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.
K
ey
w
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d
s
:
Aco
u
s
tic
p
h
o
n
etic
Fo
r
m
an
t a
n
aly
s
is
I
n
ter
n
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al
p
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alp
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ab
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t
Ma
lay
v
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wel
ch
ar
t
T
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is i
s
a
n
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p
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c
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u
n
d
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e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
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n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Nu
r
s
u
r
iati Jam
il,
Facu
lty
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
an
d
Ma
th
em
atica
l Scie
n
ce
s
,
Un
iv
er
s
iti T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i M
AR
A,
4
0
4
5
0
Sh
ah
Alam
,
Selan
g
o
r
,
Ma
lay
s
ia.
E
m
ail: liza
jam
il@
co
m
p
u
ter
.
o
r
g
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Ph
o
n
o
lo
g
y
is
d
escr
ib
ed
as
an
asp
ec
t
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
ea
lin
g
w
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r
u
les
f
o
r
s
tr
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ctu
r
in
g
a
n
d
s
eq
u
en
cin
g
s
p
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ch
s
o
u
n
d
.
I
n
m
an
y
lan
g
u
a
g
es
s
u
ch
as
Am
er
ican
E
n
g
lis
h
,
C
h
in
ese
an
d
Ar
a
b
ic,
th
e
ac
o
u
s
tic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
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o
f
th
e
v
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wels
wer
e
well
s
tu
d
ied
.
T
h
is
was
n
o
t
s
o
f
o
r
an
u
n
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-
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d
la
n
g
u
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s
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ch
as
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lan
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[
1
]
.
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2
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in
th
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E
n
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clo
p
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B
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ica
[
10
]
is
a
b
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3
3
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Sin
g
ap
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B
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eo
[
1
1
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.
T
h
e
v
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ice
s
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s
tem
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f
t
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Ma
lay
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u
a
g
e
v
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wa
s
s
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wn
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I
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F
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f M
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(
I
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ar
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[
1
2
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4
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[
10
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.
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.
Sev
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in
v
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s
[
1
5
-
1
8
]
wer
e
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th
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p
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ix
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,
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d
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.
I
n
[
1
9
,
2
0
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p
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im
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r
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
Ma
l
ay
v
o
wels.
I
n
[
1
5
]
,
f
o
u
r
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ed
s
ix
v
o
wels
o
f
Ma
lay
ch
ild
r
en
ag
ed
b
etwe
en
7
an
d
1
2
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
.
T
h
e
aim
wa
s
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ac
o
u
s
tical
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
o
f
th
e
s
p
ee
ch
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
g
en
d
e
r
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
f
o
r
m
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
o
f
th
e
f
e
m
ales
wer
e
g
en
er
ally
h
ig
h
e
r
th
an
th
e
m
ales.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
er
e
wa
s
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
ies
o
f
m
o
s
t
v
o
wels
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
[
1
6
]
th
en
a
n
aly
ze
d
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
F
0
)
an
d
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
th
e
v
o
wels
ac
r
o
s
s
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
g
e
n
d
er
.
T
h
er
e
wa
s
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
F
0
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
v
o
wels
f
o
r
b
o
th
m
ales
an
d
f
em
ales.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
s
h
o
wn
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
p
er
t
u
r
b
atio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
o
n
th
e
h
an
d
,
s
h
o
wed
n
o
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
r
g
e
n
d
er
.
T
h
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
v
o
wel’
s
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
was
als
o
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
Ma
lay
s
ian
C
h
in
ese
y
o
u
n
g
ad
u
lts
in
[
1
7
]
.
As
ex
p
ec
ted
,
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
C
h
in
ese
f
em
ales
h
a
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
F
0
th
an
Ma
lay
s
ian
C
h
in
ese
m
ales
in
all
s
ix
v
o
wels.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
also
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
F
0
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
v
o
wels
f
o
r
ea
ch
g
en
d
e
r
.
I
n
[
1
8
]
,
T
in
g
et
al.
ex
ten
d
ed
th
e
s
am
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
o
n
Ma
la
y
s
ian
Ma
lay
y
o
u
n
g
a
d
u
lts
b
y
e
x
tr
ac
tin
g
th
e
F
0
an
d
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
f
r
o
m
6
s
u
s
tain
ed
Ma
lay
v
o
wels.
T
h
ey
also
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
r
e
wa
s
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
F
0
an
d
p
e
r
tu
r
b
ati
o
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
all
v
o
wels.
T
h
e
Ma
lay
f
e
m
ales
also
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
F
0
co
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
Ma
lay
m
ales
b
u
t
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
f
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ac
r
o
s
s
g
en
d
er
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
o
n
m
u
ltieth
n
ic
s
h
o
wed
th
at
F
0
v
ar
ies b
etwe
en
Ma
lay
s
ian
Ma
lay
an
d
o
t
h
er
et
h
n
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Mo
s
t
p
h
o
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
Ma
lay
v
o
wels
wer
e
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
ac
o
u
s
tical
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
o
f
s
p
ee
ch
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
b
etwe
en
g
en
d
er
s
a
n
d
ac
r
o
s
s
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
wo
r
k
s
we
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
an
d
v
alu
a
b
le
to
wa
r
d
s
ad
d
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
s
p
o
k
en
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e
,
th
e
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
p
e
ec
h
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
s
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
Ma
lay
an
d
its
d
ialec
ts
u
s
in
g
v
o
wel
ch
ar
ts
will
f
o
r
m
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
b
asis
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
s
u
ch
as
s
p
ee
c
h
s
y
n
th
esis
,
s
p
ee
ch
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
p
ee
ch
r
e
h
a
b
ilit
atio
n
an
d
s
p
ee
ch
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
o
f
o
u
r
wo
r
k
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
ly
ex
p
lo
r
ed
o
n
th
e
s
o
u
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
o
f
s
ix
s
tan
d
ar
d
Ma
lay
v
o
wels
/a/,
/e
/,
/ə/,
/i/,
/o
/
an
d
/u
/
.
H
o
wev
e
r
,
[2
1
]
c
o
m
p
iled
a
lis
t
o
f
n
i
n
e
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e
v
o
wels
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
ix
s
tan
d
ar
d
v
o
wel
p
h
o
n
em
es
/a/,
/e/,
/i/,
/o
/,
/u
/,
ə/
an
d
th
r
ee
all
o
p
h
o
n
es
/ɔ/,
/ε/,
/
ɜ/
th
at
wer
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
d
ialec
t
p
u
t
f
o
r
war
d
b
y
[
5
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
[
21
]
an
d
[
2
2
]
later
ar
g
u
e
d
th
at
v
o
wels
u
tter
ed
b
y
s
p
ea
k
er
s
o
f
s
o
m
e
d
ialec
ts
wer
e
r
ed
u
c
ed
to
o
n
ly
two
allo
p
h
o
n
es
/ɔ/,
/ε
/.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
ased
o
n
[
2
1
]
a
n
d
[
2
2
]
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ize
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
v
o
wel
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
s
o
f
eig
h
t
Ma
lay
v
o
wels
/a/,
/
e/,
/i/,
/o
/,
/u
/,
/ə/,
/ɔ/,
/ε/
u
s
in
g
f
o
r
m
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cies.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
s
o
f
th
is
p
ap
e
r
a
r
e
th
r
ee
f
o
ld
:
1
)
T
h
e
v
o
wel
f
ea
t
u
r
es
o
f
two
Ma
lay
allo
p
h
o
n
es
/ɔ/,
/ε
/
wer
e
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
an
d
illu
s
tr
ated
in
t
h
e
I
PA
v
o
wel
ch
ar
t
a
n
d
2
)
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
o
f
ei
g
h
t
Ma
lay
v
o
wels
wer
e
q
u
an
tifie
d
an
d
d
o
c
u
m
en
ted
,
an
d
3
)
A
u
d
io
co
llectio
n
s
o
f
all
ei
g
h
t
Ma
lay
v
o
wels
wer
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
f
r
o
m
s
p
o
k
en
Ma
lay
s
tan
d
ar
d
a
n
d
d
ialec
ts
o
f
f
o
u
r
s
tates in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Su
bje
ct
s
T
h
e
s
u
b
jects
wer
e
all
n
ativ
e
Ma
lay
s
p
ea
k
er
s
wh
o
u
s
e
Ma
la
y
lan
g
u
a
g
e
o
n
d
aily
b
asis
.
At
th
e
tim
e
o
f
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
,
all
s
u
b
jects
h
av
e
a
co
m
p
lete
ar
ticu
lato
r
y
t
o
o
l
wit
h
n
o
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
s
p
ee
ch
d
is
o
r
d
e
r
an
d
wer
e
h
ea
lth
y
.
T
h
ey
wer
e
lo
ca
ls
in
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
s
tates
an
d
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
tay
in
g
in
th
e
s
am
e
d
is
tr
ict
all
t
h
eir
liv
es.
Fo
r
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
s
u
b
jects
wer
e
co
n
s
i
s
tin
g
o
f
f
o
u
r
m
ales a
n
d
th
r
ee
f
em
ales w
ith
ag
e
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
4
0
to
6
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
.
2
.
2
.
E
qu
i
pm
ent
s
a
nd
pro
ce
du
re
s
Un
lik
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
wo
r
k
th
at
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
th
e
s
p
o
k
en
v
o
wels
in
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
en
cl
o
s
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
,
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
o
f
o
u
r
s
u
b
jects
wa
s
d
o
n
e
in
o
p
en
,
o
u
td
o
o
r
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
W
e
s
elec
ted
o
u
r
s
u
b
jects
an
d
s
tar
ted
a
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
with
th
e
s
u
b
ject
at
a
p
lace
th
e
y
wer
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
f
o
r
ta
b
le
s
u
ch
as
th
eir
h
o
m
e,
in
a
co
f
f
ee
s
h
o
p
an
d
th
e
m
ar
k
et.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
p
o
n
tan
eo
u
s
co
n
v
e
r
s
atio
n
s
u
s
in
g
a
So
n
y
I
C
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-
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atter
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to
1
2
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
r
d
er
wa
s
s
u
p
er
s
lim
,
co
m
p
ac
t
an
d
lig
h
tweig
h
t
f
o
r
ex
ce
llen
t
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
q
u
ality
an
d
co
m
f
o
r
ta
b
le
to
b
e
attac
h
ed
o
n
th
e
h
u
m
an
b
o
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
p
o
k
en
wo
r
d
s
co
n
tain
in
g
th
e
v
o
wels
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
s
atio
n
s
b
y
a
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e
lin
g
u
is
t a
n
d
a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
Ma
lay
v
o
wels d
ataset
V
o
w
e
l
s
N
o
o
f
w
o
r
d
s
D
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
w
o
r
d
s
N
o
o
f
su
b
j
e
c
t
s
a
1
5
3
1
m
i
n
u
t
e
3
0
se
c
o
n
d
s
3
e
71
4
0
se
c
o
n
d
s
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I
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an
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,
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an
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T
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illed
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q
u
ality
o
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p
o
k
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wo
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d
s
[
2
3
-
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
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th
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llected
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Hz
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th
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with
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r
wo
r
k
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we
u
s
ed
f
r
a
m
e
len
g
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o
f
2
0
m
s
[
2
6
]
with
ad
jace
n
t
f
r
am
es
s
ep
ar
ated
an
d
s
h
if
ted
b
y
1
0
m
s
[
2
7
]
.
W
in
d
o
win
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wa
s
ap
p
lied
af
ter
f
r
a
m
in
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to
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ize
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ig
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b
eg
in
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am
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I
t p
r
e
-
m
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ltip
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th
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s
ig
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al
with
Han
n
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win
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ce
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a
s
m
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h
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d
ac
cu
r
ate
s
ig
n
al
[
2
8
]
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
Ham
m
in
g
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r
B
lack
m
an
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
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e
f
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al
s
tep
o
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als
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Hig
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Au
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v
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n
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tated
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ally
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th
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al
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is
to
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k
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o
wn
as
Pra
at
[
2
9
]
b
y
a
tech
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p
e
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s
o
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y
r
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er
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in
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t
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en
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p
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n
t
ev
alu
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n
[
3
0
-
3
1
]
as
a
g
u
id
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ce
.
Fig
u
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1
illu
s
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ates th
e
tr
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s
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Fig
u
r
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1
.
T
r
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v
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f
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Fig
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I
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8
8
2
2
F
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f M
a
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w
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(
I
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147
at
wo
r
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d
v
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lev
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r
esp
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tiv
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.
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(
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in
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in
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eter
m
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d
b
ased
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th
r
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cr
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ia:
1
)
a
d
r
am
atic
ch
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g
e
in
am
p
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d
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v
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s
wa
v
ef
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r
m
,
2
)
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ch
a
n
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e
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e
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er
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o
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v
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s
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m
a
n
ts
ac
co
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ch
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F3
,
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d
3
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icity
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t
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7
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0
v
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e
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
p
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k
en
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d
s
an
d
wer
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u
s
ed
to
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m
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ciatio
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s
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A
s
ca
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s
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f
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T
ab
le
1
,
th
e
h
ig
h
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
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we
l
is
f
o
r
v
o
wel
/a/,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
/
ə/,
/i/ an
d
/o
/.
T
h
ese
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
v
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wels in
s
p
o
k
e
n
Ma
lay
la
n
g
u
ag
e
.
2
.
3
.
Vo
wel
f
ea
t
ure
ex
t
r
a
ct
io
n
Fo
r
m
an
t
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
wa
s
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
Pra
at
[
3
2
]
f
o
r
all
th
e
v
o
wels.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
m
at
s
ettin
g
s
o
f
Pra
at
wa
s
u
s
ed
th
at
wer
e
5
5
0
0
Hz
o
f
m
ax
im
u
m
f
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m
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t
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eq
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en
cy
,
f
iv
e
n
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m
b
er
s
o
f
f
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m
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ts
,
2
5
m
illi
s
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o
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d
s
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f
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h
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a
d
y
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am
ic
r
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f
3
0
d
B
.
An
ex
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f
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tr
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g
r
am
f
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r
v
o
wel
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wa
s
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Gr
a
y
-
s
ca
le
s
p
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tr
o
g
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d
th
e
f
o
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m
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t f
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v
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wel
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s
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ated
as a
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d
F4
ar
e
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as th
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d
ar
k
b
an
d
s
’
s
p
ec
tr
o
g
r
a
m
s
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
eq
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en
cies
(
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ea
ch
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lated
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s
in
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m
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f
f
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m
an
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f
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r
ea
c
h
s
am
p
le.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
f
o
r
m
an
ts
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
a
wid
e
b
an
d
s
p
ec
tr
o
g
r
am
as
d
ar
k
b
an
d
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
f
o
u
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
o
f
all
1
5
3
v
o
wels
o
f
/a/.
O
v
er
all,
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
ea
ch
f
o
r
m
an
t
o
f
v
o
wel
/a/
wa
s
s
h
o
wn
to
b
e
d
is
cr
im
in
ativ
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
wa
s
a
f
ew
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
o
f
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
f
o
r
F1
with
F2
,
an
d
F2
w
ith
F3
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
d
u
e
to
th
e
cl
o
s
e
r
esem
b
lan
ce
o
f
v
o
wel
s
p
ee
ch
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
F1
an
d
F2
wer
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
v
o
wels
an
d
wer
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
s
aid
to
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
t
h
e
o
p
en
o
r
clo
s
e
o
f
m
o
u
th
p
o
s
itio
n
a
n
d
f
r
o
n
t
o
r
b
ac
k
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
u
th
[
3
3
]
.
On
th
e
co
n
tr
ar
y
,
h
ig
h
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
ies
o
f
F3
an
d
F4
r
ep
r
esen
t
h
ig
h
p
itch
s
o
u
n
d
s
esp
ec
ially
in
s
in
g
in
g
.
F3
an
d
F4
wer
e
m
a
n
ip
u
lated
b
y
lo
we
r
in
g
th
e
lar
y
n
x
an
d
elev
atin
g
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
b
lad
e
t
o
en
h
an
ce
th
is
p
a
r
t o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
an
d
m
ak
e
it h
ea
r
d
ab
o
v
e
a
n
o
r
ch
estra
l a
cc
o
m
p
an
im
e
n
t
[
3
4
].
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fo
r
m
an
t f
r
e
q
u
en
cies (
F1
-
F4
)
f
o
r
all
1
5
3
v
o
wels o
f
/a/
co
llected
f
r
o
m
3
s
u
b
jects.
Desp
ite
th
e
v
is
ib
ly
d
is
tin
ct
co
lo
u
r
-
co
d
ed
clu
s
ter
s
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
m
an
ts
,
f
ew
o
v
er
la
p
p
i
n
g
f
o
r
m
an
ts
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
wel
/a/
c
an
b
e
s
ee
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
1
4
4
-
1
5
2
148
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Af
ter
th
e
f
o
r
m
an
t f
r
e
q
u
en
cies w
er
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
all
th
e
eig
h
t v
o
wels,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
f
o
r
m
a
n
ts
(
Hz)
o
f
ea
ch
v
o
wel
we
r
e
c
o
m
p
u
ted
a
n
d
tab
u
lated
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
t
h
e
tab
le,
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
f
o
r
m
a
n
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
all
v
o
wels
a
re
u
n
iq
u
e
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
e
d
is
tin
ct
p
r
o
n
u
n
c
iatio
n
s
o
f
e
ac
h
v
o
wel.
T
ab
le
2.
Av
e
r
ag
e
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cies (
F1
-
F4
)
f
o
r
all
eig
h
t v
o
wels
F1
F2
F3
F4
/
a
/
8
1
1
1
5
2
0
2
4
9
6
3
4
2
9
/
e
/
4
9
9
1
9
0
8
2
5
5
9
3
3
3
7
/i/
4
3
2
2
0
4
9
2
7
6
3
3
5
0
2
/
o
/
5
4
7
1
1
8
6
2
3
7
3
3
3
5
9
/
u
/
4
7
7
1
2
0
4
2
4
6
2
3
4
5
5
/
ə
/
5
5
6
1
5
5
0
2
4
5
9
3
3
8
4
/
ɔ
/
6
6
5
1
2
4
7
2
6
5
7
3
6
0
3
/
ε/
6
9
0
1
9
7
9
2
6
4
7
3
5
3
5
Pre
v
io
u
s
wo
r
k
[
2
7
]
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
th
e
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
o
f
th
e
v
o
wels
d
if
f
er
in
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
two
f
o
r
m
a
n
ts
.
F1
an
d
F2
wer
e
also
co
m
m
o
n
ly
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
as
th
e
m
ain
ca
r
r
ier
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
v
o
wel
id
en
tific
atio
n
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
d
is
cr
im
in
ativ
e
c
h
ar
ac
te
r
is
tic
o
f
F1
an
d
F2
wer
e
also
u
s
ed
b
y
[
3
5
]
to
class
if
y
g
en
d
er
o
f
Ma
lay
ch
il
d
r
en
ag
e
d
b
etwe
en
7
to
1
2
y
e
ar
s
o
ld
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
u
r
th
er
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
F1
an
d
F2
wa
s
d
ee
m
ed
n
ec
ess
ar
y
in
o
u
r
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
o
f
F1
an
d
F2
f
o
r
all
eig
h
t
v
o
wels
(
/a/,
/e/,
/i/,
/u
/,
/ə/,
/o
/,
/ɔ/,
ε/)
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
c
r
o
wd
in
g
am
o
n
g
ad
jace
n
t
v
o
w
els
ap
p
ea
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
v
o
wels
(
/a/,
/e/,
/u
/,
/ə/,
/
o
/,
/ɔ/,
ε/)
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
v
o
wel
/i/
is
clu
s
ter
ed
s
ep
ar
ately
at
th
e
to
p
lef
t
o
f
th
e
cr
o
wd
ed
v
o
wel
ar
ea
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
v
o
wels
(
/a/,
/e/,
/u
/,
/ə/,
/
o
/,
/ɔ/,
ε/)
wer
e
clu
s
ter
ed
clo
s
e
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
,
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
v
o
wels
wer
e
s
til
l
id
en
tifia
b
le.
As
an
e
x
am
p
le,
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
o
f
v
o
wels
/a/
an
d
/u
/
wer
e
h
ig
h
l
y
p
o
p
u
lated
at
th
e
b
o
tto
m
an
d
to
p
o
f
th
e
cr
o
wd
e
d
a
re
a
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ly
.
T
h
e
ex
ac
t
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
Ma
lay
v
o
wels
ca
n
b
e
d
et
er
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
av
er
ag
e
f
o
r
m
a
n
t f
r
e
q
u
en
ci
es F1
an
d
F2
an
d
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
ac
o
u
s
tic
v
o
wel
d
iag
r
am
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
an
t f
r
eq
u
en
cies
r
ep
r
es
en
t
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
u
th
d
u
r
in
g
v
o
wel’
s
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
f
o
r
m
a
n
t
wa
s
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
h
eig
h
t
o
f
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
b
o
d
y
.
I
f
th
e
v
o
wel
h
as
a
h
ig
h
f
ir
s
t
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
it
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
lo
w
to
n
g
u
e
b
o
d
y
wa
s
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
it.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
v
o
wel
wa
s
ca
lled
“lo
w
v
o
we
l”.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
th
e
v
o
wel
/a/
h
as
th
e
h
ig
h
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
f
o
r
m
an
t,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
it
wa
s
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
lo
w
v
o
wel
an
d
lo
w
to
n
g
u
e
b
o
d
y
wa
s
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
it.
Fo
r
“h
ig
h
v
o
wel”
,
h
ig
h
t
o
n
g
u
e
b
o
d
y
wa
s
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
a
n
d
th
is
wa
s
s
h
o
wn
b
y
th
e
lo
w
v
alu
e
o
f
f
ir
s
t
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
th
e
v
o
wel
/i/
an
d
/
u
/
h
av
e
lo
w
f
ir
s
t
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
v
o
w
els
/i/
an
d
/u
/
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
h
ig
h
v
o
wels.
T
h
e
o
th
er
v
o
wels
(
/e/,
/ə/,
/
o
/,
/ɔ/,
/ε/)
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
m
id
d
le
v
o
wels
b
etwe
en
h
ig
h
an
d
l
o
w
v
o
wel
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
a
b
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
8
v
o
wels f
o
r
4
m
ales a
n
d
3
f
em
al
es.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
th
in
n
ed
o
f
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t d
ata
p
o
in
ts
f
o
r
b
etter
cla
r
ity
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
p
lay
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
F
o
r
ma
n
t c
h
a
r
a
cteris
tics
o
f M
a
la
y
vo
w
els
(
I
z
z
a
d
R
a
mli
)
149
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Vo
wel
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
Ma
lay
v
o
wels sp
o
k
en
b
y
4
m
ales a
n
d
4
f
e
m
ales c
alcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cies o
f
F1
a
n
d
F2
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
an
t
v
alu
e
wa
s
m
o
s
tly
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
f
r
o
n
tn
ess
o
r
b
ac
k
n
ess
o
f
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
b
o
d
y
.
I
f
th
e
v
o
wels
h
a
v
e
h
i
g
h
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
’
s
v
alu
e,
it
i
s
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
at
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
to
n
g
u
e
b
o
d
y
an
d
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
“
f
r
o
n
t
v
o
wel
”
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
if
it
h
a
s
lo
w
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
v
al
u
e,
t
h
e
s
o
u
n
d
is
cr
ea
te
d
at
th
e
b
ac
k
o
f
t
h
e
to
n
g
u
e
b
o
d
y
an
d
is
ca
teg
o
r
ize
d
as
“
b
ac
k
v
o
wel
”
.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
t
h
e
v
o
wel
s
(
/i/,
/e/,
/ε/)
h
av
e
h
ig
h
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies,
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
th
ese
v
o
w
els
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
f
r
o
n
t
v
o
wels
wh
ich
we
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
at
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
th
e
t
o
n
g
u
e
b
o
d
y
.
T
h
e
v
o
wels
(
/u
/,
/
o
/,
/ɔ/)
with
lo
w
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
b
ac
k
v
o
wels.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
v
o
wels
(
/a
/,
/ə/)
lo
ca
ted
at
th
e
m
id
d
le
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as c
en
tr
al
v
o
wels
.
W
e
f
u
r
th
er
an
al
y
s
ed
th
e
v
o
wel
d
iag
r
am
b
ased
o
n
g
en
d
er
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
th
e
f
em
ales
h
av
e
a
wid
er
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
a
n
t.
T
h
e
lo
west
av
er
a
g
e
f
ir
s
t
f
o
r
m
an
t
o
f
th
e
f
em
ales
wa
s
th
e
v
o
wel
/i/
at
4
2
3
Hz
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
av
e
r
ag
e
wa
s
f
o
r
v
o
wel
/a/
at
8
4
1
Hz.
W
h
ile
f
o
r
th
e
m
ales,
th
e
lo
west
av
er
ag
e
f
ir
s
t
f
o
r
m
a
n
t
wa
s
f
o
r
v
o
wel
/i/
at
4
4
5
Hz
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
av
er
a
g
e
wa
s
f
o
r
v
o
wel
/a/
at
6
8
5
Hz.
T
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
b
e
twee
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
o
r
th
e
f
em
ales
wa
s
4
1
8
Hz,
wh
ile
f
o
r
th
e
m
ales
wa
s
2
4
0
Hz.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
o
p
en
n
ess
an
d
clo
s
en
ess
o
f
th
e
m
o
u
th
d
u
r
in
g
v
o
wel
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
wa
s
lar
g
er
f
o
r
f
em
ales
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
m
ales.
T
h
e
s
am
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
wa
s
s
ee
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies.
T
h
e
f
em
ales
h
av
e
a
lar
g
er
r
an
g
e
o
f
av
e
r
ag
e
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
ci
es
f
r
o
m
1
1
8
0
Hz
to
2
2
0
0
Hz,
wh
ile
th
e
m
ales r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
7
0
0
Hz
to
1
0
2
0
Hz.
T
h
e
f
em
ales sh
o
wed
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
t a
n
d
b
ac
k
o
f
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
m
ales
wh
e
n
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
cin
g
t
h
e
v
o
wels.
I
t
wa
s
also
in
ter
esti
n
g
to
n
o
te
th
at
th
e
v
o
wel
/i/
f
o
r
m
ale
wa
s
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
m
o
r
e
b
ac
k
n
ess
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
v
o
wel
/e/,
u
n
lik
e
in
f
em
ales
wh
er
e
th
e
v
o
wel
/i/
wa
s
m
o
r
e
f
r
o
n
tn
e
s
s
th
an
v
o
wel
/e/.
T
h
e
s
am
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
wa
s
tr
u
e
f
o
r
v
o
wel
/u
/ a
n
d
/o
/ a
s
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
v
o
wel
d
iag
r
am
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
6
wa
s
m
ap
p
ed
to
th
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
Ph
o
n
etic
Alp
h
ab
et
(
I
PA)
[
3
6
]
to
p
o
s
itio
n
th
e
eig
h
t
Ma
lay
v
o
wels.
T
h
e
lef
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
v
o
wel
d
iag
r
am
r
ep
r
esen
t
ed
th
e
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
u
th
clo
s
er
to
th
e
lip
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
i
g
h
t
s
id
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
t
h
e
b
ac
k
o
f
th
e
m
o
u
th
[
3
7
]
.
V
o
w
el
b
a
ck
n
ess
wa
s
a
ter
m
r
e
f
er
r
e
d
to
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
ar
ticu
latio
n
o
f
a
vo
w
el
r
elat
iv
e
to
th
e
b
ac
k
o
f
th
e
m
o
u
th
.
T
h
e
t
o
p
o
f
th
e
c
h
ar
t
is
th
e
r
o
o
f
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
u
th
an
d
t
h
e
b
o
tto
m
o
f
t
h
e
ch
ar
t
is
th
e
jaw.
T
h
e
co
m
p
leted
v
o
wels c
h
ar
t w
ith
th
e
Ma
lay
v
o
wels is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Vo
wel’
s
d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
th
e
Ma
lay
v
o
wels f
o
r
m
ales a
n
d
f
em
ales’
ca
teg
o
r
ies
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
1
4
4
-
1
5
2
150
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Vo
wels c
h
ar
t
o
f
th
e
Ma
lay
v
o
wels o
n
th
e
I
PA
T
h
er
e
wer
e
th
r
ee
m
ain
v
o
wel
f
ea
tu
r
es
th
at
ca
n
d
escr
ib
e
a
v
o
wel.
T
h
e
f
ea
t
u
r
es
we
r
e
h
eig
h
t,
b
ac
k
n
ess
,
an
d
r
o
u
n
d
ed
n
ess
.
T
h
e
h
eig
h
t
an
d
b
ac
k
n
ess
r
ef
er
t
o
t
h
e
to
n
g
u
e
p
o
s
itio
n
d
u
r
in
g
v
o
wel
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
R
o
u
n
d
ed
n
ess
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
lip
’
s
s
h
ap
e.
T
h
e
I
PA
ca
ll
s
h
ig
h
v
o
wels
d
if
f
er
en
tly
as
“c
lo
s
e
”
v
o
wels,
an
d
lo
w
v
o
wels
at
th
e
b
o
tto
m
as
“o
p
en
”
v
o
wels.
T
h
e
v
o
wels
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
r
o
ws
wer
e
ca
l
led
“m
id
v
o
wels”.
T
h
ese
ter
m
s
d
escr
ib
e
d
th
e
s
tat
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
u
th
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
v
o
w
el’
s
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
F
ig
u
r
e
7
o
n
ly
v
o
wel
/a/
wa
s
id
en
tifie
d
as
an
o
p
en
v
o
wel
an
d
t
h
e
two
clo
s
e
v
o
wels
wer
e
/i/,
an
d
/u
/.
T
h
e
o
th
er
v
o
wels
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
cl
o
s
e
-
m
id
o
r
o
p
e
n
-
m
id
v
o
wels.
Fo
r
th
e
b
ac
k
n
e
s
s
f
ea
tu
r
e,
th
e
v
o
wels
o
n
th
e
r
ig
h
t
-
h
a
n
d
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
t
wer
e
ca
lled
“
b
ac
k
”
v
o
wels.
T
h
o
s
e
o
n
t
h
e
lef
t
-
h
an
d
s
id
e
wer
e
ca
lled
“f
r
o
n
t”
v
o
wels.
T
h
o
s
e
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
we
r
e
ca
lled
“c
e
n
t
r
al”
v
o
wels.
I
n
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
a
g
e
th
er
e
wer
e
th
r
ee
f
r
o
n
t
v
o
wels
/i/,
/e/,
/ɛ/
an
d
th
r
ee
b
ac
k
v
o
wels
/u
/,
/o
/,
/ɔ/.
T
h
e
o
th
er
s
wer
e
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
v
o
wels.
Up
o
n
clo
s
er
o
b
s
er
v
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
v
o
wels
p
o
s
itio
n
,
v
o
wel
/ɛ/
wa
s
lo
ca
ted
clo
s
er
to
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
to
th
e
s
am
e
v
o
wel
in
th
e
I
PA
ch
ar
t.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
we
ca
n
s
ay
th
at
th
e
v
o
wel
/ɛ/
wh
en
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
in
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e
wa
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
u
r
t
h
er
u
p
at
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
u
th
.
R
o
u
n
d
ed
n
ess
wa
s
th
e
th
ir
d
m
ajo
r
v
o
wel
f
ea
tu
r
e
an
d
it
d
escr
ib
e
d
th
e
lip
s
an
d
n
o
t
th
e
to
n
g
u
e.
T
h
e
f
r
o
n
t
an
d
ce
n
tr
al
v
o
wels
wer
e
u
s
u
ally
u
n
r
o
u
n
d
ed
,
an
d
th
e
b
ac
k
v
o
wel
is
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e
v
o
wels
/a/,
/e/,
/i/,
/ə/,
/ε/
wer
e
th
e
u
n
r
o
u
n
d
ed
v
o
wels
an
d
v
o
wels
/o
/,
/u
/,
/ɔ/
wer
e
th
e
r
o
u
n
d
ed
v
o
wels.
W
e
f
u
r
th
er
q
u
an
tifie
d
th
e
eig
h
t
v
o
wels
b
ased
o
n
t
h
eir
av
er
a
g
e
F1
an
d
F2
an
d
p
lo
t
th
e
m
o
v
er
th
e
v
o
wel
ch
a
r
t a
s
(
F1
,
F2
)
.
T
h
is
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Vo
wels c
h
ar
t
o
f
th
e
Ma
lay
v
o
wels o
n
th
e
I
PA w
ith
q
u
an
tific
atio
n
s
o
f
f
ir
s
t (
F1
)
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
an
t
(
F2
)
o
f
ea
c
h
v
o
wel.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
v
o
wel
/i
/ w
h
ich
is
a
h
ig
h
(
clo
s
e)
v
o
wel
an
d
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
at
th
e
f
r
o
n
t o
f
th
e
to
n
g
u
e
h
as a
n
a
v
er
ag
e
(
F1
,
F2
)
o
f
(
4
3
2
,
2
0
4
9
)
B
ased
o
n
th
e
o
v
er
all
av
er
ag
e
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
we
tab
u
lated
a
g
en
er
al
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
F1
an
d
F
2
f
o
r
all
t
h
e
Ma
lay
v
o
wels.
T
h
e
v
o
wel
h
ei
g
h
t
wa
s
r
ep
r
es
en
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
f
o
r
m
an
t
an
d
its
b
ac
k
n
ess
wa
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
u
s
in
g
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
an
t.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
if
a
v
o
wel
h
as
an
av
er
ag
e
f
ir
s
t
f
o
r
m
an
t
o
f
5
0
0
Hz
an
d
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
an
t
o
f
1
2
0
0
,
it
wa
s
d
ec
la
r
ed
as
a
cl
o
s
e
-
m
id
an
d
b
ac
k
v
o
wel.
An
y
u
n
ca
teg
o
r
ized
v
o
wel
m
a
y
b
e
class
if
ied
u
s
in
g
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
g
en
e
r
alize
d
r
an
g
e.
Gen
er
aliza
tio
n
o
f
v
o
wel
h
eig
h
t
an
d
v
o
wel
b
ac
k
n
ess
b
ased
o
n
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
f
ir
s
t
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
a
n
ts
.
A
v
o
wel
th
at
f
alls
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
2
4
6
to
t
o
6
6
3
Hz
f
o
r
its
a
v
e
r
ag
e
f
i
r
s
t
f
o
r
m
an
ts
an
d
h
a
v
in
g
an
av
er
ag
e
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
a
n
ts
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
0
6
5
to
2
5
0
4
Hz
wa
s
d
ec
lar
ed
as h
ig
h
(
clo
s
e)
an
d
f
r
o
n
t v
o
wels
as s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
F
o
r
ma
n
t c
h
a
r
a
cteris
tics
o
f M
a
la
y
vo
w
els
(
I
z
z
a
d
R
a
mli
)
151
T
ab
le
3
.
Gen
e
r
aliza
tio
n
o
f
v
o
wel
h
eig
h
t a
n
d
v
o
wel
b
ac
k
n
es
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
o
f
f
i
r
s
t
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
an
ts
V
o
w
e
l
H
e
i
g
h
t
F
1
(
H
z
)
V
o
w
e
l
B
a
c
k
n
e
ss
F
2
(
H
z
)
C
l
o
se
2
4
6
-
663
F
r
o
n
t
1
0
6
5
-
2
5
0
4
C
l
o
se
-
m
i
d
3
7
0
-
676
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
1
1
9
6
-
1
9
0
4
O
p
e
n
-
mi
d
3
6
2
-
884
B
a
c
k
8
2
3
-
1
6
1
0
O
p
e
n
6
5
8
-
964
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
wa
s
th
e
f
ir
s
t
in
itiativ
e
t
o
war
d
s
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tin
g
all
th
e
eig
h
t
v
o
wels
in
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e
u
s
in
g
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
t
h
e
Ma
lay
v
o
wels
o
f
s
p
o
n
tan
eo
u
s
s
p
ee
c
h
es
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
wer
e
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
a
n
ts
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
o
f
th
e
eig
h
t
v
o
we
l
s
,
(
/a/,
/e/,
/i/,
/u
/,
/ə/,
/o
/,
/ɔ/,
/ε/)
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
to
o
b
jectiv
ely
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
o
p
en
n
ess
an
d
clo
s
en
ess
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
u
th
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
tn
ess
an
d
b
ac
k
n
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
.
T
h
e
v
o
wel
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
eig
h
t
Ma
lay
v
o
wels
wa
s
ch
ar
ted
to
h
ig
h
lig
h
t th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
an
d
s
im
ilar
ities
b
etwe
en
v
o
wels
c
ateg
o
r
y
an
d
g
en
d
er
s
.
T
h
is
wa
s
th
e
m
ain
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
i
s
p
ap
er
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
v
o
wel
ch
ar
t,
it
s
h
o
w
ed
th
a
t
th
e
Ma
lay
d
ialec
t
v
o
wels
co
m
p
ly
with
th
e
I
PA
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
F1
an
d
F2
f
o
r
all
eig
h
t
v
o
wels
wer
e
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
as
r
esear
ch
o
r
as
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
l
f
o
r
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
v
o
wels
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
m
ale
a
n
d
f
e
m
ale,
f
em
ale
h
av
e
wid
er
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
f
o
r
m
an
t.
Ho
we
v
er
,
f
u
r
th
er
wo
r
k
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
d
o
n
e
s
u
ch
as
in
-
d
ep
t
h
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
m
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
ialec
t
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
R.
Aru
lmo
z
h
i
y
a
l
a
n
d
K.
Ba
sk
a
ra
n
,
"
Im
p
lem
e
n
tati
o
n
o
f
a
fu
z
z
y
P
I
c
o
n
tro
l
ler
fo
r
sp
e
e
d
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
i
n
d
u
c
ti
o
n
m
o
t
o
rs
u
sin
g
F
P
G
A,"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
p
p
.
65
-
7
1
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
]
D.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
C
o
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
c
ircu
latin
g
c
u
rre
n
t
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
i
n
terle
a
v
e
d
th
re
e
-
p
h
a
se
two
-
lev
e
l
v
o
lt
a
g
e
-
so
u
rc
e
c
o
n
v
e
rters
with
d
isc
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
sp
a
c
e
-
v
e
c
to
r
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
,
"
2
0
0
9
IE
EE
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
Co
n
g
re
ss
a
n
d
Exp
o
si
ti
o
n
,
v
o
ls
.
1
-
6
,
p
p
.
3
9
0
6
-
3
9
1
2
,
2
0
0
9
.
[3
]
Z.
Yin
h
a
i
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
n
o
v
e
l
S
VPW
M
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
,
"
i
n
Ap
p
li
e
d
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Exp
o
siti
o
n
,
2
0
0
9
.
A
PE
C
2
0
0
9
.
T
we
n
ty
-
Fo
u
rt
h
A
n
n
u
a
l
IEE
E
,
p
p
.
1
2
8
-
1
3
1
,
2
0
0
9
.
[4
]
D.
Ho
e
se
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
S
h
a
re
d
-
Hi
d
d
e
n
-
La
y
e
r
d
e
e
p
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
r
k
fo
r
u
n
d
e
r
-
re
so
u
rc
e
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
th
e
c
o
n
te
n
t
,"
T
e
lko
mn
ika
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
6
-
1
2
3
8
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
8
.
[5
]
J.T
.
Co
l
li
n
s,
An
t
h
o
l
o
g
y
d
i
a
lec
t
o
f
M
a
l
a
y
S
t
u
d
ies
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
.
Ku
a
la L
u
m
p
u
r:
De
wa
n
Ba
h
a
sa
d
a
n
P
u
sta
k
a
,
1
9
8
3
.
[6
]
N.S
.
Ka
rim,
e
t
a
l
.,
T
e
re
n
g
g
a
n
u
d
i
a
lec
t
.
Ku
a
la L
u
m
p
u
r:
De
wa
n
Ba
h
a
sa
d
a
n
P
u
sta
k
a
,
1
9
8
9
.
[7
]
A.H.
M
a
h
m
o
o
d
,
"
Tere
n
g
g
a
n
u
d
iale
c
ts
:
A
b
rief rev
iew
i
n
M
a
lay
,"
J
u
rn
a
l
De
wa
n
Ba
h
a
sa
,
p
p
.
2
1
7
–
2
2
5
,
1
9
9
0
.
[8
]
M
.
Y.
M
a
ris,
T
h
e
M
a
la
y
so
u
n
d
sy
ste
m
.
Ku
a
la L
u
m
p
u
r:
F
a
jar Bak
t
i
S
d
n
.
Bh
d
,
1
9
8
0
.
[9
]
A.
Om
a
r,
Hie
ra
rc
h
y
M
a
l
a
y
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
.
Ku
a
la L
u
m
p
u
r:
De
wa
n
Ba
h
a
sa
d
a
n
P
u
sta
k
a
,
1
9
8
5
.
[1
0
]
F
.
M
.
On
n
,
As
p
e
c
ts
o
f
M
a
l
a
y
p
h
o
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
m
o
rp
h
o
l
o
g
y
:
A
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
lay
sia
,
1
9
8
0
.
[1
1
]
I.
Zah
i
d
a
n
d
M
.
S
h
a
h
Om
a
r,
Ph
o
n
e
ti
c
s a
n
d
p
h
o
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
.
Ku
a
la L
u
m
p
u
r:
P
T
S
P
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
2
]
S
.
M
o
k
h
tar,
e
t
a
l
.,
"
A
n
a
ly
sis o
f
th
e
p
rin
c
ip
le freq
u
e
n
c
y
(F
0
)
o
f
M
a
lay
v
o
we
l
s
o
u
n
d
:
Tra
n
sm
issio
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
c
o
u
sti
c
p
h
o
n
e
ti
c
s
in
M
a
lay
,
"
J
u
rn
a
l
Ba
h
a
sa
,
v
o
l.
14
,
p
p
.
2
8
9
–
3
0
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
3
]
En
c
y
c
lo
p
e
d
ia
Brit
a
n
n
ica
.
2
0
1
8
.
Re
tri
e
v
e
d
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
On
li
n
e
].
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:
//
ww
w.b
rit
a
n
n
ica
.
c
o
m
/
to
p
ic/M
a
la
y
-
lan
g
u
a
g
e
[1
4
]
O.G
.
Wi
ll
iam
a
n
d
J.
Arc
h
i
b
a
ld
,
C
o
n
tem
p
o
ra
ry
li
n
g
u
isti
c
a
a
n
a
lys
is:
An
i
n
tro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
(7
t
h
e
d
it
io
n
).
T
o
ro
n
t
o
:
Ad
d
iso
n
Wes
ley
Lo
n
g
m
a
n
,
2
0
0
0
.
[1
5
]
M.
Do
n
o
h
u
e
,
"
M
a
lay
a
s a
m
irro
r
o
f
a
u
stro
n
e
sia
n
:
Vo
ice
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
o
ice
v
a
riatio
n
,"
L
i
n
g
u
a
,
v
o
l.
1
1
8
,
n
o
.
10
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
0
–
1
4
9
9
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
6
]
P
.
Co
le a
n
d
G
.
He
rm
o
n
,
"
Vo
ice
i
n
M
a
lay
/I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
,
"
L
in
g
u
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
5
0
0
–
1
5
5
3
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
7
]
H.
Th
a
m
rin
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Cro
wd
s
o
u
rc
in
g
i
n
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
re
p
o
sit
o
r
y
o
f
p
h
ra
se
d
e
fi
n
it
i
o
n
in
Ba
h
a
sa
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,"
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
17
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
3
2
1
-
2
3
2
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
8
]
H
-
N.
Ti
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
F
o
rm
a
n
t
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
ies
o
f
M
a
lay
v
o
we
ls
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
M
a
lay
c
h
il
d
re
n
a
g
e
d
b
e
t
we
e
n
7
a
n
d
1
2
y
e
a
rs
,"
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Vo
ice
,
v
o
l
.
26
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
6
4
.
e
1
-
6
6
4
.
e
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
9
]
H
-
N.
Ti
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Ac
o
u
st
ic
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
v
o
we
ls
b
y
n
o
rm
a
l
M
a
lay
sia
n
M
a
lay
y
o
u
n
g
a
d
u
lt
s
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Vo
ice
,
v
o
l.
25
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
e
3
0
5
–
e
3
0
9
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
0
]
A.
Zo
u
rm
a
n
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
re
so
n
a
n
c
e
ima
g
i
n
g
stu
d
y
o
n
t
h
e
a
rti
c
u
lato
r
y
a
n
d
a
c
o
u
stic
sp
e
e
c
h
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
o
f
M
a
lay
v
o
we
ls
,
"
Bi
o
M
e
d
ica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
On
li
n
e
,
v
o
l.
13
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
1
]
H
-
N.
Ti
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
V
o
c
a
l
fu
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
p
e
rt
u
rb
a
ti
o
n
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
o
f
v
o
we
ls
b
y
N
o
r
m
a
l
M
a
lay
sia
n
Ch
in
e
se
a
d
u
l
ts
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
V
o
ice
,
v
o
l.
25
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
e
3
1
1
–
e
3
1
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
2
]
H
-
N.
Ti
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
p
e
rt
u
rb
a
ti
o
n
m
e
a
su
re
s
o
f
su
sta
i
n
e
d
v
o
we
ls
i
n
M
a
lay
sia
n
M
a
lay
c
h
il
d
re
n
b
e
twe
e
n
7
a
n
d
1
2
y
e
a
rs
o
l
d
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
V
o
ice
,
v
o
l.
26
,
n
o
.
4
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ts,"
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th
In
ter
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ic,
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s
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4
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R.
H
a
m
z
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,
N.
Ja
m
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a
n
d
N.
S
e
m
a
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,
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o
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stica
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Ha
m
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a
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sifica
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6
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A.
Ha
ss
a
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Ge
n
e
ra
l
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u
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s
:
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u
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Lu
m
p
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TS
P
ro
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l,
2
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.
[2
7
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A.
Oth
m
a
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it
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ti
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f
L
in
g
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isti
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8
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].
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h
a
ir,
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a
l
.
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De
term
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2
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n
li
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].
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p
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3
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ir,
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l.
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Q
u
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ra
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teristics
in
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re
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S
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e
,
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p
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7
-
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2
0
1
2
.
[3
4
]
B.
H.
S
to
ry
,
T
h
e
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a
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a
c
t
in
sin
g
in
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l
.
1
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.
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u
c
so
n
:
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fo
r
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Un
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rsity
P
re
ss
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.
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5
]
D.K.
P
h
u
ll
a
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d
G
.
B.
Ku
m
a
r,
"
Vo
we
l
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ly
s
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r
In
d
ian
En
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Co
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–
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3
8
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e
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2
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1
6
.
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6
]
W.
Ru
ter,
2
0
1
8
.
F
u
ll
IPA
Ch
a
rt
.
[On
li
n
e
].
A
v
a
il
lab
le:
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tt
p
s:/
/www
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tern
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rt
[3
7
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J.
Hill
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n
b
ra
n
d
a
n
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L
.
A.
G
e
tt
y
,
"
Ac
o
u
stic
c
h
a
ra
c
teris
ti
c
s
o
f
Am
e
rica
n
En
g
li
sh
v
o
we
ls
,"
T
h
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
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t
h
e
Aco
u
stica
l
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o
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ric
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,
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l.
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o
.
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9
9
4
,
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p
.
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0
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9
–
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1
1
1
,
1
9
9
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.