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e
r
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
,
I
T
s
u
p
p
o
r
t)
[
3
]
,
[
5
]
-
[
7
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
C
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
,
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
h
as b
ee
n
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
,
th
er
e
is
s
til
l a
s
er
io
u
s
lack
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
in
th
e
Ar
ab
r
eg
ain
in
g
en
er
al
an
d
in
th
e
Gu
lf
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
p
ec
if
ically
with
r
eg
ar
d
s
th
e
C
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
3
]
-
[
6
]
,
esp
ec
ially
i
n
p
er
i
o
d
s
o
f
cr
is
es
s
u
ch
as
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
.
I
t
is
ar
g
u
ed
th
at
th
is
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
t
o
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
am
o
n
g
s
t
th
e
Om
an
i
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
an
d
u
s
ag
e
o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
with
all
its
f
ac
e
ts
h
as
r
ec
eiv
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
at
ten
tio
n
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
in
th
e
r
ec
en
t
y
e
ar
s
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
m
u
ltip
le
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
i
es
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
f
ield
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
C
h
en
,
C
h
e
n
,
an
d
C
h
an
g
[
8
]
e
x
am
in
ed
th
e
f
a
cto
r
s
th
at
ca
u
s
e
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
an
d
u
s
ag
e
o
f
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
in
T
aiwa
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Acc
ep
tan
ce
m
o
d
el
(
T
AM
)
,
Di
f
f
u
s
io
n
s
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
T
h
eo
r
y
(
DI
T
)
,
an
d
th
e
T
h
eo
r
y
o
f
Plan
n
ed
B
eh
av
io
r
(
T
PB
)
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
ed
a
to
tal
s
a
m
p
le
o
f
1
,
0
6
9
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
ec
to
r
s
a
n
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
a
n
d
u
s
ed
Stru
ctu
r
al
E
q
u
atio
n
M
o
d
ellin
g
(
SEM
)
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
d
at
a
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
p
er
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
l
n
ess
,
an
d
attitu
d
e
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
b
eh
av
io
r
al
i
n
ten
tio
n
.
I
n
an
o
th
er
co
n
tex
t
,
Al
-
Sh
ar
af
i,
Ar
s
h
ah
,
a
n
Ab
u
-
Sh
an
ab
[
9
]
attem
p
ted
to
id
en
tif
y
th
e
v
it
al
r
ea
s
o
n
s
th
at
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
s
er
v
ices
o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
i
ew.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
clu
d
ed
t
h
a
t
th
e
r
elativ
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e,
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
to
p
m
an
ag
e
r
’
s
s
u
p
p
o
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t,
c
o
s
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
co
m
p
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titi
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p
r
ess
u
r
e,
I
T
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
s
ize
o
f
th
e
o
r
g
an
iza
tio
n
,
v
e
n
d
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
r
e
g
u
latio
n
s
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
p
o
licy
,
tr
i
alab
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y
,
p
er
ce
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eliab
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,
p
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ce
iv
ed
av
ailab
i
lity
,
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
an
d
p
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ce
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ed
tr
u
s
t
ar
e
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
s
d
r
iv
in
g
th
e
p
er
m
an
en
t
u
s
e
o
f
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
to
o
ls
in
in
te
r
n
at
io
n
al
in
s
t
itu
tio
n
s
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
Kan
d
il,
e
t
a
l.
[
1
0
]
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
v
a
r
iab
les
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
e
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
p
r
ac
tices
in
E
g
y
p
t.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
co
v
er
ed
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
4
3
2
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
ec
to
r
s
,
an
d
u
s
ed
SEM
f
o
r
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
eir
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
r
elativ
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ad
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an
tag
e,
co
m
p
atib
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y
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co
m
p
le
x
ity
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
to
p
m
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ag
em
en
t
s
u
p
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t,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
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g
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n
ess
,
in
ter
n
et
s
er
v
ices
p
r
o
v
id
er
,
m
atu
r
ity
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d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
tr
a
d
in
g
p
ar
t
n
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
tr
a
d
in
g
p
ar
t
n
er
p
r
ess
u
r
e
h
av
e
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
c
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
Sti
en
in
g
er
,
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
clo
u
d
s
to
r
ag
e,
clo
u
d
m
ail
an
d
clo
u
d
o
f
f
ice)
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
2
0
3
in
d
iv
id
u
als
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
eg
i
o
n
s
g
lo
b
ally
.
Data
an
al
y
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
ap
p
l
y
in
g
v
ar
ian
ce
-
b
ased
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
e
llin
g
(
VSEM
)
,
an
d
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
r
elativ
e
ad
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n
tag
e,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
tr
u
s
t,
an
d
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
b
u
t n
o
t
o
n
its
ac
tu
a
l u
s
ag
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
T
r
ip
ath
i
[
1
2
]
i
n
v
e
s
tig
ated
th
e
d
ete
r
m
in
an
ts
o
f
cl
o
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
u
s
ag
e
in
I
n
d
ia.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
4
5
8
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
ad
o
p
tin
g
an
d
n
o
n
-
ad
o
p
tin
g
f
ir
m
s
was
u
s
ed
.
U
s
in
g
SEM
f
o
r
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
r
elate
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t
o
p
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en
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h
a
v
e
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ig
n
if
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n
t
im
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n
th
e
clo
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d
co
m
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ad
o
p
ter
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an
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th
an
n
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ativ
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s
.
On
th
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d
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th
e
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f
f
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t
o
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th
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ativ
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f
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to
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s
s
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ch
as
p
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is
k
an
d
p
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ed
h
ig
h
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o
s
t
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o
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n
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to
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elativ
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s
e
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I
n
s
p
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if
ic
ca
s
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o
f
SME
s
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Ha
s
s
an
,
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
ex
p
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d
th
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f
ac
to
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s
th
at
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ec
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th
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Ma
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SME
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T
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a
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f
1
3
2
s
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m
an
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o
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SME
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.
Usi
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th
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PLS
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eso
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s
h
av
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lu
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
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8
8
2
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I
n
t
J
E
v
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&
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d
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Vo
l
.
10
,
No
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3
,
Sep
tem
b
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2
0
2
1
:
930
-
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3
7
932
o
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clo
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Similar
ly
,
Sen
ar
ath
n
a
,
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
ex
a
m
in
ed
th
e
p
r
i
o
r
ity
f
a
cto
r
s
th
at
in
f
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en
ce
Au
s
tr
alian
SME
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1
4
9
Au
s
tr
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Usi
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ltip
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eg
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ata.
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wer
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f
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te
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b
y
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elate
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a
n
tag
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g
th
eir
o
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g
an
izatio
n
al
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p
a
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ilit
y
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i.e
.
,
r
elativ
e
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n
tag
e
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q
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ality
o
f
s
er
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ice
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d
awa
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en
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)
r
ath
e
r
th
an
r
is
k
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elate
d
f
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s
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i.e
.
,
s
ec
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r
ity
,
p
r
iv
ac
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n
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f
lex
ib
ilit
y
)
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
ec
to
r
s
,
Al
-
R
awa
h
n
a,
Hu
n
g
,
an
d
C
h
en
[
1
5
]
ex
a
m
in
ed
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
n
ess
o
f
th
e
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
ec
to
r
s
to
i
m
p
lem
en
t
cl
o
u
d
-
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
,
b
y
s
u
r
v
e
y
in
g
1
3
2
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
o
f
f
icials
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
o
s
itio
n
s
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
PLS
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
h
ig
h
er
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
p
o
licies
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
a
l
r
ea
d
in
ess
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t r
o
le
in
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
b
y
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t secto
r
in
J
o
r
d
a
n
.
I
n
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
lo
ca
l
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
Salam
an
d
A
li
[
1
6
]
attem
p
ted
to
u
n
r
av
el
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
im
p
ac
t
th
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
’
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
,
b
y
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
th
e
U
n
if
ied
T
h
eo
r
y
o
f
Acc
ep
ta
n
ce
a
n
d
Use
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
UT
AUT
)
th
eo
r
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
v
er
ed
1
2
3
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
an
d
ap
p
lied
SEM
f
o
r
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
i
n
d
icate
d
th
at
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
b
u
s
i
n
ess
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
a
n
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
h
ad
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t o
n
th
e
lo
c
al
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
’
in
t
en
tio
n
to
u
s
e
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
.
I
n
th
e
h
ea
lth
s
ec
to
r
,
Sad
o
u
g
h
i,
Ali,
an
d
E
r
f
an
n
ia
[
1
7
]
in
v
e
s
tig
ated
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
th
e
f
a
cto
r
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
th
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
in
h
ea
lth
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
h
ea
lth
s
ec
to
r
s
.
Fro
m
a
r
e
v
iew
o
f
5
4
1
a
r
ticles,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
m
o
s
tly
af
f
ec
t
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
ar
e
p
ig
eo
n
-
h
o
led
as
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
wer
e
r
elate
d
to
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal,
an
d
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
asp
ec
ts
.
Un
d
er
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
f
ac
to
r
s
,
th
e
r
el
ativ
e
ad
v
an
tag
e,
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
tech
n
ical
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
re
liab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
d
e
to
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
f
ir
m
s
ize,
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
v
e
n
d
o
r
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
,
em
p
lo
y
ee
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e,
a
n
d
b
u
s
in
ess
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
in
cl
u
d
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
f
r
o
m
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e,
tr
ad
in
g
p
ar
tn
e
r
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
leg
al
i
s
s
u
es,
m
ar
k
et
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
an
d
p
o
licies,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
a
n
d
p
o
liti
ca
l
o
r
ien
tatio
n
.
Fin
ally
,
t
h
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
f
ac
to
r
s
i
n
clu
d
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
en
ef
it,
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
,
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
en
d
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
en
d
u
s
er
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
Similar
ly
,
Nass
o
u
r
a
[
1
8
]
e
x
p
l
o
r
ed
th
e
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
h
ea
lth
c
ar
e
s
ec
to
r
an
d
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
it.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
v
er
e
d
a
to
tal
o
f
2
5
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
an
d
u
s
ed
li
n
ea
r
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
c
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
to
p
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
a
n
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
in
t
h
e
h
ea
l
th
ca
r
e
s
ec
to
r
in
J
o
r
d
an
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
,
C
h
av
ee
s
u
k
,
W
u
tth
ir
o
n
g
,
an
d
C
h
aiy
aso
o
n
th
o
r
n
[
1
9
]
attem
p
ted
to
d
e
v
elo
p
a
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
in
ten
tio
n
to
war
d
s
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
u
s
ag
e
in
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
c
atio
n
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
in
T
h
ailan
d
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
u
s
ed
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
m
o
d
el
(
T
AM
)
a
n
d
th
e
Ser
v
ice
a
n
d
Sy
s
tem
Qu
ality
(
SS
Q)
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
f
in
al
m
o
d
el
i
n
clu
d
e
s
th
r
ee
m
ajo
r
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
n
am
ely
,
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
an
d
s
er
v
ice
an
d
s
y
s
tem
q
u
ality
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
Asad
i,
Ab
d
ek
h
o
d
a,
an
d
Na
d
r
ian
[
2
0
]
e
x
am
in
e
d
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
t
h
at
wo
u
ld
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
th
e
teac
h
er
s
’
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
cl
o
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
as
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
f
o
r
Sm
a
r
t
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
c
o
v
er
e
d
a
to
tal
s
am
p
le
o
f
2
4
0
f
ac
u
lties
f
r
o
m
I
r
an
ian
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
,
an
d
th
e
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
ati
o
n
m
o
d
elin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
Attitu
d
e,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
e
h
av
io
r
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
ec
t o
n
ac
a
d
e
m
ician
s
’
in
ten
tio
n
to
a
d
o
p
t c
l
o
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
.
Similar
ly
,
Ah
m
ed
,
Ho
d
a,
a
n
d
A
lah
m
ar
i
[
2
1
]
attem
p
ted
t
o
id
en
tify
th
e
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
s
u
cc
ess
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
f
o
llo
w
in
g
th
e
in
ter
p
r
etiv
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
ellin
g
(
I
SM)
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
o
r
g
a
n
iza
tio
n
al,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
n
d
m
o
b
ile
le
ar
n
in
g
d
o
m
ain
s
.
Par
ticu
lar
ly
,
r
elativ
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t f
ac
t
o
r
in
a
d
o
p
tin
g
cl
o
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
b
y
lear
n
er
s
.
I
t
is
wo
r
th
n
o
tin
g
t
h
at
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ex
am
in
ed
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
cr
is
es
lik
e
th
e
m
ed
ical
cr
is
is
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
C
OVI
D
-
19
d
id
n
o
t
h
av
e
an
y
s
im
ilar
p
r
ec
ed
en
t
in
ter
m
s
o
f
m
ag
n
i
tu
d
e,
r
ep
er
c
u
s
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
th
at
wa
s
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t a
d
v
an
ce
s
in
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
an
d
its
u
s
ag
e.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
R
am
lu
ck
an
an
d
Niek
er
k
[
2
2
]
em
p
h
asized
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
in
th
e
cr
is
e
s
er
a,
as
an
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
co
n
v
en
ien
t
t
o
o
l
f
o
r
cr
is
is
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
a
n
d
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
cr
is
es.
Ov
er
all,
it
ca
n
b
e
d
e
d
u
ce
d
th
at
r
i
g
o
r
o
u
s
em
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
o
n
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
u
s
ag
e
an
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
ar
e
s
till
r
elativ
ely
s
ca
r
ce
,
a
n
d
ev
en
s
ca
r
ce
r
in
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
GC
C
co
u
n
tr
ies
(
Om
an
,
B
ah
r
ain
,
Ku
wait,
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia,
UAE
,
an
d
Qata
r
)
an
d
s
im
ilar
s
ettin
g
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
p
er
io
d
o
f
c
r
is
es
lik
e
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
.
Hen
ce
,
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
c
an
also
b
e
ex
ten
d
ed
to
s
im
ilar
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
an
d
test
ed
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
els
in
clu
d
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ec
to
r
s
an
d
f
ield
s
.
I
n
li
n
e
with
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies,
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
s
wer
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
b
ased
o
n
a
n
ex
te
n
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
m
o
d
el
[
2
3
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ates
f
o
u
r
f
ac
t
o
r
s
,
n
am
el
y
,
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
clo
u
d
c
o
mp
u
tin
g
s
ystems
’
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
in
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
s
ec
to
r
in
Oma
n
… (
S
a
lim
A
l
-
Ha
jr
i
)
933
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
wer
e
p
o
s
ited
,
an
d
h
av
e
b
ee
n
test
ed
u
s
in
g
PLS
m
eth
o
d
:
Per
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
Om
an
d
u
r
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
(
H1
)
;
Per
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
t
o
u
s
e
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
Om
a
n
d
u
r
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
(
H2
)
;
R
eliab
ilit
y
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
n
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
Om
an
d
u
r
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
(
H
3
)
;
an
d
R
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
th
e
in
te
n
tio
n
to
u
s
e
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
Om
an
d
u
r
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
(
H4
)
.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
in
s
p
ec
t
t
h
e
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
in
th
e
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
u
t
b
r
ea
k
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
a
ttem
p
ts
to
id
en
tify
t
h
e
m
ain
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
r
ea
s
o
n
s
wh
ich
m
ig
h
t
h
av
e
p
o
te
n
tial
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
c
lo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
in
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
in
Om
an
,
esp
ec
ially
at
th
e
s
u
r
g
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic.
I
t
co
v
er
s
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
2
0
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ajo
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
r
e
g
io
n
s
in
Om
an
,
an
d
ap
p
lies
Par
tial
L
ea
s
t
Sq
u
ar
e
(
PLS
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
an
aly
s
e
th
e
d
ata,
wh
ich
h
as
a
h
ig
h
er
ab
ilit
y
to
r
o
b
u
s
tly
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
m
o
r
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
r
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Ou
t
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es,
1
8
3
wer
e
r
etu
r
n
ed
.
T
h
e
ac
h
iev
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
a
te
was 9
2
%
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
g
ath
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
Om
an
i
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
to
war
d
s
th
e
attr
ib
u
tes
o
f
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
as
well
as
th
eir
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
th
em
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
ese
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
L
ik
er
t
-
s
ca
le
q
u
es
tio
n
s
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
wh
er
e
“1
”
r
ef
lects
“Str
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
e
e”
an
d
“5
”
r
e
f
lects
“Str
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
”.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
2
4
item
s
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
an
d
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
em
wer
e
ad
o
p
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
s
im
ilar
co
u
n
tr
ies,
as
well
as
f
r
o
m
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
in
th
e
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ar
ea
with
n
ec
ess
ar
y
am
e
n
d
m
en
ts
to
b
e
co
m
p
atib
le
with
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
co
n
te
x
t.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
v
er
ed
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
clu
d
in
g
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
g
en
d
er
,
th
eir
a
g
e,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
th
e
lev
el
o
f
u
s
ag
e
o
f
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
p
r
ep
ar
ed
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e.
T
h
e
co
llected
d
ata
was
th
en
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
PLS
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
all
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
a
n
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
v
alid
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
in
s
p
ir
ed
by
Hair
,
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
r
elate
d
s
tu
d
ies
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
th
e
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
I
t
is
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
th
at
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
th
e
PLS so
f
twar
e
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Respo
nd
e
nts’
pro
f
ile
T
ab
le
1
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
p
r
o
f
ile
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
f
em
ale
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
n
ea
r
ly
80
%
,
wh
ile
m
ale
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
2
0
%
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
a
g
e,
8
8
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
b
etwe
en
2
0
an
d
3
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
,
6
%
o
f
th
em
a
r
e
b
etwe
en
3
1
an
d
4
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
,
4
.
4
%
ar
e
b
el
o
w
2
0
y
ea
r
s
o
l
d
,
an
d
1
.
6
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
ag
e
d
b
etwe
e
n
4
1
an
d
5
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
.
W
ith
r
eg
ar
d
s
to
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
lev
el,
n
ea
r
ly
8
4
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
h
o
ld
in
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
d
eg
r
ee
s
,
an
d
a
r
o
u
n
d
8
%
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
is
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
d
eg
r
ee
s
’
h
o
ld
er
s
,
wh
ile
8
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
h
o
ld
i
n
g
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
ce
r
tific
ates.
I
t
is
n
o
tewo
r
t
h
y
th
at
ab
o
u
t
4
9
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ile
5
1
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
n
o
t.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
’
p
r
o
f
ile
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
A
g
e
B
e
l
o
w
2
0
8
4
.
4
4
.
4
20
-
30
1
6
1
8
8
.
0
9
2
.
3
31
-
40
11
6
9
8
.
4
41
-
50
3
1
.
6
1
0
0
A
b
o
v
e
5
0
-
-
-
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
37
2
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
F
e
mal
e
1
4
6
7
9
.
8
1
0
0
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
H
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
15
8
.
2
8
.
2
U
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
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1
5
3
8
3
.
6
9
1
.
8
P
o
st
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r
a
d
u
a
t
e
15
8
.
2
1
0
0
.
0
M
e
m
b
e
r
s
h
i
p
o
f
c
l
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d
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o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
M
e
m
b
e
r
89
4
8
.
6
4
8
.
6
N
o
t
-
mem
b
e
r
94
5
1
.
4
1
0
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
930
-
9
3
7
934
4
.
2
.
M
o
del
re
lia
bil
it
y
a
nd
v
a
lid
it
y
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
d
ata
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
test
in
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
.
Par
ticu
lar
ly
,
f
o
u
r
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
s
cr
u
tin
ize
d
an
d
e
v
alu
ated
,
n
a
m
ely
,
t
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
Alp
h
a,
th
e
item
s
’
lo
ad
in
g
,
th
e
in
te
r
n
al
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
,
an
d
th
e
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ia
n
ce
ex
tr
ac
te
d
(
AVE
)
.
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
an
d
(
AVE
)
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
at
least
eq
u
al
to
0
.
5
,
w
h
ile
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
Alp
h
a
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
at
least
0
.
6
[
2
5
]
-
[
2
7
]
.
B
y
lo
o
k
in
g
t
o
T
ab
le
2
,
all
v
alu
es
o
f
f
ac
to
r
lo
a
d
in
g
s
wer
e
ab
o
v
e
0
.
5
,
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
in
ter
n
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
y
item
s
v
alu
e
lo
a
d
in
g
s
b
elo
w
0
.
6
5
wer
e
o
m
itted
.
T
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
AVE
o
f
all
item
s
was
ab
o
v
e
th
an
0
.
5
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
Alp
h
a
wer
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
6
.
T
h
is
was
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
f
o
r
all
iter
atio
n
lev
els.
He
n
ce
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
m
ee
tin
g
all
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
v
alid
ity
c
r
iter
ia.
T
ab
le
2
.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
t m
o
d
el
ev
alu
atio
n
–
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
i
ty
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
s
I
t
e
ms
F
i
r
st
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
F
i
n
a
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
Lo
a
d
i
n
g
AVE
CR
A
l
p
h
a
Lo
a
d
i
n
g
AVE
CR
A
l
p
h
a
I
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
e
.
1
0
.
7
6
8
0
.
5
4
9
0
.
8
5
8
0
.
7
9
3
0
.
7
7
0
0
.
5
4
9
0
.
8
5
8
0
.
7
9
3
I
n
t
e
.
2
0
.
6
6
5
0
.
6
9
1
I
n
t
e
.
3
0
.
7
1
2
0
.
7
1
3
I
n
t
e
.
4
0
.
7
8
7
0
.
7
8
5
I
n
t
e
.
5
0
.
7
6
4
0
.
7
6
2
P
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
e
a
s
e
o
f
u
se
P
.
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se
.
1
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7
9
0
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6
9
0
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8
6
8
0
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8
0
9
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1
6
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7
7
1
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
at
th
r
ee
item
s
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
c
r
o
s
s
lo
ad
in
g
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
[
2
8
]
.
Par
ticu
lar
ly
,
o
n
e
item
was
ex
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
o
n
e
item
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
an
d
o
n
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
item
s
wer
e
all
in
clu
d
ed
i
n
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
was
tes
ted
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
m
o
d
el
ar
e
d
if
f
er
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
o
th
e
r
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
m
eth
o
d
s
to
ass
ess
th
e
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
atr
i
x
m
et
h
o
d
w
as
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
co
llin
ea
r
ity
b
etwe
en
th
e
ex
p
la
n
ato
r
y
v
ar
iab
les
b
y
l
o
o
k
in
g
to
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
v
alu
e
.
T
h
e
p
r
ef
er
ab
ly
v
alu
e
o
f
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
l
o
wer
th
an
0
.
9
.
I
n
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
t v
alu
e
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
th
is
co
n
d
itio
n
is
ac
ce
p
tab
le
s
atis
f
ied
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
i
ty
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
in
t
h
e
m
o
d
el.
4
.
3
.
H
y
po
t
hes
is
t
esting
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
v
alid
ity
ev
alu
atio
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
s
p
ec
ted
th
e
m
ain
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el,
5
0
0
0
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
s
wer
e
ap
p
lied
o
n
1
8
3
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
in
o
r
d
er
to
ass
e
s
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
els’
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
ts
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
a
th
an
aly
s
is
in
T
ab
le
4
in
d
icate
s
th
at
a
ll
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
y
p
o
th
eses
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
,
a
s
s
h
o
wn
b
y
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
w
h
ich
is
lo
wer
th
an
0
.
0
5
f
o
r
all
th
e
v
ar
iab
les.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
av
e
t
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
u
s
ag
e
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
l
ed
th
at
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t o
n
th
e
i
n
ten
tio
n
t
o
u
s
e
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
(
H1
)
,
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
in
t
en
tio
n
to
u
s
e
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
(
H2
)
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
u
s
er
s
’
in
ten
tio
n
to
o
p
t
f
o
r
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
er
v
ices
(
H3
)
,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
u
s
er
s
’
in
ten
tio
n
to
o
p
t
f
o
r
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
to
o
ls
(
H4
)
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
in
lin
e
with
th
e
T
AM
m
o
d
el
[
8
]
,
[
17
]
,
[
18
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
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I
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&
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8
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T
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C
r
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I
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t
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P
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4
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Path
co
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with
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Fig
u
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Stru
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I
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5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
to
u
n
r
av
el
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
af
f
e
ct
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
wi
th
in
th
e
h
ig
h
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u
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tio
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s
ec
to
r
in
Om
an
.
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h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
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led
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
i
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t
is
h
ig
h
ly
d
e
p
e
n
d
in
g
o
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its
p
er
ce
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v
ed
ea
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e
o
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u
s
e,
u
s
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ln
ess
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p
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ce
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v
ed
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eliab
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an
d
r
esp
o
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s
iv
en
ess
.
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h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
o
f
g
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ea
t
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
as
th
ey
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
to
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
as
well
as
th
e
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
o
n
th
e
m
ain
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
asp
ec
ts
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
em
p
h
asized
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
am
o
n
g
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
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ticu
lar
ly
,
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
ad
e
ea
s
y
to
u
s
e
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
to
s
tu
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en
ts
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h
is
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
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d
b
y
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im
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lify
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g
th
eir
p
latf
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m
s
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d
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s
s
m
eth
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s
in
a
way
th
a
t su
its
n
ew
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s
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th
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th
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s
h
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ld
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o
t b
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e
at
th
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e
x
p
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s
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o
f
th
e
r
el
iab
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y
o
f
t
h
ese
s
er
v
ices
an
d
t
h
eir
tim
ely
r
esp
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n
s
es
to
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s
t
u
d
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’
n
ee
d
s
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
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n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
t
h
e
tr
ad
itio
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a
l
m
eth
o
d
s
h
as
to
b
e
em
p
h
asized
to
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
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h
is
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
o
f
p
er
io
d
o
f
cr
is
es
lik
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
,
wh
e
r
e
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
h
as sh
o
wn
a
g
r
ea
t a
b
ilit
y
to
s
m
o
o
th
e
n
th
e
t
ea
ch
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
a
ctiv
ities
,
an
d
to
s
er
v
e
as a
n
ef
f
icien
t to
o
l f
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
h
ar
in
g
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
g
lo
b
e
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
u
s
ag
e
o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
in
th
e
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
,
an
d
o
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
ec
to
r
s
,
r
e
q
u
ir
es
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
i
n
v
estme
n
t
in
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
f
r
ast
r
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
is
also
r
eq
u
i
r
es
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
ec
to
r
as
well
a
s
th
e
te
leco
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
er
v
ices
s
ec
to
r
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
e
f
f
icien
t
l
ea
r
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
to
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
m
o
d
e
l
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
em
ar
k
a
b
le
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
th
eo
r
ies
b
y
ex
te
n
d
in
g
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
al
m
o
d
els,
m
ain
ly
t
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
m
o
d
el.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
f
er
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t to
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t m
o
d
el
v
alid
ity
an
d
its
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
im
il
ar
c
o
u
n
tr
ies.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
a
ca
d
em
ic
wo
r
k
ap
p
lies
th
e
s
a
m
e
m
o
d
el
in
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
co
n
tex
t
s
an
d
r
ath
er
v
ia
m
o
r
e
u
p
d
ated
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
m
o
d
els.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
es
ar
e
ad
v
is
ed
to
ex
te
n
d
t
h
e
s
am
p
le
in
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
tex
t
an
d
wid
en
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
to
co
m
p
a
r
e
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
t
s
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
,
an
d
d
if
f
e
r
en
t stu
d
y
m
aj
o
r
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
S.
Tad
e
ss
e
a
n
d
W.
M
u
l
u
y
e
,
“
T
h
e
imp
a
c
t
o
f
COV
ID
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
o
n
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
in
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
tri
e
s:
A
re
v
iew
,”
Op
e
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
ia
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
9
-
1
7
0
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
]
UN
ICEF
.
T
h
e
imp
a
c
t
o
f
sc
h
o
o
l
c
l
o
su
re
s o
n
c
h
il
d
re
n
’s n
u
trit
i
o
n
.
U
NICEF
,
Ne
w Yo
rk
,
2
0
2
1
.
[3
]
Q.A.
Ala
jmi,
A.
Ka
m
a
lu
d
in
,
R.
A.
Ars
h
a
h
,
a
n
d
M
.
A.
Al
-
S
h
a
ra
fi,
“
Th
e
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
C
lo
u
d
-
Ba
se
d
E
-
Lea
rn
in
g
to
wa
rd
s
Qu
a
li
t
y
o
f
Ac
a
d
e
m
ic
S
e
rv
ice
s:
An
Om
a
n
is’
E
x
p
e
rt
Vie
w
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
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]
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N.S
.
Al
-
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h
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tri
fi,
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m
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a
lay
sia
,
2
0
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5
,
p
p
.
7
0
-
72
.
[5
]
Z.
S
h
a
n
a
a
n
d
E.
Ab
u
l
ib
d
e
h
,
“
Clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
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h
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g
h
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ti
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:
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m
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,”
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rn
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[6
]
M
.
T.
Am
ro
n
,
R.
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ra
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im,
a
n
d
S
.
Ch
u
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,
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A
re
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n
c
lo
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d
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o
m
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g
a
c
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,”
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.
1
,
p
p
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6
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9
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1
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.
[7
]
A.
S
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d
,
A.G
.
G
o
lam
d
in
,
a
n
d
N.A.
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il
,
“
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p
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n
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n
d
c
h
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ti
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stit
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,”
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h
e
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ter
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J
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rn
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T
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g
y
,
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l.
20
,
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
18
,
2
0
1
6
.
[8
]
S.
Ch
e
n
,
J.
C
h
e
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
C.
C
h
a
n
g
,
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d
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n
d
i
n
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e
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tec
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ts
o
f
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iv
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d
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ls
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n
ten
t
io
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f
Us
in
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o
u
d
S
e
rv
ice
s
,”
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o
u
rn
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l
o
f
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n
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mic
s
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
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me
n
t,
v
o
l.
13
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
9
-
166
,
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
M
.
A.
Al
-
S
h
a
ra
fi,
R.
A.
Ars
h
a
h
,
a
n
d
E.
A.
Ab
u
-
S
h
a
n
a
b
,
“
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a
c
to
rs
In
flu
e
n
c
in
g
th
e
Co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
Us
e
o
f
Clo
u
d
Co
m
p
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ti
n
g
S
e
rv
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s in
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iza
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Lev
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l
,”
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ter
n
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ti
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l
C
o
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fer
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n
c
e
s in
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,
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n
g
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o
k
,
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il
a
n
d
,
2
0
1
7
.
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0
]
A.M
.
N.A.
Ka
n
d
il
,
M
.
A.
Ra
g
h
e
b
,
A.A.
Ra
g
a
b
,
a
n
d
M
.
F
a
ro
u
k
,
“
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a
m
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e
e
ffe
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t
o
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o
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lo
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o
m
p
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ti
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g
a
d
o
p
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n
E
g
y
p
t
,”
T
h
e
Bu
si
n
e
ss
a
n
d
M
a
n
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g
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me
n
t
Rev
iew,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
pp.
1
1
3
-
1
2
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
M.
S
ti
e
n
in
g
e
r,
D.
Ne
d
b
a
l
,
W.
W
e
tzlin
g
e
r,
G
.
Wag
n
e
r,
a
n
d
M
.
A.
Ersk
in
e
,
“
F
a
c
to
rs
i
n
fl
u
e
n
c
in
g
th
e
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
a
d
o
p
t
io
n
o
f
c
lo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
:
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su
rv
e
y
a
m
o
n
g
c
lo
u
d
wo
r
k
e
rs
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
Pro
jec
t
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t,
v
o
l.
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,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
-
23
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
2
]
S.
Tri
p
a
th
i
,
“
De
term
in
a
n
ts
o
f
Cl
o
u
d
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
Ad
o
p
t
io
n
:
A
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
S
t
u
d
y
,”
P
a
c
if
ic
Asi
a
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
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th
e
Asso
c
ia
ti
o
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r In
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rm
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S
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ms
,
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l
.
11
,
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o
.
3,
p
p
.
28
-
54
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
3
]
H.,
Ha
ss
a
n
,
M
.
H.M
.
,
Na
sir,
N
.
K
h
a
iru
d
in
,
a
n
d
I.
Ad
o
n
,
“
F
a
c
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rs i
n
flu
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o
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sm
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n
d
m
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m
e
n
terp
rise
s
,”
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o
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n
a
l
o
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I
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,
v
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l.
16
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o
.
1
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p
.
21
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[1
4
]
I.
S
e
n
a
ra
th
n
a
,
C
.
Wi
l
k
in
,
M.
W
a
rre
n
,
W.
Ye
o
h
,
a
n
d
S.
S
a
lzm
a
n
,
“
F
a
c
to
rs
Th
a
t
I
n
fl
u
e
n
c
e
Ad
o
p
ti
o
n
o
f
C
lo
u
d
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
:
A
n
Em
p
iri
c
a
l
S
tu
d
y
o
f
A
u
stra
li
a
n
S
M
Es
,”
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str
a
la
si
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n
J
o
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rn
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f
In
f
o
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ti
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S
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,
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o
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22
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o
.
1
,
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p
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1
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0
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[1
5
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A.S
.
M
.
Al
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Ra
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h
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a
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C.
H
u
n
g
,
a
n
d
S.
C
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n
,
“
Re
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d
in
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ss
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v
e
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m
e
n
t
o
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s
f
o
r
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g
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:
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e
m
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l
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v
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fro
m
J
o
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a
n
,”
J
o
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rn
a
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B
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a
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M
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p
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6
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N.R.
A.
S
a
lam
a
n
d
S
.
Al
i,
“
De
term
in
in
g
fa
c
to
rs
o
f
c
lo
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d
c
o
m
p
u
ti
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g
a
d
o
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stu
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o
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rn
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Acc
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o
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2
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[1
7
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F.
S
a
d
o
u
g
h
i,
O
.
Ali,
a
n
d
L.
Erf
a
n
n
ia,
“
Ev
a
l
u
a
ti
n
g
t
h
e
fa
c
to
rs
th
a
t
in
fl
u
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n
c
e
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lo
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d
tec
h
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o
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o
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y
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d
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p
ti
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n
—
c
o
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p
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ra
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e
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n
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ly
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o
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lt
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n
d
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o
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e
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lt
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to
rs:
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s
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ste
m
a
ti
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re
v
iew
,”
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a
lt
h
In
f
o
r
ma
ti
c
s
J
o
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n
a
l
,
v
o
l.
25
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
2
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
8
]
A.B.
Na
ss
o
u
ra
,
“
Crit
ica
l
su
c
c
e
ss
fa
c
to
rs
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o
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o
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ti
o
n
s
,”
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ter
n
a
t
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a
l
J
o
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rn
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o
f
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
&
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h
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o
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y
Res
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rc
h
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
7
9
8
-
2
8
0
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
9
]
S.
Ch
a
v
e
e
su
k
,
W
u
tt
h
iro
n
g
,
a
n
d
W.
Ch
a
i
y
a
so
o
n
th
o
rn
,
“
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u
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C
o
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ti
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Clas
sro
o
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Ac
c
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p
tan
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e
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in
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a
il
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n
d
Hig
h
e
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Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
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’s
I
n
stit
u
tes
:
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Co
n
c
e
p
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l
F
ra
m
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wo
rk
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
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a
l
Co
n
fer
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n
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o
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In
f
o
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a
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M
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n
d
En
g
i
n
e
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,
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d
,
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
,
2
0
1
8
.
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0
]
Z.
As
a
d
i,
M
.
Ab
d
e
k
h
o
d
a
,
a
n
d
H.
Na
d
rian
,
“
Un
d
e
rsta
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d
i
n
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a
n
d
p
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h
e
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n
ten
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p
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in
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d
u
c
a
ti
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n
,”
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n
ter
a
c
ti
v
e
T
e
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h
n
o
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n
d
S
ma
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Ed
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c
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ti
o
n
,
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l
.
17
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
14
-
27
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
1
]
N.
Ah
m
e
d
,
N.
H
o
d
a
,
a
n
d
F
.
Al
a
h
m
a
ri,
“
De
v
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c
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to
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su
sta
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b
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