In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f E
v
al
u
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
R
e
se
arc
h
in
Ed
u
c
ation
(
IJERE
)
V
o
l.
8
, N
o. 1, Mar
c
h
201
9,
pp.
29~3
8
ISSN
: 2252-
88
22,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ijer
e
.
v8i
1.
162
90
29
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
ERE
Misconc
e
ptions of prim
ary sc
ho
ol students about the subject
of fr
a
ctions
Ya
s
e
mi
n
Deri
n
g
ö
l
D
e
partm
e
n
t
o
f El
em
entary
Ed
u
cat
ion
, I
s
t
anbul U
n
i
versity-Cerra
hp
aş
a,
T
u
r
key
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
N
ov
7,
201
8
Re
vise
d Jan
4,
201
9
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
J
an
18
,
2
0
19
Th
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
as
c
o
ndu
cted
w
i
t
h
th
e
aim
of
i
n
v
estig
ati
ng
th
e
curr
ent
kn
ow
ledg
e
of
P
ri
mary
T
eachers
and
Prim
ary
Pre-serv
ice
Teac
h
e
rs
on
t
he
m
i
s
c
on
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
prim
ary
s
c
ho
ol
s
t
u
d
e
nts
ab
ou
t
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
ect
o
f
fr
act
ions.
The
qualitative
resear
ch
m
ethod
of
c
ase
study
was
used
t
o
conduct
t
he
r
esear
ch
.
Th
e
dat
a
w
er
e
c
o
l
l
ected
w
ith
s
em
i-s
t
ru
c
t
u
r
ed
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
a
t
were
d
e
vel
o
p
e
d
b
y
th
e
research
er
t
o
coll
ect
t
he
v
iews
o
f
P
r
im
ary
Teach
ers
and
P
r
i
m
a
ry
P
re-
serv
ice
T
eacher
s
on
th
e
to
p
i
c.
T
he
p
artic
i
p
an
ts
s
t
a
ted
th
at,
re
gardi
n
g
th
e
subj
ect
o
f
f
r
actions,
primary
sc
hool
st
udent
s
had
diff
i
c
ulties
the
most
i
n
repres
enti
ng
f
racti
ons
b
y
m
odels
,
t
h
e
co
ncept
s
o
f
den
o
mi
nato
r
a
nd
nu
m
e
rator,
w
hen
t
h
ey
n
eed
t
o
rank
fract
io
ns,
when
t
h
e
y
ne
ed
t
o
so
lve
pro
b
l
e
ms,
reading
and
w
r
itin
g
co
n
c
e
p
ts
t
ha
t
ex
pres
s
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
d
i
s
t
in
gu
is
h
i
n
g
ty
pes
of
f
racti
o
n
s
–
c
o
n
v
e
rti
n
g
th
ese,
s
h
o
win
g
a
g
i
v
en
f
racti
o
n
o
n
nu
mb
er
li
nes and
op
erations
on
f
r
acti
o
n
s
,
and
th
ey h
ad miscon
cept
i
o
n
s
ab
out the
s
e.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Fr
actio
n
Mi
scon
cep
tio
n
P
r
i
m
a
r
y scho
ol
stu
den
t
Ma
them
at
ics
Teacher
s
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
Scien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Y
a
se
min D
e
ringö
l,
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt of Elem
en
tary Ed
u
cati
on,
Ist
a
nbul
Un
i
v
ersit
y
-Cerrahpaşa
,
Be
yaz
ıt,
I
stanb
u
l,
T
urke
y.
Em
ail:
dya
sem
i
n
@
ista
n
b
u
l
.e
du.
tr
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Instruc
t
io
n
t
h
a
t
i
s
s
u
it
a
b
l
e
f
or
t
he
s
truc
t
u
r
e
o
f
m
a
them
a
t
ics
s
h
o
u
l
d
h
av
e
the
pur
pose
of
h
e
l
pin
g
stude
n
t
s
un
d
e
r
s
ta
nd
m
athe
ma
tic
s-r
e
late
d
c
o
nce
p
t
s
a
n
d
o
p
e
rati
ons
a
nd
e
sta
b
l
i
s
h
lin
ks
a
mong
o
pera
ti
ons
[
1]
.
Conc
e
p
tua
l
c
o
m
prehe
n
sio
n
i
s
hav
i
ng
k
now
l
e
dge
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
ba
sic
i
de
as
a
n
d
r
e
l
a
tio
nsh
i
ps
r
egar
ding
a
subje
c
t
.
O
p
er
atio
na
l
c
o
m
p
re
he
nsio
n
is
t
he
s
ymb
o
l
i
sm
t
ha
t
is
u
se
d
w
h
i
l
e
p
erformin
g
ma
t
h
em
atic
al
ope
rati
ons.
Conc
e
p
tua
l
c
o
m
prehe
n
s
i
o
n
i
s
a
n
i
m
p
orta
nt
c
om
po
ne
nt
o
f
opera
ti
o
n
al
c
a
p
ab
i
l
i
t
y
in
l
ea
rni
n
g
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
tic
s
[
2
].
The
gener
a
l
o
b
jec
t
iv
es
o
f
th
e
Turk
ish
Ma
t
h
em
atic
s
Curri
cul
u
m
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
st
ude
n
t
s’
c
apa
b
i
l
itie
s
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
stan
d
ma
them
at
i
c
al c
once
p
ts, use
d
the
se c
once
p
ts in t
h
e
i
r
da
i
l
y l
i
ves
a
n
d
exp
r
es
s
c
o
nc
ept
s
w
it
h
th
ei
r
di
ffe
rent
w
ays
of
r
epre
se
n
t
a
t
ion
[3].
H
ow
ever
,
studen
t
s
ca
nn
ot
a
lw
ay
s
fo
rm
c
or
re
ct
c
on
c
e
pt
s,
a
nd
un
f
o
rt
una
te
ly,
t
h
e
y
k
e
e
p
inc
o
rre
ct
c
onc
ept
s
t
hrou
g
hou
t
t
h
eir
li
ves.
S
om
e
of
t
hese
m
isco
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
a
r
e
uni
qu
e
t
o
s
tu
de
nts,
w
hi
l
e
s
om
e
a
r
e
c
a
u
s
ed
by
t
h
e
i
n
st
ru
ct
ion
met
h
o
d
s
u
s
ed
b
y
t
e
ach
e
r
s.
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
sho
u
l
d
f
irst
b
e
awa
r
e
that
t
he
y
lea
d
t
o
misco
n
c
e
p
t
ion
s
i
n
t
h
e
i
r st
ude
nt
s a
n
d
als
o
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
re
ason
s
of
t
h
e
se
m
isc
o
nce
p
tio
ns [
4].
Whe
n
s
t
ude
n
t
s
lear
n
a
m
a
t
h
em
atics-r
e
late
d
subj
e
c
t
i
n
c
o
rr
ectl
y
o
r
i
n
co
m
p
lete
l
y
,
t
h
e
y
e
x
p
erie
nc
e
pro
b
lem
s
a
n
d
the
s
e
pr
ob
le
m
s
a
r
e
r
e
f
lec
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
fu
ture
e
duca
t
i
o
n
live
s
,
an
d
if
t
he
se
i
ss
ue
s
a
r
e
not
overc
ome
,
i
ncom
ple
t
e
or
i
nc
orre
ct
l
ea
rn
in
gs
t
urn
i
n
t
o
m
isc
once
p
ti
o
n
s
[5
].
A
m
isc
once
p
t
i
on
is
‘
a
pro
duc
t
o
f
inc
o
m
p
le
t
e
c
o
m
prehe
n
s
i
o
n
,
and
in
m
os
t
ca
se
s,
it
is
a
n
inc
o
rre
ct
a
p
p
l
i
cati
o
n
o
f
a
r
ul
e
or
a
m
athe
m
a
tica
l
gene
ra
liza
t
io
n.’
The
be
st
c
l
u
e
s
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
nd
w
he
the
r
s
om
eth
i
ng
i
s
a
mi
sco
n
cept
i
o
n
o
r
o
n
l
y
a
mi
st
ak
e
a
r
e
t
h
e
fre
que
nc
y
a
n
d
con
s
is
t
e
ncy
o
f
t
he
m
i
s
tak
e
(
S
poone
r,
2
0
0
2
,
cite
d
i
n
[
6
]).
I
t
i
s
und
e
r
sto
o
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
u
nderl
yi
ng
rea
s
ons
f
or
m
i
s
c
o
n
c
ep
t
i
o
n
s
are
not
h
a
v
i
ng
lear
ne
d
conce
p
t
k
now
l
e
d
ge
a
n
d
m
athem
a
tica
l
o
pera
t
i
o
n
kn
ow
le
d
g
e
t
o
a
n
e
x
te
n
t
t
ha
t
t
h
e
y
w
o
u
l
d
c
o
mplem
e
n
t
e
a
c
h
othe
r,
s
tud
e
n
t
s’
i
nab
i
lit
y
to
a
cqu
i
re
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
a
nd
sk
i
l
ls
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
pr
ob
lem
-
sol
v
in
g
t
o
t
he
r
equ
i
re
d
de
gre
e
,
and
s
h
o
rtc
o
m
i
n
g
s
of
s
t
u
den
t
s
s
u
ch
a
s
usi
ng
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 225
2-
882
2
Int.
J
.
Eval. & R
es. Educ.
Vol.
8, No. 1, March
2
019
:
29
- 3
8
30
inc
o
rre
ct
r
u
l
e
s
a
n
d
p
er
form
i
ng
o
p
er
at
ions
car
elessl
y
[7]
.
M
isco
nc
e
p
t
i
on
s
lea
d
s
tude
nts
to
d
eve
l
op
n
e
g
at
i
v
e
att
itu
des
tow
a
rds m
a
the
m
a
tic
s
[8].
F
r
actio
ns
a
nd
oper
a
ti
ons
w
it
h
fr
ac
ti
o
n
s
are
am
on
g
the
t
o
p
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
s
i
n
m
a
t
hem
a
t
i
c
s
b
eca
use
of
b
o
t
h
t
h
ei
r
st
ru
ct
u
r
e
an
d
t
h
e
i
r
re
l
a
ti
ons
h
i
p
w
i
t
h
o
t
h
e
r
s
u
b
j
ect
s
[9
].
T
he
s
u
b
j
ect
o
f
frac
t
i
ons
i
s
hi
g
h
l
y
i
m
p
orta
nt
d
ue
t
o
i
t
s
r
e
l
at
ionshi
p
s
t
o
s
ubj
ect
s
l
i
k
e
rat
i
ona
l
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
,
r
a
t
io
a
nd
p
ropo
rti
o
n
,
d
e
c
i
m
al
s,
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
ag
e
s
a
nd
pro
b
ab
i
lit
y
[1
0
]
,
[11].
F
r
a
c
tio
ns,
w
h
ic
h
c
o
n
s
t
i
t
u
te
one
o
f
t
h
e
har
d
est
t
o
pi
c
s
f
or
s
t
u
de
nts
a
nd
te
ac
he
rs,
ar
e
am
ong
d
iff
i
c
u
lt
m
a
t
h
em
ati
cal
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
c
h
il
d
r
e
n
e
nc
ou
n
t
er
i
n
pr
i
m
a
r
y
s
c
h
ool
[
11]-
[
21].
O
n
e
m
a
i
n
r
e
a
so
n
t
h
a
t
stude
n
t
s
fin
d
f
ra
ctio
n
o
p
er
ati
ons
d
ifficu
l
t
i
s
tha
t
t
he
y
m
e
m
o
ri
ze
f
o
r
m
u
lae
and
a
l
gor
it
hms
in
st
e
a
d
o
f
un
dersta
n
d
i
n
g
frac
tio
ns,
whi
l
e
ano
t
her
is
t
ha
t
t
h
ey
p
er
cei
v
e
t
h
e
de
n
o
m
i
n
a
tor
an
d
t
h
e
n
u
m
e
r
ator
i
n
frac
tio
n
as
tw
o
se
par
a
te
i
nte
g
ers
[2
2].
Ea
ch
p
iec
e
o
f
i
n
f
orm
a
ti
o
n
i
n
ma
t
h
e
m
a
t
ic
s
g
e
n
e
ra
lly
h
a
v
e
t
h
r
e
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
w
a
ys
o
f
expre
ssi
on
as
v
e
r
ba
l,
num
e
r
ica
l
a
nd
v
i
su
a
l
.
The
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
t
o
m
a
k
e
t
ra
ns
iti
ons
a
m
o
n
g
t
hese
expre
ssi
ons
d
e
p
en
ds
on
the
i
r
leve
l
o
f
c
om
p
r
ehe
n
s
i
o
n
.
F
r
actio
ns
ha
ve
f
o
u
r
di
ffere
n
t
w
a
ys
o
f
ex
pr
ess
i
o
n
a
s
verba
l
,
sym
b
ol
i
c
,
o
b
j
e
c
t
ive
an
d
m
o
del.
I
t i
s
i
mporta
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
s
ub
j
ect
o
f
f
r
a
c
t
i
on
s
an
d
op
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
f
r
ac
ti
on
s
t
h
at
s
tud
e
nt
s
a
r
e
a
b
l
e
t
o
mak
e
s
t
r
on
g
c
onn
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
a
mo
ng
t
h
e
se
e
x
p
re
ssi
o
ns. In
t
h
i
s
se
nse
,
it ma
y be s
ta
ted
t
h
a
t
there
ar
e se
rious pro
blem
s i
n
the
t
ra
nsi
t
i
on b
e
tw
een
v
i
s
ua
l
exp
re
ssi
on a
n
d
the
othe
r w
a
ys of
expre
ssio
n
[9].
In
T
urke
y,
t
he
s
ub
j
e
c
t
o
f
frac
t
i
o
ns
i
s
intro
duc
e
d
b
e
g
inn
i
ng
w
i
t
h
the
f
i
r
s
t
yea
r
s
o
f
p
ri
m
a
ry
s
choo
l
.
The
P
r
im
ary
S
c
ho
o
l
M
at
hem
a
tic
s
Curric
u
l
u
m
cons
ists
o
f
four
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
f
i
e
ld
s
as
‘
N
u
mb
er
s
and
O
p
e
r
at
io
ns’
,
‘G
e
o
me
t
r
y’,
‘Mea
sur
e
m
e
nt’
a
n
d
‘D
a
t
a
P
r
oce
s
s
i
n
g
’.
W
h
ile
a
ll
fie
l
d
s
o
f
le
arn
i
n
g
a
re
i
nc
lu
de
d
in
a
ll
c
lass
leve
ls,
some
s
ub-f
i
e
l
d
s
a
re
i
ntr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
f
te
r
a
ce
r
t
a
i
n
gra
d
e.
I
n
the
pr
im
ar
y
schoo
l
ma
t
h
e
m
a
tic
s
cur
r
icu
l
u
m
(1
st
-4
th
g
ra
des),
the
su
b
j
e
c
t
o
f
frac
t
i
o
ns
i
s di
s
c
usse
d
u
nder
t
h
e
fr
act
io
ns
s
u
b
-fie
l
d
w
ith
in the
f
ie
ld
o
f
‘N
um
bers
a
n
d
Op
era
t
i
ons
’.
T
h
e
s
ub
j
ect
o
f
fra
ct
io
n
s
i
s
d
i
st
ri
but
ed
a
lon
g
t
h
e
gra
d
es
a
s
t
h
e
fo
l
l
owi
n
g:
r
ais
i
n
g
a
wa
rene
ss
on
w
h
o
l
e
a
n
d
h
al
f
fr
act
io
ns
i
n
the
1s
t
grade
;
i
n
t
ro
d
u
ci
n
g
t
he
r
ela
t
io
ns
hip
s
o
f
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
a
nd
t
h
e
ha
l
f
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
quar
t
e
r
g
ra
de
a
nd
i
n
tr
od
uc
ti
on
t
o
d
i
v
i
s
i
o
n
(grou
p
i
ng,
d
i
v
i
d
i
n
g
int
o
p
ie
ces)
in
t
he
2
nd
g
rade
;
intr
o
duc
in
g
f
r
ac
t
i
on
-re
l
a
t
e
d
t
e
rms
by
e
mp
h
a
si
z
i
n
g
th
e
wh
ol
e-pi
ec
e
re
l
a
tio
ns
hi
p
a
nd
r
e
inforc
in
g
t
h
e
un
de
rst
a
n
d
in
g
on
t
h
e
rela
tio
ns
hip
be
tw
e
e
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
e
r
a
tor
an
d
t
h
e
de
n
o
mi
nat
o
r
b
y
d
i
s
c
u
ss
i
ng
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
ep
t
of
u
ni
t
frac
t
i
o
n
s
in
t
he
3
rd
grade
;
d
e
f
i
n
in
g
/
u
s
in
g
pro
p
er
,
com
p
o
u
nd
a
n
d
m
i
xed
fra
c
t
i
o
n
s,
p
e
r
form
in
g
a
d
d
i
t
i
on
a
nd
sub
t
ra
ct
ion
oper
a
tio
ns
o
n
f
r
ac
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
s
ol
vin
g
s
u
i
t
a
bl
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
[
3
]
.
Al
t
h
o
ugh
t
h
e
s
e
a
r
e
no
t
in
t
he
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
c
u
rricul
u
m
,
stude
n
t
s
ar
e
expe
c
t
e
d
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
nd
c
o
mp
ou
n
d
a
n
d
m
i
x
e
d
f
ra
ct
ion
s
an
d
co
nv
ert
th
ese
t
o
e
a
c
h
othe
r,
r
a
n
k
fra
c
ti
o
n
s,
p
e
rform
a
dd
iti
o
n
a
nd
s
u
b
t
ra
ct
ion
opera
t
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
t
he
se
f
ract
i
o
n
s
,
ma
k
e
s
en
se
o
f
th
e
s
e
op
e
r
at
ion
s
,
and
at t
he
s
am
e tim
e,
s
ol
ve
p
rob
l
em
s.
S
e
vera
l
stu
d
ie
s
ha
ve
r
ep
orte
d
t
h
at
s
t
u
den
t
s
have
d
ifficu
l
t
y
i
n
lea
r
ni
ng
the
c
o
ncep
t
of
f
r
acti
o
ns
a
n
d
fra
c
ti
o
n
-rela
t
e
d
o
p
e
r
at
i
ons
[
1
4
]
,
[
17],
[18]
,
[23]-
[
32].
A
s
s
tu
de
nts
th
in
k
t
h
e
c
h
ara
c
ter
i
s
t
ic
s
of
frac
tio
ns
a
re
t
h
e
sa
me
a
s
tho
s
e
o
f
o
th
er
n
u
m
be
rs,
t
h
ey
t
ry
t
o
app
l
y
t
h
e
sa
m
e
r
u
l
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
i
s
l
e
a
d
s
t
o
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
mi
sc
on
ce
pti
o
ns
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
In
t
h
e
p
ri
ma
ry
s
c
h
ool
m
a
t
h
e
ma
ti
c
s
c
u
rric
u
l
u
m
,
f
r
acti
ons
a
re
a
fter
t
he
i
nt
r
o
du
c
tio
n
o
f
i
nt
eg
ers.
H
o
w
e
v
er,
f
r
a
c
t
io
n
s
h
a
v
e
d
i
f
f
eren
t
c
h
ara
c
t
e
ris
t
i
c
s.
W
hile
o
pera
tio
ns
w
ith
f
ra
ction
s
c
o
n
c
e
p
tua
l
l
y
rese
mble
t
h
o
se
w
it
h
i
n
t
e
gers,
the
y
a
re
d
iffe
re
nt
t
o
in
te
ger
ope
rat
i
o
n
s
d
u
e
t
o
t
he
i
r
num
ber
s
o
f
opera
t
i
ona
l
st
e
p
s.
T
e
ach
i
n
g
fra
c
t
i
ons
i
n
m
a
them
at
ics
c
l
asses
re
q
u
i
r
es
c
a
r
e
a
nd
at
t
e
ntio
n
bec
a
u
se
o
f
the
i
r
c
o
m
p
le
x
i
t
y
a
n
d
conc
e
p
tua
l
r
ic
hne
ss.
U
nderst
a
nd
i
n
g
fr
act
i
o
ns
a
nd
re
l
a
te
d
conc
e
p
ts
w
el
l
in
p
rima
ry
s
c
h
oo
l
a
n
d
ga
i
n
in
g
s
k
i
l
l
s
of
p
erf
o
rm
i
n
g
opera
t
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
f
ra
c
t
i
o
ns
f
a
s
t
b
y
unde
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
t
hem
w
i
l
l
n
o
t
o
nl
y
m
a
ke
t
h
i
s
e
n
j
oya
b
l
e
sub
j
ec
t
of
m
a
t
hem
a
ti
c
s
m
ea
ni
n
g
f
u
l
for
stu
d
e
n
ts
a
nd
c
on
trib
u
t
e
to
t
heir
succe
s
s
i
n
usi
ng
fra
c
tio
n
s
i
n
o
t
her
cla
s
s
e
s,
but
it
w
i
l
l
o
n
l
y
s
e
t
a
s
olid
p
r
e
l
i
mi
nar
y
lea
rn
i
n
g
b
a
sis for
adva
nc
e
d
mat
h
emati
c
s
su
bj
ec
ts [
35
].
A
n
o
t
her
rea
s
on
for
m
i
sc
o
n
c
e
pt
i
ons
i
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
s
the
ins
t
ruct
io
na
l
a
ppr
oac
h
o
f
the
i
r
t
e
a
c
he
rs
[
3
6
],
[3
7].
M
o
re
over
,
k
n
o
w
i
ng
a
b
out
the
m
isco
nc
ept
i
on
s of stu
d
e
nts i
s
very impor
ta
nt a
ls
o for
tea
c
h
er
s to
d
i
v
ersify
and
use
the
i
r
ins
t
ruc
t
i
o
n
tec
h
ni
q
u
es
[
3
8
]
.
A
s
a
re
sul
t
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
t
er
vie
w
s
t
h
e
y
h
el
d
wi
t
h
t
e
ache
r
s
an
d
s
t
u
d
en
ts,
[3
9] repor
t
e
d
t
w
o r
easo
n
s f
o
r the
ver
y
l
ow
a
c
c
e
s
si
bi
lit
y le
ve
ls
o
f t
h
e t
a
rg
e
t
ed
o
ut
co
me
s
in t
h
e
f
ra
ct
ion
s
un
i
t
a
s
the
m
i
sc
o
n
ce
p
t
i
o
ns
o
f
t
h
e
st
ude
n
t
s
a
nd
t
h
e
lea
r
ni
n
g
-tea
c
h
i
ng
pr
o
c
ess
th
a
t
i
s
ca
rri
ed
o
ut
b
y
th
e
t
e
ach
e
r
s
wi
t
h
out
t
akin
g
t
h
e
stud
ent
s
’
pre
l
i
m
in
a
r
y
k
nowl
e
dg
e
int
o
acc
o
unt
.
H
e
nce,
it
i
s
i
m
p
orta
n
t
f
or
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
to
k
n
o
w
abo
u
t
m
i
s
c
onc
ept
i
o
n
s
a
nd
t
a
ke
t
he
p
r
eca
u
t
i
ons
t
ha
t
are
nec
e
ssar
y
to
a
vo
i
d
t
hem
in
s
tu
d
e
nt
s.
T
hi
s
i
s
b
ec
ause
teac
hers
m
a
y
p
reve
nt
t
he
l
i
k
ely
m
i
sta
k
e
s
o
r
m
i
sconce
p
t
i
o
n
s
of
s
tude
n
t
s
if
t
hey
k
now
a
bo
u
t
m
isc
onc
e
p
t
i
on
s
and
t
h
e
i
r
re
asons
[
40].
Lik
e
w
i
se
,
if
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
de
term
in
e
t
h
e
lea
r
n
i
n
g
diffic
u
lties
a
nd
m
i
sco
n
ce
ptio
ns
o
f
stude
n
t
s i
n
t
he sub
jec
t
of fra
c
t
i
ons a
n
d
p
r
e
fe
r an in
s
truc
t
i
o
n
strate
gy base
d
on t
h
ese
,
l
e
a
rn
i
ng o
f
frac
t
i
o
ns m
ay
take
p
la
ce
o
n
a
conc
e
p
t
u
a
l
l
e
v
e
l
[
29].
Thus,
it
is
i
m
porta
n
t
t
h
at
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
an
d
pros
pec
t
i
v
e
te
ac
h
e
rs
k
n
o
w
a
bou
t
the
misco
n
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
s
tu
de
nt
s.
W
he
n
the
l
i
te
rature
o
n
m
i
s
c
once
p
t
i
o
ns
w
as
r
evie
w
e
d,
n
o
s
t
u
dy
w
a
s
fo
un
d
t
o
in
ves
tiga
t
e
t
h
e
vi
e
w
s o
f
b
o
t
h
te
ac
hers a
nd pr
osp
e
c
t
ive
tea
c
h
e
rs
on the
i
s
s
u
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int.
J
. Eva
l
. & Re
s
. Educ
.
IS
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
M
i
sc
onc
e
p
ti
on
s
of
pr
i
m
ary
sc
ho
o
l
st
ude
n
t
s a
b
o
u
t
the s
u
b
j
ec
t
of f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s:
vie
w
s of .
.. (Yas
em
in D
e
ring
ö
l
)
31
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
2.1.
Desi
g
n
Thi
s
s
t
udy
,
wh
i
c
h
a
i
me
d
to
r
e
v
ea
l
a
n
e
xi
st
ing
si
tu
at
ion
,
w
as
i
n
t
he
f
orm
o
f
a
d
e
s
crip
t
i
ve
c
ase
st
u
dy.
In t
h
i
s
st
u
dy, w
hic
h
w
as
c
on
duc
te
d w
i
t
h
th
e
a
i
m
of
e
x
am
i
n
i
n
g th
e
c
u
rren
t
k
now
l
e
d
g
e of
p
rim
a
r
y
t
ea
ch
er
s and
prima
r
y
pre-
service
tea
c
h
e
r
s
on
the
misc
onc
e
p
t
i
on
s
of
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
s
c
hool
s
tude
n
t
s
i
n
t
he
s
ub
j
e
c
t
o
f
frac
tions,
t
h
e
qua
l
i
t
a
ti
ve
r
ese
a
rc
h
m
e
th
od
of
m
u
l
tip
le
cas
e
stud
y
w
a
s
u
s
ed.
Th
e
prob
le
m
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
g
e
n
e
r
al
iza
b
ili
ty
o
f
c
a
se
stud
ies
m
a
y
b
e
o
ve
rcom
e
b
y
c
a
re
fu
l
l
y
des
i
gne
d
mu
l
t
i
p
le
c
a
s
e
st
u
d
i
es
[
4
1
].
T
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
ut
iliz
e
d
o
pe
n-
end
e
d
que
st
ions
t
o
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
t
he
v
ie
w
s
o
f
prima
r
y
te
a
c
her
s
a
n
d
t
he
p
rim
ary
p
r
os
pec
t
iv
e
t
e
ach
e
r
s
o
n
d
e
t
ermi
ning
t
he
mi
sc
on
ce
pti
o
ns i
n
th
e su
bj
e
c
t
o
f
fra
ct
ion
s
.
2.1.
Sa
mp
le
The
sa
mp
le
c
ons
iste
d
o
f
2
6
pr
i
m
ar
y
tea
c
h
ers
e
m
pl
oye
d
at
t
hree
d
iff
e
rent
p
rim
a
ry
s
chool
s
in
Ist
a
nb
ul
,
Tu
rke
y
a
n
d
73
3
rd
a
nd
4
th
y
e
a
r
p
ri
ma
ry
p
re
-
s
er
v
i
c
e
t
e
ac
h
e
rs
e
n
r
o
l
l
e
d
at
a
f
a
c
ult
y
o
f
ed
u
c
a
t
i
on
i
n
t
h
e
sam
e
p
rovi
nc
e
and
w
e
re
d
o
i
ng
inte
rns
h
ip
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
he
s
c
ope
o
f
th
e
‘
Teac
hi
ng
P
r
a
c
ti
c
e
’
course.
The
dem
ogra
p
h
i
c
i
n
f
o
rm
ation
o
f
t
he
for
m
t
e
ac
h
e
rs is pr
ovide
d bel
o
w
.
A
m
ong
t
he
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
t
ea
cher
s
w
ho
pa
r
tic
i
p
at
ed
i
n
the
st
u
d
y
,
5
w
e
r
e
1
st
g
r
a
de,
2
w
e
re
2
nd
gr
ade,
1
0
wer
e
3
rd
gra
d
e
and
9
were
4
th
g
r
a
de
t
ea
c
h
er
s.
1
5
of
t
he
t
ea
c
h
er
s
ha
d
1-
1
0
y
e
a
rs,
5
had
1
1
-2
0
y
ea
rs,
3
h
a
d
21-
30 ye
ars a
n
d a
n
o
t
her
3
had 3
1
-4
0
year
s of
p
rofe
ss
io
na
l e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n Ta
ble
1.
Ta
ble
1.
D
esc
r
i
p
ti
ve
c
ha
rac
t
e
r
is
t
i
cs
o
f t
h
e
pri
m
a
r
y
t
e
ache
r
s
Gr
ad
e
s
f
Y
e
a
r
s
o
f
p
r
o
f
es
si
on
al
e
x
p
er
i
e
n
c
e
f
1
st
g
r
ad
e
5
1
-
1
0
Y
ear
s
1
5
2
nd
gr
a
d
e
2
11-
20
Ye
a
r
s
5
3
r
d
g
r
a
de
1
0
21-
30
Ye
a
r
s
3
4
th
g
ra
d
e
9
31-40
Y
e
a
r
s
3
T
o
ta
l
26
26
2.1.
Da
ta
c
o
l
l
e
ction
The
da
t
a
w
er
e
c
o
llec
t
e
d
b
y
t
w
o
sem
i
-st
r
uct
u
red
form
s
t
h
a
t
w
ere
prepa
r
ed
by
the
rese
arc
h
er
a
s
data
col
l
ec
t
i
o
n
t
oo
ls
.
T
e
acher Form
:
T
h
i
s
form
i
s
a
m
easur
e
m
ent
instrum
e
n
t
t
ha
t
wa
s
prepa
r
ed
t
o
lea
rn
a
bo
ut
t
h
e
mi
sc
on
ce
pti
o
ns
o
f
st
ud
en
ts
d
e
t
e
r
min
e
d
by
th
e
t
e
a
c
h
ers
as
a
r
e
s
u
lt
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
e
x
p
e
rience
.
In
t
his
for
m
,
the
prima
r
y
te
a
c
he
rs
w
er
e
a
s
ked
a
bou
t
the
i
r
de
m
ograp
hic
infor
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
nd
t
o
p
r
ov
id
e
th
ree
situ
a
t
i
o
n
s
und
er
t
he
q
u
e
sti
o
n
‘wh
a
t
a
r
e
th
e
mi
sc
o
n
c
ept
i
on
s
you
r
stud
e
n
t
s
h
a
v
e
ab
out
t
h
e
sub
j
ec
t
of
f
ra
c
tio
ns
b
ase
d
o
n
y
our
e
x
p
e
ri
e
n
c
e
?
’
t
o re
v
e
a
l
t
h
e
mi
s
c
o
n
cept
i
o
n
s
t
hat
t
h
ey
th
ough
t
t
h
e
ir st
ude
n
t
s ha
d.
Prospe
c
tive T
e
ac
he
r F
o
rm
:
The
prosp
e
ct
ive
t
e
ac
her
for
m
w
a
s
a
dap
t
e
d
f
o
r
t
he
p
ros
p
ec
t
i
ve
t
e
ache
r
s,
and
the
part
ici
p
an
ts
w
er
e
a
s
ke
d
t
o
p
ro
vi
de
t
hree
s
itua
t
i
o
ns
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
q
ue
st
io
n
‘w
hat
a
r
e
t
h
e
m
i
sc
onc
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
prima
r
y
sc
ho
o
l
s
t
u
de
nts
h
a
ve
a
bo
u
t
the
s
ub
je
c
t
o
f
fra
c
t
i
ons
b
a
s
e
d
on
y
o
u
r obs
er
vat
i
on
s
?
In
o
rder
t
o
ac
hie
v
e
c
o
nt
e
n
t
val
i
d
it
y
for
t
h
ese
form
s
tha
t
w
er
e
devel
o
p
e
d
b
y
t
he
r
esea
rche
r,
a
s
repor
t
e
d
b
y
[
4
2
]
op
ini
o
ns
o
f
th
r
ee
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
s
w
ho
a
r
e
e
xpe
rts
i
n
t
he
s
u
b
jec
t
o
f
m
a
t
h
e
m
atics
a
nd
pri
m
ary
educ
a
t
i
o
n
w
e
re
r
e
ceive
d.
T
he
f
orm
s
w
e
r
e
o
r
ga
n
i
zed
b
y
exa
m
ina
t
io
n
base
d
on
t
he
e
xper
t
o
p
i
nio
n
s
and
fi
nal
i
z
e
d
.
2.1.
Da
ta
a
na
ly
si
s
The
pur
p
o
se
o
f
a
n
al
ys
i
s
i
n
qua
l
i
ta
t
i
ve
s
t
u
d
i
es
i
s
t
o
d
i
s
co
ve
r
pat
t
ern
s
,
view
s,
e
xpla
n
at
ion
s
a
n
d
me
anin
gs
[
4
3
],
[
44]
.
The
da
ta
a
bo
u
t
t
he
m
i
s
c
once
p
ti
o
n
s
of
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
st
ude
n
t
s
t
h
at
w
er
e
obt
a
i
ne
d
i
n
t
he
stud
y
b
y
t
he
o
pen-
e
nde
d
for
m
s
that
w
er
e
app
l
ied
w
i
t
h
b
o
t
h
teac
h
e
r
s
an
d
p
r
o
s
p
e
c
tiv
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
rs
w
ere
an
al
y
zed
w
ith
t
he
m
eth
od
of
‘
d
e
scri
p
t
i
v
e
a
n
al
ys
i
s
’
[
41].
The
w
r
it
t
e
n
ex
p
la
na
t
i
o
n
s
p
rov
i
ded
to
r
espo
nd
to
t
he
ope
n-
ende
d
q
u
e
s
tio
ns
w
er
e
c
ont
e
n
t
-
a
n
al
yze
d
.
The
respo
n
ses
of
t
he
t
ea
c
h
er
s
a
nd
th
e
pros
pec
t
i
v
e
t
e
ac
he
rs
w
ere
i
n
t
e
rp
ret
e
d
wi
th
d
e
s
cript
i
on
s
by
t
he
r
ese
a
rc
hers,
a
n
d
s
i
m
i
l
a
ri
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
er
ence
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
mm
ent
s
w
er
e
reve
ale
d
.
The
simi
lari
ties
a
n
d
di
ffe
re
nc
es
t
hat
w
e
re
d
e
t
e
r
mine
d
w
as
n
a
m
ed
by
vari
ou
s
c
o
des
a
n
d
ta
bu
la
ted
base
d
on
t
he
ir
freq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
occ
u
r
r
enc
e
.
In
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
i
n
c
r
ea
se
t
h
e
rel
i
a
b
i
lit
y
o
f
t
he
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
de
term
ined
ca
t
e
g
o
ries
a
nd
c
o
d
es
w
er
e
s
e
pa
rate
ly
e
xa
m
i
ne
d
b
y
tw
o
ex
perts
e
x
pe
rienc
e
d
i
n
q
u
al
it
a
tiv
e
resea
r
ch
a
nd
a
ma
them
at
i
c
s
e
duca
t
or
o
t
h
er
t
han
the
r
e
sear
cher
,
and
the
c
a
teg
o
r
ie
s
w
e
re
g
i
v
e
n
t
he
ir
f
ina
l
s
ha
pe.
I
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
direc
t
q
u
o
t
e
s
fr
om
t
he
v
ie
w
s
o
f
part
ic
ipa
n
t
s
a
n
d
e
x
p
l
ai
n
i
ng
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
ts
b
ase
d
o
n
t
h
e
s
e
is
a
lso
a
n
i
mpor
tan
t
iss
u
e
for
the
relia
b
i
lit
y
of
a
s
t
udy
[41]
.
Th
is
s
t
u
d
y
u
se
d
t
h
i
s
s
t
r
at
eg
y
a
n
d
i
n
c
l
ud
ed
d
i
r
ec
t
q
u
o
t
es
from
the
respo
n
ses
o
f
t
h
e
p
artic
i
p
an
ts.
The
pa
r
t
i
c
ipa
n
ts’
view
s
w
e
re
p
re
sen
t
ed
b
y
a
s
si
gn
i
ng
c
o
d
e
s
for
t
h
e
tw
o
ty
pes
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 225
2-
882
2
Int.
J
.
Eval. & R
es. Educ.
Vol.
8, No. 1, March
2
019
:
29
- 3
8
32
part
ici
p
a
n
t
s
a
s
P
T
f
or
t
he
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
t
e
ache
r
s
and
P
P
T
for
th
e
pri
m
a
ry
p
re
-service
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s.
T
he
a
nal
y
s
i
s
of
t
he
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
hic
in
f
o
rm
atio
n
in
th
e
stu
dy
was a
ch
iev
e
d
b
y
SPSS 1
6
.
0
.
3.
RESULT
AND
DI
SC
USSI
ON
Th
is
s
e
c
tio
n
o
f
t
he
a
rt
ic
le
p
re
se
n
t
s
the
r
e
s
p
ecti
v
e
v
i
ew
s
o
f
t
h
e
pr
i
m
ar
y
te
ache
r
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
pr
im
ary
pros
pec
t
i
v
e
te
a
c
he
rs
o
n
t
h
e
m
i
sc
onc
e
p
tio
ns
t
hat
t
h
e
y
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
w
e
re
p
r
e
se
n
t
i
n
prima
r
y
sc
ho
o
l
s
t
u
de
nt
s
i
n
t
he
sub
j
e
c
t
o
f
fr
act
io
ns.The
prim
a
ry teac
hers w
ere
a
s
ked
t
h
e
q
u
e
st
i
on
‘
wh
at
a
re
t
h
e
m
i
s
c
o
n
c
ep
tio
ns
y
ou
r
st
ud
ent
s
have
ab
o
u
t t
h
e
sub
j
e
c
t
of
fra
c
t
io
ns
b
ase
d
o
n yo
ur
e
xper
i
e
n
c
e
?
’
and the
responses ar
e
shown in Tabl
e
2.
Ta
b
l
e
2.
Pr
i
m
a
ry tea
cher
’s r
espo
nses t
o t
h
e
q
u
es
tio
n
‘what
are
the
misconc
e
p
t
i
on
s yo
ur
stude
n
t
s
ha
ve
a
b
o
u
t
the
sub
j
e
c
t
of
fra
cti
o
n
s
b
a
s
ed
on y
o
u
r e
xperi
enc
e
?
’
C
a
t
e
gor
i
e
s
f
S
howing
w
ith m
ode
ls
1
4
C
onc
e
p
ts
o
f
the
num
e
r
ator
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
enom
i
n
a
t
or
13
Ra
nking
13
P
r
oble
m
S
olvi
ng
10
C
onc
e
p
t
of
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
ns
a
nd
re
l
a
t
e
d
rea
d
ing
a
nd
w
r
iting
8
D
i
sti
n
g
u
i
s
hin
g
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
f
r
a
c
tions a
nd
c
onve
rsion
8
Re
pre
s
e
n
t
a
ti
on
on t
h
e
nu
m
b
e
r
lin
e
7
Op
er
ati
o
n
s
5
Acc
o
rdi
n
g
l
y,
t
he
t
ea
c
h
er
s
sta
t
e
d
t
ha
t
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
h
ad
d
i
f
fi
cul
t
y
m
ost
l
y
i
n
sh
ow
ing
w
i
t
h
m
ode
ls,
in
conc
e
p
ts
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
me
rator
a
n
d
the
de
nom
i
n
at
or,
w
h
en
t
he
y
nee
d
e
d
t
o
r
a
nk,
w
he
n
the
y
n
ee
de
d
to
s
o
l
v
e
pro
b
lem
s
,
in
r
e
a
di
n
g
a
nd
w
r
it
i
n
g
a
t
t
he
s
a
m
e
t
i
m
e
i
n
co
nc
ep
ts
t
ha
t
e
x
pre
s
s
fra
c
t
i
o
ns
a
n
d
i
n
d
i
s
tin
g
u
i
s
hi
ng
ty
pes
of
f
ra
cti
ons
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
ti
ng
t
h
e
m
t
o
e
a
c
h
o
t
her,
a
nd
the
y
had
m
i
sc
once
p
ti
o
n
s
i
n
t
hese
i
ssue
s
(
Table
2
)
.
S
o
m
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
v
i
e
w
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
e
a
r
e
l
i
s
t
e
d
b
e
l
o
w
i
n
t
h
e
o
r
d
e
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
o
st
freque
n
t
l
y
s
t
a
te
d
m
i
sc
onc
ep
t
i
on
t
o
the le
a
s
t fre
q
ue
nt
ly
s
ta
ted o
n
e
:
‘They
m
a
ke
m
ista
kes
i
n
s
how
ing
w
ith
m
ode
ls’ (P
T 3).
‘S
t
ude
nt
s
fi
nd
it
d
i
f
ficu
l
t
t
o di
vi
de a
w
hole
into
u
nit frac
t
i
o
n
pie
ces’
(P
T 17).
‘They see
t
h
e
n
u
m
e
r
a
t
o
r and the
den
o
m
i
na
tor
in the fra
c
t
i
on as
sep
a
ra
t
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
ey
c
a
nnot
n
o
t
i
c
e
tha
t
t
hese
n
umbe
rs a
re rela
t
e
d
’ (
P
T
9).
‘They
c
o
nfuse
the
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
o
f
gre
a
tnes
s-sm
allne
s
s.
T
he
y
ca
nno
t
dec
i
de
u
p
on
w
h
ic
h
fr
act
i
on
i
s
grea
ter
as they
stil
l ca
n
n
o
t
c
o
m
prehe
n
d the
na
t
u
ral n
u
m
b
er
a
nd
pi
e
ce-
w
h
o
l
e
su
b-ti
tle
s’
(P
T
13)
.
‘They
fa
ll
i
n
t
o
a
mi
sco
n
ce
pti
o
n
b
y
c
o
n
s
i
der
i
n
g
t
he
n
a
t
ura
l
numb
er
v
a
l
u
e
s
whi
l
e
r
an
ki
n
g
fr
a
c
ti
o
n
s’
(
P
T
3)
.
‘A
s
the
i
r
c
onc
ept
u
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
a
b
o
u
t
f
r
acti
o
ns
a
r
e
n
o
t
i
nter
na
l
i
zed
,
s
t
u
d
e
nt
s
ma
y
exp
e
ri
e
n
ce
con
f
usi
o
n in a
lgor
i
t
hm
i
c
o
pe
rati
o
n
s
or forge
t
e
a
sil
y
’ (P
T 9).
‘Wh
ile
c
om
par
i
n
g
tw
o
f
ra
ct
io
ns,
the
y
sa
y
th
e
o
n
e
w
it
h lar
g
er
n
u
mbers is greater
’
(PT
7
)
.
‘In
t
h
e
c
as
e
tha
t
t
h
e
g
reat
n
e
ss
o
f
t
h
e
f
r
ac
ti
on
i
s
d
e
p
e
nd
en
t
on
a
w
hole
,
s
t
ude
n
t
s
are
no
t
aw
a
r
e
t
h
at
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
s
w
i
l
l
no
t
h
av
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
g
r
e
a
t
ne
s
s
,
s
o
t
h
e
y
m
ak
e
m
i
st
a
k
es i
n r
a
nk
in
g’ (P
T
12)
‘They
d
o
no
t
u
nde
rs
t
a
n
d
spec
i
f
i
c
pro
b
lem
s
’
(P
T
12).
‘They
perf
orm
oper
a
tio
ns
f
ro
m
m
e
m
o
ry
w
hile
s
o
l
v
i
ng pr
o
b
le
ms’
(P
T 14).
‘N
ot
b
e
i
ng
a
ble
t
o
n
ot
ic
e
fra
c
t
i
o
n
s
in
d
iffer
e
n
t
w
h
o
l
es
m
a
y
e
xp
ress
dif
f
ere
n
t
greatness’ (
PT
25
)
.
‘They
c
a
n
no
t
co
nc
ei
ve
t
h
a
t
the
n
u
me
rator
a
n
d
the
de
nom
ina
t
or
r
e
p
r
es
ent
a
wh
ol
e
together’
(P
T
6).
‘They
m
i
g
h
t
n
o
t
c
om
pre
h
e
nd
the
piece
-
w
ho
le
r
ela
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
tw
e
e
n
t
he
num
era
t
or
a
nd
t
h
e
den
o
m
i
na
tor
’
(P
T
24).
‘They
c
a
n
n
o
t
conce
i
ve
t
ha
t
pie
c
e
s
c
o
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
t
h
e
w
hole
a
nd
t
h
e
nume
r
ator
i
s
a
p
i
ec
e
of
t
he
w
h
o
l
e,
a
nd
t
h
e
y
ca
n
n
o
t
r
ea
li
z
e
tha
t
b
o
t
h
are
r
e
late
d’
(
P
T
3).
‘Th
e
y
h
a
v
e
d
iff
i
cul
t
y
in
u
nd
erst
and
i
ng
t
h
e
co
n
cept
s
o
f
pi
ece-wh
ole’
(
P
T
17).
‘Mista
kes
i
n
s
how
in
g
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
b
y
d
ivi
d
i
ng
it
i
n
t
o
p
i
e
c
e
s
and
f
ail
u
re
t
o
d
r
a
w
e
ac
h
p
i
ec
e
ide
n
ti
c
a
l
l
y
’
(PT 6)
.
‘Th
e
y
c
a
nn
ot
r
ea
d
fra
ct
ion
s
c
o
rrec
t
ly
a
s
th
ey
d
o
not
f
ul
ly
u
nd
e
rst
a
n
d
t
he
conc
e
p
ts of
n
u
m
e
r
ator
and
de
n
o
min
a
t
o
r’
(P
T
4)
.
‘They
m
a
ke
m
ista
kes
w
h
ile
co
nve
r
tin
g
fra
c
tions
i
n
t
o e
a
c
h
o
ther’
(
PT
4
)
.
‘P
roper
fra
c
ti
o
n
s
are
e
a
sier
t
o
unders
tan
d
t
ha
n com
p
o
u
nd a
n
d
m
i
xe
d o
n
es
’ (P
T 18).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int.
J
. Eva
l
. & Re
s
. Educ
.
IS
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
M
i
sc
onc
e
p
ti
on
s
of
pr
i
m
ary
sc
ho
o
l
st
ude
n
t
s a
b
o
u
t
the s
u
b
j
ec
t
of f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s:
vie
w
s of .
.. (Yas
em
in D
e
ring
ö
l
)
33
‘F
ail
u
r
e
t
o
de
te
rm
ine
t
h
e
i
n
ter
v
al
s w
h
ile
s
ho
wi
n
g
on t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
l
i
n
e
’
(
P
T
1
8
)
.
‘F
ail
u
r
e
t
o
sho
w
c
om
pou
nd o
r
p
roper
fra
c
tio
ns on
the
n
u
mb
e
r
lin
e’
(
P
T
21).
‘Whe
n
t
h
ey
a
r
e
a
sked
t
o
s
h
o
w
a
c
om
pou
nd
f
ra
cti
on
o
n
t
he
num
ber
line,
t
he
y
d
o
s
o
by
f
irst
ly
con
v
er
ti
ng
it t
o
a
m
ixed
f
rac
t
ion’
(
P
T
20).
‘They
m
i
g
h
t
miss
t
h
e in
te
ge
r pa
rt w
hi
le sh
o
w
in
g m
i
xed fra
c
tio
ns
on
t
h
e num
b
er
line’ (P
T
12).
‘Ther
e
a
r
e
p
roblem
s
i
n
a
ddi
t
i
on
a
n
d
su
b
t
ra
ctio
n
a
s
t
he
y
d
o
no
t
se
e
fr
acti
o
ns
a
s
a
n
e
n
t
iret
y
or
a
numbe
r a
n
d pe
r
f
orm
sepa
rate
oper
a
ti
ons’
(P
T 5).
‘
Trying t
o
per
form
ope
rat
i
o
n
s
a
s in
n
at
ural
n
um
ber
s
’ (P
T 13)
.
‘U
sing t
h
e
rule
s in na
t
u
r
al n
u
m
bers
w
hil
e
pe
r
form
in
g
opera
tio
ns
’
(PT
11).
‘Thi
nk
ing
t
h
a
t
add
i
tio
n
is
a
d
d
i
n
g
n
um
era
t
or
s
and
den
o
mi
na
tor
s
s
epar
ate
l
y’ (PT
1
).
The
prim
ary
p
r
ospe
c
t
i
v
e
teac
hers
w
e
r
e
a
s
ke
d
the
q
u
est
i
o
n
‘
w
h
a
t
a
r
e
t
h
e
mi
sc
o
n
cept
i
o
n
s
p
ri
ma
ry
sch
o
o
l
s
tu
de
nt
s
ha
ve
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
s
ub
jec
t
o
f
fr
a
c
ti
o
n
s
base
d
o
n
y
o
ur
o
b
s
er
va
tio
ns
?
’
a
n
d
t
he
r
espo
nses
a
re
s
ho
w
n
in Ta
b
le
3.
Tab
l
e
3.
P
rim
a
ry
p
rospec
tive
t
e
ac
her’s
r
espo
nses
t
o
th
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n ‘w
ha
t ar
e the
m
i
sc
o
n
cep
ti
o
n
s
prim
ary
sc
h
ool
s
t
ude
n
t
s
ha
ve a
bo
u
t
t
he
sub
jec
t
o
f frac
t
i
o
ns ba
s
e
d
on
yo
ur
obser
va
t
i
ons
?
’
Ca
t
e
gor
i
e
s
f
C
once
p
t
of
fra
c
tio
ns
a
nd
re
lat
e
d
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
a
nd
writi
ng
76
Ra
nking
40
O
p
er
at
i
o
n
s
3
5
Re
pre
s
e
n
t
a
tion
on the
nu
m
b
e
r
l
in
e
25
Re
pre
s
e
n
t with m
o
d
e
l
s
C
once
p
ts
o
f num
e
r
a
t
or a
nd
de
no
m
i
n
a
t
o
r
16
14
Dis
tinguishin
g
ty
pe
s
of
f
r
a
c
t
ions a
nd
c
o
n
v
e
r
sion
10
Problem
s
olvi
ng
3
A
s
a
r
esult of t
he
i
r
tea
ch
i
ng o
b
serva
t
i
o
ns for
t
hre
e
sem
es
ters,
the
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
pr
o
s
p
e
c
t
i
ve
tea
cher
s
s
t
a
t
e
d
tha
t
p
rim
a
r
y
s
cho
o
l
s
t
u
den
t
s
ha
d
di
ff
i
c
ult
y
i
n
the
c
o
nce
p
t
of
f
ra
ct
ions
a
nd
rela
te
d
re
adi
n
g
a
n
d
w
r
i
t
i
ng,
rank
in
g
fr
ac
ti
ons,
fr
ac
ti
o
n
opera
tio
ns,
r
e
pre
s
en
tat
i
on
o
n
t
h
e
n
um
ber
l
i
ne
,
w
h
e
n
t
he
y
nee
d
t
o
r
e
presen
t
fra
c
ti
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
m
odel
s
,
i
n
t
he
c
once
p
t
s
o
f
nu
me
rator
and
de
nom
in
a
t
or
,
i
n
di
s
t
i
ng
u
i
sh
i
ng
ty
pe
s
o
f
f
ra
ct
i
ons
a
n
d
con
v
er
sio
n
,
a
n
d
wh
i
l
e
so
l
v
in
g
pr
ob
lem
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
y
m
ay
h
a
v
e
m
i
sc
o
nce
p
t
i
ons
o
n
the
s
e
i
s
sues
(
Tab
l
e
3).
S
o
me
pros
pec
t
i
v
e
t
e
ache
r
v
iew
s
on
the
s
e
a
r
e
l
i
s
t
e
d
b
e
l
ow
i
n
t
h
e
orde
r
fr
om
t
he
m
ost
freq
u
e
n
tly
s
tat
e
d
misco
n
c
e
p
t
ion
to t
he
l
e
a
s
t
fr
e
que
n
t
l
y
sta
te
d one
:
‘S
t
ude
nt
s
trea
t
frac
tio
ns
a
s
i
n
t
e
gers,
t
h
e
y
c
on
side
r
t
h
e
n
u
me
ra
tor
a
n
d
the
de
nom
ina
t
or
a
s
separ
a
te
n
umb
e
r
s
(P
P
T
3
).
‘Wh
ile
e
x
p
re
ssi
ng
frac
t
i
ons
w
it
h
s
h
a
p
e
s
,
the
y
c
a
n
n
o
t
draw
i
de
n
t
ic
al
l
i
n
es
o
r
s
quar
e
s
.
T
hi
s
show
s
t
h
a
t
t
he
re
i
s
a
prob
le
m
in
d
i
v
id
in
g
the
fr
act
i
o
n
i
n
to
i
de
n
t
i
c
a
l
p
i
e
c
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
o
f
piece
-wh
o
l
e’
(
PP
T 16)
.
‘They
ca
n
not
u
nd
e
r
s
t
an
d t
h
e
conc
e
p
ts
o
f
w
h
ole
and
p
i
e
c
e
’
(
P
P
T
3
).
‘
S
t
ude
n
t
s
ma
y
re
flect
t
he
ir
g
ener
al
izat
i
o
n
s
on
nat
u
ral
n
u
m
ber
onto
frac
tio
ns
a
nd
co
ns
i
d
e
r
t
h
e
nume
r
at
or
a
nd
t
h
e
de
n
o
m
i
nat
o
r a
s
sepa
r
ate numbe
rs’
(PP
T
29).
‘Co
n
side
rin
g
t
h
e
num
er
at
or a
nd t
h
e de
nom
i
n
at
or
a
s se
para
t
e
na
t
u
ral nu
m
b
ers’
(
PPT 3
3
)
.
‘They
m
a
ke
m
ista
kes
w
h
ile
ve
r
bal
l
y
ex
pre
s
si
ng a
frac
t
i
o
n’
(
P
P
T
46)
.
‘S
t
ude
nt
s
ca
nn
ot
c
o
n
c
e
i
ve
t
ha
t
ide
n
tic
al
p
ie
c
e
s
re
present
a
w
h
o
le,
and
t
hus,
t
h
e
y
c
an
n
o
t
div
i
d
e
who
l
e in
t
o
id
e
nt
ica
l
p
i
e
ces’
(P
PT
48).
‘W
hi
l
e
c
o
m
p
a
ri
ng
f
ra
cti
o
n
s
,
st
ud
en
t
s
g
enera
l
i
z
e
th
ei
r
pre
l
i
m
in
a
r
y
i
n
f
orm
a
ti
on
on
nat
u
ral
numbe
rs i
n frac
tio
ns’
(PP
T
7)
.
‘A
ssum
i
n
g
t
ha
t
the frac
tio
n
w
ith
h
i
gher
n
u
m
b
ers is
g
r
eate
r
as i
n na
t
u
r
a
l n
u
m
bers’ (P
P
T
59)
.
‘
W
h
i
l
e
r
a
n
k
i
n
g
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
n
u
m
e
r
a
t
o
r
s
,
t
h
e
y
t
h
i
n
k
t
h
e
on
e
with
l
a
r
g
e
r
d
e
no
mi
nat
o
r
i
s
grea
ter’
(P
P
T
18).
‘They
m
i
g
h
t
n
ot t
h
i
n
k
o
f
a
fra
ctio
n
as pie
ce
s
o
f
a
w
hole
in
c
om
paris
o
ns’ (PP
T
63).
‘They
separ
a
t
e
ly a
d
d
n
ume
r
a
t
or
s
and
d
e
nom
ina
t
ors
i
n
a
d
d
itio
n
op
era
t
i
o
n
s
’ (P
PT 3
)
.
‘In
opera
t
i
o
n
s on
fra
c
t
i
on
s,
th
e
y
act l
ike
the
y
ar
e
n
atura
l
nu
m
ber
s
’
(P
P
T
71).
‘In
opera
ti
on
s
o
n
f
rac
tio
ns,
t
h
ey
g
e
n
e
r
alize
op
er
at
i
o
ns
i
n
n
a
t
u
ral
n
u
m
b
er
t
o
th
i
s
subj
ect’
(P
P
T
43).
‘They
ma
ke
m
is
t
a
kes
i
n
r
e
p
resen
t
a
t
i
on
on
t
h
e
num
ber
l
i
n
e
,
e
s
pec
ia
ll
y
re
prese
n
t
i
n
g
o
pe
r
a
ti
ons
l
i
k
e a
d
d
itio
n
an
d
s
ubt
rac
t
i
o
n
’
(
PPT 4
2
)
.
‘They
c
o
nfuse
the
numbe
r
o
f
p
i
e
ce
s
t
o
d
i
v
i
d
e
in
terva
l
s
w
h
i
l
e
sh
ow
in
g
fr
acti
o
ns
o
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
line
’
(
PP
T 17)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 225
2-
882
2
Int.
J
.
Eval. & R
es. Educ.
Vol.
8, No. 1, March
2
019
:
29
- 3
8
34
‘They
ha
ve
di
f
fic
u
lt
y i
n
show
in
g e
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
y
m
i
x
e
d
frac
t
i
o
n
s
on
t
h
e
numbe
r line’
(P
P
T
7
2
)
.
‘They
ha
ve
di
f
fic
u
lt
y i
n
show
in
g
c
o
m
p
ou
n
d
a
nd m
i
xe
d fr
ac
ti
o
n
s o
n the
n
u
m
be
r line’
(P
P
T
58).
‘They
m
a
ke
m
ista
ke
s
i
n
r
epr
e
se
nta
t
io
n
b
y
m
o
d
e
l
s,
e
spec
ia
ll
y
sh
o
wing
mi
x
e
d
f
r
actions
’
(PPT
69).
‘F
ail
i
ng
to
d
i
v
i
d
e
int
o
i
de
n
tic
a
l
piec
e
s
w
hi
le
r
epre
se
ntin
g
fra
ctio
ns
w
i
t
h
a m
odel’
(
P
P
T
5)
.
‘They ca
n for
m
inacc
urate d
i
spla
ys as
t
h
e
y
ca
n
n
o
t
c
on
ver
t
com
p
o
u
n
d
f
r
a
cti
o
ns in
t
o m
i
x
e
d ones
w
h
i
l
e
re
prese
n
tin
g t
h
e
m
w
i
t
h
mode
ls’
(P
P
T
13).
‘They
ha
ve
di
f
fic
u
lt
y i
n
di
s
ti
n
g
u
i
s
h
in
g
the
de
nom
i
n
a
t
or a
n
d
the
n
u
m
er
ator’
(PPT
7
2
)
.
‘They
m
a
ke
m
ista
kes
i
n
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
i
ng a
c
o
mpo
u
nd frac
t
i
on
in
t
o
a
m
i
xe
d frac
tio
n’
(
PP
T 39).
‘They
m
a
ke
m
ista
kes
i
n
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
i
ng a
m
i
xed f
r
ac
t
i
on
in
to a
c
o
m
po
u
nd frac
t
i
on’
(
PP
T 3).
‘They
ha
ve
di
f
fic
u
lt
y i
n
re
f
le
c
t
i
n
g pr
o
b
l
e
ms
on sha
p
es
f
or
s
o
l
u
tion
’
(PPT
6
2
)
.
‘They
ca
n
not
s
ol
ve
p
ro
b
l
em
s’ (PP
T 1).
O
n
e
re
su
l
t
o
f
the
s
t
ud
y
w
a
s
the
s
t
ate
m
e
n
ts
t
hat
pr
ima
r
y
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
d
e
nts
‘c
o
n
fu
se
d
fra
c
t
i
on
s
w
i
th
t
h
ei
r
kno
wl
ed
ge
o
n
int
e
g
e
rs.’
I
t
w
a
s
f
oun
d
th
a
t
a
s
i
gni
fi
can
t
p
a
r
t
of
m
i
s
co
n
cept
i
o
n
s
i
n
st
ud
e
n
ts
w
ere
ca
u
s
ed
by
s
t
ude
n
t
s’
g
e
n
era
l
i
z
at
i
o
n of obs
erva
ti
on
s
t
h
at
a
re
v
a
l
i
d
i
n
i
nt
e
g
ers
for
fra
c
ti
o
n
s
[35]
.
A
n
a
t
t
e
n
t
i
ve
e
duc
a
tio
n
proce
s
s
m
a
y l
e
ad
s
tu
de
nts
to un
d
ersta
n
d
a
n
d
l
e
arn fra
c
t
i
o
n
s
to
th
e
req
u
i
r
ed
d
ept
h
a
n
d
p
r
ev
en
t
mi
scon
cep
ti
o
n
s
ca
use
d
b
y
s
u
ch
g
ene
r
a
liza
tio
n
s
.
In
f
a
c
t,
i
t
w
a
s
ob
ser
v
e
d
t
ha
t
m
ost
m
i
sc
onc
ept
i
o
n
s
w
e
r
e
c
a
use
d
b
y
i
n
a
tte
nt
i
v
e
appr
oa
ches
t
o
fr
acti
o
n
instru
c
t
i
o
n.
T
here
a
re
f
in
d
i
ngs
t
ha
t
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
a
n
e
a
r
l
y
a
n
d
h
a
s
t
y
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
t
o
repr
esenta
t
i
o
n
o
f
frac
t
i
o
ns
i
n
the
c
l
a
s
sr
oom
w
ith
a
bstra
c
t
sym
b
o
l
s
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
d
e
p
e
nde
nce
on
st
u
d
en
t
e
xpe
rie
n
c
e
and
a ba
s
i
c
con
c
ept
u
a
l
fram
e
wor
k
lea
d
s
t
o
m
i
sc
onc
ep
t
i
on
s
(Bezuk
&
B
i
e
ck,
199
3;
c
i
t
e
d
in [
3
5]).
Ac
co
rd
ing
to
t
h
e
v
i
e
ws
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ary
t
e
a
c
h
ers
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ary
pro
s
pec
t
i
v
e
tea
c
h
ers,
a
not
her
situa
t
io
n
am
on
g
prima
r
y
sch
o
o
l
s
t
ude
n
t
s
w
a
s
tha
t
t
he
y
ha
d
mista
kes
‘w
hi
le
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
f
ra
cti
o
ns
w
i
t
h
m
o
d
e
l
s
’
.
It
i
s
a
kno
wn
f
ac
t
th
at
v
i
s
ua
l
re
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
tio
n
s
o
r
sh
ape
s
a
f
f
ect
c
ompr
ehen
si
o
n
o
f
m
a
them
a
tica
l
c
o
n
ce
p
t
s
pos
it
ive
l
y.
F
racti
ons
a
nd
o
p
e
r
ations
w
ith
frac
t
i
o
ns
a
re
a
t
op
s
ubj
ec
t
amo
n
g
t
h
o
s
e
wh
ere
u
s
i
n
g
s
h
a
p
es
i
s
th
e
most
i
m
porta
nt
[
9].
S
h
ape
s
t
h
a
t
ar
e
draw
n
a
nd
m
o
de
ls
t
ha
t
ar
e
u
sed
i
n
r
el
atio
n
t
o
a
p
rob
l
em
p
r
o
vide
s
e
a
se
o
f
rea
c
hi
ng
the
corr
ect
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
b
y
m
aki
n
g
it
e
a
s
ier
to
u
n
d
er
st
a
n
d
[
45
].
A
s
u
s
i
n
g
a
se
t
of
m
o
d
e
l
s
a
nd
ma
nip
u
la
t
i
ve
t
oo
ls
i
n
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
t
o
frac
tions
m
akes
f
r
a
cti
o
ns
t
an
gib
l
e
fo
r
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
a
n
d
s
eco
nd
a
r
y
scho
ol
stude
n
t
s
w
ho
a
r
e
st
i
l
l
in
t
he
i
r
t
a
n
g
i
bl
e
o
p
era
t
i
o
n
s
t
age
,
i
t
le
ads
to
e
asier
le
a
r
ni
ng
o
f
t
he
c
once
p
t
of
f
ra
ct
ion
s
and st
ude
n
t
s t
o
perform
f
r
acti
on-re
la
ted o
p
e
r
ati
o
ns
m
ore ea
si
ly
[2
2
]. D
avi
s
, H
unt
i
n
g a
nd P
e
a
r
n V
e
rgna
u
d
a
n
d
Ki
e
r
en
r
ec
o
m
men
d
ed
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
sc
h
e
mas
t
h
a
t
s
ho
w
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
eri
s
tics
o
f
rational
n
um
bers
a
nd
f
r
a
ctions
(geom
e
tric
a
l
m
ode
l
s
)
an
d
em
pha
size
tha
t
u
s
i
n
g
e
s
p
ec
i
a
lly
s
che
m
a
s
of
d
iv
id
i
ng
a
w
h
ol
e
in
t
o
p
i
e
ce
s
i
s
h
i
g
hly
impor
ta
nt
f
or
e
st
a
b
lis
hm
en
t
of
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
ge
on
rat
i
ona
l
nu
m
b
ers
[2
2].
In
m
any
stud
ies,
a
s
in
t
he
c
a
s
e
of
t
h
i
s
stud
y,
s
t
u
den
t
s
ex
pe
rie
n
ce
d
d
i
ffic
u
l
t
y
i
n
e
x
pressi
n
g
t
he
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
g
i
v
e
n
m
o
d
el
s
a
n
d
re
achi
n
g
the
corr
ect
answ
e
r
in pr
o
b
le
ms of fin
d
i
n
g
the
mode
l
th
a
t
is sui
t
a
b
l
e
for
a
give
n frac
t
i
o
n [1
0],
[46-4
8
].
Ba
se
d
on
t
h
ei
r
e
xperie
n
c
e
s
and
o
b
se
rva
t
io
ns,
the
p
a
rtic
i
p
an
ts
s
ta
te
d
t
h
at
s
tu
de
nts
c
o
n
f
use
d
t
h
e
den
o
m
i
na
tor
a
nd
t
h
e
n
u
m
e
ra
tor
,
t
he
c
onc
e
p
t
of
f
r
act
io
ns
w
as
n
o
t
f
u
l
l
y
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
a
n
d
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
-
piece
r
ela
t
i
onshi
p
w
a
s
n
o
t
u
nde
rs
t
o
o
d
,
a
n
d
stu
d
e
n
ts
h
a
d
d
iffic
u
lt
y
in
w
ri
ti
ng
a
nd
r
ea
di
ng
fra
c
t
ion
s
.
W
h
ile
p
r
ov
idi
n
g
stude
n
t
s
wi
th
k
nowl
e
dg
e
o
n
e
x
p
re
ssi
ng
a
f
ra
c
tio
n
in
w
ritin
g,
t
he
que
sti
o
n
s
o
f
how
m
an
y
i
d
ent
i
ca
l
piece
s
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
is
d
iv
ide
d
i
n
t
o
a
n
d
how
m
a
ny
o
f
t
hese
p
ie
ces
a
re
c
o
l
o
r
ed/
s
el
ec
t
e
d
sho
u
l
d
b
e
ans
w
e
r
ed
,
a
n
d
the
answers
th
ese
answer
s
sh
ou
ld
b
e
re
pres
ente
d
w
i
t
h
s
y
m
bol
s
[4
9].
S
t
ude
n
t
s
t
h
i
n
k
t
h
e
num
era
t
or
a
nd
t
h
e
den
o
m
i
na
tor
a
r
e
se
para
te
v
a
l
ues.
T
he
m
ai
n
rea
s
on
fo
r
t
h
i
s
i
s
th
at
s
t
ude
nt
u
se
t
he
ir
k
now
l
e
d
g
e
on
n
at
ural
numbe
rs
w
he
n
th
e
y
e
nc
o
u
n
t
e
r
f
r
actio
ns
[
2].
The
r
eason
for
th
is
m
i
sc
on
ce
pti
on
i
s
t
ha
t,
w
hile
f
ra
ct
io
ns
a
r
e
tau
g
h
t,
t
he
ir
r
e
p
re
sen
t
at
i
on
w
ith
s
ym
bo
ls
i
s
i
n
tro
d
u
ce
d
w
i
t
hou
t
s
e
t
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
b
a
s
i
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
s
[3
5].
Th
is
a
gree
s
w
i
t
h
t
he
r
e
s
ult
fou
n
d
b
y
[2
6]
t
ha
t
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
f
i
n
d
i
t
d
iffic
u
lt
t
o
s
o
l
v
e
s
o
me
f
ra
ct
io
n
pr
o
b
l
e
m
s
as
t
he
y
ca
nn
ot
f
u
l
ly
u
n
d
ersta
n
d
piec
e
-
w
h
o
l
e
re
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s.
A
lth
oug
h
‘pi
e
c
e
-wh
o
l
e’
i
s
th
e
mo
st
b
a
s
i
c
c
on
c
e
p
t
in
f
ra
ct
i
o
ns
[
37]
a
nd
it
i
s
i
n
t
h
e
na
t
u
r
e
o
f
fr
ac
t
i
o
n
s
[11],
so
me
s
t
u
de
nt
s
e
xper
i
enc
e
d
i
f
fi
cul
t
y
i
n
l
e
a
rn
i
ng
th
is
conc
e
p
t
[
5
1],
[52]
i
n
v
es
t
i
ga
te
d
t
h
e
mis
t
a
k
es
o
f
fo
ur
th-
a
n
d
f
ift
h
-
g
r
a
d
e
stu
d
e
n
ts
i
n
fra
ct
ions
a
nd
f
o
und
t
hat
the
stude
n
t
s
h
a
d
p
r
ob
lem
s
i
n
t
h
e
pr
inc
i
p
l
e
o
f
i
den
t
ica
l
p
ie
ces
i
n
t
he
p
iece
-
w
ho
le
r
ela
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p.
I
n
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
ta
t
i
ve
st
u
d
y
by
[
53
]
wi
th
p
ri
mary
s
ch
ool
s
tud
e
nt
s
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
nt
s
tho
ugh
t
of
f
ra
ct
i
ons
l
ike
t
h
e
y
a
re
i
nt
e
g
ers,
e
xpr
essed
the
c
o
nce
p
t
s
o
f
the
n
u
me
rator
and
t
h
e
de
n
o
m
i
n
a
t
o
r
a
s
se
p
a
ra
t
e
n
um
ber
s
,
and
c
o
nfuse
d
t
he
se
w
i
t
h
eac
h
o
t
her.
Sev
e
ral
s
t
ud
i
e
s
rep
o
r
t
e
d
fi
nd
in
g
s
t
h
a
t
st
ud
e
n
t
s
c
on
fu
se
nume
r
at
or
s
and
d
e
nom
i
n
a
t
ors
[7
],
[
26]
,
[45]
-[5
7
].
I
n
order
t
o
over
c
om
e
th
e
s
e
d
i
ffic
ul
ti
es,
firs
tly
t
he
p
iec
e
-w
ho
le
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
ns
hi
p
sho
u
l
d
b
e
ta
ug
ht
t
o
stu
d
e
n
t
s
w
hi
le
teac
h
i
ng
frac
t
i
ons
a
n
d
a
b
a
s
is
s
ho
u
l
d
be
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
s
t
ude
n
t
s
re
g
ard
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
once
p
t
of
f
r
a
cti
ons
[
50].
Ba
yku
l
argue
d
t
h
at
m
o
d
e
l
s
sh
ou
l
d
a
l
s
o
be
u
sed
in
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
f
r
act
i
o
n
-rel
a
t
e
d
c
onc
e
p
t
s
[
1].
D
oğa
n
-
Te
mur
e
m
pha
size
d
tha
t
f
or
g
ood
d
e
ve
l
opm
en
t
of
a
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
o
f
frac
t
i
o
ns,
e
duc
a
t
ion
proc
es
ses
s
hou
ld
b
e
ca
rrie
d
o
u
t
b
y
us
i
n
g
re
al-
life si
tua
t
i
o
n
s
,
tan
g
i
b
l
e t
o
ols a
nd
eq
u
i
pme
n
t
and
mode
ls,
ra
t
h
e
r tha
n
t
eac
h
i
ng
ru
les to
s
tu
d
e
nt
s [5
8
]
.
A
c
c
o
rdi
n
g
t
o
t
he
e
x
p
erienc
e
s
a
n
d
o
bser
v
a
tions
o
f
t
h
e
pr
im
ar
y
t
e
ac
hers
a
nd
t
he
p
r
i
m
a
ry
p
ros
p
ec
ti
ve
teac
hers,
it
is
b
el
ie
ved
t
h
a
t
t
he
b
asi
s
o
f
th
e
m
i
sc
o
n
cep
t
i
ons
o
n
r
a
n
k
i
ng
frac
tio
ns
i
s
t
h
a
t
s
t
ude
n
t
s
thi
n
k
of
fra
c
ti
o
n
s
as
i
f
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
i
n
t
e
g
e
r
s.
A
s
t
h
e
qua
nt
i
t
y
repr
ese
n
t
e
d
by
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
i
s
p
ro
po
rti
o
nal
to
i
t
s
g
re
a
t
ne
ss
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int.
J
. Eva
l
. & Re
s
. Educ
.
IS
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
M
i
sc
onc
e
p
ti
on
s
of
pr
i
m
ary
sc
ho
o
l
st
ude
n
t
s a
b
o
u
t
the s
u
b
j
ec
t
of f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s:
vie
w
s of .
.. (Yas
em
in D
e
ring
ö
l
)
35
i
n
t
e
g
e
rs,
t
h
i
s
i
s
mi
st
ak
en
ly
g
e
n
era
l
i
z
ed
f
o
r
f
rac
t
ion
s
,
an
d
so
m
e
t
h
in
k
t
h
a
t
f
ra
c
t
i
ons
w
it
h
l
a
rger
n
umb
e
rs
a
r
e
grea
ter [3
5],
Doğa
n-
Tem
u
r r
e
por
ted
t
h
a
t
s
tu
den
t
s m
a
d
e
mi
s
ta
kes
i
n
sever
al s
ub
jec
t
s s
u
c
h
as ran
k
i
ng frac
t
i
o
ns,
equ
i
vale
nc
y
in
f
ra
ct
io
ns
a
n
d
m
i
xin
g
d
e
n
o
m
inat
ors
a
n
d
nume
r
a
t
ors
[
5
8
].
B
i
b
er
s
tate
d
tha
t
,
w
h
il
e
ra
nk
in
g
fra
c
ti
o
n
s,
s
tu
d
e
nt
s
rank
de
no
m
i
n
a
t
o
rs
a
mon
g
s
t
eac
h
o
t
her
,
r
ank
num
era
t
or
s
a
m
ongs
t
e
a
c
h
o
ther
,
and
t
h
e
n
,
t
h
e
y
a
p
p
l
y
t
h
e
s
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
t
h
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
[
4
5
]
.
S
e
v
e
r
a
l
o
t
h
e
r
s
t
ud
ie
s
a
l
so
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
t
h
at
s
t
u
d
e
nt
s
had
mi
sc
on
ce
pti
o
ns
a
b
out
r
an
ki
ng
f
rac
t
io
n
s
[
7
]
,
[3
1
]
,
[
4
8
]
,
[
5
5
]
-[
6
1].
In
o
rder
t
o
pr
eve
n
t
t
h
i
s
m
isc
o
nce
p
t
i
o
n
,
i
t
sh
ou
ld
b
e
shown
t
h
at
t
h
e
qua
n
tit
ies
re
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
by
e
qui
v
a
l
e
nt
f
rac
t
i
o
ns
a
re
t
he
s
am
e
by
u
si
n
g
t
a
n
g
i
ble
an
d
pic
t
oria
l m
a
ter
i
a
l
s
i
n
t
he c
la
ssroom
[
3
5
].
The
pr
i
m
ar
y
te
a
c
hers
a
n
d
t
he
p
r
i
m
a
ry
p
r
o
sp
ec
t
i
ve
t
eac
hers
s
ta
te
d
tha
t
p
ri
ma
ry
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
t
ude
n
t
s
ha
d
di
ffic
ul
t
y
i
n
fr
ac
tio
n
pr
o
b
le
m
s
a
n
d
m
a
d
e
m
i
sta
k
e
s
.
The
y
w
rote
t
h
a
t
th
e
r
e
were
i
ssu
e
s
e
sp
ec
i
a
lly
i
n
t
h
e
p
a
rt
s
w
h
i
l
e
u
n
d
er
sta
n
d
i
ng
t
h
e
pro
b
l
e
m
s,
s
tu
den
t
s
ma
de
m
ist
a
ke
i
n
th
e
so
l
u
t
i
on
s
of
t
he
p
ro
ble
m
s.
S
oylu
o
b
s
e
rved
tha
t
,
i
n
f
ra
ct
io
n
pro
b
lem
s
,
st
ude
n
t
s
e
x
perie
n
c
e
d
d
i
fficu
l
t
y
i
n
un
dersta
n
d
i
n
g
the
pr
ob
l
e
m
,
a
nd
t
h
ere
f
ore
,
deter
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
ope
rat
i
ons
a
nd
order
of
o
pe
rati
ons
i
n
the
prob
l
em
s
[2
9].
Başgü
n
f
ou
nd
t
h
at
s
tu
de
n
t
s
ma
de
mista
k
e
s
i
n a
p
pl
y
i
n
g
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
a
bo
ut frac
t
i
o
ns i
n pr
oble
m
s
[6
2].
The
s
t
a
t
em
en
t
s
o
f
the
part
ic
i
p
an
ts
s
u
gge
ste
d
t
ha
t
st
u
d
en
ts
c
ou
l
d
n
o
t
d
i
s
t
i
n
g
u
i
s
h
ty
pes
of
f
ra
ctio
ns
a
n
d
h
a
d
di
ffi
cu
lty
i
n
co
nv
e
r
ti
ng
t
h
e
m
int
o
e
a
c
h
ot
h
e
r.
A
s
in
t
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
,
the
te
ac
hers
w
ho
p
a
r
tic
i
p
ate
d
i
n
t
h
e
st
u
d
y
by
D
e
m
i
r
i
rep
o
r
t
e
d
th
at
s
t
u
d
e
nt
s
h
a
d
mi
sc
on
ce
pti
ons
a
bou
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
ti
n
g
f
r
act
io
ns
i
nt
o
d
i
ffere
nt
t
yp
e
s
.
‘Re
p
rese
nti
ng
f
r
ac
t
i
on
s
on
t
he
n
u
m
b
e
r
l
i
n
e
’
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
pro
b
l
em
s
ex
pe
ri
ence
d
by
s
tude
nts
[1
0].
In
a
c
t
iv
itie
s
of
d
ra
w
i
ng
a
num
b
e
r
l
i
ne
m
odel
tha
t
i
s
use
d
t
o
e
x
pr
ess
fra
c
t
i
o
n
s,
t
he
n
ec
ess
ity
t
o
di
vide
t
he
w
h
o
l
e
i
nt
o
i
d
e
n
t
i
c
a
l
p
i
e
c
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
z
e
d
w
i
t
h
c
a
r
e
.
A
s
i
n
t
h
e
c
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
m
o
d
e
l
,
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
numbe
r
l
i
n
e
a
l
s
o
requ
ire
s
c
are
f
u
l
c
o
n
s
i
dera
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
piec
e
s
t
o
be
s
how
n
i
n
a
w
ho
l
e
a
nd
the
numbe
r
o
f
p
i
e
ces
a
mong
the
s
e
to
b
e
se
l
e
c
t
ed.
There
sho
u
l
d
be
n
o
h
urr
y
t
o
t
r
a
n
si
tio
n
t
o
s
ymb
o
l
s
so
t
hat
th
e
sha
p
e-
relate
d
m
e
a
n
ing
o
f
f
ra
ctio
ns
o
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
l
i
n
e
is
not
n
e
g
l
e
c
t
ed
[
6
3
],
D
oğa
n-Te
mur
co
nd
uct
e
d
in
t
e
rv
iew
s
w
it
h
prima
r
y
teac
hers,
an
d
the
t
e
a
c
hers
s
tate
d
t
h
a
t
s
t
ude
n
t
s
ma
de
m
ista
ke
s
most
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
in
rank
in
g
fra
c
t
i
ons,
sh
ow
i
n
g
fra
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
t
he
numbe
r
lin
e,
p
rob
l
e
m
s
,
rea
d
in
g
th
e
fr
a
c
ti
o
n
,
fr
act
i
o
n
r
u
l
e
s,
equ
i
vale
nc
y
in
f
ra
cti
o
ns
a
nd
c
on
fusin
g
n
um
era
t
or
s
a
n
d
de
nomi
n
a
t
ors
[5
8
]
.
K
u
tluca
s
ta
te
d
t
h
a
t
i
t
is
i
mpor
tan
t
to
u
se
t
ra
nspa
rent
frac
t
i
o
n
c
a
r
ds,
w
h
ic
h
a
r
e
t
a
n
g
i
b
l
e
ma
t
e
ri
als
,
t
o
p
rovi
d
e
s
t
u
d
e
nt
s
w
i
th
s
ki
ll
s
of
c
o
m
pa
ri
ng
fra
c
ti
o
n
s,
r
anki
ng,
i
den
t
ifica
t
i
on,
a
d
d
i
t
i
on
a
n
d
su
btra
c
tio
n,
m
ult
i
pl
ica
tio
n
and
di
visi
o
n
o
pe
rat
i
o
n
s
[
64].
Man
y
ot
her
st
u
d
i
es
a
lso
repor
t
e
d
t
h
at
s
tu
de
nt
s
e
x
perie
n
c
e
d
pr
o
b
le
ms
w
h
ile
s
h
o
w
i
ng
fra
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
numb
e
r
li
ne
[6],
[7],
[57],
[
63]
, [65]-[67]
.
Final
l
y
,
prim
ary
teac
hers
a
n
d
t
he
p
rima
ry
p
r
o
sp
ect
i
v
e
teac
hers
st
a
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
st
ud
en
ts
m
a
d
e
mi
st
ak
es
i
n
add
i
tio
n an
d su
btra
c
tio
n o
p
era
tio
ns. S
c
huma
c
her
a
nd Ma
lo
n
e
prep
a
r
ed pr
o
blem
s
t
o
de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
t
he m
i
s
ta
ke
s o
f
fo
urt
h
-gr
a
de
s
tude
nts
i
n
t
he
s
ub
jec
t
o
f
fra
c
tio
ns,
a
nd
i
t
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
t
ha
t
t
h
e
s
t
ude
n
t
s
pe
rform
e
d
a
d
di
t
i
o
n
opera
tio
ns
b
y
add
i
ng
t
he
n
u
m
er
ators
an
d
d
e
nom
i
n
a
t
ors
se
para
t
e
ly
[
6
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
m
i
s
t
a
k
e
w
a
s
a
l
s
o
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
t
h
e
st
ud
y
by
O
k
ur
a
nd
Ç
ak
m
a
k-Gü
ler
t
h
a
t
w
a
s
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
w
i
t
h
f
i
f
t
h
-
g
r
a
d
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
[
6
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
b
y
Idri
sand
Narayanan
r
eve
a
l
e
d
t
ha
t
,
w
hi
le
s
tu
den
t
s
co
u
l
d
perfor
m
a
dditi
o
n
a
n
d
s
ubtr
a
c
t
i
on
o
p
e
ra
ti
ons
w
i
t
h
f
r
a
c
t
i
ons
t
h
a
t
had
e
q
ual
de
no
m
i
na
tor
s
,
t
h
e
y
h
a
d
d
iffic
u
lt
y
in
o
pera
ti
ons
w
i
t
h
fra
c
t
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
ha
d
di
ffere
n
t
de
n
o
m
i
n
a
t
o
r
s
[
4
7
]
.
M
i
sc
o
n
c
e
p
t
i
ons of st
ude
n
t
s in
add
i
t
i
o
n an
d
s
u
b
t
ra
ct
ion o
p
era
t
i
o
ns ha
v
e be
en rep
or
t
e
d b
y
s
ev
e
r
al
o
th
e
r
s
t
u
di
es
[6],
[
1
0
],
[
4
5
],
[
5
5
],
[
7
0
]
,
[
71
]
.
A
s
addi
tio
n
a
nd
su
b
t
ra
ct
i
o
n
i
n
f
ra
ct
io
ns
r
equ
i
re
a
c
ommon
de
nom
in
a
t
or
,
it
i
s
nec
e
ssary
t
o
h
a
ve
c
ompr
ehe
nde
d
bas
i
c
fra
c
t
i
o
n-r
e
late
d
c
once
p
ts
in
o
rd
e
r
t
o
pe
rform
t
he
se
o
pera
t
i
o
n
s
by
un
dersta
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
em
.
Tha
t
i
s,
it
is
h
ig
hl
y
di
ffic
ult
t
o
l
ear
n
a
n
d
te
a
c
h
a
d
d
i
ti
on
i
n
frac
t
i
o
n
s
w
it
hou
t
un
dersta
n
d
i
n
g
w
h
a
t
f
ra
c
t
i
o
ns
m
e
a
n
and
w
h
at
e
qu
iva
l
e
n
t
fra
ctions
a
re
[
35]
.
There
f
ore
,
t
he
re
i
s
a
nee
d
f
or
a
com
m
on
de
no
mina
tor
to
a
d
d
fr
acti
o
n
s
.
If
the
de
nom
i
n
a
t
o
r
s
ar
e
no
t
e
qua
l,
t
he
f
rac
t
ion
s
s
ho
ul
d
be
c
on
v
e
rte
d
in
to
e
q
u
i
va
le
n
t
f
ra
ct
i
o
n
s
t
o
ma
ke
t
he
d
e
n
omina
t
ors
eq
u
a
l
.
T
h
i
s
is
h
o
w
m
isc
once
p
ti
ons
i
n
ad
d
iti
o
n
a
n
d
sub
t
r
act
i
on w
i
l
l
n
o
t
be
enc
o
un
ter
e
d,
o
r
i
t
w
i
l
l
be
to ove
rc
om
e
m
i
sconce
p
ti
o
n
s if
t
he
y e
x
ist
[2].
The
s
t
ud
y
b
y
M
o
ss
a
nd
Cas
e
t
h
a
t
w
a
s
c
o
nd
uc
t
e
d
w
i
th
t
he
a
im
o
f
d
et
ermi
ni
ng
w
h
e
t
h
er
o
r
n
o
t
pros
pec
t
i
v
e
pri
m
ary
a
n
d
se
c
o
ndar
y
s
c
h
ool
m
athem
a
t
i
cs
t
e
a
c
h
ers
a
re
a
w
a
re
o
f
the
mist
a
k
es
o
f
s
t
ude
n
t
s
i
n
t
he
sub
j
e
c
t
o
f
fr
acti
o
ns
r
eve
a
l
e
d
tha
t
m
ost
pro
s
pec
tive
t
e
ac
he
rs
w
e
r
e
a
w
a
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
s
t
a
k
e
s
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
[
7
2
]
.
Wh
i
l
e
the
p
r
o
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
teac
h
e
rs
w
e
r
e
aware
of
t
he
m
ista
kes
o
f
t
h
e
st
ud
ent
s
,
th
e
y
c
ou
ld
p
rovi
d
e
s
up
erf
i
ci
al
rea
s
ons
f
or
t
h
e
m
ista
kes.
F
or
s
o
l
v
i
ng
t
h
e
mista
k
es
o
f
st
ude
n
t
s,
t
he
y
rec
o
mm
ende
d
stra
t
e
g
i
e
s
o
f
v
e
rba
l
exp
l
a
n
a
t
i
o
ns,
a
r
ea
m
odels,
da
i
l
y-l
i
fe
e
xa
mples,
r
e
p
et
iti
on
o
f
p
rel
i
mi
nar
y
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
ge,
tea
c
h
i
ng
s
t
a
n
dard
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
s,
a
sk
i
ng
lea
d
in
g
q
u
e
s
tio
ns,
usi
ng
e
a
sy
e
xam
p
l
e
s,
u
s
i
n
g
o
p
p
o
si
te
e
xam
p
le
s,
e
xe
r
c
ises
a
n
d
p
rac
t
ic
e
s
,
lead
i
ng s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
to n
o
t
i
ce
t
h
ei
r m
i
st
a
k
e
s
a
nd
incre
a
s
i
n
g
st
u
de
n
ts
’ mo
t
i
vat
i
on
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 225
2-
882
2
Int.
J
.
Eval. & R
es. Educ.
Vol.
8, No. 1, March
2
019
:
29
- 3
8
36
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
Conse
que
n
tly,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
w
e
d
th
a
t
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
t
e
ache
r
s
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
i
ma
ry
p
rosp
ect
i
v
e
tea
c
h
ers
di
d
n
o
t
have
m
uc
h
di
ffi
c
u
l
t
y
i
n
i
de
nti
f
yi
n
g
t
he
m
is
conc
e
p
tio
ns
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
r
e
gar
d
in
g
o
p
er
ati
o
n
s
i
n
fra
c
t
i
ons.
It
i
s
bel
i
e
v
ed
t
ha
t,
i
n
order
to
m
in
i
m
iz
e
misco
n
c
e
p
t
i
on
s
in
s
tu
de
nt
s,
t
he
c
onc
e
p
t
of
frac
t
ion
s
s
hou
ld
b
e
in
t
r
o
duc
e
d
st
arti
ng
w
i
t
h
i
d
e
nti
cal
p
i
e
ce
p
rob
l
ems
an
d
d
e
v
e
lo
pin
g
t
h
e
c
on
c
e
pt
w
i
t
h
st
u
d
e
nt
-c
e
n
te
re
d
a
c
t
i
vi
ti
e
s
b
y
u
s
i
ng
vari
ous
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
i
ll
be
a
p
p
r
opr
i
a
te.
I
t
w
i
l
l
als
o
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
t
e
gr
ea
tly
t
o
the
fie
l
d
t
o
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
q
ual
i
ta
tive
s
t
ud
ies
tha
t
i
nv
o
l
v
e
th
e
a
naly
sis o
f
t
h
e
m
i
s
take
s pri
m
ary
schoo
l st
u
d
e
n
t
s
m
ak
e
i
n
t
h
e
s
ub
j
e
ct
of
f
r
a
ct
ion
s
.
REFE
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l
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entary
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a
t
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t
u
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’M
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ti
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A
bo
ut
D
ecı
m
a
l
Num
b
ers
(Th
e
C
ase
o
f
Uş
ak),"
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catepe Universi
ty
J
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urna
l o
f
S
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ie
n
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e
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)
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0
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Ö
n
a
l
,
H
,
a
n
d
Y
o
r
u
l
m
a
z
,
A
.
,
"
T
h
e
E
r
r
o
r
s
M
a
d
e
B
y
P
r
i
m
a
r
y
S
c
h
o
o
l
F
ourt
h
G
raders
o
n
F
r
act
io
ns
,
"
J
o
ur
na
l of
Re
se
a
r
c
h
in
Ed
u
c
atio
n a
n
d
So
c
i
e
t
y
, vo
l
.
4(1
)
,
pp
.
9
8
-1
13
, 20
1
7
.
[7]
Ers
oy,
Y
.
and
A
r
dah
a
n
,
H
.,
"
Teach
in
g
of
f
ractio
ns
i
n
elem
entary
s
cho
o
ls
II:
O
rg
a
n
izi
n
g
ev
ent
s
f
or
d
i
a
gno
sis,"
[On
l
i
n
e]
[
Availab
l
e],
h
t
t
p
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ww.
m
atd
e
r.
org.tr/index.
php
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o
p
t
i
o
n
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_co
n
t
e
n
t
&v
iew
=
art
i
cl
e&catid
=8:
m
atem
a
t
i
k
-
ko
ses
i
-m
akal
eleri&i
d
=6
4:il
kog
reti
m
-
o
kull
a
rin
d
a-kes
i
rl
eri
n
-o
gre
t
i
m
i
-
i
i
-
ta
n
i
y
a
-
y
on
e
l
i
k
-
e
tk
in
li
k
l
e
r
-
d
u
z
e
n
le
me
&
I
te
m
i
d
=
38
,
2
0
03.
[8]
Yen
ilmez,
K
,
and
Y
a
şa,
E,
"
P
r
i
m
ary
S
c
h
ool
S
tud
e
nts’
M
i
s
concep
ti
o
n
s
ab
out
G
eom
e
try
,
"
J
o
urna
l o
f
Ulud
a
ğ
Universit
y
Educati
o
n
Facult
y
,
vol
.
21
(2),
p
p
.
461-4
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3
,
2
00
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[9]
İpek
,
A
.
S
,
Iş
ı
k
,
C,
&
A
lb
ayrak,
M
.,
"
C
o
n
cept
u
al
P
erf
o
rm
ances
o
f
P
r
os
pecti
v
e
P
r
im
ary
Teaeher
s
on
O
perati
on
s
with
F
raction
,
"
Jo
ur
na
l o
f
Ka
z
ı
m Ka
ra
bekir
Ed
uca
t
i
on
Fa
c
u
lt
y
,
vol
.
1,
p
p
.
5
37
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2
00
5.
[10]
Demiri,
L
.,
"
Research
ing
Teac
h
e
rs
a
n
d
P
re-S
ervi
ce
Teache
r
s
’
kn
o
wl
edg
e
o
f
S
t
ud
ents
’
Mis
c
on
cept
i
on
s
ab
o
u
t
F
r
act
io
ns,"
M
a
s
ter'
s
Thesis,
M
a
rm
ar
a
U
n
i
versity Instit
u
t
e o
f
Ed
uca
t
i
onal
Scien
ces
,
Is
tan
bul,
Turk
e
y
,
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3.
[11]
Gabriel,
F
,
Co
ch
é,
F
,
S
z
ucs,
D
,
Caret
t
e,
V
,
Rey
,
B
,
&
Co
nten
t,
A.,
"A
c
ompone
nti
a
l
vi
ew
o
f
children's
difficulties
in
l
e
a
r
ning
f
ra
c
tio
ns,"
D
evelop
men
t
a
l
Psycho
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
. 71
5
(4
)
, 1-1
2, 20
1
3
.
[12]
An
th
ony
, G,
a
n
d
D
i
ng,
L
.," Teachi
ng
and
L
e
arn
i
n
g
F
ractio
n
s
:
Les
so
n
s
f
ro
m
A
l
tern
ativ
e
Exam
ple
S
p
ace
s,
"
Curriculum
M
a
tt
ers
, vo
l
.
7,
pp
.
1
5
9
-1
74
, 20
1
1
.
[13]
Bot
t
ge
B
.
A,
M
a
X,
G
ass
a
way
L,
B
u
t
l
e
r
M,
&
T
ol
and
M.
D
.,
"Detec
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
rrectin
g
Fract
ions
C
om
putation
Error Pa
tt
e
r
ns
,
"
E
xcept
i
on
al Ch
i
l
d
r
en
,
vol.
8
0
(
2),
p
p
.
37
-255
,
2
014.
[14]
New
s
tead
,
K
,
a
nd
M
u
rray,
R
.
,
"
You
n
g
St
uden
t
’s
C
on
st
ruct
ion
of
F
racti
on,"
Proceed
in
gs
of t
h
e
2
2
0
0
Con
f
eren
ce of
T
h
e
in
te
r
n
a
t
i
o
na
l G
r
o
u
p
fo
r
th
e
Ps
y
c
h
ol
og
y
of
Ma
th
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
vo
l.
3
,
p
p
.
29
5-30
2,
S
tel
l
l
e
nbo
sh
:
S
o
uth
Af
r
i
ca, 1
99
8
.
[15]
Pu
rno
m
o
l
,
Y
.
W
,
W
i
d
o
w
at
i
,
C
,
Aziz,
T
.
A
,
&
P
r
amud
i
a
ni
,
P.,
"F
ra
ct
ion
s
D
ivi
s
ion
Knowledge
of
Elementary
S
c
ho
ol
S
tu
den
t
:
T
h
e
Case
o
f
Lala,
"
Th
e
4
th
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
erence
on
R
e
sea
r
ch,
Implem
ent
a
t
i
o
n
,
an
d Edu
c
ation
of
M
a
th
ematics
an
d
Scien
ce (
4
th
ICRIEMS),
p
p
. 1
-8
, 20
1
7
.
[16]
S
a
x
e
,
G
.
B
,
T
a
y
l
o
r
,
E
,
V
,
M
c
I
n
t
o
s
h
,
C
,
&
G
e
a
h
a
r
t
,
M
.
,
"
R
e
-
P
r
e
s
e
nt
ing
F
r
actio
ns
w
ith
S
t
a
nd
ard
No
tat
i
ons:
A
De
ve
lo
pme
n
t A
n
a
l
ysis,"
J
o
urna
l fo
r
Re
se
arc
h
in
Mathematics Education
,
vol.
3
6
,
pp
.
1
37-1
5
7
,
2
0
0
5.
[17]
Ol
ku
n,
S
,
an
d
To
lu
k-Ucar,
Z
.,
"Act
ivity
-Based
M
at
hem
a
ti
cs
T
each
ing
in
P
r
i
mary
E
ducat
ion
,
"
Ankara: An
ı
Publish
i
ng
, 2
01
2.
[18]
Ün
lü
,
M,
a
nd
E
rtek
in
,
E.,
"
W
hy
do
P
re-S
ervice
T
eachers
P
o
s
e
M
ul
t
i
p
lic
a
tio
n
Prob
le
m
s
I
ns
te
a
d
o
f
D
i
v
i
sion
P
r
ob
lems
in
F
r
acti
ons
?
,
"
Pr
oced
ia-S
oci
a
l
an
d
B
e
ha
vior
al Sci
e
nces
,
vol.
46,
pp.
4
9
0
-49
4
,
2
01
2.
[19]
Tan
ner,
K
.,
"
Wo
rki
ng
with
S
tud
e
nts
to
H
elp
T
h
em
U
n
d
erst
and
F
r
a
ct
ion
s
,
"
Aus
t
ralian Pri
m
ary M
a
t
h
emat
i
c
s
Clas
sr
oo
m
, vo
l
.
1
3
(
3), p
p.
28
-
31
,
20
08
.
[20]
Tz
ur,
R.,
"
A
n
Inte
gra
t
e
d
S
tud
y
of
C
h
i
ldre
n
’
s
Co
nstru
c
tio
n
o
f
I
m
p
r
op
er
F
racti
o
n
s
a
nd
th
e
Teach
ers
Rol
e
i
n
Pro
m
o
ting
Th
a
t
L
e
a
r
ning
,"
J
o
ur
na
l for
Re
se
arc
h
in
Mathe
ma
tic
s Edu
c
at
io
n
, v
ol
. 3
0, p
p.
39
0
-4
1
6
,
19
99
.
[21]
Yo
un
g-Lo
veri
dge,
J,
T
ay
lo
r,
M
.
,
Häw
e
ra
,
N,
&
S
harm
a,
S
.
,
"
Y
e
a
r
7-8
Students’
Solut
i
on
S
trat
e
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
A
Task
İnvol
v
ing
Additi
on
o
f
Unlike
Fr
act
ions,
"
I
n
F
i
n
d
ings
from
the
N
um
eracy
D
eve
l
op
ment
P
rojects:
2
00
6
p
p
.
6
7
-8
4
,
W
e
lli
ngt
on
: M
i
n
i
st
ry
of E
d
u
c
ati
o
,
2
00
7.
[22]
Ş
i
a
p
,
İ
,
a
n
d
D
u
r
u
,
A
,
"
T
h
e
A
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
U
s
e
G
e
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
l
M
o
d
e
l
s
i
n
F
ractions
,
"
Ka
st
amo
n
u
Educat
io
n Jo
ur
nal
,
vo
l.
12(1
)
,
p
p
.
8
9
-9
6,
2
0
04.
[23]
Dav
i
s,
E
.
G
.,
"Teachi
n
g
an
d
Class
r
oo
m
E
x
p
e
riment
s
Deali
n
g
with
F
r
actio
ns
a
n
d
P
ropo
rti
o
n
a
l
Reason
in
g,
"
Jour
na
l
o
f
Ma
the
m
a
tic
al
Be
h
a
v
i
or
, vo
l
.
2
2
, pp
. 1
07
-11
1
.
2
00
3.
[24]
De
C
ast
r
o,
B
.
,
"
C
o
g
n
iti
ve
M
o
d
els
:
T
he
M
is
si
n
g
L
in
k
t
o
L
e
a
rn
in
g
F
r
acti
o
n
Mu
lt
ipli
catio
n
an
d
Di
v
i
s
i
on,"
Asi
a
Pa
cif
i
c E
duca
t
i
o
n
Revi
ew
,
vo
l.
9
(2
),
p
p
.
1
01
-112
, 2
00
8.
[25]
Işı
k
,
C,
a
nd
K
ar,
T.
,
"An
a
ly
zing
P
r
o
b
lems
P
os
e
d
by
7
th
G
rade
S
tudent
s
f
o
r
Ad
dition
Operation
wi
t
h
F
ract
ions,
"
El
ement
a
ry Education
Online
,
vol
.
11
(4),
p
p
.
1021
-10
3
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[26]
Ko
caoğl
u,
T
,
an
d
Y
e
nil
m
ez,
K
.
,
"
5
th
G
ra
de
S
tu
d
e
nts’
M
ista
ke
s
a
n
d
M
i
sc
on
c
e
p
ti
on
s
in
S
o
l
ving
P
rob
l
e
m
s
about
Fractions,"
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Di
c
l
e U
n
iversi
ty Zi
ya Gökalp Education
F
a
cult
y
,
vol.
14,
pp.
7
1-8
5
,
201
0.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int.
J
. Eva
l
. & Re
s
. Educ
.
IS
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
M
i
sc
onc
e
p
ti
on
s
of
pr
i
m
ary
sc
ho
o
l
st
ude
n
t
s a
b
o
u
t
the s
u
b
j
ec
t
of f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s:
vie
w
s of .
.. (Yas
em
in D
e
ring
ö
l
)
37
[27]
M
o
s
s
,
J,
a
n
d
C
as
e
,
R
.,
"Dev
elop
in
g
Ch
il
dren’s
U
n
d
erst
and
i
n
g
o
f
The
Ratio
n
a
l
Num
b
ers:
A
N
ew
M
od
el
a
n
d
Experi
m
e
ntal
C
u
rri
cul
u
m,"
Journal
for
R
e
search i
n
Mathe
m
a
t
ics E
d
ucation
,
vol.
30
(2
),
p
p.
122
-14
7
,
199
9.
[28]
Ol
ku
n,
S
,
a
nd
To
lu
k
,
Z
.
,
"
Act
i
v
i
t
y
-Bas
ed
M
at
hem
a
ti
c
s
T
eachi
n
g
i
n
P
r
im
ary
Ed
ucat
ion
"
An
k
a
ra
:
An
ı
P
ubli
s
h
i
ng
, 2
00
3.
[29]
S
o
y
l
u,
Y
.
and
S
oyl
u,
C
.
,
"Learni
ng
D
ifficulti
es
o
f
5
th
C
las
s
i
n
Pri
m
ary
E
ducation
at
F
racti
on:
O
rd
erin
g,
A
dd
ing,
S
u
b
t
racti
o
n
,
M
ult
ı
i
p
li
cati
o
n
in
F
ract
ion
an
d
Pro
b
l
e
m
s
R
el
ated
t
o
F
r
a
c
t
io
n,"
J
o
u
r
na
l
of
Erzinc
a
n
Edu
c
ation
Fac
u
l
t
y
,
v
o
l.
7
(2
), p
p.
10
1
-
1
1
7
, 20
0
5
.
[30]
S
o
y
l
u,
Y
.
,
"Stu
d
e
n
t
s
M
a
de
M
istakes
an
d
H
a
ve
M
i
s
u
nderstan
d
i
n
gs
R
el
ated
t
o
Th
e
F
r
acti
o
n
s
,
and
Th
e
A
b
i
lit
y
o
f
Teach
er
C
an
di
dat
e
s
To
P
redi
ct
T
he
S
t
uden
t
s
’
m
i
s
t
akes
,"
J
o
ur
n
a
l o
f
Con
t
e
m
p
o
r
ary
Ed
uc
a
t
io
n,
v
o
l
.
33
(356
),
pp
.
3
1-39
,
2
0
0
8
.
[31]
S
t
a
f
y
l
id
ou
,
S
,
a
nd
V
os
ni
a
d
ou,
S
.
,
"
Th
e
D
e
velo
pm
en
t
o
f
S
tu
d
e
n
t
s
’
und
erst
and
i
ng
o
f
th
e
N
u
meri
ca
l
Valu
e
of
Fractions,"
L
e
arni
ng
an
d
In
st
ruc
t
io
n
,
v
o
l
. 14
, p
p.
5
03
-51
8
, 2
00
4
.
[32]
Ti
ro
s
h
,
D
.
,
"
E
n
h
ancin
g
P
ros
p
ec
t
i
ve
T
e
ach
ers’
K
n
o
w
l
edg
e
o
f
Chi
l
d
re
n’s
Co
nc
e
p
tio
n
s
:
T
h
e
C
a
s
e
of
D
iv
i
s
io
n
o
f
Fractions,"
Journal for
R
e
search
in
Mat
h
ema
tics Education
,
vo
l.
3
1(1
)
,
p
p.
5
-25
, 2
000
.
[33]
Bus
h
,
S.
B
,
and
Karp,
K.
S
.
,
"
P
r
ereq
ui
sit
e
A
l
g
eb
ra
a
nd
A
s
s
o
ci
at
ed
M
i
s
co
nceptio
n
s
of
M
id
d
l
e
Grad
e
S
t
ud
ent
s
:
A
Revi
ew,"
T
h
e
J
o
ur
na
l o
f
M
a
t
h
emati
c
a
l
Beh
a
vi
or
,
v
o
l. 3
2,
p
p.
61
3
-
6
32
, 20
1
3
.
[34]
S
i
e
g
l
e
r
,
R
.
S
,
F
a
z
i
o
,
L
.
K
,
B
a
i
l
e
y
,
D
.
H
,
&
Z
h
o
u
,
X
.
,
"
F
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
:
Th
e
New
F
r
on
ti
e
r
f
o
r
T
h
e
ori
e
s
of
N
u
m
eri
c
a
l
De
ve
lo
pme
n
t,"
T
r
end
s
in
Cognitive S
c
ien
ces
, vo
l
. 17
(
1
)
, p
p.
13
-
1
9
, 20
1
3
.
[35]
Al
acacı,
C.,
"Mis
concep
ti
ons
o
f
S
t
u
d
en
ts
a
b
o
u
t
F
racti
ons,"
(
Ed.
B
in
gö
lb
a
l
i
,
E
.
v
e
Ö
z
m
a
n
ta
r
M
.
F
.
)
,
M
a
th
e
m
a
t
ic
a
l
Ch
a
l
le
n
g
e
s
a
nd
S
olu
t
io
n
Su
gg
e
s
t
i
on
s,
An
k
a
ra
:
Pe
g
e
mA
Pu
bl
ish
i
n
g
, 20
1
0
.
[36]
Ak
s
u,
M
.,
"S
tuden
t
P
erfo
rm
ance
in
D
eal
in
g
w
ith
F
racti
ons,"
Th
e
Jo
ur
na
l of Ed
uca
tio
nal Res
e
ar
c
h
,
v
o
l.
9
0(
6)
,
pp
.
3
75-3
8
0
,
1
9
9
7.
[37]
Charal
a
m
b
o
u
s
C
.
Y,
a
nd
P
itt
a
-P
a
n
tazi
,
D.,
"
R
ev
isi
t
i
n
g
A
Th
eoret
ical
M
od
el
o
n
F
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s:
I
m
p
li
cati
ons
f
o
r
t
each
in
g
and
Res
e
a
r
ch
,
"
In
Ch
ick,
H
.
L. &
Vin
cent, J.
L
.
(
E
d
s
.)
, Pr
oceed
ing
s
o
f
t
h
e 29
th
Con
f
er
e
n
ce o
f
th
e In
tern
atio
nal
Gr
ou
p f
o
r
th
e Psycho
l
og
y
of
M
a
th
ema
tics
E
ducati
o
n
,
v
o
l.
2
,
pp.
233-2
4
0
,
2
0
0
5
.
[38]
Kilpatr
i
ck,
J
,
S
w
a
f
f
o
rd
,
J,
&
F
in
dell
,
B.
,
"
A
ddi
n
g
it
up:
H
el
p
i
ng
c
h
ild
ren
learn
math
em
ati
c
s
.
N
a
t
io
nal
Acad
em
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s
," Nat
ional
Research Co
u
n
c
il
,
Na
t
i
o
nal A
c
adem
y
Pr
ess
,
W
a
s
h
i
ngto
n
,
D
C
,
2
001
.
[39]
H
ı
dı
r
o
ğ
l
u,
Ç
.
N.
,
"
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
of
F
ract
ions
U
n
it
of
S
ec
ondary
S
c
hoo
l
5
th
G
rades
’
M
athem
a
tics
Curricul
u
m
,
"
Mast
e
r
's Thes
i
s,
P
a
mukkal
e
University Ins
titu
te of
Educational Sci
e
nces
, Den
izli, T
urk
e
y
,
2
01
6
.
[40]
Özdemi
r,
B
,
G,
B
ayraktar,
R,
&
Y
ılm
az,
M
.,
"
Expl
anat
ions
o
f
Pri
m
a
ry
a
nd
M
i
d
d
l
e
S
c
ho
ol
M
at
h
e
m
a
ti
cs
T
e
ach
er
s
on
Mis
con
c
ep
ti
o
n
,"
J
o
urn
a
l
o
f
Tr
ak
y
a
Univ
e
r
sity
Ed
uc
at
io
n
Fac
u
lty
,
v
o
l
.
7
(
2),
p
p
.
28
4-3
05,
2
0
1
7
.
[41]
Yıldır
ım,
A.
a
nd
S
i
m
şek,
H
.,
"
Q
u
al
itativ
e
res
earch
m
et
hod
s
in
s
ocial
s
c
ien
ces
(
5
th
E
d
.
)
,
"
A
n
ka
ra Se
cki
n
Publications,
20
0
5.
[42]
Balcı
,
A, "R
e
search
Met
h
o
d
s,
T
ech
niqu
e
s
a
n
d
Pr
i
nc
ip
le
s in
S
o
c
ia
l Sciences,
"
A
n
ka
ra: PegemA
P
ublishi
ng
, 20
0
5
.
[43]
Bü
yü
kö
z
t
ürk
,
Ş
,
Kı
lıç
,
Ç
.
E
,
Ak
gü
n,
Ö
.
E,
K
a
r
a
d
e
n
iz
,
Ş
,
&
D
e
m
ir
e
l
.
F
.,
"
S
ci
en
t
i
fi
c
Res
earch
M
eth
o
d
s
,"
Ankar
a
:
Pegem P
ubl
ish
i
n
g
, 20
1
2
.
[44]
Creswe
l
l
,
J.
W
.,
"
Q
ualitative
Res
ear
ch
M
ethods
(
Trans.
E
ds
:
Büt
ü
n
,
M
.
&
D
e
m
i
r
,
S
.
B
)
.
"
Ank
a
r
a
:
Si
yas
a
l Boo
k
,
20
14
.
[45]
Bibe
r,
A
,
Ç,
T
un
a
,
&
A
k
t
a
ş
,
O.,
"
S
tu
de
n
t
s’
M
isc
o
nc
e
p
tio
n
s
o
f
Fr
acti
ons
a
n
d
its
E
ff
ect
o
n
S
o
lving
F
r
acti
o
n
s
Pro
b
le
m
s
,
"
Tr
akya
Un
iversit
y
Jo
u
r
n
a
l of Ed
ucation
,
vol.
3(2),
p
p
.
1
52-1
6
2
,
2
013.
[46]
A
k
s
o
y
,
N
.
C
,
a
n
d
Y
a
z
l
i
k
,
D
.
O
.
,
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
E
r
r
o
r
s
i
n
F
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
P
o
s
s
i
bl
e
Causes
o
f
Th
e
s
e
Errors
.
J
o
urn
a
l
of
Ed
uca
t
io
n a
nd Tra
i
nin
g
Stu
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1(5),
p
p
.
219
-2
33
,
2
017
.
[47]
Idri
s,
N
,
and
N
a
rayan
a
n,
L
.
M
.
,
"Error
Pat
t
erns
i
n
Add
ition
and
S
ubt
racti
o
n
of
F
ract
io
n
s
a
mon
g
F
o
r
m
Two
Stud
e
n
ts,
"
Jo
ur
n
a
l of
M
a
t
h
em
a
tics Education,
vo
l
.
4(2
)
,
pp
. 3
5-5
4
,
2
01
1.
[48]
Kurdal,
C
.
,
"
Studen
t’
s
Err
o
r
s
on
Ratı
̇
o
a
n
d
P
r
op
o
r
tı
̇
o
n
s
D
o
n
e
i
n
Dy
n
a
mic
and
In
te
rr
ac
t
i
ve
M
a
t
h
e
mat
i
cs
Envi
r
o
n
m
ent
s
,"
Master's Thesis,
B
a
yb
urt Univer
s
i
ty
,
Bay
b
u
r
t,
T
urk
e
y.
201
6.
[49]
Pe
se
n, C.
,
"
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts’ M
i
sc
o
n
c
e
ptio
n
s
a
bo
ut
Fra
c
tio
ns
,
"
E
d
u
c
ation a
nd
Scien
c
e
, vo
l
. 1
43
(32
)
,
pp
. 7
9-8
8
, 2
00
7.
[50]
M
eert,
G
,
Gré
g
o
i
re,
J,
&
amp,
&
N
o
ë
l,
M
.
P.
,
"Com
paring
t
he
m
ag
n
i
t
u
d
e
of
t
wo
f
racti
ons
w
ith
c
o
mmo
nc
o
m
po
n
e
nts:
W
h
i
c
h
r
e
p
re
se
nta
t
io
ns
a
re
u
se
d
by
1
0
-
a
n
d
12
-y
ear-olds?
,
"
J
o
urna
l
of Ex
pe
rime
n
t
a
l
Ch
i
l
d
Ps
ychol
og
y
, vo
l
.
1
0
7
,
p
p
. 2
44
-25
9
, 2
01
0.
[51]
Chi
nnap
p
an
,
M.
,
"Ch
ild
ren’s
Mapp
in
gs
o
f
P
a
rt-who
le
C
on
st
ruct
o
f
F
racti
o
n
s
,"
In
P
.
Clar
ks
o
n
et al
.
(E
d
s
.),
Co
nfe
r
e
n
c
e
of th
e
Ma
th
e
m
a
tic
s
Ed
uc
a
tion
Re
s
e
arc
h
Gro
u
p
of
Au
stra
la
sia
,
M
e
lb
ou
rne
,
p
p
.
2
4
1-2
48,
S
yd
ney
:
M
a
th
ematics
Educat
ion
Research
G
ro
up
o
f
A
u
stral
i
a,
J
ul,
2
005.
[52]
Loc
,
N
.
P
,
T
on
g,
D
.
H
.
,
&
Ch
a
u
,
P.
T
.,
"
I
d
e
nti
f
y
i
ng
t
he
C
on
c
e
p
t
“
Fract
io
n”
o
f
P
r
im
ary
S
c
hool
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s:
T
he
İnvest
igation
i
n
Viet
n
am,"
E
duc
a
t
i
o
n
a
l Res
e
arch an
d Review
,
vol.
1
2(8
)
,
pp
.
5
3
1
-
53
9.
2
01
7.
[53]
N
d
a
lic
ha
k
o
,
J.
L
.,
"
A
n
a
ly
si
s
of
P
upils’
Di
ffi
culti
e
s
i
n
Sol
v
i
n
g
Q
u
e
stio
ns
R
elat
ed
t
o
F
r
acti
ons:
Th
e
Case
o
f
P
r
im
ary
S
c
ho
ol Leavi
n
g
Ex
amin
atio
n
in Tanzan
ia,"
Cr
eati
ve Ed
uca
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l. 4
(9),
p
p.
69
-
73
, 20
1
3
.
[54]
Karaağ
aç,
K
.
an
d
Kö
se,
L.,
"E
xamin
a
ti
on
of
P
re-S
ervi
ce
an
d
In-S
ervi
ce
T
e
achers’
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
St
ud
ent
s
’
M
i
s
c
oncep
ti
ons
o
n
th
e
To
pi
c
of
F
racti
o
n
s
,
"
J
o
urna
l o
f
S
a
k
ary
a
Uni
versit
y
Educa
t
ion
Faculty
,
v
o
l.
30,
pp
.
7
2-92
,
2
0
1
5
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[55]
Mohyuddi
n
,
R
.
G,
a
nd
K
halil,
U
.
,
"
Mi
sc
oncepti
ons
o
f
Student
s
i
n
L
earn
i
n
g
M
at
hem
a
ti
cs
a
t
P
r
i
m
ary
L
e
v
e
l,
"
Bu
ll
etin
of E
d
u
c
ati
on an
d Resea
r
ch
,
vol.
3
8
(
1),
pp.
1
3
3
-16
2
,
20
1
6
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[56]
Wo
ng,
M
,
and
E
v
an
s,
D
.
,
"Student
s’
C
on
cept
u
al
U
nd
erstan
di
ng
o
f
Equivalent
F
r
acti
o
ns,"
Pr
ocee
di
ng
s of th
e 30
th
an
nu
al co
nf
eren
ce o
f
th
e
M
a
th
ematics
Edu
c
ation Res
e
ar
ch Gr
o
u
p of
Au
st
ralasia
J
.
W
a
t
s
o
n
&
K
.
Beswick
(
Ed
s).
M
a
th
ematics
:
E
s
s
ent
i
a
l
R
es
earch,
Es
s
e
ntial P
r
actic
e-v
o
l
. 2
, pp
.
82
4
-8
33
, 20
0
7
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISS
N
:
225
2-
8
8
2
2
In
t
.
J
.
E
v
a
l
.
&
R
e
s
.
E
d
u
c
.
V
o
l.
8
,
N
o
.
1
,
M
ar
c
h
2
0
1
9
:
2
9
-
3
8
38
[57]
Yetim,
S
.
a
nd
A
lkan
R
.
,
"
Common
M
istakes
an
d
M
i
sco
n
cep
ti
ons
o
f
7
th
G
rad
e
S
t
uden
t
s
a
b
ou
t
the
Rati
onal
N
u
m
b
ers
and
P
l
acem
ent
of
t
h
e
R
ati
onal
Num
b
e
r
s
o
n
t
he
N
u
m
b
e
r
L
i
n
e,
"
M
A
N
A
S J
o
urna
l of Sc
i
e
nc
e
Re
se
arc
h
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1,
pp.
8
7
-
1
0
9,
201
0.
[58]
D
o
ğ
a
n-T
e
mu
r,
Ö
.,
"Op
i
n
i
ons
o
f
Teach
ers
o
f
F
o
u
rt
h
an
d
F
i
fth
Grad
e
Abo
u
t
Teach
ing
F
r
acti
ons:
A
P
h
eno
m
enog
rahi
c Research,
"
Du
mlup
ı
nar Univer
sity Jo
ur
nal of Soci
a
l
Sc
i
e
nces
,
v
o
l.
29,
p
p
,
2
03
-212
,
2
01
5.
[59]
A
l
t
ı
p
a
rm
a
k
,
K,
a
nd
Ö
züd
oğru
,
M
.
,
"
Erro
r
an
d
Mis
c
oncep
ti
on
:
Re
la
ti
on
o
f
F
r
act
ion
an
d
P
a
rt-W
h
o
l
e
,
"
International
Jo
ur
na
l of
H
u
man
Sci
e
nces,
v
o
l
.
12
(2
),
p
p
.
146
5-1
4
8
3
,
201
5.
[60]
G
ö
k
k
u
r
t
,
B
,
Ş
a
h
i
n,
Ö
.
So
y
l
u,
Y
,
&
S
o
yl
u
,
C
.,
"
Ex
ami
n
i
n
g
P
r
e-S
e
r
v
i
ce
Teachers
'
P
edag
og
ical
C
o
n
ten
t
K
n
o
wled
ge
on
F
racti
ons
i
n
Terms
o
f
S
tud
e
nts’E
rrors,"
Intern
at
io
na
l
O
n
lin
e
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
Ed
ucatio
na
l
Scien
ces
,
v
o
l.
5
(3)
,
p
p
.
71
9-73
5,
2013
.
[61]
Orhun,
N
.,
"A
C
ognitive
Gap
between
F
ormal
Ari
t
h
m
etic
a
nd
V
i
s
ua
l
Rep
r
esen
tation
i
n
F
ractional
O
p
erati
o
n
s
,"
Jo
ur
na
l of In
on
u
U
n
i
versity
Edu
c
at
io
n
F
a
cult
y
, v
ol. 8
(14
)
,
pp
. 9
9-1
1
1
, 20
0
7
.
[62]
Baş
g
ü
n
,
M.
a
n
d
E
rs
oy,
Y
.
,
"
N
um
bers
a
n
d
A
rithm
e
t
i
c
I:
S
om
e
D
i
ffi
culties
an
d
M
i
s
c
oncep
ti
ons
i
n
Teach
in
g
F
r
act
io
ns
a
nd
D
ecim
a
l
Num
b
ers
,
"
IV.
Science Ed
uca
t
io
n Con
g
r
e
s
s
Pa
per
,
p
p
.
604-6
0
8
,
A
nk
ara:
M
E
B
P
ublish
i
ng,
2
00
0.
[63]
P
e
s
e
n,
C
.
,
"
S
t
udents
’
Learn
i
ng
D
iff
i
c
u
lties
an
d
M
i
sco
n
cept
i
o
n
s
i
n
P
o
in
ti
ng
t
h
e
F
ract
ion
s
o
n
T
h
e
N
u
m
b
er
L
i
n
e,"
Jo
ur
na
l of In
on
u
U
n
i
versity
Edu
c
at
io
n
F
a
culty
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
(
9),
p
p
.
157-1
68,
2
0
0
8
.
[64]
K
u
tlu
ca,
T
,
and
Ku
tl
uca,
S
.,
"
Th
e
us
e
o
f
c
oncrete
m
ateri
a
ls
i
n
t
h
e
t
eachi
ng
of
f
ract
ions,
"
Ora
l
p
r
es
ent
a
t
i
o
n
pre
s
e
n
te
d
in
Tu
r
k
ish Co
mpu
t
e
r
a
n
d
Ma
the
m
a
t
ic
s
Ed
uc
at
io
n S
y
mp
osiu
m
,
Karad
e
niz
Techn
i
cal
Univ
e
rsit
y
,
20
13.
[65]
L
e
mmo,
A
,
Bra
n
chetti,
L
,
Ferrett
i,
F
,
Ma
ff
i
a
,
A
,
&
M
art
i
gnone,
F.,
"Student
s’
D
i
ffi
cul
t
i
e
s
Dealing
with
N
umber
Line
:
A
Qu
a
l
i
t
a
tive
Ana
l
ys
is
o
f
a
Que
s
tion
f
ro
m
Na
t
i
on
a
l
S
ta
nd
a
rdi
zed
A
s
s
es
sm
ent,"
Qu
ader
n
i
di
Ricer
ca in
Di
da
tt
ic
a
(M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
)
,
vo
l
.
5(
2
)
,
p
p
. 1
49
-15
6
,
2
01
5.
[66]
Ok
ur,
M
,
a
nd
Ç
a
k
ma
k
-
Gü
le
r,
Z
,
"
6
th
a
n
d
7
th
G
rade
S
eco
nd
ary
S
c
h
o
o
l
S
tu
dent
s’
M
is
con
cepti
ons
a
bo
ut
F
racti
o
n
s,"
Erzinc
a
n
Un
iv
e
r
si
ty
J
o
urna
l o
f
E
d
u
c
atio
n
Fac
u
l
t
y
, vo
l
.
18
(2
), p
p.
9
2
2
-9
5
2
, 20
1
6
.
[67]
Ö
zcan,
Z
.
Ç
,
Kılıç,
Ç,
a
nd
O
balar,
S
.,
"
W
o
rked-Out
Q
ues
t
ions
S
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
Wi
th
S
e
l
f-
Ex
pla
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a
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ıo
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Prom
pt
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r
De
t
e
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m
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a
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io
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A
n
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l
i
m
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tu
de
n
t
s
M
i
st
a
k
e
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i
n
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
cs,"
Jou
r
n
a
l of M
e
hm
et Ak
i
f
E
r
s
o
y Un
iver
sity
E
d
ucation F
a
culty
,
v
o
l
.
4
5
, p
p.
1
-2
2, 2
01
8.
[68]
S
c
h
u
m
acher,
R.
F
,
and
M
a
lo
ne,
A
.
S
.,
"
Erro
r
P
a
ttern
s
w
i
t
h
F
ract
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Cal
c
ulat
io
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s
a
t
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o
urth
G
rade
a
s
a
F
u
nct
i
o
n
o
f
S
t
ud
ents’M
ath
e
m
a
tics
Achiev
e
m
e
nt Stat
u
s,
"
Elem
ent
a
r
y
Sch
ool Jo
urn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
118(1
)
,
p
p.
1
05
-127.
201
7.
[69]
T
r
iven
a, V
,
Nin
g
s
ih
,
A.
R
.
, &
Ju
p
r
i
,
A
.,
"
M
i
s
co
n
cepti
o
n
o
n
Add
i
ti
on
and
S
ubtraction
of
F
r
acti
on a
t
P
rim
a
ry S
ch
oo
l
S
t
ud
ents
i
n
Fif
t
h
-
Grad
e.
I
nt
ernation
a
l
Co
nf
erence
on
M
ath
e
matic
s
and
S
c
i
e
nce
Ed
ucat
ion
(ICM
S
c
E
),"
Jour
na
l of
P
h
ys
ics
:
Con
f
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ce Ser
i
es
89
5
(
2
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7
)
0
1
2
1
3
9
,
20
17
.
[70]
O
j
o
s
e,
B
.,
"
S
t
u
d
ents
’
Mis
c
o
n
cep
ti
ons
i
n
Mathe
m
atics:
A
nalys
i
s
o
f
Rem
e
d
i
es
a
n
d
W
h
a
t
Res
e
arch
S
ays,
"
Oh
io
Jo
ur
na
l of S
c
hool
M
a
th
ematics
,
v
ol
.
72
,
pp
.
3
0
-
3
4
,
2
01
5.
[71]
Ro
se,
"M
.
B,
L
earners
’erro
rs
a
nd
M
i
s
co
ncept
i
o
n
s
Ass
o
cia
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ed
w
ith
C
o
m
m
o
n
F
r
acti
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n
s
,"
M
aster’s
T
hesis,
Un
i
v
ersity
o
f
Jo
h
a
nn
esbu
rg, 20
1
1
.
[72]
E
roğlu
,
D
.,
"
Ex
am
ining
P
r
os
p
ect
ive
Ele
m
en
tary
M
athem
a
tics
Teac
h
e
rs’Kno
wle
d
ge
A
bo
ut
S
tu
d
e
nt
s’
M
ista
ke
s
Rel
a
ted to Fract
ions
,"
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as
ter's Thesi
s
,
Mi
ddl
e
E
a
st T
echn
i
ca
l U
n
ivers
i
t
y
,
A
n
k
ara,
T
urk
e
y,
201
2
.
BIOGRAPH
Y
O
F
AUTHOR
In
2
002
S
he
g
radu
ated
f
rom
Is
ta
n
bul
U
niv
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rsity
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l
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ntary
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rt
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d
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2
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om
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20
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,
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h
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rked
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acul
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ducat
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Depa
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ork
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s
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rof
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Depart
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c
h
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l
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eachi
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ach
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om
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igh
e
r-ord
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th
in
k
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ng
s
k
i
l
l
s
.
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