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R
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to
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s
s
u
c
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as
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co
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ce
n
tr
ates
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u
ca
tio
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to
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u
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cr
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to
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ev
elo
p
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.
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tio
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s
y
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m
o
f
a
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m
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s
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b
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w
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h
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s
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to
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ce
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q
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u
ca
tio
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.
Acc
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r
d
in
g
to
r
esear
ch
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s
[
2
]
,
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
taf
f
s
w
er
e
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
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q
u
alit
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o
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d
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la
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m
p
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tan
t
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in
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s
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tr
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ed
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ca
ti
o
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al
d
ev
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p
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f
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m
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c
s
taf
f
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un
h
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p
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w
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k
s
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t
w
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f
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tp
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.
T
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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2252
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8822
I
n
t
.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
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n
e
2
0
2
0
:
2
8
5
-
2
9
1
286
E
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S
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QUE
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A
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s
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3
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o
p
p
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r
tu
n
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f
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p
r
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m
o
tio
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2.
L
I
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R
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VI
E
W
A
ND
H
YP
O
T
H
E
S
I
S D
E
VE
L
O
P
M
E
NT
2
.
1
.
J
o
b sa
t
is
f
a
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J
o
b
s
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f
ac
tio
n
is
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s
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ca
n
t
s
u
b
j
ec
t
f
o
r
ev
er
y
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
in
v
ar
io
u
s
i
n
d
u
s
tr
i
es.
Ma
n
y
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
o
r
s
u
p
er
io
r
s
w
an
ted
to
k
n
o
w
w
h
et
h
er
th
eir
w
o
r
k
er
s
o
r
s
u
b
o
r
d
in
ates
ar
e
co
n
ten
ted
w
it
h
th
eir
j
o
b
s
.
J
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
is
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
task
s
b
y
en
p
lo
y
ee
s
w
h
o
o
b
tain
s
en
s
e
o
f
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
eir
w
o
r
k
p
lace
[
4
]
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
ex
p
lain
ed
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
as
t
h
e
g
o
o
d
f
ee
lin
g
o
n
e
g
ets
w
h
en
o
n
e
h
as
a
j
o
b
h
e
o
r
s
h
e
en
j
o
y
s
d
o
in
g
it
[
5
]
.
J
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
t
io
n
is
also
a
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
v
e
em
o
tio
n
al
d
o
m
ai
n
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
a
l
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
ab
o
u
t
th
eir
w
o
r
k
.
B
asicall
y
,
it
is
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
h
o
w
a
p
er
s
o
n
f
in
d
s
h
i
s
tas
k
an
d
h
o
w
f
ar
h
e
is
ab
le
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
tas
k
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
3
]
,
th
e
y
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
a
t
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
is
a
f
ee
lin
g
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
ca
r
ee
r
o
f
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
o
r
ab
o
u
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
asp
ec
t
s
o
f
th
e
j
o
b
th
at
w
ill
i
m
p
ac
t
p
r
o
d
u
cti
v
it
y
an
d
j
o
b
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
an
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
.
J
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
is
a
n
i
n
ter
n
a
l
f
ee
li
n
g
o
f
a
w
o
r
k
er
ab
o
u
t
h
is
j
o
b
[
6
]
.
J
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
is
al
s
o
a
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
a
w
o
r
k
s
it
u
atio
n
[
5
]
.
A
ca
d
e
m
ic
s
ta
f
f
s
’
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
ti
o
n
is
v
i
tal
as
it
is
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
i
n
s
p
ir
atio
n
t
h
at
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
e
f
f
o
r
t
in
ac
co
m
p
li
s
h
i
n
g
th
e
ta
s
k
s
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
a
g
o
o
d
teac
h
er
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
th
at
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
ta
f
f
s
n
ee
d
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
ar
e
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
lectu
r
es
n
o
tes,
d
a
y
-
to
-
d
a
y
less
o
n
p
lan
,
m
ar
k
i
n
g
o
f
ass
i
g
n
m
e
n
ts
as
w
ell
as
to
k
ee
p
tr
ac
k
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
r
o
g
r
ess
an
d
t
h
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
al
l
th
e
s
e
ta
s
k
s
,
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
ta
f
f
s
w
il
l
also
h
av
e
to
k
ee
p
t
h
e
m
s
el
v
es
u
p
d
ated
w
it
h
cu
r
r
en
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t.
A
ca
d
e
m
ic
s
ta
f
f
s
ar
e
lik
el
y
to
ac
t
as
a
co
u
n
s
ello
r
an
d
r
o
le
m
o
d
el
to
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
taf
f
s
as it
w
ill p
o
s
iti
v
el
y
i
m
p
ac
t th
eir
j
o
b
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
n
ed
u
ca
tin
g
,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
s
h
ap
in
g
f
u
t
u
r
e
lead
er
s
.
2
.
2
.
P
a
y
a
nd
benef
it
s
P
ay
an
d
b
en
ef
it
s
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
f
in
a
n
cial
in
ce
n
ti
v
es
[
7
]
.
B
en
ef
it
s
ar
e
g
en
er
all
y
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
n
o
n
-
m
o
n
etar
y
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
[
8
]
.
P
ay
a
n
d
b
en
ef
i
ts
ar
e
ess
e
n
tia
l
ele
m
e
n
ts
t
h
at
u
s
ed
to
m
o
ti
v
ate
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
i
n
th
e
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
.
I
t
h
elp
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
w
o
r
k
er
s
’
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
.
A
r
esear
ch
d
o
n
e
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
[
9
]
r
e
p
o
r
ted
th
at
b
asic
s
alar
ies
an
d
allo
w
a
n
ce
s
a
f
f
ec
t
s
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
ta
f
f
s
’
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
p
a
y
an
d
b
en
ef
it
s
ar
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
r
elate
d
to
j
o
b
s
a
tis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
i
s
in
li
n
e
w
it
h
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
o
f
D
u
leb
o
h
n
’s
[
1
0
]
.
I
t
w
a
s
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
s
alar
y
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
allo
w
s
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
to
m
ee
t
t
h
eir
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
ta
l
n
ee
d
s
b
u
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
a
t
a
h
i
g
h
er
lev
el
as
w
e
ll.
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
[
1
1
]
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
o
n
t
o
p
o
f
p
ay
a
n
d
allo
w
a
n
ce
s
,
f
r
i
n
g
e
b
e
n
ef
i
ts
al
s
o
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
n
e’
s
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
O
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
n
o
te,
R
esear
ch
er
[
1
2
]
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
t
h
at
r
e
w
ar
d
s
an
d
b
en
ef
it
s
ar
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
ti
o
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
p
o
o
r
co
m
p
e
n
s
at
io
n
an
d
b
en
e
f
it
s
w
il
l h
av
e
n
eg
a
tiv
e
i
m
p
ac
ts
o
n
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
h
y
p
o
t
h
esized
:
H1
: P
ay
an
d
b
en
e
f
it
s
h
a
v
e
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
w
it
h
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
2
.
3
.
Wo
rk
e
nv
iro
n
m
ent
W
o
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
is
e
x
p
lai
n
e
d
as
th
e
s
ett
in
g
,
s
it
u
atio
n
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
i
n
w
h
ic
h
p
eo
p
le
w
o
r
k
[
1
4
]
.
I
t
is
also
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
w
h
er
e
it
co
m
p
r
is
es
p
eo
p
le,
to
o
ls
,
an
d
o
th
er
w
o
r
k
p
lace
p
h
y
s
ical
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
[
1
4
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
r
esear
ch
er
[
1
5
]
,
w
o
r
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
i
s
e
x
p
lain
ed
as
a
p
lace
w
h
er
e
p
eo
p
le
w
o
r
k
to
g
eth
er
to
co
m
p
lete
tas
k
s
a
n
d
ac
h
iev
e
co
m
m
o
n
g
o
al
s
.
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
[
9
]
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
a
ca
d
em
ic
s
ta
f
f
’
s
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
is
r
elate
d
to
w
o
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
e
m
n
t.
Si
m
i
lar
l
y
,
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
[
1
6
]
ec
h
o
ed
th
at
g
o
o
d
w
o
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
w
ar
d
s
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
taf
f
s
’
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
t
io
n
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
t
y
p
es
o
f
s
c
h
o
o
ls
,
co
lleg
es
an
d
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics.
L
i
k
e
w
i
s
e,
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
6
,
1
7
]
em
p
h
asized
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
w
o
r
k
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
ac
ad
em
ic
s
ta
f
f
s
’
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
ti
o
n
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
h
y
p
o
th
esi
s
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
:
H2
: W
o
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t h
a
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
w
it
h
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
2
.
4
.
T
o
p
m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
lea
dersh
ip
T
o
p
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
at
th
e
to
p
lev
el
w
h
o
ar
e
m
a
n
a
g
in
g
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
[
1
8
]
.
T
o
p
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
is
s
e
en
as
a
s
o
cial
co
m
m
u
n
icati
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
lead
er
an
d
h
is
f
o
llo
w
er
s
.
Gen
er
all
y
,
lead
er
s
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
th
e
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
's
g
o
als
v
ia
ch
an
g
e,
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
en
g
a
g
e
m
en
t
an
d
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
al
ac
ti
v
iti
es
[
1
9
,
2
0
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
[
2
1
]
,
t
o
p
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
’
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
t
y
l
e
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
i
n
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ci
n
g
a
ca
d
em
ic
s
ta
f
f
s
’
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
o
p
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
ta
f
f
s
’
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
R
esear
ch
s
t
u
d
y
d
o
n
e
b
y
[
2
1
]
s
tated
th
at
if
to
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
v
al
&
R
e
s
E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
F
a
cto
r
s
in
flu
en
cin
g
jo
b
s
a
tis
fa
ctio
n
a
mo
n
g
a
ca
d
emic
s
ta
ffs
(
On
g
C
h
o
o
n
Hee
)
287
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
o
s
iti
v
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
it
w
i
ll
h
a
v
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
i
m
p
ac
t
to
w
ar
d
s
ac
ad
em
ic
s
ta
f
f
s
’
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
o
p
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t’
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
allo
ca
te
w
o
r
k
eq
u
all
y
h
as
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
as
w
ell.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
i
m
p
l
ies
th
a
t
p
r
in
cip
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
o
r
to
p
m
an
ag
e
m
e
n
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
d
eter
m
in
a
n
ts
i
n
p
r
ed
ictin
g
te
ac
h
er
s
an
d
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
ta
f
f
s
’
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
a
n
d
it
also
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
ac
ad
em
ic
s
taf
f
s
w
h
o
w
o
r
k
w
ith
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
to
p
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
er
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
t
io
n
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
h
y
p
o
t
h
esized
th
a
t:
H3
: T
o
p
Ma
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t le
ad
er
s
h
ip
h
as a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
w
i
t
h
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
2
.
5
.
Wo
rklo
a
d
W
o
r
k
lo
ad
is
d
ef
in
ed
a
s
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ta
s
k
s
g
i
v
en
to
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
o
v
er
a
s
p
ec
i
f
ied
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e
[
2
2
]
.
W
o
r
k
lo
ad
is
g
en
e
r
all
y
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
th
e
in
te
n
s
i
t
y
o
f
th
e
j
o
b
ass
ig
n
m
e
n
ts
[
2
3
]
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
[
2
4
]
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
at
h
ea
v
y
w
o
r
k
lo
ad
an
d
tr
em
en
d
o
u
s
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
w
o
r
k
w
i
ll
ca
u
s
e
j
o
b
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
s
taf
f
s
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
its
elf
m
a
y
al
s
o
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
w
ar
d
s
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
t
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
[
2
5
]
s
tated
th
at
lo
w
er
w
o
r
k
lo
ad
w
i
ll
in
cr
ea
s
e
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
lev
el
a
m
o
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
s
ta
f
f
s
.
I
n
an
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
y
o
f
[
2
1
]
,
th
e
y
ar
g
u
ed
t
h
at
tr
e
m
e
n
d
o
u
s
w
o
r
k
lo
ad
w
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
n
eg
at
iv
el
y
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
taf
f
s
’
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
;
th
e
lo
w
er
th
e
w
o
r
k
lo
ad
,
th
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
O
n
th
e
co
n
tr
ar
y
,
i
n
cr
e
asin
g
th
e
w
o
r
k
lo
ad
o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
ta
f
f
s
w
i
ll r
esu
lt i
n
lo
w
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
j
o
b
d
is
s
at
is
f
ac
t
io
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it is
h
y
p
o
th
esized
t
h
at:
H4
: W
o
r
k
lo
ad
h
as a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
w
ith
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n a
nd
s
a
m
ple
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
i
s
r
esear
c
h
s
t
u
d
y
is
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
a
t
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
t
io
n
a
m
o
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
s
taf
f
s
in
a
p
r
iv
ate
ac
ad
em
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
in
Ma
la
y
s
ia.
T
h
e
to
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
in
s
tit
u
tio
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
1
0
0
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
taf
f
s
w
h
o
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
y
t
h
is
p
r
i
v
ate
co
lleg
e.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
tab
le
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
2
6
]
,
th
e
d
esire
d
s
a
m
p
le
s
ize
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
1
0
0
is
8
0
.
Si
m
p
le
r
an
d
o
m
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
w
as
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
d
r
a
w
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
h
as
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
ll
y
co
llected
8
2
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
3
.
2
.
M
e
a
s
ures
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
ite
m
s
o
f
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
t
io
n
(
8
ite
m
s
)
w
er
e
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
ies
o
f
[
2
7
,
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
ai
m
o
f
th
e
s
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
i
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
y
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
s
ta
f
f
s
to
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
t
h
eir
f
ee
lin
g
s
an
d
in
d
icate
t
h
e
le
v
el
o
f
a
g
r
ee
m
e
n
t
w
h
et
h
er
t
h
e
y
ar
e
s
ati
s
f
ied
o
r
d
is
s
atis
f
ied
w
it
h
th
eir
w
o
r
k
s
.
I
n
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
p
r
ed
icto
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
to
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
,
n
am
el
y
p
a
y
an
d
b
en
e
f
it
s
,
w
o
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
to
p
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
w
o
r
k
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
p
ay
a
n
d
b
en
ef
it
s
(
6
item
s
)
w
er
e
s
elec
t
ed
an
d
m
o
d
i
f
ied
f
r
o
m
r
esear
ch
er
[
2
9
]
,
w
h
ile
th
e
ite
m
s
o
f
w
o
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
(
5
ite
m
s
)
w
er
e
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
[
2
7
]
.
Me
asu
r
es
f
o
r
to
p
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
(
6
ite
m
s
)
an
d
w
o
r
k
lo
ad
(
5
ite
m
s
)
w
er
e
ad
a
p
ted
f
r
o
m
[
3
0
,
3
1
]
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
A
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
i
k
er
t scale
w
as
u
tili
ze
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
all
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
v
ar
iab
les.
3
.
3
.
Da
t
a
co
llect
io
n pro
ce
du
re
Data
co
llectio
n
w
as
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
s
el
f
-
ad
m
i
n
i
s
ter
e
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
w
as
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
in
E
n
g
l
is
h
to
b
est
c
o
n
v
e
y
t
h
e
co
n
ten
t
s
to
th
e
r
es
p
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
p
er
s
o
n
all
y
ad
m
i
n
i
s
ter
ed
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
es.
T
h
e
co
m
p
leted
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
w
er
e
co
llected
o
n
e
d
ay
af
t
er
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
r
ec
eiv
ed
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
es
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
w
er
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
ca
teg
o
r
ies
t
h
at
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile,
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
d
eter
m
in
a
n
ts
o
f
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
ti
o
n
(
i.e
.
p
ay
an
d
b
en
e
f
it
s
,
w
o
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
to
p
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
w
o
r
k
lo
ad
)
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
v
ali
d
it
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
tes
t
,
co
r
r
e
latio
n
an
d
m
u
ltip
l
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
al
y
s
is
w
er
e
e
m
p
l
o
y
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
.
W
e
u
s
e
Statis
t
ical
P
ac
k
a
g
e
f
o
r
So
ci
al
Scien
ce
s
(
SP
SS
)
f
o
r
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
P
ro
f
ile
o
f
t
he
re
s
po
nd
ent
s
B
ased
o
n
th
e
8
2
r
esp
o
n
s
es
w
e
r
e
g
en
er
ated
,
2
9
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
m
ale
s
a
n
d
co
n
s
t
itu
ted
3
5
.
4
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
,
w
h
ile
th
e
r
est
o
f
t
h
e
m
(
5
3
,
6
4
.
6
%)
w
er
e
f
e
m
a
les.
M
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
er
e
a
g
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
2
4
to
3
5
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
an
d
f
o
r
m
ed
5
0
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
.
I
n
t
h
e
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
o
f
et
h
n
ic
it
y
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
w
er
e
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
(
5
6
,
6
8
.
3
%),
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
I
n
d
ian
(
1
9
,
2
3
.
2
%)
an
d
Ma
la
y
(
7
,
8
.
5
%).
I
n
th
e
ca
te
g
o
r
y
o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ic
q
u
ali
f
icatio
n
,
2
3
(
2
8
%)
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
h
o
ld
er
s
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
5
6
an
d
3
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
m
a
s
ter
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
an
d
d
o
cto
r
al
d
eg
r
ee
h
o
ld
er
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Ma
j
o
r
ity
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
(
3
1
,
3
7
.
8
%)
w
er
e
h
av
in
g
6
-
1
0
y
ea
r
s
o
f
w
o
r
k
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
w
h
ile
3
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
3
6
.
6
%)
w
er
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
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I
n
t
.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
0
:
2
8
5
-
2
9
1
288
ca
teg
o
r
ized
b
et
w
ee
n
1
-
5
y
ea
r
s
o
f
len
g
t
h
o
f
s
er
v
ice.
Ot
h
er
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
less
t
h
an
1
y
ea
r
o
f
w
o
r
k
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
(
6
,
7
.
3
%),
1
1
-
1
5
y
ea
r
s
(
1
3
,
1
5
.
9
%),
1
6
-
2
0
y
ea
r
s
(
1
,
1
.
2
%)
an
d
ab
o
v
e
2
0
y
ea
r
s
(
1
,
1
.
2
%).
4
.
2
.
F
a
ct
o
r
a
na
ly
s
is
I
n
th
is
r
esear
c
h
,
th
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
p
r
ed
icto
r
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
n
a
m
e
l
y
p
a
y
an
d
b
e
n
ef
i
ts
,
w
o
r
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
to
p
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
lo
ad
.
Valid
it
y
test
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
u
s
in
g
f
ac
to
r
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
w
it
h
P
r
in
cip
al
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
A
n
al
y
s
is
(
P
C
A
)
.
B
ar
tlett’
s
T
est
o
f
Sp
h
er
icit
y
w
as
u
s
ed
to
test
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
eit
y
.
T
h
e
KM
O/MS
A
v
al
u
es
in
d
i
ca
te
th
e
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
.
W
o
r
k
lo
ad
w
as
eli
m
i
n
ated
d
u
r
i
n
g
P
r
in
cip
al
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
An
al
y
s
i
s
(
P
C
A
)
o
w
i
n
g
to
cr
o
s
s
la
o
d
in
g
s
.
As s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
,
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
i
n
d
icate
d
th
a
t
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
KM
O/MS
A
is
0
.
8
2
3
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
3
2
]
,
v
alu
e
s
o
f
KM
O/MS
A
ab
o
v
e
0
.
8
a
r
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
.
T
h
e
B
ar
tlett’
s
test
o
f
Sp
h
er
icit
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
i
s
w
it
h
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
i
s
d
is
clo
s
ed
t
h
at
th
er
e
ar
e
3
f
ac
to
r
s
ex
tr
ac
ted
.
A
ll
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
w
er
e
ab
o
v
e
0
.
5
0
an
d
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
.
7
4
1
t
o
0
.
8
9
4
.
Fac
to
r
1
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
t
o
to
p
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
(
6
item
s
)
w
h
er
ea
s
f
ac
to
r
2
is
id
en
tif
ied
as
p
a
y
a
n
d
b
en
ef
i
t
s
(
4
item
s
)
an
d
f
i
n
all
y
f
ac
to
r
3
is
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
w
o
r
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
(
2
ite
m
s
)
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
r
es
u
lts
,
t
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
s
o
f
v
ar
ia
n
ce
ex
p
lain
ed
f
o
r
to
p
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
p
ay
an
d
b
en
ef
it
s
an
d
w
o
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
ar
e
35.
9
0
6
%,
2
5
.
6
2
2
%
an
d
1
5
.
2
8
2
%
an
d
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
7
6
.
8
1
0
%
o
f
th
e
cu
m
u
lati
v
e
v
ar
ia
n
ce
.
T
h
e
E
ig
e
n
v
a
lu
es
(
i.e
.
6
.
1
3
3
,
1
.
8
7
0
an
d
1
.
2
1
4
)
f
o
r
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
w
er
e
ab
o
v
e
o
n
e
t
h
u
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
r
es
u
lt
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Facto
r
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
I
t
e
m
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
F
a
c
t
o
r
L
o
a
d
i
n
g
1
2
3
P
B
1
I
a
m sa
t
i
sf
i
e
d
w
i
t
h
my
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
p
a
y
.
0
.
8
7
6
P
B
3
I
a
m sa
t
i
sf
i
e
d
w
i
t
h
my
mo
st
r
e
c
e
n
t
p
a
y
i
n
c
r
e
me
n
t
.
0
.
8
5
7
P
B
4
3
I
a
m sa
t
i
sf
i
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
p
a
y
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
f
e
r
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
.
0
.
8
1
9
P
B
6
5
I
a
m p
a
i
d
f
a
i
r
l
y
f
o
r
m
y
j
o
b
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
j
o
b
r
e
sp
o
n
si
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s.
0
.
7
7
5
W
E3
M
y
o
f
f
i
c
e
o
r
m
y
a
r
e
a
o
f
w
o
r
k
i
s c
o
mf
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
s
a
f
e
.
0
.
8
9
4
W
E4
T
h
e
a
me
n
i
t
i
e
s su
c
h
a
s
c
l
o
se
t
s e
t
c
.
i
n
my
o
f
f
i
c
e
a
r
e
c
l
e
a
n
.
0
.
8
2
5
T
M
L
1
M
y
su
p
e
r
i
o
r
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
s me
t
o
b
e
c
o
m
e
a
g
o
o
d
t
e
a
m
p
l
a
y
e
r
.
0
.
8
7
2
T
M
L
2
M
y
su
p
e
r
i
o
r
l
e
a
d
s
b
y
e
x
a
mp
l
e
.
0
.
8
5
7
T
M
L
3
M
y
su
p
e
r
i
o
r
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
my
p
e
r
so
n
a
l
f
e
e
l
i
n
g
s.
0
.
7
7
1
T
M
L
4
M
y
su
p
e
r
i
o
r
i
s
a
w
a
r
e
a
n
d
p
a
y
a
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
my
n
e
e
d
s a
n
d
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
.
0
.
7
9
8
T
M
L
5
M
y
su
p
e
r
i
o
r
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
e
s fr
e
e
l
y
.
0
.
8
2
4
T
M
L
6
I
mak
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
o
n
h
o
w
t
o
p
e
r
f
o
r
m my
j
o
b
t
a
s
k
.
0
.
7
4
1
Ei
g
e
n
v
a
l
u
e
6
.
1
3
3
1
.
8
7
0
1
.
2
1
4
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
Ex
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
(
%)
3
5
.
9
0
6
2
5
.
6
2
2
1
5
.
2
8
2
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
3
5
.
9
0
6
6
1
.
5
2
8
7
6
.
8
1
0
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
(
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
A
l
p
h
a
)
0
.
9
2
2
0
.
8
9
7
0
.
7
8
9
N
o
t
e
:
K
M
O
=
0
.
8
2
3
,
B
a
r
t
l
e
t
t
’
s t
e
st
o
f
S
p
h
e
r
i
c
i
t
y
;
A
p
p
r
o
x
.
C
h
i
-
S
q
u
a
r
e
=
6
8
4
.
0
0
7
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
.
T
ab
le
2
in
d
icate
s
a
s
in
g
le
f
ac
t
o
r
lo
a
d
in
g
f
o
r
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
th
at
co
m
p
r
is
es
8
ite
m
s
.
Facto
r
s
lo
ad
in
g
s
f
o
r
th
e
ite
m
s
w
er
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
5
0
an
d
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
6
0
3
to
0
.
8
2
3
.
A
s
in
d
icate
d
i
n
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
th
e
v
alu
e
KM
O
/
MS
A
is
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
an
0
.
8
0
(
i.e
.
0
.
8
8
0
)
f
o
r
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
Ne
x
t,
B
ar
tlett’
s
tes
t
o
f
Sp
h
er
icit
y
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
s
tatis
t
icall
y
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
at
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
an
d
th
u
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
g
th
e
f
ac
to
r
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
m
atr
i
x
.
P
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
e
x
p
lai
n
ed
f
o
r
th
e
ite
m
s
i
s
5
4
.
2
7
1
w
it
h
E
i
g
en
v
al
u
e
o
f
4
.
3
4
2
.
B
o
th
T
ab
le
1
an
d
T
ab
le
2
w
er
e
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
th
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
ac
to
r
s
h
a
v
e
g
r
ea
te
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
in
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
c
t v
alid
it
y
h
as b
ee
n
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
tati
s
tical
an
a
l
y
s
is
r
es
u
lt
s
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
te
s
t
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
a
f
ter
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
.
R
eliab
il
it
y
is
test
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
Alp
h
a.
T
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
A
lp
h
a
i
s
g
en
er
a
ll
y
v
ar
ied
f
r
o
m
ze
r
o
to
o
n
e.
I
f
th
e
v
a
lu
e
i
s
n
ea
r
to
o
n
e
,
in
d
ic
at
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
’
s
i
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
te
n
c
y
is
g
r
ea
ter
[
3
3
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
3
3
]
,
th
e
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
v
alu
e
o
f
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
A
lp
h
a
is
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
0
to
0
.
9
5
.
A
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
w
h
ic
h
e
x
ce
ed
s
0
.
7
0
is
d
ee
m
ed
ac
ce
p
tab
le
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
e
f
f
icien
t
s
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
A
lp
h
a)
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
s
(
i.e
.
to
p
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
p
a
y
a
n
d
b
en
e
f
its
an
d
w
o
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t)
w
er
e
0
.
9
2
2
,
0
.
8
9
7
an
d
0
.
7
8
9
r
es
p
ec
tiv
el
y
(s
e
e
T
ab
le
1
)
;
w
h
ile
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,
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
.
It
ex
p
lain
s
t
h
at
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
e
p
a
y
a
n
d
b
en
ef
it
s
,
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
e
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
taf
f
s
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
w
it
h
th
e
s
t
u
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
9
,
1
0
,
3
7
]
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
y
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
p
a
y
an
d
b
en
ef
it
s
w
er
e
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
to
w
ar
d
s
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
Nex
t
,
w
o
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
r
elate
d
to
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
(
β=0
.
2
0
3
,
p
<0
.
0
1
)
.
T
h
is
r
esu
l
t
is
s
i
m
ilar
to
th
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
o
f
[
5
,
1
2
]
w
h
er
e
it
w
as
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
t
h
at
co
n
d
u
ci
v
e
w
o
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
m
o
ti
v
ates
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
ta
f
f
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
i
g
h
er
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
t
o
p
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t le
ad
er
s
h
ip
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
a
v
e
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
p
o
s
iti
v
e
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
w
i
th
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
(
β=0
.
5
6
3
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
ag
ain
w
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
r
es
ea
r
ch
er
s
[
3
8
]
w
h
er
e
th
e
y
co
n
cu
r
r
ed
th
at
to
p
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
la
y
s
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
o
le
in
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
ta
f
f
s
’
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
I
f
s
u
p
er
io
r
s
ar
e
h
a
v
i
n
g
b
ad
te
m
p
er
an
d
lac
k
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
,
it
w
i
ll
f
u
r
t
h
er
d
ete
r
io
r
ate
j
o
b
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
ti
o
n
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
id
es
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
th
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
i
n
s
t
itu
t
io
n
to
f
i
n
d
w
a
y
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
lev
e
l
a
m
o
n
g
it
s
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
ta
f
f
s
.
P
a
y
a
n
d
b
en
ef
its
,
w
o
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
to
p
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
ar
e
th
e
ar
ea
s
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
g
iv
e
n
ex
tr
a
att
en
tio
n
i
f
th
e
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
w
o
u
ld
lik
e
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
q
u
ality
ac
ad
em
ic
s
ta
f
f
s
w
ith
g
r
e
ater
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
ll
y
id
en
ti
f
ied
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
l
u
en
ce
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
ti
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
ta
f
f
s
in
Ma
la
y
s
i
a.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
g
en
er
ate
m
a
n
ag
er
ial
ac
tio
n
s
th
a
t
f
o
cu
s
o
n
p
a
y
an
d
b
en
ef
it
s
,
w
o
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
to
p
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
lead
er
s
h
i
p
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
taf
f
s
.
T
h
is
r
ea
s
ea
r
ch
is
in
tan
d
em
w
i
th
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
Ma
la
y
s
ia
n
Q
u
alit
y
E
v
al
u
atio
n
S
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
P
r
iv
ate
C
o
lleg
e
s
(
M
y
QUE
ST
)
to
elev
ate
th
e
q
u
alit
y
le
v
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
t
i
o
n
an
d
ac
h
ie
v
e
s
i
x
s
tar
s
i
n
t
h
e
r
atin
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
o
m
e
li
m
itati
o
n
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
.
Fir
s
t,
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
tex
t a
n
d
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
w
er
e
li
m
i
ted
to
o
n
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
i
n
s
tit
u
tio
n
i
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
m
a
y
n
o
t a
b
le
to
g
en
er
al
ize
f
o
r
th
e
e
n
tire
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
i
n
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
I
n
f
u
t
u
r
e,
r
esear
ch
er
s
m
a
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
to
co
v
er
m
o
r
e
in
s
t
itu
tio
n
s
i
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
b
ased
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
h
eo
r
ies
th
at
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
ex
p
lain
ed
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
,
th
er
e
ar
e
o
th
er
d
eter
m
i
n
a
n
ts
s
u
ch
as
m
e
n
to
r
s
h
ip
,
co
ac
h
in
g
,
ca
r
ee
r
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
j
o
b
r
o
tatio
n
th
at
m
a
y
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
He
n
ce
,
it
i
s
s
u
g
g
es
ted
th
at
m
o
r
e
v
ar
iab
les
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
t
o
p
r
ed
ict
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
i
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
te
x
t
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
w
is
h
to
th
a
n
k
t
h
e
Ma
la
y
s
ia
n
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
Un
i
v
er
s
i
ti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
Ma
la
y
s
ia
(
GUP
T
ier
2
:
1
5
J
9
9
)
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
f
i
n
an
cia
l su
p
p
o
r
t to
p
u
b
lis
h
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
sla
n
,
A
.
S
.
,
S
h
a
u
k
a
t,
M
.
Z.
,
A
h
m
e
d
,
I.
,
S
h
a
h
,
I.
M
.
,
a
n
d
M
a
h
f
a
r,
M
.
,
“
Jo
b
sa
ti
sf
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
f
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
s
in
M
a
lay
sia
n
P
u
b
l
ic Un
iv
e
rsiti
e
s
,”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
-
S
o
c
ia
l
a
n
d
Beh
a
v
io
r
a
l
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
5
4
-
1
5
8
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
]
Na
se
e
m
,
I.
a
n
d
S
a
lm
a
n
,
M
.
,
“
M
e
a
su
rin
g
th
e
jo
b
sa
ti
sf
a
c
ti
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
st
a
ff
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
B
u
sin
e
ss
&
Fi
n
a
n
c
ia
l
Af
f
a
irs
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
]
Aw
a
n
g
,
Z.
,
A
h
m
a
d
,
J.
H.,
a
n
d
Z
in
,
N.
M
.
,
“
M
o
d
e
ll
in
g
j
o
b
sa
ti
sf
a
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
w
o
rk
c
o
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
a
m
o
n
g
l
e
c
tu
re
rs
:
A
c
a
se
o
f
Ui
T
M
Ke
lan
tan
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
Reg
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
ta
ti
st
ica
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
p
p
.
2
4
1
-
2
5
5
,
2
0
1
0
.
[4
]
S
a
b
a
,
I.
,
“
M
e
a
su
rin
g
t
h
e
j
o
b
sa
ti
sf
a
c
ti
o
n
lev
e
l
o
f
th
e
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
sta
f
f
in
Ba
h
a
w
a
lp
u
r
Co
ll
e
g
e
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Aca
d
e
mic
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
Bu
si
n
e
ss
a
n
d
S
o
c
ia
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
[5
]
U
m
a
ru
,
R.
I.
,
a
n
d
Om
b
u
g
u
s,
D.
A
.
,
“
De
ter
m
in
a
n
ts
o
f
jo
b
sa
ti
sf
a
c
t
io
n
o
f
c
o
ll
e
g
e
s
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
le
c
tu
re
rs:
A
S
tu
d
y
o
f
Na
sa
ra
wa
S
tate
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,”
Akwa
n
g
a
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
-
13
,
2
0
1
7
.
[6
]
Ch
a
m
u
n
d
e
sw
a
ri,
S
.
,
“
Jo
b
sa
ti
sf
a
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
sc
h
o
o
l
tea
c
h
e
rs
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Aca
d
e
mic
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
B
u
sin
e
ss
a
n
d
S
o
c
ia
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
2
0
-
4
2
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
T
e
ss
e
m
a
,
M
.
T
.
,
Re
a
d
y
,
K.
J.,
a
n
d
Em
b
a
y
e
,
A
.
B.
,
“
T
h
e
e
f
fe
c
ts
o
f
e
m
p
lo
y
e
e
re
c
o
g
n
it
io
n
,
p
a
y
,
a
n
d
b
e
n
e
f
it
s
o
n
j
o
b
sa
ti
sfa
c
ti
o
n
:
Cro
ss
c
o
u
n
try
e
v
id
e
n
c
e
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Bu
si
n
e
ss
a
n
d
Eco
n
o
mic
s
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
12
,
2
0
1
3
.
[8
]
Klo
n
o
sk
i,
R.
,
“
De
f
in
in
g
e
m
p
lo
y
e
e
b
e
n
e
f
it
s
:
A
m
a
n
a
g
e
rial
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
H
u
ma
n
Res
o
u
rc
e
S
tu
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[9
]
M
a
k
e
n
a
M
u
g
u
o
n
g
o
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.
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.
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.
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ter
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7
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z
,
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.
,
“
F
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fe
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rs j
o
b
sa
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sf
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,”
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8
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h
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A
.
,
a
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d
Kh
a
m
is,
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K.
,
“
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p
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9
]
G
la
m
u
z
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a
,
M
.
,
“
L
e
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ip
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:
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s
th
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latio
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p
.
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0
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e
,
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,
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ra
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,
R.
,
Ko
wa
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,
T
.
O.,
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d
F
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i,
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.
C.
,
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m
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,”
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1
]
Yo
u
,
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.
,
Kim
,
A
.
Y.,
a
n
d
L
im
,
S
.
A
.
,
“
Jo
b
sa
ti
sf
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m
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se
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ry
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in
Ko
re
a
:
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sc
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l
tu
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,”
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u
c
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M
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me
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t
Ad
min
istr
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ti
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a
n
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L
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ip
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2
]
Da
sg
u
p
ta,
P
.
R
.
,
“
V
o
latil
it
y
o
f
w
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rk
lo
a
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e
m
p
lo
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p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
sig
n
if
ica
n
c
e
o
f
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
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n
:
IT
se
c
to
r,
”
S
c
ien
c
e
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o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
B
u
sin
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ss
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n
d
M
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n
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g
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me
n
t
,
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l.
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,
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o
.
1
,
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p
.
1
-
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,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
3
]
S
a
a
d
,
S
.
,
S
h
a
h
,
H.
,
Ja
ff
a
ri,
A
.
R.
,
A
z
iz,
J.,
Ej
a
z
,
W
.
,
Ul
-
h
a
q
,
I.
,
a
n
d
Ra
z
a
,
S
.
N.
,
“
W
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d
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n
d
p
e
rf
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m
a
n
c
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o
f
e
m
p
lo
y
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e
s,”
In
ter
d
isc
ip
li
n
a
ry
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Of
C
o
n
tem
p
o
ra
ry
Res
e
a
rc
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I
n
Bu
si
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e
ss
,
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l.
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o
.
5
,
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p
.
2
56
-
267
,
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0
1
1
.
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4
]
L
a
m
,
B.
H.,
a
n
d
Ya
n
,
H.
F
.
,
“
B
e
g
in
n
in
g
tea
c
h
e
rs'
jo
b
sa
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
o
n
:
th
e
im
p
a
c
t
o
f
sc
h
o
o
l
-
b
a
se
d
f
a
c
to
rs
,”
tea
c
h
e
r
d
e
v
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lo
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m
e
n
t,
v
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l.
1
5
,
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o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
3
3
-
3
4
8
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
5
]
A
n
g
h
e
lac
h
e
,
V
.
,
“
F
a
c
to
rs
w
h
ich
d
e
term
in
e
th
e
lev
e
l
o
f
jo
b
sa
ti
sf
a
c
ti
o
n
f
o
r
K
in
d
e
rg
a
rten
tea
c
h
e
rs
.
P
re
li
m
in
a
r
y
s
tu
d
y
,
”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
-
S
o
c
ia
l
a
n
d
Beh
a
v
io
ra
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
2
7
,
p
p
.
47
-
52
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
6
]
Kre
jcie
,
R.
V
.
a
n
d
M
o
rg
a
n
,
D.W
.
,
“
De
ter
m
in
in
g
sa
m
p
le
siz
e
f
o
r
re
se
a
rc
h
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
ic
a
l
M
e
a
su
re
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
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0
,
p
p
.
6
0
7
-
6
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0
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1
9
7
0
.
[2
7
]
L
o
tt
e
s,
D.
a
n
d
Br
o
w
n
,
D.
,
“
W
e
ste
rn
Ke
n
tu
c
k
y
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
S
taff
sa
ti
sf
a
c
ti
o
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su
rv
e
y
,
”
2
0
0
8
.
Re
tri
e
v
e
d
o
n
M
a
r
2
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
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O
n
li
n
e
].
A
v
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il
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b
le:
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tt
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s://
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.
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.
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f
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p
o
rt
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0
0
8
.
p
d
f
[2
8
]
Cit
y
,
D.
Q.
,
“
Jo
b
sa
ti
sfa
c
ti
o
n
lev
e
l
o
f
k
to
1
2
tea
c
h
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rs
u
tili
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m
u
lt
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le
sta
ti
stica
l
to
o
ls
,
”
Asia
P
a
c
if
ic
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
n
tem
p
o
ra
ry
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
mm
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n
T
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h
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l
.
3
,
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o
.
1
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.
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