Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
valua
tio
n
an
d
Rese
arch
in
Educati
on (I
JE
RE)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
3
,
Septem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
610
~
615
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ije
r
e
.
v
8
i
3
.
20345
610
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJE
R
E
Learnin
g s
t
yles
an
d teach
ing style
s determ
ine stude
nts’
academi
c perfor
manc
es
Nithya Dew
i S
ubra
m
an
i
am Chet
t
y
1
,
Li
n
a Han
day
an
i
2
, No
or Az
ida Sah
ab
u
din
3
,
Z
uraina Ali
4
,
No
r
ha
s
yim
ah
Ha
mz
ah
5
,
N
u
r Sh
amsiah
A
bdul
Rahma
n
6
,
Sh
ah
ree
n K
as
im
7
1,3
,6
Facul
t
y
of
C
om
put
ing
,
Unive
rsiti
Ma
lay
sia
Pa
hang,
Ma
lay
si
a
2
Facul
t
y
of
Publi
c
He
a
lt
h
,
Univ
er
sita
s Ahm
ad
Da
hla
n
,
Indone
si
a
4
Depa
rtment of
Engl
ish,
Cent
r
e
f
or
Modern Lang
uage
s &
Hum
an S
ci
ences,
Univ
er
siti
Mal
a
y
sia
Pa
hang
,
Ma
lay
si
a
5
Facul
t
y
of Tec
h
nic
a
l
and
Voca
tional Educ
a
ti
on
,
Univer
siti
Tun H
uss
ei
n
Onn
Malay
s
ia
,
Ma
lay
sia
7
Facul
t
y
of
Com
pute
r
Sc
ie
nc
e & Inform
at
ion
T
echnolog
y
,
Univ
er
siti
Tun
Hus
sein O
nn
Malay
sia
,
Malay
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
hist
or
y:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
2
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
N
ov
13
,
20
1
9
Accepte
d
Nov
3
0
, 201
9
Indivi
dual
s
le
arn
in
diffe
r
ent
wa
ys
using
seve
ral
l
ea
rning
st
y
l
es,
b
ut
lectur
er
s
m
a
y
not
al
wa
y
s
share
m
at
erial
a
nd
le
arn
ing
experie
nc
es
tha
t
m
atch
student
s’
le
arn
ing
pre
fer
e
nce
s.
Mism
at
ch
es
bet
we
en
l
ea
r
ning
and
teac
h
i
ng
st
y
le
s
can
le
ad
to
disap
point
m
ent
wit
h
student
s
are
ta
king
,
and
le
ad
to
under
per
form
an
ce
among
the
m
.
The
a
im
of
thi
s
stud
y
is
to
ide
nti
f
y
the
le
arn
ing
st
y
le
s
of
the
student
s
e
nroll
ed
in
Unive
rsiti
Malay
si
a
Pahang
wh
o
were
reg
ist
ere
d
in
Program
m
in
g
Te
chn
ique
co
urse
and
to
inv
esti
gate
t
h
e
rel
a
ti
onship
betw
ee
n
student
s’
le
arn
ing
st
y
l
es
and
te
ac
h
ers’
te
a
chi
ng
st
y
le
s
.
Five
lectur
ers
a
nd
251
student
s
were
invol
v
ed
in
the
stud
y
as
par
ticipa
n
ts
and.
Dat
a
from
student
s
were
c
ol
le
c
te
d
using
L
eo
nar
d,
En
id’s
VA
K
Le
arn
ing
St
y
l
e
Surve
y
.
M
ea
nwhil
e,
the
teac
hing
st
y
le
s
of
the
l
ecture
rs
wer
e
id
ent
if
ie
d
using Gra
sha
and
Rei
chmann’s T
eachi
ng
St
y
le
Surve
y
.
The
find
ings r
eve
ale
d
tha
t
m
aj
ori
t
y
o
f
the
student
’s
pre
fer
red
visua
l
lea
rning
st
y
l
e.
The
result
al
so
show
s
tha
t
the
le
c
ture
rs’
t
eac
hing
st
y
le
s
giv
e
an
impact
t
owards
the
student
s’
ac
ad
e
m
ic
per
form
anc
e.
From
thi
s
stud
y
,
we
ca
n
conc
lude
that
te
a
chi
ng
st
y
l
es
have
sign
ifi
c
ant
impact
s
on
stu
dent
s’
l
ea
rning
st
y
l
es
and
ac
ad
emic
p
erf
or
m
anc
es.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Acad
em
ic
p
er
f
or
m
ance
Learn
i
ng
s
ty
le
p
re
fer
e
nce
Stud
e
nts
Teachin
g
s
ty
le
p
re
fer
e
nce
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Noor Azi
da Sa
habu
din
,
Faculty
of
Co
m
pu
t
ing
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i M
al
ay
sia
Pah
a
ng,
26600 Pe
kan,
Paha
ng
,
Ma
la
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
: azi
da@
um
p.
edu.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Teachin
g
an
d
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
play
a
cru
ci
al
ro
le
in
this
academ
ic
wo
rld
.
Dive
rse
sty
le
s
of
te
achi
ng
and
le
ar
ning
o
ccur
du
e
to
the
reacti
on
am
on
g
stud
e
nts
in
r
el
at
ion
to
the
te
achin
g
sty
le
s
that
are
dem
on
strat
e
d
by
the
le
ct
urer
s.
This
c
hain
-
r
eact
ion
af
fects
the
stu
den
ts
’
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
s
pr
e
fer
e
nces
[
1].
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
the
div
e
rsity
in
te
achin
g
a
nd
le
a
rn
i
ng
sty
le
s
pr
efere
nces
w
ould
res
ult
in
m
a
tc
hes
a
n
d
m
is
m
at
ches
betwe
en
the
le
ct
ur
ers
’
te
ac
hi
ng
sty
le
s an
d s
tud
e
nts’
le
a
rn
i
ng sty
le
s.
Accor
ding
[
2]
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
ref
e
rs
t
o
st
ud
e
nts’
prefe
r
red
le
a
rn
i
ng
a
ppr
oach
es
f
or
al
l
le
arn
in
g
sit
uations
w
hil
e
te
aching
sty
le
s
ref
er
t
o
the
le
ct
ur
ers
’
be
ha
vior,
belie
fs
an
d
sel
ect
ed
i
ns
tr
uctional
m
et
hods
us
e
d
to
presen
t
le
sso
ns
to
st
ud
e
nts
[2,
3
,
24
]
.
Cu
rr
e
ntly
,
they
are
m
any
resear
ch
t
hat
are
c
onduct
ed
on
the
con
ce
pts
of stu
den
ts
’
le
ar
ning
sty
le
an
d ed
uc
at
or
s
’
te
achi
ng sty
le
[
4, 5].
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
stud
e
nts’
le
ar
ning
sty
le
s
r
eflect
gen
et
ic
cod
in
g,
per
s
on
al
it
y
dev
el
op
m
ent,
an
d
env
i
ronm
ental
adap
ta
ti
ons
[
6]
.
Re
searc
h
sho
ws
t
hat
stu
de
nts
gai
n
m
or
e
know
le
dg
e
,
retai
n
m
or
e
in
f
or
m
at
ion
and
perf
or
m
bette
r
wh
e
n
the
te
achers
’
le
arni
ng
sty
le
s
m
a
tch
with
t
he
stu
de
nts’
le
ar
ning
sty
le
s
[7]
.
Howev
e
r
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Learnin
g
sty
le
s
and
te
ac
hing s
ty
le
s d
et
ermi
n
e
stu
den
ts
’ aca
de
mic …
(
Ni
thya Dewi
Su
br
ama
niam C
hetty
)
611
Accor
ding
to
Gila
kj
a
ni,
on
e
of
the
wea
kn
e
sses
of
the
res
earch
i
n
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
is
the
la
ck
of
i
nv
e
sti
gatio
n
con
ce
r
ning
the
m
a
tc
hin
g
o
f
t
eachin
g
a
nd
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
[
8]
.
Du
e
to
t
his
ga
p,
the
c
urre
nt
stu
dy,
t
her
e
fore,
aim
s
at
m
at
chi
ng
t
he
stu
den
t
s
’
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
and
the
le
c
turers’
te
achi
ng
sty
le
s.
In
ot
her
wor
ds
,
this
stud
y
is
condu
ct
e
d
with
the
obj
e
ct
ive
to
exa
m
ine
the
relat
ion
s
hip
bet
w
een
stu
den
ts
’
le
arn
in
g
sty
l
es
and
le
ct
ur
ers
’
te
ac
hing
sty
le
s.
Also
,
the
rese
arch
e
val
uates
the
im
pact
of
te
ac
hing
st
yl
e
toward
st
ud
e
nts'
academ
ic
p
erfo
rm
ances.
2.
LIT
ERATUR
E REVIE
W
In
ge
ne
ral
ps
y
cho
l
og
y,
the
t
erm
le
arn
ing
s
ty
le
s
ref
ers
to
le
arn
er
s’
fa
vo
ur
e
d
ap
proac
h
to
le
arn
in
g,
wh
ic
h
inclu
des
the p
r
ocess of recei
ving,
c
ollec
ti
ng
, pr
ocess
ing
, a
nd inter
pret
ing
to
bec
om
e k
nowled
ge
able
[9
,
10
,
25
].
A
ge
ne
ral
pr
in
ci
ple,
edu
cat
io
nal
an
d
m
anag
em
ent
appro
ac
hes
ar
e
con
si
der
e
d
a
s
te
aching
sty
le
fo
r
a
cl
assroom
instru
ct
ion
-
ho
w
a
n
e
du
cat
or im
p
arts kn
ow
le
dg
e
to
thei
r
stu
de
nt
s
[11]
.
So
m
e
researc
he
rs
s
uggest
t
ha
t
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
s
an
d
te
ac
hing
sty
le
s
sh
ould
be
well
m
at
che
d
in
order
to
enh
a
nce
stu
de
nts’
m
otivati
on
of
le
ar
ning
[12
,
13
,
26
]
.
Re
s
earch
done
by
[14]
fou
nd
that
there
was
a
posit
ive
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
sel
f
-
e
ff
i
cacy
and
te
achers
te
achin
g
think
i
ng
pract
ic
es
w
her
ea
s
ther
e
was
a
ne
gativ
e
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
per
s
onal
m
od
el
te
achin
g
sty
le
and
te
a
chin
g
thin
king
sk
il
ls
.
A
di
ff
e
r
ent
stud
y
c
onduct
ed
by
[
15
]
on
t
he
analy
sis
of
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
prevale
nt
am
on
g
sec
ondar
y
sc
hool
stu
de
nts
al
so
trie
d
t
o
fi
nd
the
relat
ion
s
hip
a
nd
ef
fec
t
of
dif
fer
e
nt
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
on
aca
dem
ic
achievem
ents
of
st
ud
e
nts.
Fi
nd
i
ng
s
of
t
he
stud
y
re
veale
d
that,
ki
nesthet
ic
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
was
m
or
e
prevale
nt
than
visu
al
a
nd
a
ud
it
or
y
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
a
m
on
g
sec
onda
ry
sch
ool
stu
den
ts
.
Angela
inv
est
igate
d
a
m
at
ch
or
m
is
m
at
ch
betwee
n
le
arn
i
ng
an
d
te
achin
g
sty
le
s
in
Scie
nce
edu
cat
io
n
am
on
g
179
stu
de
nts
an
d
50
le
c
turers
from
Fa
culty
of
Scie
nc
e,
Sana
’a
Un
i
ve
rsity
,
Yem
en.
Acco
r
ding
to
the
res
ults,
it
sh
ow
e
d
that
kin
est
hetic
le
arn
in
g
m
od
e
pr
e
fere
nce
was
re
ported
a
s
the
m
aj
or
le
ar
ning
sty
le
a
m
on
g
the
stu
den
ts
whil
e
visu
al
and
aud
it
ory
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
wer
e
as
the
m
ino
r
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
dem
on
strat
ed
by
them
.
Th
us
,
t
he
fin
din
gs
re
vealed
th
at
there
is
a
m
i
sm
a
tc
h
betwee
n
the
le
ar
ning
sty
le
and tea
chi
ng sty
le
s [
16]
.
Me
anwhil
e,
a
st
ud
y
c
onduct
ed
by
[
17]
w
as
fin
d
out
th
e
i
m
pact
of
te
achin
g
a
nd
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
pr
e
fer
e
nces
an
d
their
m
at
ch/
m
is
m
a
tc
h
on
le
arn
e
rs’
ac
hiev
e
m
ent
a
m
on
g
310
En
glish
M
ajor
Stu
de
nts
and
f
ou
r
(4)
le
ct
urers
f
r
om
the
Fo
r
ei
gn
La
ngua
ges
F
acult
y
of
Aza
d
U
niv
e
rsity
,
Iran.
The
res
ults
of
the
stu
dy
r
eveale
d
that m
at
ching
teac
hing a
nd
le
arn
i
ng sty
le
s in
EFL
cl
asse
s
he
lped
t
o
im
pr
ove st
ud
e
nts’ ac
hievem
ent
[17]
.
A
stu
dy
co
nduc
te
d
by
[
18]
w
as
exam
ine
the
eff
ect
of
the
m
at
ch
betwee
n
the
Lear
ning
a
nd
Teachi
ng
Sty
le
s
of
Teac
her
s
on
Stu
dent
s’
Ac
hievem
ent
am
on
g
700
stud
e
nts
a
nd
31
te
ache
rs.
T
he
res
ults
of
thi
s
stu
dy
rev
eal
e
d
that
te
achers
c
reated
the
le
arn
i
ng
surr
oundin
gs
depend
i
ng
on
their
own
le
a
r
ning
sty
le
s
and
that
ther
e
has
been
a
cl
os
e
relat
ion
s
hi
p
betwee
n
te
a
cher
s
’
le
ar
ning
sty
le
s,
stu
de
nts’
le
a
rn
i
ng
sty
le
s
and
stud
e
nts’
achievem
ents
in
m
at
he
m
at
ic
s
cl
asses,
t
hat
st
ud
e
nts’
achie
vem
ents
increas
ed
wh
e
n
te
ac
hi
ng
is
done
bas
ed
on
their
le
arn
i
ng
st
yl
es.
Be
sides
that,
the
stu
dy
rev
eal
ed
th
a
t
there
was
a
sign
ific
a
nt
re
la
ti
on
sh
i
p
bet
ween
te
achers
’
te
ach
ing
sty
le
an
d
stud
e
nts’
le
ar
ning
sty
le
an
d
st
udents
’
aca
dem
i
c
achievem
ents
if
they
m
at
ch
with
on
e
a
no
t
her
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
[18].
The
res
ult
ob
ta
ine
d
with
t
his
stud
y
has
pa
rall
el
is
m
with
tho
se
of
so
m
e
oth
er
stud
ie
s i
n
the
li
te
ratur
e
[
19
-
21
]
.
Hav
i
ng
to
disc
us
s
stu
dies
co
nc
ern
i
ng
le
ar
ning
sty
le
s
and
te
achin
g
sty
le
s,
it
is
eviden
t
that
the
issue
of
m
at
ching
te
achin
g
sty
le
s
and
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
is
con
tr
ov
e
rsial
and
t
he
top
ic
nee
ds
fo
r
m
or
e
tho
r
ough
researc
h.
It
ca
n
be
co
nclu
de
d
that
a
n
e
ff
ec
ti
ve
te
acher
ne
eds
to
ha
ve
a
resou
rce
ba
nk
of
dif
fer
e
nt
te
achin
g
m
et
ho
ds an
d
a
ct
ivit
ie
s to
dra
w on f
ro
m
tim
e to tim
e so
tha
t
m
axi
m
u
m
can be
facil
it
at
e
d
[
22
]
.
3.
METHO
D
The
qua
ntit
at
ive r
esearc
h
ap
proach
incl
udes the co
ll
ect
ion
a
nd
a
naly
sis of
nu
m
erical
d
at
a to d
escribe
and
g
e
ner
al
iz
e
conditi
ons,
in
ve
sti
gate
relat
ion
sh
i
ps
,
a
nd
st
udy
the
cause
-
ef
fect
of
p
he
nom
ena.
T
he
sam
pl
e
for
this
stu
dy
wa
s
25
1
underg
r
adu
at
es
’
st
ud
e
nts
f
r
om
Faculty
of
Com
pu
t
ing,
UMP
who
ha
ve
ta
ke
n
the
Pr
og
ram
m
ing
Tech
niques s
ubj
ect
a
nd
five
l
ect
ur
er
s.
To
in
vestigat
e
the
le
arn
i
ng
st
yl
es
of
the
stu
den
ts
,
quest
io
nnai
res
wer
e
dis
tribu
te
d
to
the
stud
e
nts
via
on
li
ne
(
Goo
gle
Form
s).
The
quest
ionnaire
was
c
onstr
ucted
based
on
VAK
Lea
r
ning
Sty
le
s
Q
uest
ionnair
e
(LSQ);
ad
op
te
d
from
Leon
ar
d,
Eni
d.
Coll
eg
e
Su
ccess
Sim
plifie
d,
20
05.
I
t
con
sist
s
of
th
ree
sty
le
s
asses
sed
by
30
it
em
s,
10
it
e
m
s
fo
r
eac
h
s
ty
le
.
Each
it
e
m
req
uires
t
he
stud
e
nt
to
ans
wer
Yes
or
N
o.
T
he
hi
gh
est
scor
e
ind
ic
at
es
the
stud
e
nts’
pre
f
eren
ce
.
The
lowest
sc
or
e
ind
ic
at
es
wea
ke
st
m
od
al
it
y.
If
al
l
three
scor
e
s
are
identic
al
,
the
stud
e
nts
ha
ve
truly
integr
at
ed
al
l
three
m
od
al
it
ie
s
and
can
work
e
qual
ly
well
in
a
ny
of
the m
od
al
it
ie
s.
The
Teachi
ng
Sty
le
Su
rv
ey
(TSS)
by Gras
ha
-
Ri
echm
ann
is
an
instru
m
ents that was
e
m
plo
ye
d
in th
is
stud
y.
TS
S
qu
est
ionnaire
co
ntains
40
quest
ion
s
in
fi
ve
sect
ion
s
that
include
the
qu
est
i
on
s
of
E
xp
e
rt
m
et
ho
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
201
9
:
610
-
615
612
(8
it
em
s),
Fo
r
m
al
autho
rity
(8
it
e
m
s),
Pers
onal
m
od
el
(8
it
e
m
s),
Faci
li
ta
t
or
(
8
it
em
s)
and
Dele
gator
(8
it
e
m
s).
Likert
scal
es
s
ta
tem
ents
are
us
e
d
to
ra
nge
stud
e
nts’
prefe
ren
ces
of
a
n
it
e
m
in
the
que
sti
onnaire
i
n
t
hat
the
scal
es
ra
ng
e
f
r
om
co
m
plete
ly
ag
ree
to
com
plete
ly
disag
re
e.
T
he
qu
est
i
ons
ha
ve
ra
nke
d
from
1
(e
xtr
e
m
e
l
y
disag
ree)
to
5
(
extrem
el
y
agr
ee).
The
total
sc
or
e
of
eac
h
seg
m
ent
was
pa
rtit
ion
ed
to
8
as pe
r
the
quest
io
nnai
r
e
ind
e
x
in
eac
h
t
eachin
g
m
et
hod.
The
m
ai
n
data
so
urces
of
th
e
propose
d
stud
y
are
f
r
om
qu
e
sti
onnaire
resu
lt
s
an
d
f
rom
stud
ents
’
academ
i
c
per
f
or
m
ance.
T
he
qu
e
sti
onnaire
data
was
a
naly
zed
qua
ntit
at
ively
.
Stat
ist
ic
al
Packa
ge
f
or
th
e
So
ci
al
Scie
nces
(S
P
S
S)
Ver
si
on
17.
0
was
us
e
d
to
analy
ze
stu
dent
s’
res
pons
e
s
t
ow
a
r
ds
the
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
pr
e
fer
e
nce
s
qu
e
sti
onnaire
a
nd
te
ache
rs’
re
sp
onses
to
wards
t
he
te
achi
ng
sty
le
pr
e
fer
e
nc
e
quest
io
nn
ai
r
e.
I
n
t
his
stu
dy
,
the
re
are
tw
o
ty
pe
of
datum
wh
ic
h
are
cal
le
d
nom
inal
data
a
nd
ordi
nal
data.
A
prof
il
e
of
res
ul
ts
was
est
a
blished
f
or
each
par
ti
ci
pa
nt
.
The
fr
e
quen
cy
distrib
ution
of
quest
io
nn
ai
r
e
res
ults
was
e
xam
i
ned
.
T
he
m
eans
f
or
eac
h
it
e
m
wer
e
cal
c
ulate
d
a
nd
it
em
s
with
hi
gh
e
r
us
e
wer
e
i
den
ti
fie
d.
The
sta
ndar
d
of
p
<.
05
was
us
e
d
to
determ
ine
the
sta
ti
sti
cal
sign
ific
ance
of r
es
ul
ts.
4.
RESU
LT
A
N
D DIS
CUSSI
ON
The
res
ponde
nt
s
wer
e
aske
d
to
ans
wer
the
quest
io
ns
li
ste
d
in
VAK
LS
Q.
The
three
(3)
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
wer
e
te
ste
d
i
n
VAK
LS
Q
inc
lud
e:
Vis
ual
(
V)
,
A
ud
it
ory
(
A)
a
nd
Kinae
s
theti
c
(K
)
.
Hi
ghest
sco
re
in
a
giv
e
n
dim
ension
w
ould
m
ean
that
the
stu
den
t
prefe
rs
that
p
ar
ti
cular
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
.
Furth
er,
in
t
his
stu
dy,
th
e
stud
e
nts‘lear
ni
ng
sty
le
pr
ef
er
ences
re
ported
include:
unim
od
al
(
one
strong
dim
ension
),
bi
m
od
al
(tw
o
stron
g
dim
ension
s)
and trim
od
al
/
m
ultim
od
al
(
th
ree
strong dim
ension
s
).
The
Fig
ur
e
1
sh
ows
that
t
he
m
os
t
pr
efe
rr
e
d
le
ar
ning
sty
le
by
t
he
stu
de
nts
is
t
he
un
i
m
od
al
dim
ensi
on
with
49.
8%
w
hich
in
volve
only
the
visu
al
sty
le
.
In
oth
e
r
words,
m
ajo
rity
of
the
stu
de
nts
ha
ve
stron
g
vis
ual
m
od
al
ity.
The
Visu
al
le
a
rn
i
ng
sty
le
is
f
ollo
wed
by
t
he
Ki
naestheti
c
Sty
le
(
un
im
o
dal)
with
40
(
15.
94%)
of
the
respo
nd
e
nts
an
d
on
thir
d
po
si
ti
on
is
the
bim
od
al
dim
ension
Vis
ual
an
d
Kinaest
hetic
(V
/K)
with
11.
95%
of
the r
esp
onde
nt
s r
ep
or
ti
ng thei
r
pr
e
fer
e
nce on
it
. Th
e lea
st pr
efer
red
lear
ning sty
le
d
i
m
ensi
on
s a
re th
e trim
od
al
VAK
dim
ens
ion
an
d
bim
od
al
Audito
ry/
Kine
stheti
c
(A
/K
)
dim
ension
wh
ic
h
ha
d
3.98
%
a
nd
4.3
8%
pref
eren
c
e
le
vels r
es
pecti
vely
.
Figure
1.
Stu
de
nts’
le
a
rn
i
ng sty
le
p
ref
e
re
nce
Table
1
sho
ws
that
the
m
os
t
pr
e
ferred
te
ach
ing
sty
le
by
the
le
ct
ur
er
is
the
Faci
li
ta
tor
wh
ic
h
in
vo
l
ve
gu
i
des
an
d
dir
ect
s
stud
e
nts
by
asking
quest
ion
s
,
ex
plorin
g
op
ti
ons
,
sug
ge
sti
ng
al
te
rn
at
iv
es,
an
d
enc
our
agin
g
them
to
dev
el
op
c
rite
ria
to
m
ake
in
f
or
m
ed
cho
ic
es
.
T
he
r
est
dem
on
strat
ed
Delegato
r,
Fo
rm
al
Au
t
hor
it
y
and
Pers
on
al
M
ode
l t
eachin
g
sty
le
s where
20%
e
ach styl
e.
Table
1.
L
ect
urers’ t
eachin
g
st
yl
e p
ref
e
re
nces
Teac
h
in
g
sty
le
Frequ
en
cy
Percentag
e
Exp
ert
0
0%
Fo
r
m
al
Au
th
o
rity
1
20%
Perso
n
al M
o
d
el
1
20%
Facilita
to
r
2
40%
Delegato
r
1
20%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Learnin
g
sty
le
s
and
te
ac
hing s
ty
le
s d
et
ermi
n
e
stu
den
ts
’ aca
de
mic …
(
Ni
thya Dewi
Su
br
ama
niam C
hetty
)
613
T
o
ide
ntify
stu
den
ts
le
ar
ning sty
le
s
and
le
ct
ur
e
rs’
te
ac
hing
sty
le
s
,
descr
ip
ti
ve
analy
sis
te
chn
i
qu
e w
as
us
e
d
.
The
t
eachin
g
sty
le
i.e.
Gr
as
ha
-
Ri
ech
m
ann
Teac
hi
ng
Sty
le
Inve
nto
ry
was
em
pl
oyed
to
Pro
gra
m
m
ing
Tech
nique
le
ct
ur
e
rs.
Eac
h
sec
ti
on
was
c
onduct
ed
by
1
le
ct
ur
e
r.
Sect
io
n
m
eans
cl
ass
that
is
con
duct
ed
by
the
le
ct
ur
ers
.
Ta
ble
2
re
veals
th
e
te
achin
g
sty
le
of
the
le
ct
ur
e
r
acco
r
ding
to
the
sect
io
n
they
are
te
a
chin
g.
Lect
ur
e
rs
sect
i
on 2 an
d 3 sha
r
es sam
e tec
hn
iqu
e
of teac
hing sty
le
wherea
s the
rest are
d
i
ff
e
ren
t.
Table
2
.
L
ect
urers’ t
eachin
g
st
yl
e accordin
g
t
o
the
secti
on
Sectio
n
Teac
h
in
g
sty
le
1
Fo
r
m
al
Au
th
o
rity
2
Facilita
to
r
3
Facilita
to
r
4
Delegato
r
5
Perso
n
al M
o
d
el
The
Fi
gure
2
descr
i
bes
the
l
earn
i
ng
sty
le
s
of
st
ud
e
nts
who
in
vo
l
ve
in
t
his
stu
dy
aco
r
ding
to
t
heir
cl
ass
sect
ion
.
Visu
al
sty
le
is
the
m
os
t
pr
ef
err
e
d
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
in
ever
y
sect
ion
s.
Sect
i
on
2
has
the
hi
gh
e
r
nu
m
ber
of stu
de
nts c
om
par
e to
oth
e
r
sect
io
ns.
Figure
2.
N
umber
of
st
ud
e
nts
in each
secti
on
To
eval
uate
the
i
m
pact
of
te
a
chin
g
sty
le
and
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
towa
rd
s
stu
de
nt
s’
academ
ic
per
f
or
m
ance,
Table
3
s
hows
final
sta
tus
of
stud
e
nts
in
P
r
ogram
m
ing
Te
chn
i
qu
e
,
wh
et
her
t
hey
m
anag
e
to
pas
s
or
f
ai
l
in
their
final
e
xa
m
.
Un
i
m
od
al
le
arn
e
rs
a
nd
m
ultim
od
al
le
arn
ers
ha
ve
posi
ti
ve
and
stron
g
relat
ion
s
hip
on
eve
ry
te
aching
sty
le
.
This
w
ould
be
co
ns
ide
re
d
a
s
a
m
at
ched
t
eachin
g
a
nd
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s.
On
the
ot
her
hand,
bim
od
al
le
arn
ing
sty
le
s
m
is
m
at
ched
with
certai
n
te
achin
g
sty
le
.
Ther
e
is
a
m
is
m
at
c
h
bet
ween
fac
il
it
at
or
te
aching
sty
le
and
visu
al
an
d
kin
aest
hetic
sty
le
(V
/K),
vi
su
al
an
d
au
ditor
y
sty
le
(V
/A
)
an
d
au
ditor
y
and
kin
aest
hetic
sty
le
(A
/K)
le
a
r
ning
sty
le
s.
55
%
of
bim
od
al
le
arn
er
s
are
no
t
do
in
g
well
in
this
cl
ass.
B
esi
des
that,
pe
r
s
on
al
m
od
el
and
f
or
m
al
autho
rity
te
aching
sty
le
are
m
at
ching
with
al
l
the
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
e
xcep
t
visu
al
a
nd
a
ud
i
tory
sty
le
(V
/A
)
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
.
Ma
j
ori
ty
of
t
he
vis
ual
an
d
a
ud
it
ory
sty
le
(V
/A)
le
a
rn
e
rs
i
n
this
cl
asses
are
not
do
i
ng
w
el
l
in
their
exam
.
So
,
there
was
m
is
m
at
ch
between
visu
al
an
d
au
di
tory
sty
le
(V
/A)
a
nd
Fo
rm
al
Au
th
ori
ty
and
Pers
onal
Mod
el
te
achin
g
sty
le
.
Wh
e
n
exam
ined
the
Dele
ga
tor
te
achin
g
st
yl
e,
the
relat
ion
s
hip
s
f
or
the
bim
od
al
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
s
was
m
od
erate
le
vel.
Fo
r
in
sta
nce,
the
rel
at
ion
s
hip
bet
w
een
the
Visu
al
a
nd
Ki
na
est
hetic
Sty
le
(V
/K
)
le
ar
ni
ng
sty
le
and
Dele
gato
r
te
achi
ng
sty
le
was
bala
nce
a
nd
relat
io
ns
hi
p
betwee
n
au
dito
ry
and
k
inaest
he
ti
c
style
(A
/K
)
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
was
ne
gative. Tab
le
4
s
hows
the
su
m
m
ary
o
f
the
resu
lt
from
the T
able
3
.
The
res
ults
show
that
t
her
e
is
an
im
pact
on
academ
ic
per
f
or
m
ance
am
on
g
st
ud
e
nts
a
nd
le
ct
ur
e
rs
i
f
there
is
a
m
is
m
at
ch
occ
urre
d
betwee
n
t
he
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
and
te
achi
ng
sty
le
[24].
It
wa
s
obse
rv
e
d
t
hat
m
os
t
of
the
le
ct
ur
er
s
di
d
not
us
e
a
m
ulti
ple
of
te
achi
n
g
m
et
ho
d
t
o
m
at
ch
the
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
pr
ef
eren
ce
of
eac
h
stud
e
nt.
In
ste
a
d,
m
os
t
of
them
e
m
plo
ye
d
on
ly
a
sin
gle
sty
le
of
te
achin
g.
A
s
a
resu
lt
,
there
wa
s
a
m
is
m
at
ch
between
the
stu
de
nts’
l
earn
i
ng
sty
le
prefe
ren
ces
an
d
the
te
ach
ers'
instr
uctional
ap
proac
h
wh
i
c
h
m
ay
hig
hly
in
f
luence
stud
e
nts’
at
ti
tud
es
an
d
m
otiv
at
ion
.
F
or
f
uture
researc
h
it
i
s
reco
m
m
end
ed
that
the
research
e
rs
us
e
a
hu
ge
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
201
9
:
610
-
615
614
sam
ple
in
ord
er
to
obta
in
m
or
e
reli
a
ble,
in
form
ative
and
bette
r
res
ults.
This
is
becau
s
e
pr
ese
nt
study
was
restrict
ed
to
only
Pr
og
ram
ming
te
ch
nique
stud
e
nts
an
d
l
ect
ur
er
s
w
hich
did
not
in
vo
l
ve
al
l
oth
er
s
ubj
ect
le
ct
ur
ers
an
d
stud
e
nts.
T
he
researc
h
er
a
grees
with
Peac
ocks’
sug
gestion
s
that
t
he
l
ect
ur
er
s
a
nd
t
eachin
g
m
at
erial
s an
d
s
yl
la
bu
ses alwa
ys ha
ve
to
incl
ud
e
ass
or
tm
ent of lear
ning a
nd teac
hi
ng sty
le
s
[
23
]
.
Table
3
.
Stu
de
nt’s
aca
dem
ic
p
er
form
ance verses lect
urers
’
teac
hing
sty
le
Teac
h
in
g
sty
le:
Fa
cilitato
r
Grade
VS
AS
KS
V/K
V/A
A/K
VAK
Pass
39
5
19
8
3
1
3
Failed
23
0
3
9
4
2
0
Relatio
n
sh
ip
Po
sitiv
e
Po
sitiv
e
Po
sitiv
e
Neg
ativ
e
Neg
ativ
e
Neg
ativ
e
Po
sitiv
e
Teac
h
in
g
sty
le:
Pe
rso
n
al M
o
d
el
Grade
VS
AS
KS
V/K
V/A
A/K
VAK
Pass
20
2
9
5
1
1
3
Failed
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
Relatio
n
sh
ip
Po
sitiv
e
Po
sitiv
e
Po
sitiv
e
Po
sitiv
e
Neg
ativ
e
Po
sitiv
e
Po
sitiv
e
Teac
h
in
g
sty
le:
De
leg
ato
r
Grade
VS
AS
KS
V/K
V/A
A/K
VAK
Pass
24
3
2
1
2
0
2
Failed
5
0
1
1
1
2
1
Relatio
n
sh
ip
Po
sitiv
e
Po
sitiv
e
Po
sitiv
e
Balan
ce
Po
sitiv
e
Neg
ativ
e
Po
sitiv
e
Teac
h
in
g
sty
le:
For
m
al
Auth
o
rity
Grade
VS
AS
KS
V/K
V/A
A/K
VAK
Pass
8
4
5
4
3
5
1
Failed
5
1
1
1
4
0
0
Relatio
n
sh
ip
Po
sitiv
e
Po
sitiv
e
Po
sitiv
e
Neg
ativ
e
Neg
ativ
e
Neg
ativ
e
Po
sitiv
e
Table
4.
Rel
at
ion
s
hi
p betwee
n
Teac
hing sty
le
an
d Lea
rn
i
ng sty
le
Lear
n
in
g
Sty
l
e
Relatio
n
sh
ip
–
Teac
h
in
g
sty
le
Visu
al Sty
l
e (
VS)
Match
–
all
Au
d
ito
ry
St
y
le
(A
S)
Match
–
all
Kin
aesth
etic St
y
le
(KS)
Match
–
all
Visu
al and
Kinaes
t
h
etic Sty
l
e
(V/K)
Match
-
Perso
n
al
Mod
el and
For
m
al
Auth
o
rity
Mis
m
at
ch
–
Facilit
ato
r
Balan
ce
-
Delegato
r
Visu
al and
Aud
ito
ry
St
y
le
(V/A
)
Match
–
Del
eg
ato
r
Mis
m
at
ch
–
Facilit
ato
r,
Pe
rso
n
al M
o
d
el and
For
m
a
l Aut
h
o
rity
Au
d
ito
ry
and
Kina
esth
etic Sty
l
e (
A/K
)
Match
–
Pe
rso
n
al M
o
d
el and
For
m
al
Auth
o
rity
Mis
m
at
ch
–
Facilit
ato
r
an
d
Delegato
r
Visu
al,
Au
d
ito
ry a
n
d
Kinaes
th
etic St
y
le
(VAK
)
Match
–
all
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Ba
sed
on
the
analy
sis,
the
stud
y
showe
d
that
m
os
t
responde
nts
i.e.
stud
e
nts,
prefe
rred
an
d
m
a
inly
dem
on
strat
ed
visu
al
le
a
rn
i
ng
sty
le
s,
f
ollo
w
ed
by
Kinaest
he
ti
c
sty
le
(K
S
),
Vis
ual
a
nd
Ki
naestheti
c
sty
le
(VK),
Visu
al
a
nd
A
udit
or
y
sty
le
(
V
A)
,
A
udit
or
y
a
nd
Kina
est
hetic
sty
le
(A
K
),
Visu
al
Audito
r
y
and
Kinae
stheti
c
sty
le
(V
AK)
and
Auditory
sty
le
(A
S).
Stu
den
ts
wit
h
vis
ual
and
kin
ae
stheti
c
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
s
sh
ow
good
achievem
ent,
wh
il
e
s
om
e
stud
e
nt w
it
h
bim
o
dal
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
do
n
ot
ac
hi
eve
go
od
r
es
ults.
The
st
udy
f
ound
a
sign
ific
a
nt
relat
ion
s
hip
bet
w
een
le
arn
i
ng
s
ty
le
s
and
te
achin
g
sty
le
s
becau
se
it
can
increase
or
de
crease
stud
e
nts’
acad
e
m
ic
per
f
or
m
ances.
The
re
for
e,
le
ct
ur
e
rs
ne
ed
to
pr
e
par
e
a
fe
w
ty
pes
of
m
a
te
rial
on
a
sam
e
top
ic
an
d
co
nduct
their
cl
asses
in
var
io
us
w
ay
s
to
ensu
re
t
hat
they
m
a
y
a
ssist
stud
ent
to
under
sta
nd
w
hat
the
le
ct
ur
ers
are
tr
yi
ng
to
deli
ver
in their
lear
ning
way.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
resea
rch
is
su
pport
ed
by
UMP
Re
search
Gr
a
nt
Schem
e,
RDU17
0327
0.
T
he
aut
hors
f
ully
ackno
wled
ged
U
niv
e
rsiti
Ma
la
ysi
a
Pahang
(U
MP
)
for
the
a
pprove
d
fun
d
wh
ic
h
m
akes
t
his
im
po
rta
nt
researc
h viable
and e
ff
ect
ive
.
REFERE
NCE
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g
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ain
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,
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20
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In
t J
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val & R
es Educ
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y
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le
arn
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te
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h
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l
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om
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ie
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2015
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nking
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a
che
rs’
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ef
fic
a
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ds
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nk
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As
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id
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atch
is
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ade
in
h
ea
v
en
?
Te
a
chi
ng
st
y
l
es/
le
arn
ing
st
y
le
s
m
at
ch
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ism
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ch
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ffe
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at
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etw
ee
n
the
le
arn
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g
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hing
s
t
y
le
s
of
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ond
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r
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m
at
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e
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h
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udent
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ent
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Ü
.
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ug
an,
and
A
.
Y
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