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e
v
ar
io
u
s
a
s
p
ec
ts
t
h
at
ca
n
af
f
ec
t t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
m
id
w
i
v
es.
Yu
t
h
an
a
(
2
0
1
0
)
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
s
e
lf
lead
er
s
h
ip
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
e
m
p
o
w
er
m
e
n
t,
s
el
f
ef
f
icac
y
,
j
o
b
s
s
ati
s
f
ac
t
io
n
[
4
]
.
W
ir
a
w
a
n
(
2
0
1
3
)
s
tated
th
a
t
all
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
les
th
a
t
ca
n
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
h
as
b
ee
n
w
r
itte
n
all
i
n
th
e
m
o
d
el,
b
u
t
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
t
h
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i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
s
til
l
n
ee
d
to
b
e
p
r
o
v
en
t
h
r
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u
g
h
r
esear
ch
[
5
]
.
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
ea
r
l
y
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
ir
r
eg
u
lar
ities
g
r
o
w
t
h
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
a
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
,
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
el
f
-
lead
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s
h
ip
is
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t t
h
e
ex
i
s
ten
ce
o
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tas
k
co
m
m
i
t
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e
n
t.
W
ith
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h
is
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
n
ee
d
f
o
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th
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ev
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o
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a
p
er
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m
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ce
m
o
d
el
o
f
m
id
w
i
v
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in
th
e
ea
r
l
y
d
etec
t
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o
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ir
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eg
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lar
it
ies o
f
g
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o
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th
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
ch
ild
r
en
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
w
as
an
a
l
y
tic
r
ese
ar
ch
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
w
i
th
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Sa
m
p
le
in
th
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s
t
u
d
y
w
a
s
p
ar
tl
y
m
id
w
if
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
a
n
ag
er
s
ea
r
l
y
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etec
tio
n
o
f
ch
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d
e
v
elo
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m
en
t
at
t
h
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p
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lic
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ea
lt
h
ce
n
ter
,
Hea
lth
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t
o
f
S
u
r
ab
a
y
a,
th
e
i
n
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
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as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
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in
i
m
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m
Dip
lo
m
a
I
I
I
Mid
w
i
f
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y
,
i
m
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le
m
en
t
in
g
t
h
e
ac
ti
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s
ea
r
l
y
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
ch
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d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
w
il
lin
g
to
b
ec
o
m
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
les
w
er
e
2
2
2
m
id
w
i
v
es
wer
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tak
en
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y
u
s
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n
g
m
u
lti
-
s
tag
e
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d
o
m
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
.
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u
b
lic
Hea
lth
C
e
n
ter
o
p
tio
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all
y
4
3
h
ea
lt
h
ce
n
ter
s
,
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
e
m
p
ir
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y
p
ar
ticip
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ts
u
s
ed
p
r
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p
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r
tio
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al
r
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d
o
m
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
.
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n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
u
s
ed
a
q
u
es
ti
o
n
n
air
e
to
co
llect
d
ata
o
n
e
x
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
s
h
ee
t
o
f
d
ata
co
llecto
r
s
to
co
llect
d
ata
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
u
s
ed
w
a
s
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
h
as
b
ee
n
tes
ted
f
o
r
v
a
lid
it
y
a
n
d
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eliab
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y
.
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n
f
er
en
tia
l
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
u
s
i
n
g
Str
u
ctu
r
al
E
q
u
atio
n
Mo
d
elin
g
(
SEM
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b
ased
v
ar
ian
ce
is
o
f
te
n
ca
lled
th
e
P
ar
tial
L
ea
s
t
Sq
u
ar
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(
P
L
S
)
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
f
o
r
6
m
o
n
t
h
s
s
tar
ti
n
g
in
J
an
u
ar
y
to
J
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n
e,
2
0
1
6
.
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ased
o
n
T
ab
le
1
,
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
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les
i
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
s
elf
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lead
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s
h
ip
s
tr
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s
a
n
d
tas
k
co
m
m
i
t
m
en
t.
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en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le
w
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
id
w
if
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in
t
h
e
ea
r
l
y
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
ir
r
eg
u
lar
itie
s
ch
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ld
g
r
o
w
th
.
T
ab
le
1
.
V
ar
iab
les an
d
I
n
d
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s
in
T
h
is
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y
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n
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sh
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p
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1
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1
B
e
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v
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.
1
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2
N
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r
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l
R
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w
a
r
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.
1
.
3
C
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u
c
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t
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2
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2
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n
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t
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y
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.
2
.
3
T
o
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g
h
X
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2
.
4
W
i
l
l
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n
g
n
e
ss o
r
d
e
si
r
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t
o
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m
p
r
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t
h
e
mse
l
v
e
s (
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
me
n
t
)
X
.
2
.
5
W
i
l
l
i
n
g
n
e
ss o
r
d
e
si
r
e
t
o
su
c
c
e
e
d
(
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
e
st
t
h
e
y
c
a
n
)
Y
P
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
mi
d
w
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f
e
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n
t
h
e
e
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r
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y
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r
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u
l
a
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s c
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w
t
h
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.
1
A
c
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v
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s (e
f
f
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)
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.
1
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1
Y
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1
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2
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1
.
3
Y
.
1
.
4
G
r
o
w
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d
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t
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me
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t
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a
t
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P
o
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a
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n
g
a
n
d
v
i
s
i
o
n
t
e
st
M
M
E,
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u
t
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sm,
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P
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d
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t
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o
n
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.
2
R
e
su
l
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c
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me
n
t
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2
.
1
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2
.
2
Y
.
2
.
3
Y
.
2
.
4
Ea
r
l
y
d
e
t
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c
t
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n
o
f
g
r
o
w
t
h
i
r
r
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u
l
a
r
i
t
i
e
s
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r
l
y
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
a
l
d
i
so
r
d
e
r
s
V
i
si
o
n
a
n
d
h
e
a
r
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
t
e
st
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
mo
t
i
o
n
a
l
me
n
t
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms,
a
u
t
i
sm
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h E
t
hic
s
B
ef
o
r
e
en
ter
in
g
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
r
es
p
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
g
iv
e
n
an
e
x
p
la
n
atio
n
o
f
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
h
o
w
to
f
ill
o
u
t
th
e
q
u
est
io
n
n
air
e,
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
r
esear
c
h
,
as
w
el
l
as
o
n
th
e
co
n
f
id
e
n
tialit
y
o
f
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
.
Af
ter
w
h
ic
h
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
w
er
e
ask
ed
to
c
o
m
p
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a
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
th
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ap
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d
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,
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n
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w
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I
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I
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Dec
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–
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5
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3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
Fro
m
t
h
e
2
2
2
m
id
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v
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w
h
o
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th
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d
y
,
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h
e
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s
u
lt
s
ar
e
p
r
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ted
i
n
T
ab
le
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.
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ased
o
n
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a
b
le
2
,
th
e
m
aj
o
r
it
y
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f
r
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ts
a
g
ed
1
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-
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s
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m
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f
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d
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as 6
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Fo
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en
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n
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v
ar
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les,
m
o
r
e
r
es
u
lt
s
in
T
ab
le
4
.
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ab
le
4
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
t
h
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u
lt
o
f
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n
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in
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f
f
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t
in
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s
in
t
h
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s
tu
d
y
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er
e
s
i
g
n
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f
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k
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C
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f
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e
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m
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t b
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ea
r
ch
ed
m
an
u
all
y
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
i
s
:
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
ca
lc
u
latio
n
o
f
a
v
er
ag
e
AVE
v
alu
e
is
0
.
8
0
8
9
9
8
,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
R
2
i
s
0
.
4
7
9
9
7
8
,
s
o
th
at
th
e
GOF
v
a
lu
e
is
0
6
2
3
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
T
en
en
h
a
u
(
2
0
0
4
)
,
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
G
oF
s
m
all=0
.
1
,
Go
F
m
ed
i
u
m
=
0
.
2
5
an
d
Go
F
g
r
ea
t
=
0
.
3
8
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
Go
F
a
m
o
u
n
ted
to
0
.
6
2
3
,
w
h
e
r
e
th
e
v
al
u
e>
0
.
3
8
,
Go
F
o
f
th
is
m
o
d
el
in
th
e
lar
g
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
m
ea
n
i
n
g
th
at
m
o
d
els
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
m
i
d
w
i
v
es
i
n
th
e
ea
r
l
y
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
ir
r
eg
u
la
r
itie
s
o
f
c
h
ild
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
i
s
s
u
itab
le
o
r
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
d
ata
e
m
p
ir
ical
f
ield
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
in
d
icate
d
ir
ec
tl
y
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
tl
y
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
th
e
s
tr
ate
g
y
o
f
s
el
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
to
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
el
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
tr
ate
g
ies
to
task
co
m
m
i
t
m
e
n
t.
Sel
f
-
lead
er
s
h
ip
is
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
eo
p
le
to
lead
th
e
m
s
el
v
es.
I
n
lin
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Y
u
tt
h
a
n
a
(
2
0
1
0
)
w
h
o
f
o
u
n
d
th
er
e
w
er
e
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
t
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
th
e
s
el
f
lead
er
s
h
i
p
s
tr
ateg
ies
t
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
4
]
.
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
i
s
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
s
elf
-
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
ir
ec
ted
to
af
f
ec
t
th
e
m
s
elv
e
s
.
Sel
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
is
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
er
e
p
eo
p
le
r
ea
ch
t
h
e
la
n
d
in
g
y
o
u
r
s
el
f
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
r
ee
s
tr
ateg
ic,
n
a
m
el
y
b
eh
a
v
io
r
f
o
cu
s
ed
s
tr
ate
g
ies,
n
atu
r
al
r
e
w
a
r
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
,
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
v
e
th
o
u
g
h
t
p
att
er
n
s
tr
ate
g
ies
[
6
].
B
eh
av
io
r
F
o
cu
s
ed
Stra
teg
ies
i
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
r
aise
th
e
s
el
f
-
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
to
f
ac
ili
tate
b
eh
av
i
o
r
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
esp
ec
iall
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
b
eh
av
io
r
s
ass
o
ciate
d
w
ith
tas
k
s
th
at
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
b
u
t
n
o
t
u
n
p
lea
s
an
t.
T
h
is
s
tr
ate
g
y
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
s
el
f
,
s
el
f
-
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
g
o
al,
r
e
w
ar
d
y
o
u
r
s
el
f
,
p
u
n
i
s
h
y
o
u
r
s
el
f
a
n
d
g
i
v
e
y
o
u
r
s
el
f
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
P
o
liti
s
(
2
0
0
6
)
th
at
f
o
u
n
d
a
d
ir
ec
t
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
el
f
-
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
eh
av
io
r
f
o
cu
s
ed
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
an
d
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
w
er
e
p
o
s
iti
v
e
an
d
s
tat
icall
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t [
7
].
Natu
r
al
r
e
w
ar
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
ai
m
ed
at
cr
ea
tin
g
a
s
itu
atio
n
i
n
w
h
ic
h
a
p
er
s
o
n
is
m
o
ti
v
ated
o
r
b
alan
ce
d
w
it
h
a
p
leasa
n
t
a
s
p
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
t
ask
o
r
ac
ti
v
it
y
.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
c
tiv
e
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
p
atter
n
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
f
ac
ili
tate
t
h
e
estab
lis
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
v
e
m
i
n
d
s
et
a
n
d
w
a
y
o
f
th
in
k
in
g
h
ab
it
s
ca
n
p
o
s
iti
v
el
y
[
6
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
i
s
s
tr
ateg
y
ca
n
ch
a
n
g
e
f
al
s
e
b
elief
s
o
r
d
y
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
th
i
n
k
in
g
in
to
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
o
r
e
r
atio
n
al
co
g
n
it
io
n
[
8
].
C
o
n
s
tr
u
cti
v
e
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
p
atter
n
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
:
a)
s
e
lf
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
b
)
s
el
f
g
o
al
s
etti
n
g
,
c)
s
el
f
r
e
w
ar
d
,
d
)
s
elf
p
u
n
i
s
h
m
e
n
t,
e)
s
el
f
cu
ei
n
g
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
].
B
esid
es sel
f
-
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
tr
ate
g
y
also
a
f
f
ec
t th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
m
ed
iatio
n
ta
s
k
co
m
m
it
m
en
t.
T
h
is
is
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
(
J
ess
ie
&
Nesb
it,
2
0
1
4
)
,
th
ey
s
a
id
th
at
s
el
f
-
lead
er
s
h
ip
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
11
]
.
Gu
a
n
g
p
in
g
(
2
0
0
9
)
in
h
is
r
esear
ch
e
x
p
lain
ed
th
at
s
el
f
-
l
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
ical
e
m
p
o
w
er
m
e
n
t
an
d
als
o
af
f
ec
t
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
12
]
.
Mid
w
i
f
e
w
ith
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
e
lf
-
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
t
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
a
h
i
g
h
co
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
to
h
ig
h
d
u
tie
s
a
n
y
w
a
y
.
C
o
m
m
i
t
m
en
t
i
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
s
elf
-
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
p
eo
p
le
w
h
o
h
av
e
s
el
f
-
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
o
f
te
n
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
to
t
h
eir
d
u
ties
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lt
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
th
at
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
w
h
o
ar
e
ab
le
to
le
ad
th
e
m
s
el
v
es,
t
h
e
y
h
av
e
a
co
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
t
o
ta
s
k
s
,
g
o
als,
b
o
th
i
n
t
h
e
le
v
el
o
f
t
h
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al,
tea
m
a
n
d
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
in
d
iv
id
u
als
w
h
o
d
id
n
o
t h
a
v
e
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ap
p
l
y
s
e
lf
-
lead
er
s
h
ip
[
5
].
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
is
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
in
f
lu
en
ce
,
s
e
lf
-
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
ir
ec
ted
to
af
f
ec
t
th
e
m
s
el
v
e
s
(
Nec
k
&
Ma
n
z,
2
0
1
0
)
Self
lead
er
s
h
ip
is
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
er
e
p
eo
p
le
r
ea
ch
th
e
lan
d
in
g
y
o
u
r
s
elf
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
r
ee
s
tr
ateg
ic,
n
a
m
el
y
B
eh
av
io
r
Fo
cu
s
ed
Stra
te
g
ie
s
,
n
atu
r
al
r
e
w
ar
d
s
tr
ate
g
ies,
an
d
C
o
n
s
tr
u
cti
v
e
T
h
o
u
g
h
t P
atter
n
Stra
teg
ie
s
[
1
3
]
.
R
e
m
u
n
er
atio
n
s
tr
ate
g
y
f
r
o
m
n
atu
r
al
o
r
u
n
n
at
u
r
al
r
e
w
ar
d
is
a
s
tr
ate
g
y
cr
ea
ted
to
m
o
t
iv
ate
s
o
m
eo
n
e
o
r
ta
k
e
a
p
leasan
t
asp
ec
t
o
f
tas
k
s
a
n
d
ac
tiv
itie
s
.
T
w
o
o
f
n
a
tu
r
al
r
e
w
ar
d
s
tr
ateg
y
ar
e
to
b
u
ild
a
s
tate
m
o
r
e
f
u
n
a
n
d
ex
citi
n
g
ac
ti
v
itie
s
t
h
at
ta
s
k
b
y
it
s
el
f
b
e
r
e
w
ar
d
ed
.
A
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tr
ate
g
y
is
to
f
o
r
m
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
b
y
f
o
cu
s
i
n
g
atten
tio
n
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
asp
ec
ts
t
h
at
ar
e
n
o
t
p
lea
s
an
t
o
f
tas
k
s
a
n
d
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
o
s
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
r
e
m
u
n
er
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
ca
n
lead
to
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
t
h
ese
tas
k
s
[
5
].
T
h
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
in
ter
n
al
c
o
m
m
i
t
m
e
n
t
i
s
lar
g
el
y
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
als
i
n
t
h
e
lead
s
th
e
m
s
el
v
es,
b
u
t
it
is
als
o
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
t
h
e
ab
ili
t
y
o
f
th
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
i
n
g
r
o
w
in
g
ab
ilit
y
o
f
m
id
w
i
v
es
to
lead
t
h
e
m
s
el
v
es.
S
y
ed
(
2
0
1
0
)
s
tate
d
th
at
s
elp
-
lead
er
s
h
ip
ca
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
1
4
]
.
A
s
f
o
r
ex
ter
n
al
co
m
m
it
m
en
t
is
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
e
s
tab
li
s
h
ed
b
y
th
e
w
o
r
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
R
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
Mid
w
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in
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.
.
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(
S
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303
en
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m
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ev
elo
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m
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t
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
.
(
R
e
n
z
u
lli,
19
9
7
)
s
u
g
g
e
s
ts
ta
s
k
co
m
m
it
m
en
t
is
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tle
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iv
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f
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e
m
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u
s
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all
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th
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tr
ig
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f
ac
to
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in
an
o
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g
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m
,
th
e
r
esp
o
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s
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o
f
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is
p
la
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ed
o
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tain
tas
k
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if
ic.
T
ask
co
m
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it
m
en
t
a
p
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s
o
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h
ar
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is
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ili
g
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an
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t
h
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ies,
b
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f
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lati
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h
a
s
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a
clo
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th
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s
k
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y
e
n
th
u
s
ia
s
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ab
o
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t
ev
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y
ac
tiv
it
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r
eq
u
ir
es
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ex
ter
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al
m
o
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v
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w
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n
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m
p
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to
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ate
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it
s
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s
,
an
d
h
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v
e
a
h
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g
h
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er
g
y
[
1
0
].
R
o
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(
1
9
5
2
)
an
d
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Kin
n
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n
(
1
9
6
4
,
1
9
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)
in
(
R
en
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lli,
1
9
9
7
)
s
tates
th
at
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ten
s
i
v
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s
t
u
d
y
o
f
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ch
ar
ac
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o
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6
4
lead
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g
s
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t
s
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d
f
o
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n
d
t
h
at
a
ll
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
h
ad
a
h
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g
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lev
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o
f
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o
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m
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t
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to
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w
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k
,
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h
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tr
ait
s
m
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m
p
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tan
t
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w
h
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cr
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tiv
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cr
ea
tiv
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s
cie
n
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s
ts
w
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o
f
ten
s
tr
ess
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t
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cr
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th
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s
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m
,
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m
in
a
t
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a
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es
u
lts
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t
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id
th
at
th
e
cr
ea
ti
v
e
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
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m
u
ch
m
o
r
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task
-
o
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ien
ted
an
d
e
n
g
a
g
ed
in
t
h
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w
o
r
k
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
th
e
g
e
n
er
al
p
o
p
u
latio
n
[
1
5
].
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
eir
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
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th
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p
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f
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m
m
i
t
m
e
n
t
m
id
w
i
f
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ea
r
l
y
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
ir
r
eg
u
lar
itie
s
i
n
th
e
g
r
o
w
t
h
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
.
Mi
d
w
i
f
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
in
v
ar
io
u
s
w
a
y
s
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
co
m
m
it
m
en
t
to
t
h
e
tas
k
i
s
a
n
e
f
f
o
r
t
to
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m
p
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v
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th
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p
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f
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m
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n
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f
m
id
w
i
v
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t
h
is
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n
b
e
e
x
p
lain
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b
ec
a
u
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p
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ex
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ca
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lead
a
p
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s
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to
p
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f
o
r
m
o
p
tim
a
l
l
y
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
i
n
t
er
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
ca
n
s
h
ap
e
th
e
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
o
r
w
illp
o
w
er
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
,
th
e
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t,
as
s
ig
n
m
e
n
t o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
ilit
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s
,
an
d
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
y
to
d
ev
elo
p
.
C
o
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
to
th
e
tas
k
h
a
s
m
u
ltip
le
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
;
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ch
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
h
as
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Di
m
en
s
io
n
s
etti
n
g
g
o
als
m
a
k
e
s
p
eo
p
le
w
h
o
h
a
v
e
th
e
co
m
m
it
m
en
t
ten
d
s
to
h
a
v
e
a
h
ig
h
w
o
r
k
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
.
Di
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
tl
y
i
n
d
icate
t
h
at
a
p
er
s
o
n
w
it
h
a
h
i
g
h
co
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
to
th
e
tas
k
s
th
e
y
w
ill
b
e
ab
le
to
p
er
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o
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m
th
eir
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u
ties
i
n
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ep
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en
t
l
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a
n
d
is
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to
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f
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p
r
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b
le
m
s
in
t
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ield
i
s
p
r
ac
ticed
an
d
tr
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to
f
i
n
d
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
to
th
e
p
r
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b
le
m
s
f
ac
ed
.
Di
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
T
o
u
g
h
,
to
u
g
h
s
y
n
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
w
i
th
p
o
w
er
f
u
l,
s
t
u
r
d
y
,
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
to
s
tan
d
u
p
s
tr
aig
h
t
an
d
n
ev
er
g
iv
e
u
p
.
He
w
ill
b
e
ab
le
to
m
a
k
e
a
d
ec
is
io
n
t
o
ch
an
g
e
th
e
attitu
d
e
s
o
f
s
el
f
-
p
it
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,
co
m
p
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in
g
an
d
b
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g
s
o
m
eo
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e
w
h
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r
elie
s
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s
s
co
n
f
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en
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d
ep
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en
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a
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d
o
p
ti
m
al
in
co
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u
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v
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r
task
.
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h
h
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s
o
m
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8822
I
J
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5
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RE
F
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R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
in
istry
o
f
He
a
lt
h
o
f
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
“
S
ti
m
u
latio
n
G
u
id
e
li
n
e
s,
Early
D
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
In
terv
e
n
ti
o
n
o
f
Ch
i
l
d
re
n
G
ro
w
th
,
”
Ja
k
a
rta,
Dire
c
to
r
G
e
n
e
ra
l
o
f
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
]
M
in
istry
o
f
He
a
lt
h
o
f
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
“
S
ti
m
u
latio
n
G
u
id
e
li
n
e
s,
Early
D
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
In
terv
e
n
ti
o
n
o
f
Ch
il
d
re
n
G
ro
w
th
,
”
Ja
k
a
rta,
Dire
c
to
r
G
e
n
e
ra
l
o
f
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
,
2
0
12
.
[3
]
Eas
t
Ja
v
a
P
ro
v
in
c
ial
He
a
lt
h
Of
f
ic
e
,
“
P
r
o
f
il
e
S
u
ra
b
a
y
a
,
Eas
t
Ja
v
a
,
”
Eas
t
Ja
v
a
P
ro
v
in
c
ial
He
a
lt
h
Of
f
ic
e
,
2
0
1
2
.
[4
]
Yu
tt
h
a
n
a
C
.
,
“
A
n
Ex
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
S
e
lf
-
L
e
a
d
e
rsh
ip
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
M
e
c
h
a
n
ism
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
T
h
a
i
P
riv
a
te
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
”
T
h
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Beh
a
v
io
ra
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
5
(
1
),
p
p
.
1
5
–
3
2
,
2
0
1
0
.
[5
]
W
ira
w
a
n
,
“
L
e
a
d
e
rsh
ip
T
h
e
o
ry
,
P
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,
Or
g
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
Be
h
a
v
io
r,
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
”
Ja
k
a
rta,
Ra
ja
G
ra
f
in
d
o
P
e
rsa
d
a
,
2
0
1
3
.
[6
]
N
.
Ch
risto
p
e
r
P
.
a
n
d
C.
C.
M
a
n
z
,
“
M
a
ste
rin
g
S
e
lf
-
le
a
d
e
rsh
ip
:
Em
p
o
we
rin
g
Yo
u
rse
lf
f
o
r
P
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rso
n
a
l
Ex
c
e
ll
e
n
c
e
,
”
Up
p
e
r
S
a
d
d
le Ri
v
e
r
,
NJ
,
P
re
n
ti
c
e
Ha
ll
,
2
0
1
0
.
[7
]
J.
D.
P
o
li
ti
s,
“
S
e
lf
-
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
Be
h
a
v
io
u
ra
l
-
F
o
c
u
c
e
d
S
trate
g
ies
a
n
T
e
a
m
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
:
T
h
e
M
e
d
iatin
g
In
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
Jo
b
S
a
ti
sf
a
c
ti
o
n
,
”
L
e
a
d
e
rs
h
ip
a
n
d
Or
g
a
n
iz
a
ti
o
n
De
v
e
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
J
o
u
rn
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l
,
v
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l/
issu
e
:
2
7
(
3
),
p
p
.
2
0
3
–
2
1
6
,
2
0
0
6
.
[8
]
J
.
D.
Ho
u
g
h
to
n
,
D
.
Da
w
le
y
,
“
T
h
e
A
b
b
re
v
iate
d
S
e
lf
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le
a
d
e
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ip
Qu
e
stio
n
n
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ire
(A
S
L
Q)
T
it
le,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
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n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
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o
f
L
e
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d
e
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ip
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t
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d
ies
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v
ol
.
7
,
p
p
.
2
1
6
–
2
3
2
,
2
0
1
2
.
[9
]
C.
C.
M
a
n
z
a
n
d
J.
S
i
m
s,
“
T
h
e
N
e
w
S
u
p
e
rlea
d
e
rsh
ip
L
e
a
d
in
g
Oth
e
rs
T
o
Lea
d
T
h
e
m
se
l
v
e
s
,
”
S
a
n
F
ra
n
c
isc
o
,
Be
rre
t
-
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ler
P
u
b
li
s
h
e
rs,
In
c
.
1
9
9
7
a
.
[1
0
]
C.
C.
M
a
n
z
a
n
d
J.
S
im
s,
“
T
h
e
Ne
w
S
u
p
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rlea
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rsh
ip
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e
a
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in
g
Oth
e
rs
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o
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e
a
d
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h
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m
se
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s,
”
No
T
it
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a
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ra
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,
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n
c
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1
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9
7
b
.
[1
1
]
P
.
L
.
Je
ss
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n
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,
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lf
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se
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tex
t:
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rk
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tco
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a
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th
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M
o
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ra
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Ro
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o
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ls
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iz
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ti
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p
p
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–
2
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
2
]
G
u
a
n
g
p
in
g
W
.
,
“
In
tera
c
ti
v
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E
ffe
c
ts,
”
Pen
n
S
ta
te
Un
ive
rs
it
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o
u
p
a
n
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g
a
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iz
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o
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v
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issu
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:
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4
(3
),
p
p
.
2
7
1
–
2
9
6
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
3
]
Ne
c
k
C.
P
.
a
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d
C.
C
.
M
a
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z
,
“
M
a
ste
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S
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lf
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rsh
ip
:
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p
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n
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x
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ll
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n
c
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,
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p
e
r
S
a
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le Ri
v
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r
,
NJ
,
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re
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Ha
ll
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
4
]
S
y
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d
,
“
Jo
b
S
a
ti
sf
a
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ti
o
n
a
n
d
Org
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iza
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p
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s
in
S
u
lt
a
n
a
te
o
f
O
m
an
,
”
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o
u
rn
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l
S
o
c
ia
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
a
n
d
Hu
ma
n
it
ies
P
S
Y
CH
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
1
(
4
),
p
p
.
2
9
5
–
2
9
9
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
5
]
Re
n
z
u
ll
i
J.
S
.
,
“
T
h
e
En
ric
h
m
e
n
t
T
riad
M
o
d
e
l:
A
G
u
id
e
f
o
r
De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
De
f
e
n
sib
le
P
ro
g
ra
m
s
f
o
r
T
h
e
G
if
ted
a
n
d
T
a
len
ted
,
”
M
a
n
sf
ield
Ce
n
ter
,
Co
n
n
,
Cre
a
ti
v
e
L
e
a
rn
in
g
P
re
ss
,
1
9
9
7
.
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