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8
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2817
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Au
th
en
tic
teac
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in
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Dig
ital
lear
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in
g
Hig
h
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-
o
r
d
er
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
T
ea
ch
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
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c
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rticle
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d
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e
CC B
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SA
li
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.
C
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r
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s
p
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A
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r
:
Siti
Salin
a
Mu
s
tak
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Facu
lty
of
E
d
u
ca
tio
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Stu
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s
,
Un
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it
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Pu
tr
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Ma
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4
3
4
0
0
Ser
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Ma
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m
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1.
I
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RO
D
UCT
I
O
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I
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r
esp
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s
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to
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c
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t
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s
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ev
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n
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Ma
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ia
ar
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ac
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cin
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cien
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ed
u
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o
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u
t
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with
a
co
m
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s
k
ill
s
et,
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p
h
asizin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
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,
te
am
wo
r
k
,
an
d
p
r
o
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lem
-
s
o
lv
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n
g
.
A
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
a
s
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d
e
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t
-
ce
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ed
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o
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el,
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ar
ticu
lar
ly
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s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
(
STE
M)
f
ield
s
,
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
co
o
p
er
atio
n
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
a
n
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
[
1
]
.
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
th
e
STE
M
f
ield
s
will
h
elp
th
e
n
ex
t
g
e
n
er
atio
n
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
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e
[
2
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
s
ev
er
al
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tu
d
ies,
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
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g
to
o
ls
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s
u
ch
as
m
o
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les,
p
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a
v
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s
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ca
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q
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ality
,
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d
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tu
d
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ts
f
r
o
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th
eo
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t
o
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r
ac
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lic
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an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
th
in
k
i
n
g
[
3
]
–
[
6
]
.
Dig
ital
lear
n
in
g
em
er
g
es
as
a
p
iv
o
tal
s
tr
ateg
y
,
ca
p
t
u
r
in
g
i
n
ter
est,
u
n
co
v
e
r
in
g
p
o
ten
tial,
an
d
b
alan
cin
g
class
r
o
o
m
an
d
s
elf
-
lear
n
i
n
g
to
im
p
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o
v
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ef
f
icien
c
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
ac
tiv
ities
[7
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
r
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ar
ch
o
b
jectiv
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f
o
cu
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atin
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co
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m
p
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d
to
tr
a
d
itio
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eth
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d
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
2
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8
2
2
I
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t
J
E
v
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&
R
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d
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c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
2
8
1
7
-
2824
2818
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
B
ACK
G
RO
U
ND
Ma
lay
s
ia
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
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s
tem
u
n
d
er
wen
t
s
ig
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ica
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tr
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s
f
o
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m
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in
p
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atio
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o
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th
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2
1
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ce
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tu
r
y
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with
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im
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ch
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o
l
cu
r
r
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lu
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iter
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b
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r
e
1
9
8
2
:
Old
Prim
ar
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Sch
o
o
l
C
u
r
r
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lu
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(
OPSC
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,
New
Prim
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Sch
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NPSC
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,
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d
St
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ar
d
Prim
ar
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Sch
o
o
l
C
u
r
r
i
cu
lu
m
(
SP
SC
)
[
1
1
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
i
es
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
4
]
,
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
i
s
cu
r
r
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lu
m
is
to
i
n
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r
ate
Ma
lay
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ian
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o
s
e
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ce
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tr
y
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clu
d
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r
e
th
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o
n
e
r
ac
e.
NPSC
,
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
1
9
8
2
,
aim
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
e
q
u
al
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
lear
n
ess
en
tial so
cieta
l sk
ills
,
wh
ile
SP
SC
in
2
0
1
1
ad
d
r
ess
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th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
2
1
s
t
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R
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ies
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p
h
asize
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e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
h
ig
h
er
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
(
HOT
S)
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
cr
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an
d
lo
g
ical
th
in
k
in
g
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an
aly
tical
ab
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ies,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
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an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
[
1
5
]
–
[
2
0
]
.
HOT
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in
v
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m
p
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o
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o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
3
]
.
Aca
d
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
is
clo
s
ely
lin
k
ed
to
HOT
S,
in
f
lu
en
c
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
test
s
,
m
id
ter
m
s
,
f
in
als,
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
s
co
r
es [
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
R
esear
ch
o
n
co
lleg
e
p
h
y
s
ics
class
es
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
H
OT
S
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
h
y
s
ics
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
s
tr
o
n
g
HOT
S
[
2
6
]
.
E
n
g
ag
in
g
in
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
m
en
tal
s
im
u
latio
n
s
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
in
g
elec
tr
ical
co
n
ce
p
ts
[
2
7
]
.
St
u
d
en
ts
with
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
c
ep
tu
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
i
n
s
cien
tific
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
id
ea
o
f
q
u
alities
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
at
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
s
ci
en
tific
in
q
u
ir
y
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
u
s
es
an
d
g
r
atif
icatio
n
(
U&
G)
,
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
in
1
9
7
4
,
e
x
p
lo
r
es
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
b
eh
in
d
m
ed
ia
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
r
ec
en
t
ef
f
o
r
ts
in
ex
p
an
d
i
n
g
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
u
les
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
2
]
.
I
t
d
o
es
s
o
b
y
co
n
ce
n
tr
atin
g
o
n
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
wh
y
in
d
iv
id
u
als
p
ick
o
n
e
m
ed
iu
m
o
v
er
o
th
e
r
o
p
tio
n
s
to
s
u
it
v
ar
io
u
s
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
[
3
3
]
.
Mu
ltime
d
ia
co
g
n
itiv
e
lear
n
i
n
g
th
e
o
r
y
'
s
d
esig
n
p
r
in
cip
les
g
u
i
d
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
n
v
ey
a
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
u
d
io
a
n
d
v
is
u
al
ch
an
n
els,
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
r
ep
etitio
n
a
n
d
li
g
h
ten
in
g
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
lo
ad
s
[
3
4
]
–
[
3
6
]
.
Ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
ac
ilit
ate
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
u
tco
m
es
in
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
,
im
p
ac
tin
g
test
ac
h
iev
em
en
t,
m
en
tal
asp
ec
ts
,
an
d
HOT
S [
3
7
]
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
an
aly
ze
,
d
esig
n
,
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
(
ADDI
E
)
m
o
d
el
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
'
s
b
ased
o
n
its
s
elec
tio
n
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
,
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
i
n
its
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
ea
s
e
o
f
im
p
lem
e
n
ta
tio
n
,
an
d
alig
n
m
e
n
t
with
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
p
i
n
n
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
t
o
d
e
v
elo
p
a
n
in
t
eg
r
ated
elec
tr
ical
s
cien
ce
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
with
HOT
S
u
s
in
g
th
e
ADDI
E
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
e
d
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
an
aly
s
is
,
d
esig
n
,
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
ti
n
g
to
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
an
d
o
f
f
er
in
g
an
ad
ap
tab
le
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
d
i
v
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
itiativ
es.
T
h
e
d
ata
wer
e
co
llected
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
e
d
y
ea
r
5
p
u
p
ils
f
r
o
m
two
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
Ser
em
b
an
Dis
tr
ict.
B
y
em
p
lo
y
in
g
a
s
am
p
lin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
b
y
s
ev
e
r
al
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
,
a
to
tal
o
f
7
0
o
u
t
o
f
2
0
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
with
3
5
ass
ig
n
ed
to
b
o
th
th
e
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
o
f
p
lacin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
o
r
d
in
ar
y
class
r
o
o
m
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
e
d
elib
er
ate
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
a
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
in
ten
d
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
e
x
tr
an
eo
u
s
v
ar
ia
b
les
[
4
1
]
.
Usi
n
g
a
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
es
two
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
i
ab
les
(
HOT
S
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
en
t
)
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
f
o
r
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
tag
es.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
was
d
elib
er
at
e
an
d
b
ased
o
n
p
r
e
-
test
r
esu
lts
an
d
o
th
er
p
er
tin
e
n
t
f
ea
tu
r
es,
as
ad
v
is
ed
b
y
th
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
[
4
2
],
[
4
3
]
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
te
x
t,
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
em
p
l
o
y
ed
a
m
o
d
u
le,
wh
e
r
ea
s
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
ad
h
er
e
d
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
B
y
cr
ea
tin
g
a
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
it
was
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
,
wh
ich
c
o
u
ld
th
e
n
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
th
e
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
u
s
in
g
th
e
i
-
Gen
iu
s
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
ass
is
tan
ce
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Stu
d
en
ts
f
ac
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ch
allen
g
es
in
ac
q
u
ir
i
n
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
i
n
s
cien
ce
,
as
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
s
ix
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
s
h
ar
ed
d
iv
er
s
e
p
er
s
p
ec
t
iv
es
o
n
p
u
p
ils
'
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
if
f
icu
lties
.
T
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es
in
clu
d
e
co
m
p
lex
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
,
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
co
g
n
itiv
e
ab
ilit
ies,
m
is
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
s
,
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ie
s
,
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
r
ec
u
r
r
in
g
th
em
e
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
HOT
S a
n
d
th
e
ch
allen
g
es a
s
s
o
ciate
d
with
in
s
tr
u
ctin
g
an
d
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
HOT
S in
elec
tr
ical
s
u
b
jects.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
teac
h
er
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tr
u
g
g
l
e
with
en
v
is
io
n
in
g
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
tio
n
o
f
a
n
elec
tr
ical
cir
cu
it
a
n
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
in
g
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
r
elate
d
to
elec
tr
ical
s
u
b
jects.
T
h
e
d
ef
icien
cy
o
f
HOT
S
p
r
o
v
es
to
b
e
a
m
ajo
r
o
b
s
tacle
,
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
ten
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
ap
p
ly
ac
q
u
i
r
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
HOT
S
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
e
m
o
r
ies
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
with
o
u
t
o
f
f
er
in
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
o
r
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
h
in
d
er
i
n
g
t
h
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
a
n
aly
ze
m
ater
ial
an
d
g
en
e
r
ate
s
u
itab
le
o
u
tco
m
es.
C
h
allen
g
es
in
d
if
f
er
en
tiatin
g
b
etwe
en
cir
cu
its
,
e
s
p
ec
ially
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
allel
cir
cu
its
,
wer
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
b
y
th
e
teac
h
er
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
ffective
n
ess
o
f d
ig
ita
l le
a
r
n
in
g
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
h
ig
h
er o
r
d
er th
i
n
kin
g
s
kills
(
Ha
mid
a
h
Ma
t
)
2819
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
elec
tr
i
ca
l
to
p
ics,
f
o
llo
ws
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
v
alu
es
f
o
r
s
k
ewn
ess
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
,
T
a
b
le
1
i
n
d
icatin
g
a
n
ac
ce
p
tab
le
u
n
iv
ar
iate
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
an
al
y
s
is
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
s
co
r
es
o
b
t
ain
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
h
er
e
clo
s
ely
to
a
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
atter
n
,
a
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
ass
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
Ko
lm
o
g
o
r
o
v
-
Sm
ir
n
o
v
s
tatis
tic.
T
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
ar
ticu
lated
as
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
H0
)
:
th
e
d
ataset
f
o
llo
ws
a
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
Alter
n
ativ
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
HA)
:
th
e
d
ataset
d
ev
iates
f
r
o
m
a
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
allo
ws
f
o
r
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ex
am
in
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
d
ata'
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
m
ak
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
ab
o
u
t th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
o
f
th
e
d
at
aset.
T
h
e
Ko
lm
o
g
o
r
o
v
-
Sm
ir
n
o
v
test
f
o
r
n
o
r
m
ality
in
T
ab
le
2
h
as
s
h
o
wn
s
ev
er
al
p
’
s
less
th
an
0
.
0
5
,
wh
ic
h
is
a
v
io
latio
n
o
f
th
e
n
o
r
m
ality
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
th
e
Ko
lm
o
g
o
r
o
v
-
Sm
ir
n
o
v
test
,
s
co
r
es
ca
n
b
e
r
e
f
er
r
ed
to
o
th
e
r
test
s
as
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
;
th
en
th
e
n
o
r
m
ality
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
is
ac
ce
p
ted
.
T
ab
ac
h
n
ick
a
n
d
Fid
ell
[
4
5
]
s
u
g
g
est
u
s
in
g
h
is
to
g
r
am
s
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
c
u
r
v
es
to
f
u
r
th
er
ass
ess
th
e
n
o
r
m
ality
o
f
th
e
s
co
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
test
s
in
d
icate
a
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
ly
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
p
lo
t
an
d
d
etr
e
n
d
ed
n
o
r
m
al
Q
-
Q
p
lo
t
in
Fig
u
r
es
1
an
d
2
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
n
o
r
m
ality
o
f
th
e
v
a
r
iab
les.
I
n
th
ese
p
lo
ts
,
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
alu
es
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
co
r
e
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
ag
ai
n
s
t
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
v
alu
es
o
f
a
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
,
with
m
o
s
t
s
co
r
es a
cc
u
m
u
latin
g
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
ze
r
o
lin
e.
T
a
b
le
1.
Sk
ewn
ess
an
d
K
u
r
to
s
is
test
s
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
te
s
t
Te
st
S
k
e
w
n
e
ss
K
u
r
t
o
si
s
Pre
0
.
7
8
6
0
.
0
2
2
P
o
st
0
.
1
5
3
-
0
.
7
5
2
T
ab
le
2.
No
r
m
ality
test
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
Te
st
K
o
l
m
o
g
o
r
o
v
-
S
m
i
r
n
o
v
S
h
a
p
i
r
o
-
W
i
l
k
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
Df
si
g
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
Df
si
g
Pre
0
.
2
1
5
66
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
9
1
1
66
0
.
0
0
0
P
o
st
0
.
9
6
0
66
0
.
2
0
0
0
.
9
7
3
66
0
.
1
5
7
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Plo
t Q
-
Q
n
o
r
m
al
p
r
e
test
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Plo
t Q
-
Q
n
o
r
m
al
d
etr
en
d
ed
p
r
e
test
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
2
8
1
7
-
2824
2820
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
q
u
a
n
tiles
f
r
o
m
a
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
n
th
e
x
-
ax
is
an
d
th
e
ac
tu
al
q
u
an
tiles
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ataset
o
n
t
h
e
y
-
a
x
is
.
E
ac
h
p
o
in
t
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
v
alu
e
in
th
e
d
ataset,
an
d
i
ts
p
o
s
itio
n
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
lin
e
in
d
icate
s
h
o
w
m
u
ch
it
d
ev
iates
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
Mo
s
t
p
o
in
ts
lie
clo
s
e
to
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
lin
e,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
an
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
f
ew
p
o
in
ts
at
th
e
en
d
s
m
a
y
in
d
icate
p
o
ten
tial
o
u
tlier
s
o
r
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
tail
h
ea
v
in
ess
,
in
d
icatin
g
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
k
ewn
ess
o
r
k
u
r
to
s
is
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
d
ataset
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
b
e
r
o
u
g
h
ly
n
o
r
m
ally
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
,
with
p
o
ten
tial
d
e
v
i
atio
n
s
in
th
e
tails
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
d
ev
iatio
n
s
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
i
n
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
d
ata
a
n
d
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
in
v
alid
ate
a
n
o
r
m
ality
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
,
f
u
r
th
er
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
m
a
y
b
e
w
ar
r
an
ted
,
esp
ec
ially
if
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
s
tatis
tical
te
s
ts
o
r
m
o
d
els ass
u
m
in
g
n
o
r
m
ality
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
at
m
o
s
t
p
o
in
ts
in
th
e
p
lo
t
alig
n
alo
n
g
a
s
tr
aig
h
t
lin
e,
in
d
icatin
g
s
im
i
lar
ity
to
a
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
So
m
e
s
lig
h
t
d
ev
iatio
n
s
,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
at
th
e
en
d
s
,
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
in
m
an
y
d
atasets
an
d
m
ay
s
u
g
g
est
m
in
o
r
s
k
ewn
ess
o
r
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
o
u
tlier
s
.
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
p
o
r
tio
n
clo
s
ely
f
o
llo
ws
t
h
e
lin
e,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t
m
ea
n
an
d
v
ar
ian
c
e
with
n
o
r
m
ality
.
Po
i
n
ts
at
th
e
ex
tr
em
es
m
ay
r
ep
r
esen
t
o
u
tlier
s
,
p
o
ten
tially
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
n
o
r
m
ality
ass
ess
m
en
t,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
im
p
ac
t is
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t in
s
m
aller
d
at
asets
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
Q
-
Q
p
lo
t
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
u
g
g
ests
th
e
d
ata
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
n
o
r
m
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
with
m
i
n
o
r
d
ev
iat
io
n
s
at
th
e
tails
,
g
en
er
ally
ac
ce
p
tab
le
f
o
r
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
es,
esp
ec
ially
with
lar
g
e
s
am
p
le
s
izes.
An
alter
n
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
b
o
x
p
lo
ts
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es
5
an
d
6
r
ev
ea
ls
n
o
ex
tr
em
e
p
o
in
ts
b
etwe
en
test
s
co
r
es,
m
ar
k
ed
with
a
n
aster
is
k
(
*
)
,
b
u
t
id
e
n
tifie
s
s
lig
h
t
o
u
tlier
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
s
m
all
cir
cles
(
°)
in
b
o
t
h
test
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
Pallan
t
[
4
6
]
,
e
x
tr
em
e
o
u
tlier
s
(
)
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
em
o
v
ed
,
wh
ile
s
m
all
o
u
tlier
s
(
°)
ca
n
b
e
r
etain
ed
,
an
d
th
ey
will
b
e
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
d
ata
f
i
le.
T
h
e
v
is
u
al
d
is
p
lay
s
u
g
g
es
ts
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
d
ata
f
o
llo
ws a
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
test
in
g
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
p
o
th
eses
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
-
test
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
d
ata
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
3
.
A
t
-
test
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
es
o
f
th
e
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
r
ev
ea
led
n
o
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
(t
-
v
alu
e=
1
.
6
5
,
d
f
=6
8
,
p
>0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
es
f
o
r
th
e
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
(
M=
2
6
.
8
6
)
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
M=
2
1
.
6
6
)
s
h
o
wed
o
n
l
y
a
s
lig
h
t d
if
f
er
e
n
c
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
k
u
r
to
s
is
v
alu
e
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
f
ell
with
in
t
h
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
a
n
g
e
f
o
r
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
[
4
7
]
(
-
1
.
0
to
+1
.
0
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
n
ac
ce
p
tab
le
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
d
ata
f
o
r
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Plo
t Q
-
Q
n
o
r
m
al
p
o
s
t te
s
t
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Plo
t Q
-
Q
n
o
r
m
al
d
etr
en
d
ed
p
o
s
t te
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
ffective
n
ess
o
f d
ig
ita
l le
a
r
n
in
g
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
h
ig
h
er o
r
d
er th
i
n
kin
g
s
kills
(
Ha
mid
a
h
Ma
t
)
2821
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
o
x
p
lo
t
p
r
e
-
test
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
B
o
x
p
lo
t
p
o
s
t
-
test
T
ab
le
3.
I
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
t
-
test
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lt
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
N
M
SD
t
df
S
i
g
.
Tr
e
a
t
me
n
t
35
2
6
.
8
6
1
4
.
0
9
1
.
6
5
68
0
.
1
0
4
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
35
2
1
.
6
6
1
2
.
2
4
T
ab
le
4.
I
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
t
-
test
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lt
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
N
M
SD
t
df
S
i
g
.
Tr
e
a
t
me
n
t
35
5
9
.
0
3
1
2
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9
4
8
.
3
7
68
0
.
0
0
0
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
35
3
4
.
6
6
1
1
.
3
7
An
in
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ep
en
d
en
t
t
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test
r
ev
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le
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
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d
if
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er
e
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ce
in
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
t
(
6
8
)
=
8
.
3
7
,
p
>
0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
(
M=
5
9
.
0
3
)
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
M=
3
4
.
6
6
)
o
n
th
e
HOT
S
v
ar
iab
le,
as
in
d
icate
d
in
T
ab
le
4
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
in
HOT
S
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
to
d
iv
e
r
s
if
y
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
in
elec
tr
ic
ity
to
p
ics.
T
h
e
i
-
Ge
n
iu
s
m
o
d
u
le'
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
b
en
ef
itin
g
wea
k
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ca
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
an
d
m
as
ter
elec
tr
ical
to
p
ics
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
task
s
.
Dr
awin
g
o
n
co
g
n
itiv
e
ap
p
r
en
ticesh
ip
p
r
i
n
cip
les
[
4
8
]
,
th
e
e
m
p
h
asis
is
o
n
g
u
id
e
d
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
m
etac
o
g
n
itiv
e
lear
n
in
g
.
E
n
g
ag
em
en
t
with
t
h
e
i
-
Gen
iu
s
m
o
d
u
le
in
v
o
lv
es
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
f
o
u
r
p
h
ases
.
C
lass
r
o
o
m
s
etu
p
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
,
alig
n
i
n
g
with
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
t
u
r
y
le
ar
n
in
g
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
W
ah
y
u
d
d
in
et
a
l
.
[
4
9
]
,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
en
h
a
n
c
es
s
tu
d
en
t
in
ter
est
an
d
f
o
s
ter
s
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
tiv
e
id
ea
ex
c
h
an
g
e
in
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
in
g
th
e
i
-
Gen
iu
s
m
o
d
u
le
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
a
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
lead
in
g
to
en
h
an
ce
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
k
ills
.
Dev
elo
p
ed
in
alig
n
m
en
t
with
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
an
d
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
d
o
cu
m
en
t
(
S
C
D)
,
th
e
i
-
Gen
iu
s
m
o
d
u
le
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
ea
m
les
s
ly
u
tili
ze
i
t,
en
jo
y
lear
n
in
g
a
b
o
u
t
elec
tr
ica
l
s
u
b
jects,
an
d
f
ee
l
m
o
tiv
ated
to
tack
le
HOT
S
ch
allen
g
es.
R
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
well
-
o
r
g
an
ize
d
i
-
Gen
iu
s
m
o
d
u
le,
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
d
i
v
er
s
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
m
o
tiv
ates
Yea
r
5
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
u
r
s
u
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Sh
if
tin
g
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
to
m
o
d
u
lar
class
r
o
o
m
s
em
p
o
wer
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
co
llab
o
r
ate,
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
,
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
[
5
0
]
.
I
n
p
h
ase
I
I
o
f
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
u
tlin
ed
in
th
e
i
-
Gen
iu
s
m
o
d
u
le,
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
r
ac
tice
m
etac
o
g
n
itio
n
b
y
v
er
b
alizin
g
th
eir
th
o
u
g
h
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
im
p
licit
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
to
e
x
p
licit
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
5
1
]
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
teac
h
er
s
to
id
en
tify
m
is
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
ev
alu
ate
th
eir
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
5
2
]
,
alig
n
in
g
with
th
e
ac
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t stra
teg
y
s
u
g
g
este
d
in
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t Plan
2
0
1
3
-
2
0
2
5
[
5
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
i
-
Gen
iu
s
m
o
d
u
le
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
HOT
S
an
d
d
ee
p
en
s
th
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
elec
tr
icity
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
[
5
3
]
,
[
5
4
]
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
an
d
v
ir
tu
al
lea
r
n
in
g
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
ts
s
tu
d
en
t
s
'
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
a
b
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
th
e
i
-
Ge
n
iu
s
m
o
d
u
le
ac
tiv
ely
en
g
a
g
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
co
o
p
er
atio
n
to
ac
h
iev
e
o
b
jectiv
es
in
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
task
s
,
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
'
s
g
o
al
o
f
n
u
r
tu
r
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ab
ilit
ie
s
[
5
5
]
.
Ad
o
p
tin
g
th
e
c
o
g
n
iti
v
e
ap
p
r
en
ticesh
ip
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
teac
h
er
s
en
co
u
r
ag
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
u
n
an
s
wer
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
p
o
s
t
-
m
o
d
u
le,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
r
o
le
s
h
if
t
wh
er
e
t
h
e
ex
p
er
t
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
[
5
6
]
–
[
5
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
HOT
S
m
o
d
u
les
in
s
cien
tific
class
es
b
u
t
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
es
lim
itatio
n
s
,
e
m
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
o
n
g
o
in
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
r
esear
c
h
ef
f
o
r
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
lik
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
,
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
c
r
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
s
tu
d
ies
to
g
ain
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
teac
h
in
g
HOT
S in
v
ar
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
[
5
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
2
8
1
7
-
2824
2822
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
o
f
f
er
s
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
HOT
S
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
in
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
co
n
d
u
cted
o
v
e
r
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
g
en
er
all
y
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
HOT
S
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
b
u
t
r
e
v
ea
ls
ch
allen
g
es
in
ap
p
ly
in
g
t
h
ese
s
k
ills
in
s
cien
tific
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
T
h
e
tem
p
o
r
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
ad
d
s
p
r
a
ctica
l
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
HOT
S
m
o
d
u
le
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
i
n
Ma
lay
s
ian
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
A
k
ey
f
in
d
i
n
g
p
o
in
ts
to
a
p
o
ten
tial
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
p
r
escr
ib
ed
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
an
d
ac
tu
al
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
clo
s
er
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
teac
h
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ac
e
in
a
p
p
ly
in
g
HOT
S
in
s
cien
tific
c
o
n
tex
ts
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
r
e
f
in
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
tai
lo
r
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
to
p
r
ac
t
ical
r
ea
liti
es.
C
o
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
well
-
d
esig
n
e
d
m
o
d
u
les u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
tar
g
eted
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
HOT
S
p
r
o
m
o
ti
o
n
in
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
.
I
t
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
ch
allen
g
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ac
e
an
d
ad
v
o
ca
tes
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
co
h
esiv
e
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
HOT
S
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
s
,
aim
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stu
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d
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k
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r
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ially
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o
r
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tary
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re
se
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tere
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rricu
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m
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c
t
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lu
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ted
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il
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a
m
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h
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2
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m
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Mu
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r
Lec
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lt
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Un
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ted
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m
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in
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r
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a
c
u
l
ty
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c
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ti
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n
a
l
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t
u
d
ies
,
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i
v
e
rsiti
P
u
tra
M
a
lay
sia
.
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r
re
se
a
rc
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tere
sts
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s
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m
,
p
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d
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g
o
g
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d
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ti
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n
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n
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m
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th
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a
ti
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n
.
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ted
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il
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.
m
y
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h
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z
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o
r
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tu
re
r
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n
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rsiti
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tra
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a
lay
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),
M
alay
sia.
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r
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x
p
e
rti
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is
in
M
e
a
su
re
m
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n
t
a
n
d
Ev
a
l
u
a
ti
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n
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No
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z
a
’s
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se
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tere
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th
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c
t
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ra
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t.
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h
e
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n
tac
ted
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m
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il
:
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lez
g
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p
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
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u
l
Da
h
a
r
Mi
n
g
h
a
t
is
an
As
so
c
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P
r
o
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ss
o
r
at
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Te
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
alay
sia
Ku
a
la
Lu
m
p
u
r.
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is
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
with
lo
c
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l
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n
d
w
o
rld
wi
d
e
res
earc
h
,
p
u
b
l
ica
ti
o
n
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a
n
d
p
res
en
tati
o
n
of
p
a
p
e
r.
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se
rv
e
s
as
Dire
c
to
r
of
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
De
p
u
ty
Vic
e
Ch
a
n
c
e
ll
o
r
fo
r
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em
ic
a
n
d
In
tern
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ti
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n
a
l
Affa
irs
at
Un
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e
rsiti
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n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
,
Ku
a
la
Lu
m
p
u
r.
He
can
be
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
a
sn
u
l@u
tm.m
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.