
insti
tuti
ons as its
focus.
The
pri
m
e
pu
r
po
s
e
of
this
stud
y
is
to
asce
r
ta
in
the
views
of
prof
es
sio
na
ls
on
non
-
te
c
hn
ic
al
sk
il
ls
consi
der
e
d
as
essenti
al
recr
ui
t
m
ent
pr
ere
quisi
te
a
m
on
g
gradu
at
es
of
m
etalwork
te
c
hnol
og
y
from
te
chn
ic
al
and
vocat
io
nal
insti
tuti
on
s
i
n
Nige
ria.
S
pecifica
ll
y,
the
stu
dy
sou
gh
t
to
i
den
ti
fy
the
no
n
-
te
c
hn
ic
al
s
kill
s
that
are
co
ns
ide
re
d
i
m
po
rtant
rec
r
uit
m
ent
pr
ere
quisi
te
a
m
on
g
grad
uates
of
m
e
ta
lwork
te
ch
no
log
y
of
te
ch
nical
and
vo
cat
io
nal
inst
it
ution
s
in
Ni
ge
ria.
Wh
at
are
the
no
n
-
te
ch
ni
cal
sk
il
ls
consi
der
e
d
im
po
rtan
t
by
pro
fessio
na
ls
as
recr
uit
m
ent
prereq
uisit
e
am
o
ng
grad
uates
of
m
et
al
wo
rk
te
chnolo
gy
of
te
chn
ic
al
a
nd
vo
cat
ion
al
insti
tu
ti
ons
in N
i
ger
ia
?
2.
LIT
ERATUR
E REVIE
W
Em
plo
ye
rs
toda
y
are
co
ncern
ed
ab
out
fin
di
ng
w
or
t
hy
em
plo
ye
es
who
ha
ve
not
on
ly
the
ne
cessary
academ
ic
sk
il
l
s
li
ke
read
in
g,
wr
it
in
g,
sci
enc
e,
m
at
he
m
at
ic
s
,
or
al
com
m
unic
at
ion
an
d
li
ste
ning
but
al
so
hav
e
higher
order
t
hinkin
g
sk
il
ls
li
ke
le
arn
in
g,
reasonin
g,
t
hin
ki
ng
c
reati
ve
ly
,
decisi
on
m
akin
g
an
d
pr
oble
m
-
so
lvi
ng.
They
are
al
s
o
lookin
g
for
em
pl
oyees
who
ha
ve
perso
nal
qual
it
ie
s
wh
ic
h
include
a
sense
of
respo
ns
ibil
it
y,
sel
f
-
c
onfide
nc
e,
sel
f
-
c
ontr
ol,
so
ci
al
sk
il
l,
hone
st,
ha
ve
int
egr
it
y,
ada
ptab
le
and
flexible
,
te
am
sp
irit
,
pu
nctual
and
e
ff
ic
ie
nt,
sel
f
-
di
rected,
hav
e
good
w
ork
et
h
ic
s
,
bein
g
well
-
gro
om
e
d,
c
ooper
at
iv
e,
sel
f
-
m
ot
ivate
d,
a
nd
sel
f
-
m
anag
ed
.
Sava
nee,
et
al
.
,
[
14
]
;
Da
balen
et
al
.,
[
15
]
;
N
urkali
za
et
al
.,
[
16
]
h
ave sho
w
n
that
e
m
plo
ye
rs
belie
ve
that
“
univ
ersit
y
gr
a
duat
es
are
poorl
y
tr
ai
ned
a
nd
un
c
r
eat
ive
on
t
he
job,
a
nd
de
fic
ie
ncies
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
: 6
5
4
-
65
8
656
are
m
a
inly
sever
e
in
oral
an
d
wr
it
te
n
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
an
d
app
li
ed
te
c
hn
ic
al
sk
il
ls”
.
Acco
r
ding
to
Atsum
be
et
al
.,
[17]
and
Moh
am
ad
et
al.
[18],
the
sk
il
ls
of
gra
du
at
es
do
no
t
m
at
ch
with
the
re
qu
i
r
e
m
ents
of
em
plo
ye
rs.
Hen
ce
,
m
any
gr
a
duat
es
are
f
ound
u
nem
ploy
ed
after
gr
a
duat
ion.
M
ohd
Sh
am
su
ri,
Saa
d
&
Izai
din
A
b.
,
[
19]
rev
eal
e
d
that
the
em
plo
ya
bili
ty
sk
il
ls
su
ch
as
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
a
nd
int
erp
e
rs
on
al
s
kill
s,
pro
blem
-
so
lvin
g,
entre
pr
e
neurial
sk
il
ls,
a
nd
c
r
it
ic
al
think
in
g
sk
il
ls
a
re
c
onside
red
cr
uci
al
by
em
plo
ye
rs
for
grad
ua
te
s
of
eng
i
neer
i
ng
a
nd
in
form
at
io
n
an
d
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
(I
C
T)
to
be
em
plo
ya
ble
in
the
job
m
ark
et
.
So
m
e
sch
olars
an
d
c
omm
entat
or
s
ha
ve
ar
gu
e
d
tha
t
as
far
as
the
fo
rm
al
sect
or
is
con
ce
rn
e
d,
th
e
aver
a
ge
grad
uate
is
no
t
em
plo
ya
bl
e
and
,
t
her
e
f
or
e
,
does
no
t
po
s
sess
the
sk
il
ls
need
e
d
by
the
em
plo
ye
rs
of
la
bor
f
or
form
al
e
m
plo
yme
nt.
Desp
it
e
the
c
on
ti
nue
d
ef
for
ts
of
govern
m
ent
on
T
V
ET,
the
pace
of
te
c
hnolog
ic
al
pr
ogre
ss
e
m
plo
ym
ent
and
in
dustria
li
zat
ion
is
sti
ll
s
l
ow
a
nd
un
im
pr
essive
as
evi
de
nced
by
the
r
isi
ng
unem
plo
ym
ent
rate
an
d
le
vel
of
pove
rty
in
t
he
c
ountry
[
20
]
.
Ma
cl
ean
[
21]
asse
rts
that
T
VET
if
well
posit
ion
e
d
c
ou
l
d
play
m
ul
ti
di
m
ension
al
r
oles
of
stim
ulati
ng
econom
ic
gr
owth,
s
ocial
de
ve
lop
m
ent,
i
m
pro
ving
co
nve
ntion
al
edu
cat
io
n,
em
powe
rm
ent,
w
eal
th
creati
on,
pove
rty
re
du
ct
ion
a
nd
s
kill
s
en
han
cem
ent.
In
a
natio
n
with
recurri
ng
i
nci
de
nces
of
yo
uth
re
sti
ven
e
ss,
TVET
is
well
su
it
ed
t
o
help
yo
uth
s
an
d
adu
lt
s
bec
om
e
sel
f
-
dep
e
ndent
a
nd
sel
f
-
reli
ant,
w
hile
f
or
t
hose
work
i
ng
in
the
industry,
T
V
ET
is
helpful
i
n
the
areas
of
sk
il
ls
enh
a
ncem
ent,
m
itigati
on
of
hi
gh
j
ob
tu
rno
ve
r
an
d
ris
ks
of
ob
s
olesce
nce
[
22
]
.
T
her
e
a
re
var
i
ou
s
def
i
niti
on
s
of
e
m
plo
ya
bili
ty
sk
il
ls
as
def
i
ne
d
by
the
sch
ol
ars,
s
uch
as
t
he
ba
sic
sk
il
ls
necessa
ry
for
getti
ng
,
kee
pi
ng
a
nd
do
i
ng
well
in
a
j
ob,
an
d
w
hich
cut
horizo
nt
al
ly
acro
ss
al
l
ind
us
t
ries
and
ver
ti
cal
ly
acr
os
s
al
l
j
o
bs
[23,
24
]
.
Accor
ding
to
Em
il
ia
and
Ma
ria
[
25
]
,
the
so
ci
et
y
nee
ds
to
giv
e
m
axim
u
m
i
m
po
rtance
to
em
pl
oym
ent
strat
egies
as
a
viable
s
olu
ti
on
for
the
m
ulti
pl
e
econom
ic
and
so
ci
al
prob
le
m
s
that
Ro
m
ania
is
con
f
r
on
te
d
with
in the nat
io
nal
and inter
natio
na
l con
t
e
xt.
The
cha
ng
i
ng
glo
bal
em
plo
ym
ent
m
ark
et
,
com
petition
,
te
chnolo
gical
adv
a
nces
an
d
patte
rn
s
of
dem
and
re
qu
i
r
e
new
em
plo
ya
bili
ty
sk
il
ls
fr
om
gr
ad
uates
f
or
them
to
cop
e
with
va
ryi
ng
c
onditi
ons
withi
n
the
tourism
bu
sine
ss
w
or
l
d
[
26]
.
Dep
e
ndin
g
on
the
nat
ur
e
of
the
vacan
ci
es
,
f
irm
s
of
te
n
re
quire
people
with
s
om
e
work
e
xp
e
rien
ce
and
the
abili
ty
to,
at
le
ast
t
o
so
m
e
extent,
work
in
de
pend
ently
.
As
Ml
atsh
e
ni
[27]
hig
hl
igh
ts
,
work
e
xp
e
rien
ce
is
an
“i
m
po
rtant
factor
tha
t
influ
e
nces
e
m
plo
ya
bili
t
y
at
al
l
le
vels”.
E
m
p
loye
rs
are
a
lso
ris
k
-
aver
se
an
d
pr
e
fer
t
o
em
plo
y
old
e
r,
m
or
e
ex
per
ie
nced
w
orker
s
w
ho
do
not
re
qu
i
re
as
l
arg
e
a
n
i
nv
est
m
ent
in
trai
ning, give
n t
he
th
reat o
f he
adhu
nting i
n a
scarce s
kill
s ec
onom
y.
3.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
This
researc
h
is
a
s
urvey
us
i
ng
a
st
ru
ct
ur
e
d
quest
io
nn
ai
re
to
asce
rtai
n
t
he
vie
w
of
pr
ofessi
on
al
s
on
the
no
n
-
te
c
hn
i
cal
sk
il
ls
that
are
c
onside
r
ed
as
im
po
rta
nt
rec
ru
it
m
ent
pr
e
re
qu
isi
te
a
m
on
g
gra
du
a
te
s
of
m
et
al
wo
rk
te
c
hnology
from
te
chn
ic
al
an
d
vo
cat
io
nal
inst
it
ution
s
in
Ni
ge
ria.
Seve
nty
(7
0)
re
s
ponde
nts
who
consi
ste
d
of
prof
essi
onal
s
in
the
fiel
d
of
m
e
t
al
work
te
ch
nolog
y
we
re
pur
posively
sel
ect
ed
to
determ
ine
their
per
ce
ptio
ns
on
recru
it
m
ent
prereq
uisit
e
m
etalwork
te
ch
nolog
y
gra
du
at
es
.
The
instr
um
e
nt
consi
ste
d
of
thirty
two
(
32)
it
em
s,
w
hich
wer
e
cov
e
rs
the
se
ven
c
om
po
ne
nt
s
of
non
-
te
c
hnic
al
sk
il
ls
tha
t
are
cat
egoriz
ed
as
fo
ll
ows:
Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
Ski
ll
s;
(i)
abili
ty
to
s
peak
cl
early
with
pur
pose,
(ii)
a
bili
ty
to
w
rite
good
repor
t
;
Team
wo
rk
S
kill
s;
(i)
a
bili
ty
t
o
wor
k
c
oope
r
at
ively
with
oth
ers
,
(ii)
a
bili
t
y
to
c
on
t
rib
ute
ideas
in
a
te
a
m
wo
rk;
Learn
i
ng
Sk
il
l
s;
(i)
abili
ty
t
o
acq
uire
knowle
dge
an
d
gro
w
c
on
ti
nu
ously
,
(ii)
abili
ty
to
acqu
i
re
sk
il
ls
con
ti
nu
ously
;
Creat
ive
T
hinkin
g
s
kill
s;
(i)
abili
ty
to
crea
te
ideas,
(ii)
a
bili
ty
to
i
m
agine
s
olu
ti
on;
D
eci
si
on
Ma
king
S
kill
s;
(i)
a
bili
ty
to
im
ple
m
ent
recom
m
end
at
ion
,
(
ii
)
abili
ty
to
evaluate
decisi
on;
Self
-
Ma
na
gem
ent
Sk
il
ls;
(i)
a
bili
ty
to
m
anag
e
tim
e
pr
of
ic
ie
nt
ly
,
(ii)
abili
ty
to
m
ai
ntain
per
sonal
inte
gr
it
y;
Pr
oble
m
So
lving
Sk
il
ls;
(i)
a
bili
ty
to
ide
ntify
pr
ob
le
m
and
the
causes,
(ii)
abil
it
y
to
est
ablish
cl
ear
pro
j
ect
goal
s
a
nd
ob
j
ect
ives
et
c.
This
was
sp
eci
fical
ly
ca
rr
ie
d
ou
t
in
O
gun
Stat
e
of
S
ou
t
hw
e
ste
rn
N
igeria.
The
ins
trum
ent
co
m
pr
ise
d
of
five
points
Li
ke
rt
scal
e
of
r
es
pons
e
c
ho
ic
es
that
range
f
rom
the
m
os
t
i
mp
ort
ant
(M
I)
,
ver
y
im
po
rtant
(VI),
i
m
po
rtant
(
I),
sli
gh
tl
y
i
m
po
rtant
(SI),
a
nd
no
t
im
po
rtant
(NI)
r
especti
ve
ly
.
The
data
wer
e
c
ollec
te
d
and
analy
zed
by e
m
plo
yi
ng
SP
S
S stat
ist
ic
al
tool
.
The
s
umm
ary
of
t
he
data
pr
e
sented
i
n
Ta
ble
1
re
veals
tha
t
al
l
the
3
6
it
e
m
s
of
non
-
te
c
hn
ic
al
s
kill
s
hav
e
the
m
ean
scor
e
s o
f
m
or
e
tha
n
3.00
w
hi
ch
i
nd
ic
at
e
th
at
these
it
em
s
are
ve
ry
im
po
rtant
f
or
the
rec
r
ui
t
m
ent
of m
et
a
lwork
t
echnolo
gy
gr
a
du
at
es
in
te
c
hnic
al
an
d v
ocati
on
al
c
olleges
in Nige
ria.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Th
e
non
-
te
ch
ni
cal skil
ls nee
de
d by
gradu
ates o
f t
ech
nic
al col
le
ges
in
metal
work
…
(
B
akare S
hola F
)
657
Table
1
.
Me
a
n rati
ng w
it
h a
st
and
a
r
d
dev
ia
ti
on of t
he
re
spo
nd
e
nts
X
̅
SD
Re
m
ark
1
Co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
S
k
ills
4
.03
0
.26
I
m
p
o
rtant
2
Tea
m
wo
rk Sk
ills
3
.40
0
.24
I
m
p
o
rtant
3
Lear
n
in
g
Skills
3
.90
0
.26
I
m
p
o
rtant
4
Creativ
e T
h
in
k
in
g
sk
ills
3
.40
0
.24
I
m
p
o
rtant
5
Decisio
n
Makin
g
Skills
3
.70
0
.29
I
m
p
o
rtant
6
Self
-
Manag
e
m
en
t
Sk
ills
3
.04
0
.24
I
m
p
o
rtant
7
Prob
le
m
Solv
in
g
S
k
ills
3
.70
0
.27
I
m
p
o
rtant
Grand
M
ean
3
.60
4.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND D
I
SCUS
S
ION
Ba
sed
on the lit
eratur
e r
evie
w
ed,
it
w
as obse
rv
e
d
that st
udie
s in
the areas
of
te
ch
nical
and vocati
onal
edu
cat
io
n
un
it
s
as
relat
ed
to
the
no
n
-
te
c
hn
ic
al
sk
il
ls
that
are
co
ns
id
ered
as
im
po
r
ta
nt
for
grad
ua
te
s
of
m
et
al
wo
rk
te
chnolo
gy
of
te
chn
ic
al
in
sti
tuti
on
s
in
Nige
ria
.
E
ven
th
ough
te
chn
ic
al
a
nd
vocat
ion
al
ed
ucati
on
has
receive
d
at
te
nti
on
as
a
n
e
ntit
y
by
so
m
e
researc
hers,
c
onside
rati
on
sti
ll
requires
m
or
e
of
it
s
unit
s.
Also,
su
bse
que
nt
to
the
crit
ic
al
exam
inati
on
of
al
l
the
pap
er
s
ch
os
e
n
for
this
stud
y,
it
was
found
that
recr
ui
t
m
ent
conditi
ons
of
the
em
plo
ye
rs
in
the
c
onte
xt
s
of
TVE
fall
into
th
ree
m
ajor
cat
eg
ori
es:
pro
fessio
nal
sk
il
ls,
so
ft/n
on
-
te
c
hn
i
cal
sk
il
ls,
and
entre
pr
e
neurial
sk
il
ls
[6
,
12,
2].
Wh
ereas
,
c
on
si
der
a
ble
e
m
ph
asi
s
was
al
so
la
id
on
the
non
-
te
chn
ic
al
sk
il
ls
as
essenti
al
s
fo
r
gr
a
duat
es
to
be
em
plo
ye
d.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
the
m
os
t
co
m
m
on
com
po
ne
nts
of
the
non
-
te
ch
ni
cal
sk
il
ls
that
a
re
c
on
si
der
e
d
a
s
im
po
rtant
for
te
ch
nical
colle
ges
i
n
Nige
ria
hav
e
been
i
den
ti
fie
d
as
com
m
un
icati
on
sk
il
ls,
te
a
m
wo
r
k
s
kill
s,
interpe
rs
on
al
sk
il
ls,
crit
ic
al
think
i
ng
s
kill
s,
sel
f
-
m
anag
em
ent
sk
il
ls,
pro
blem
-
so
lv
i
ng,
a
nd
le
ader
s
hip
sk
il
l
a
m
on
g
ot
her
s
.
Wh
e
reas
it
wa
s
f
ound
that
gradu
at
es
in
te
chn
ic
al
ed
ucati
on
with
both
prof
essi
on
al
sk
il
ls
and
non
-
te
ch
nical
sk
il
ls/
so
ft
sk
il
ls
hav
e
m
or
e
ad
van
ta
ge
to
sec
ur
e
su
it
a
ble
em
plo
ym
e
nt
[
6].
Ma
ripa
z
et
al
.,
[
28
]
;
I
ng
a
,
a
nd
Den
i
ss,
[29]
al
so
a
gr
ee
d
t
hat
em
plo
ye
r
s
offer specia
l c
on
si
der
at
io
n
t
o n
on
-
te
ch
nical
sk
il
ls o
ver sp
e
ci
fic job skill
s.
Howe
ver,
the
r
esult
of
t
his
stud
y
in
dicat
ed
t
hat
the
f
ollo
wing
non
-
te
ch
nic
al
sk
il
ls:
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
,
te
a
m
wo
r
k,
le
arn
i
ng,
creati
ve
think
in
g,
de
c
isi
on
-
m
aking,
sel
f
-
m
anag
em
e
nt
and
pro
blem
-
so
lving
s
kill
s
are
essenti
al
to
m
et
al
wo
r
k
te
ch
nolo
gy
grad
uat
es
from
te
chn
ic
al
colle
ges
in
Nige
ria
to
be
e
m
plo
ya
ble.
These
fin
dings
co
nfo
rm
to
the
fin
di
ng
s
of
Ca
le
b
&
U
dofia,
[
6]
who
f
ound
that
the
stud
e
nts
of
Ele
c
tric
al
instal
la
ti
on
in
te
chn
ic
al
co
ll
eges
of
Akw
a
Ibom
Stat
e
i
n
Ni
ger
ia
nee
ded
ge
ner
ic
ski
ll
s
fo
r
em
plo
ya
bili
ty
.
It
is
al
so
i
n
al
ign
m
ent
with
a
stu
dy
by
Ra
su
l,
&
Ma
ns
or,
[
5]
w
ho
f
ound
that
em
plo
ye
r
s
are
ve
ry
pa
rtic
ular,
an
d
t
hey
nee
d
gr
a
duat
es wh
o are e
qu
i
pp
e
d
t
o work.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
T
his
stu
dy
ha
s
been
able
to
identify
the
im
portance
of
no
n
-
te
c
hn
ic
al
s
kill
as
com
ple
m
entary
to
t
he
prof
e
ssio
nal
ski
ll
s
of
gr
ad
uate
s
in
the
fiel
d
of
te
chn
ic
al
and
vo
cat
io
nal
ed
ucati
on
as
one
of
the
co
ndit
ion
s
f
or
acce
ssing
s
uitable
e
m
plo
ym
ent.
The
re
is
a
nee
d,
the
refor
e
,
to
integr
at
e
it
into
m
et
al
wo
r
k
te
ch
no
l
ogy
curriculum
acro
ss
te
ch
nical
insti
tuti
on
s
i
n
Nige
ria.
It
is
conseq
ue
ntly
per
ti
ne
nt
to
f
urt
her
s
ugge
st
that
the
essenti
al
of
non
-
te
ch
nical
sk
il
ls
in
al
l
TVE
insti
tuti
ons
sh
ould
be
m
or
e
em
ph
asi
zed.
Stu
de
nts
shou
l
d
be
sensiti
zed
on
t
he
em
plo
ye
rs’
recr
uit
m
ent
prereq
uisit
es
wh
i
le
they
are
sti
ll
in
sch
oo
ls
in
order
t
o
prepa
r
e
their
m
ind
ah
ea
d o
f t
i
m
e.
Ther
e
is
no
ga
insay
ing
that
r
esearche
rs
w
or
ldwid
e
hav
e
m
ade
fr
a
ntic
an
d
com
m
end
able
eff
ort
s
in
div
e
rse
ways
f
or
sea
rch
i
ng
de
penda
ble
so
lu
ti
on
to
put
un
e
m
plo
yme
nt
m
e
nace
am
on
g
gr
adu
at
es/
yo
uth
s
to
a
halt
or
re
duci
ng
it
drast
ic
al
ly
to
a
bear
a
ble
le
vel.
T
his
has
i
n
no
le
ss
m
easur
e
m
anifested
in
var
i
ou
s
stu
dies
on
sk
il
ls
de
velo
pm
ent
of
st
ud
e
nts,
yo
uth
em
powe
rm
ent,
an
d
grad
uates
e
m
plo
ya
bili
ty
al
ike.
H
oweve
r,
it
is
belie
ved
th
at
researc
h
in
thi
s
directi
on
is
ye
t
to
be
exhausted
,
he
nce
this
stud
y
sug
gests
an
ad
diti
on
al
inv
est
igati
on
on
sk
il
ls
de
velo
pm
ent
par
ti
cularly
non
-
te
c
hnic
al
sk
il
ls
acqu
isi
ti
on
that
m
or
e
fo
c
us
s
houl
d
be
exten
ded
t
owa
rd
s
unit
s
of
te
chn
ic
al
a
nd
vocat
ion
al
e
duc
at
ion
s
uch
a
s
m
echan
ic
al
/
m
e
ta
lwork
te
ch
nolo
gy,
el
ect
rical
/e
le
ctr
onic
te
ch
nolo
gy,
bu
il
di
ng
/
w
oodwo
rk
te
ch
no
l
og
y
am
ong
oth
e
rs.
T
his
will
furthe
r
e
nab
le
researc
hers
to
ha
ve
a
n
in
-
de
bt
searc
h
t
o
the
pr
e
vaili
ng
pro
blem
s
that
le
ad
to
une
m
plo
yme
nt
an
d
s
kill
s
m
is
m
a
tc
h
an
d
there
by
fi
nd
a
la
sti
ng
so
l
ution
that
will
m
ake
grad
ua
te
s
from
te
c
hn
ic
al
a
nd
vo
cat
ion
al
edu
cat
io
n
i
ns
ti
tuti
ons
be
em
plo
ya
ble.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Li
ndsa
y
,
C.
,
"
Lo
ng
-
te
rm
unemplo
y
m
ent
and
th
e
“
em
plo
y
ability
g
ap”
:
Priori
ti
es
fo
r
ren
ewing
Brita
in’s
New
Dea
l
,"
Journal
of
Euro
pean
Industrial
Tr
aini
ng
,
vol
.
26
(9),
pp
.
411
-
419
,
2002
.
[2]
Ti
tus
K.
M.
,
"
Rel
ationship
betw
ee
n
te
chn
ic
a
l
and
voca
t
iona
l
ac
quir
ed
skill
s
and
skill
s
req
ui
red
in
job
m
ark
et
;
evi
den
c
e
from
T
VET
Insti
tut
ions
,
Uasin
Gishu C
ount
y
Ken
y
a
,"
J
ournal
of Educ
at
ion
and
Pract
i
ce
,
vol
.
4
(
19
)
,
201
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
: 6
5
4
-
65
8
658
[3]
Kathl
e
en,
C.
,
"
Deve
lopi
ng
emplo
y
abi
l
ity
sk
il
ls.
Regi
on
al
educa
ti
onal
l
abor
at
o
r
y
,
"
Schoo
l
Impr
ove
ment
R
ese
arc
h
Serie
s (
SIRS)
,
2005
.
[4]
Rahmah,
I
.
,
Ishak,
Y
.
,
&
W
ei
Sieng,
L
.
,
"
E
m
plo
y
ers
'
p
erc
e
pti
on
of
gra
dua
te
s
in
Malay
si
a
service
se
ct
or
,"
Inte
rnational
Bu
siness Manage
ment,
vol
.
5
(3)
,
pp
.
184
-
193
,
2011
.
[5]
Rasul,
M.
S
.
,
&
Mansor,
A.
N.
,
"
Emplo
y
abi
lit
y
skill
s
indica
tor
as
per
c
ei
ved
b
y
m
anuf
ac
turi
ng
e
m
plo
y
ers
,"
Asia
n
Soci
al
Scienc
e,
v
ol.
9
(8)
,
p
.
42
,
2
013
.
[6]
Cal
eb
,
E
.
,
Udofi
a,
A.
,
"
Gene
ri
c
s
kil
ls
and
th
e
em
plo
y
abi
l
ity
of
elec
tr
ic
a
l
inst
al
l
at
i
on
student
s
in
t
e
chni
c
al
co
lleges
of
Akw
a
Ibom
State,
Nig
eria
,"
IOS
R
Journal
of
Re
s
earc
h
&
Me
thod
in Educ
at
ion
vo
l.
1
(
2
)
,
pp
.
59
-
67
,
2013
.
[7]
Om
ar,
M.
K.,
Baka
r,
A.
R
.
,
&
Rashid,
A.
M.
,
"
E
m
plo
y
ability
ski
ll
ac
qu
isit
ion
among
Malay
s
ia
co
m
m
unit
y
col
l
e
g
e
student
,"
Journa
l
of
Soci
a
l
S
ci
en
ce
s.
S
cienc
e
Pub
li
cation;
vo
l.
8(3
)
,
pp
.
472
-
478
,
2
012
.
[8]
NBTE
,
"
Dire
ct
o
r
y
of
acc
r
edited
proga
m
m
es
in
Polit
ec
hn
ic
s,
Si
m
il
ar
Te
r
ti
ar
y
I
nstit
uti
ons,
Tech
nic
a
l
Coll
ege
s
a
nd
Voca
ti
on
al
Enter
prise
Insti
tut
ions
In
Nige
ria
,"
Ka
duna:
B
ida
Ro
ad
,
2011
.
[9]
NP
E,
The
Fed
er
al
R
epubl
i
c
of
Niger
i
a:
Na
ti
on
al
Policy
on
Educa
ti
on
,
2004
.
[10]
Mason,
G.W.,
W
il
li
ams
,
G.
an
d
Cramm
er,
S.,
Emplo
y
ab
il
i
t
y
s
kil
ls
ini
t
ia
t
ive
s
i
n
highe
r
educ
a
tion:
what
eff
ects
do
they
h
ave
on
gra
duate
la
bour
outc
om
es
?
(2
006),
5
Novembe
r
2014,
htt
p:
//
ww
w.he
fc
e.
a
c.uk/pubs/rdre
port
s/
2003/rd13_03/
d
efa
ul
t.
asp
[11]
Os
ami,
I.
"
Im
pl
ementi
ng
voc
ati
onal
and
techni
c
al
edu
cation
pro
gra
m
m
e
s
in
Sou
th
-
South
Niger
i
a
:
A
ca
se
o
f
riv
er
s
stat
e
,"
Int
ernati
o
nal
Journal
of
S
ci
en
ti
fic
Re
searc
h
in Educ
at
ion,
vol.
6
(2)
,
pp
.
12
8
-
148
,
2013
.
[12]
Ta
nsen,
M.
H.
"
Public
-
Private
P
art
ner
ship
(PP
P)
in
th
e Technical
Voca
t
iona
l
Edu
ca
t
ion
and
Tr
ai
n
ing
(TVE
T)
Sec
t
or
in
Bang
la
desh:
Chal
le
ng
es
and
Pros
pec
ts
,"
TVE
T
Proje
ct,
Save
t
he
Chi
ldre
n
in
B
angl
ad
esh
,
2012
.
[13]
Tri
ki
,
N.
M.
Hi
gher
Techni
ca
l
and
Voca
t
iona
l
Educ
a
ti
on
and
T
rai
ning
Program
m
es
and
Its
Im
pac
t
on
the
Li
b
y
a
n
Manufa
ct
ur
ing
I
ndustr
y
,
2013
.
[14]
Savane
e
S
.
,
Dua
nkamol
T.,
Suw
imon
W
.
,
"
Emplo
y
m
ent
condi
t
io
ns
and
essential
emplo
y
abi
l
ity
s
kil
ls
req
u
ire
d
b
y
emplo
y
ers
for
se
conda
r
y
schoo
l gradua
t
e
,"
P
roc
e
dia
Soc
.
Be
ha
v
.
Sci
.,
vo
l.
116
,
pp
.
1848
-
1854
.
20
14
.
[15]
Daba
le
n
,
A.
,
O
ni,
B
.
,
and
Ade
kola
,
O.A.
"
La
b
or
m
ark
et
prosp
ec
ts
for
unive
rsi
t
y
gra
du
at
es
in
Niger
ia,
"
Highe
r
Educ
ati
on
Po
li
c
y
,
vo
l.
14(2),
pp.
141
-
159
,
2000
.
[16]
Nurkal
iza
K.,
N
or
‘Adha
Abd
H
.
,
Rahmatunn
isa
h
S.,
Norzi
ah
O.
,
Abdul
Hadi
A.
,
Mohd
Farok
M
.
N.
,
"
Im
porta
nc
e
of
soft
skill
s
f
or
industrial
training
progr
am
:
Emplo
y
ers’
pe
rspec
ti
v
e
,"
Asia
n
Journal
o
f
S
oci
al
Scienc
e
s
&
Hum
anit
ie
s
,
v
o
l. 3(4)
,
pp.
10
-
18
,
2014
.
[17]
Atsum
be,
B
.
N.,
Emm
anue
l,
R.
,
I
gwe,
C.
O
.
Atsum
be,
J.
A.
,
"
Re
positi
oning
vo
cationa
l
and
techn
ic
a
l
edu
ca
t
ion
f
or
eff
ective
m
anp
ower
produc
t
io
n
in
Nig
eri
a
,"
Journal
o
f
Me
chanical
an
d
Civ
i
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
vol
.
1(
4)
,
pp.
41
-
43
,
2012
.
[18]
Moham
ad
S.
R.
,
Mohd
Y.
I.
,
Napsiah
I.
,
Muham
m
ad
R.
R.
and
Rose
Am
nah
Abd
R.
,
"
Im
porta
nce
of
emplo
y
abili
t
y
skill
s
as
per
ce
iv
ed
b
y
emplo
y
e
r
s
of
Malay
sian
Manufa
ct
ur
ing
Industr
y
,"
Journal
of
Appl
i
ed
Sci
en
ce
s
Re
searc
h
,
vol.
5(12)
,
pp
.
2
059
-
2066,
2009
.
[19]
Mohd
Shamsuri
Md
Saad
,
Iza
id
in
Ab.
Maji
d.
,
"
Emplo
y
e
rs’
per
c
ept
ions
of
important
emplo
y
ab
il
i
t
y
skil
ls
req
uire
d
from
Malay
si
an
Engi
ne
eri
ng
and
Inform
at
ion
and
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Te
chnol
og
y
(
ICT
)
Gradua
t
es
,"
Global
Journal
of
Engi
ne
ering
Edu
cat
ion
,
vol
.
16(3
).
110
-
115
,
2014
.
[20]
La
dipo
,
M.
K.,
Akhuem
onkhan,
I.
A.
and
Rai
m
i,
L.
"
T
ec
hni
cal
Voca
ti
ona
l
Edu
ca
t
ion
and
Tra
in
ing
(TVE
T)
as
a
m
ec
hani
sm
for
Sus
ta
ina
ble
Deve
lopment
in
Niger
ia
(SD
):
Potent
ials,
Challenge
s,
and
Pol
icy
Prescr
ipt
ion
s
,"
Presenta
t
ion
a
t
CAP
A
Inte
rnat
io
nal
Conf
ere
nc
e
hel
d
in
Ban
jul
,
T
he
Gam
bia,
June
3
-
8
,
2013
.
[21]
Mac
lean,
R
.
,
"
K
e
y
issues
and
re
sea
rch
ch
al
l
enges
for
TVET
:
Br
idgi
ng
the
g
ap
bet
wee
n
TVET
rese
arc
h
and
th
e
nee
ds of
pol
icym
ake
rs
,
"
in
NO
RRAG
NEW
S,
Towa
rds a
New
Global
W
orld
of
Skill
s Develop
m
ent?
TVE
T
'
s t
urn
t
o
m
ake
it
s M
ark
,
n
o.
46,
pp.
125
-
12
7
,
2011
.
[22]
Okolocha
,
C
.
C
.
,
"
Voca
t
ional
te
chnica
l
educat
ion
in
Nig
eria:
Challeng
es
and
the
wa
y
f
orward
,"
Busin
ess
Manage
ment
D
y
namics
,
v
ol
.
2(6
)
,
pp
.
1
-
8
,
2012
.
[23]
Gurcha
ran
Sing
h,
G.K.
and
Gar
ib
Singh,
S.K.,
"
Malay
s
ia
n
gr
adu
at
es’
emplo
y
ab
ilit
y
skill
s
,"
Unita
r
E
-
J
.,
vo
l.
4
(
1
)
,
pp.
15
-
31
,
2008
.
[24]
Robinson,
J.P.
,
"
W
hat
ar
e employ
ab
il
i
t
y
ski
ll
s
?
"
Al
abama Cooper
ati
ve E
x
te
nsion
Syste
m
.
vo
l.
1
(
3
)
,
pp
.
1
-
3
,
2000
.
[25]
Emili
a
H.
,
Mari
a
Ana
G.
,
"
Emp
lo
y
m
ent
str
ateg
y
for
pover
t
y
red
uct
ion
.
A
Rom
ani
an
per
spe
ct
iv
e
.
Proce
di
a
-
Soci
al
and
Beh
avi
or
al
Scie
nc
es
,
vo
l.
58
,
pp
.
406
-
415
,
2
012
.
[26]
Ze
hre
r
,
A.
&
M
oss
enl
ec
hner
,
C.
,
"
Ke
y
compete
n
ci
es
of
touri
sm
gra
duates:
The
e
m
plo
y
ers’
point
of
vie
w
,"
Journ
al
of
Teach
ing
in
T
rave
l
&
Tou
rism
,
vol
.
9
(3
-
4)
,
pp.
266
-
287
,
2009
.
[27]
MLATSH
ENI
,
C.
,
"
The
y
outh
l
abour
m
ark
e
t:
W
hat
do
es
it
t
ake to succ
e
ed
?
"
Mim
eo
,
2005
.
[28]
Maripa
z
A.
,
Om
bra
A.
I.
,
and
Shuki
O.
,
"
Employ
ab
il
i
t
y
skill
s
an
d
ta
sk
per
form
anc
e
of
emplo
y
ees
in
gover
nm
ent
sec
to
r
,"
Inte
rnat
i
onal
Journal
of
Hum
anit
ie
s and Social Sc
i
ence.
v
ol.
3(4)
,
pp
.
150
-
162
,
2013
.
[29]
Inga
,
L. a
nd
Den
iss,
S
,
Emplo
y
ab
il
ity
and
skill
s
a
nti
ci
p
at
ion
: com
pet
en
ce
s
and
m
a
rke
t
d
emands
,
2
014
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.