Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
valua
tio
n
an
d
Rese
arch
in
Educati
on (I
JE
RE)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
3
,
Septem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
4
70
~
4
75
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ije
r
e
.
v
8
i
3
.
20241
470
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJE
R
E
R
isky te
enager b
ehavior
i
n
a
vocat
ional hig
h school
Suci M
us
vita
Ayu, M
arsia
n
a
Wib
owo
, Li
ena So
fia
na
Facul
t
y
of
Publi
c
Hea
lt
h
,
Univ
er
sita
s
Ahm
ad
Da
hla
n,
Indone
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
6
,
2019
Re
vised A
ug 20, 2
019
Accepte
d Aug
30
, 201
9
Adolesc
ence
is
a
ver
y
complex
per
iod
.
Var
ious
teen
probl
ems
haunt
whe
n
they
grow
up
to
bec
om
e
adul
ts
.
The
sam
e
te
en
age
rs
succ
essful
l
y
f
ace
the
cha
l
le
nges
of
th
ei
r
dev
el
opm
ent
so
tha
t
th
e
y
ar
e
fre
e
from
a
var
i
ety
of
ris
k
y
beha
viors.
How
eve
r,
som
e
of
the
m
al
so
s
m
oke,
consum
e
al
coho
l,
have
fre
e
sex,
comm
it
violence,
and
use
dr
ugs.
Thi
s
res
ea
rc
h
is
a
qu
al
i
ta
t
ive
stud
y
wi
t
h
a
phenomenolo
gic
a
l
appr
oa
ch
i
n
which
rese
archer
s
expl
ore
an
d
tr
y
som
e
risk
y
beh
avi
ors
in
hea
l
th
and
fa
ct
ors
tha
t
infl
ue
nce
and
how
ad
ole
sce
n
ts
in
voca
t
iona
l
h
igh
schools
end
up
c
om
m
it
ti
ng
som
e
risk
y
beh
avi
or
.
The
resul
ts
of
the stud
y
sho
w t
hat t
e
ens
who do
not
h
ave ri
sk
y
b
eha
v
ior
and
who do
have
som
e
r
isk
beha
viors
have
diff
er
ent
under
st
andi
n
gs
rel
ated
to
th
e
impact
of
the
se
beh
avi
ors.
People
aro
und
te
en
age
rs
inf
l
uenc
e
how
t
eenage
rs
wil
l
beha
ve
.
Th
ese
i
nflue
ntial
p
eople
ca
n
ca
use
t
ee
n
age
rs
to
t
ake
ris
k
y
beh
avi
or
,
such
as
famil
y
proble
m
s,
get
b
ad
exa
m
ple
s
fro
m
par
ent
s,
famil
y
m
embers
,
pee
rs,
and
ido
ls.
Fact
ors
tha
t
in
flue
nc
e
adolesc
ent
s
to
end
up
comm
it
ti
ng
risk
y
b
eha
vior
a
re
the
und
ersta
n
ding
of
the
n
egative
eff
e
ct
s
of
ri
sk
beha
vior
.
The
var
ious
caus
es
of
infl
uential
p
eopl
e
inclu
de
par
en
ts,
p
ee
r
s,
rel
ig
i
ous
le
ad
ers,
idol
s,
p
e
rce
iv
ed
bene
f
it
s,
self
-
cont
rol
,
an
d
int
ention.
Th
e
int
ern
al
and
ext
ern
al
f
ac
tors
of
adol
esc
ent
s
d
et
ermine
whether
the
te
en
age
r
wi
ll
do
or
n
o
t
risk
y
beh
avi
or
.
Strong
col
la
bo
r
at
ion
b
et
wee
n
i
nte
rna
l
and
ex
ternal
fa
ct
ors
shape
s be
hav
ior w
hic
h
is no
t
r
isky
in adol
esc
ent
s,
and
v
ice
v
ersa
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ri
sk
y b
e
hav
i
or
Teena
ger
Vo
cat
io
nal
high sc
hool
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Su
ci
M
us
vita
Ayu,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f
Publi
c H
eal
th
,
F
a
culty
of Pu
bl
ic
H
eal
th,
Un
i
ver
sit
as
A
hm
ad
Da
hlan
,
Pr
of.
Dr. Soe
pom
o
Street
, J
a
nturan
, Yo
gya
kar
ta
(55
164),
Ind
on
esi
a.
Em
a
il
: suci.ay
u@
i
km
.u
ad.
ac.
id
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
I
ndonesi
a,
on
e
-
fi
fth
of
th
e
popula
ti
on
i
s
te
ena
ger
s
w
ho
ha
ve
t
he
oppo
rtu
nity
to
com
m
it
risky
beh
a
vior
with
ou
t
bei
ng
awa
re
of
t
he
long
-
te
rm
con
se
qu
e
nces
of
the
be
hav
i
or.
They
a
dopt
risky
behavio
rs
thr
ough
unheal
thy
relat
ion
s
hi
ps
a
nd
un
direc
te
d
in
fo
rm
at
io
n.
Progress
or
m
od
ern
iz
at
ion
tur
ns
ou
t
t
o
ha
ve
tw
o
sid
es
that
ca
n
be
ben
e
fici
al
an
d/
or
al
so
de
tri
m
ental
,
esp
eci
al
ly
the
prob
le
m
of
progress
in
the
fiel
d
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
te
chnolo
gy.
T
he
era
of
gl
ob
al
iz
at
ion
an
d
op
e
nness
of
in
f
onna
ti
on
,
s
uc
h
as
the
inter
net,
m
a
kes
al
l
form
s o
f
in
f
orm
at
ion
v
e
ry ea
sy t
o ob
ta
in
, e
ve
n from
tho
se
who
a
re i
n
sm
a
ll
cit
ie
s
[1]
.
In
a
do
le
sce
nce
,
bio
l
og
ic
al
,
ps
yc
ho
lo
gical
an
d
so
ci
al
cha
ng
es
occur
ra
pid
l
y.
This
re
qu
ire
s
changes
in
the
be
ha
vior
of
ad
olescents
t
o
ad
j
us
t
t
o
thei
r
current
c
onditi
on
s
.
In
so
m
e
ado
le
sce
nts,
t
his
ad
j
us
tm
ent
process
can
ta
ke
place
without
sig
nif
ic
ant
pro
blem
s
because
they
su
ccee
d
in
rec
ognizin
g
their
identit
y
and
ge
tt
ing
su
f
fici
ent
so
ci
a
l
su
pport
.
Both
play
a
ro
le
in
ado
le
sce
nt
ad
justm
ent.
But
s
om
e
oth
er
te
enag
ers
ca
n
ex
pe
rience
adjustm
ent
pr
oble
m
s.
Diff
ic
ul
ti
es
in
ado
le
sc
ent
ad
j
us
tm
ent
are
usual
ly
prece
ded
by
the
e
m
erg
ence
of
risky
beh
a
viors
ca
usi
ng
a
dole
scent
ps
yc
hos
ocial
pro
blem
s
bo
th
on
a
perso
nal
an
d
s
ocial
le
ve
l.
A
do
le
sce
nt
risky
beh
a
vior m
akes th
em
o
ften
la
beled
as tr
oubl
ed
te
ena
ger
s a
nd
e
ve
ntu
al
ly
they are treate
d neg
at
ively
f
rom
their
so
ci
al
en
vir
on
m
ent.
Teena
ge
risky b
e
hav
i
or
is
a
f
orm
of
be
hav
i
or
that
ca
n
en
dange
r
the
h
eal
th
a
nd
w
el
l
-
bei
ng
of ad
olescents
,
ev
e
n
s
om
e fo
r
m
s o
f
risky
be
hav
i
or can
h
a
r
m
o
thers
[
2]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Phe
nome
no
l
ogic
al stu
dy of ri
sky te
en
ag
er
beha
vi
or
i
n
v
oc
ational
high sc
hool
…
(
Suci
Musvit
a Ayu
)
471
Ri
sk
y
beh
a
vior
arises
beca
use
it
is
influ
enc
ed
by
risk
fact
or
s
(
r
isk
fact
ors)
that
com
e
fr
om
within
ado
le
sce
nts
(le
vel
of
the
in
di
vid
ual
),
f
r
om
the
fam
ily
(l
evel
of
the
fa
m
ily)
and
fro
m
ou
tsi
de
the
fam
i
ly
(ex
tra
fam
ilial
relat
ion
s
).
Fac
tors
der
ive
d
f
r
om
ado
le
scent
s
(level
of
the
ind
ivi
du
al
)
ar
e
low
achie
ve
m
ent
m
ot
ivati
o
n
(lo
w
ac
hievem
ent
m
otivati
on
)
a
nd
lo
w
sel
f
-
est
ee
m
(low
sel
f
est
ee
m
),
facto
r
s
of
the
fam
il
y
(level
of
t
he
fam
il
y)
are
ve
ry
stric
t
par
e
nts
(
high
s
tric
tness)
a
nd
low
sup
port
an
d
ext
raf
am
il
ial
relat
ion
s
a
re
de
vian
t
peer
s
and e
xtre
m
e p
eer
or
ie
nt
at
ion
[3]
.
In
I
ndonesi
a,
a
do
le
sce
nts
(15
-
24
ye
ars)
w
ho
had
prem
arit
a
l
sexu
al
relat
ion
s
in
urba
n
are
as
in
2007
a
m
ou
nte
d
to
0.
9%
(f
em
al
e)
and
6.4%
(m
al
e
),
wh
il
e
in
r
ural
areas,
t
her
e
wer
e
1.7%
w
om
en
an
d
6,
3%
m
en.
This
fact
increa
sed
in 2012,
a
m
ou
nting
to
0.9% wom
en
and
8
.
7
% of u
r
ba
n
m
en
and
1
.0% of
wom
en
a
nd
7.8
%
of rural m
en
ha
d pr
em
arit
al
sex
ual
relat
ions
[
4]
.
Pr
el
im
inary
stud
ie
s
c
onduct
e
d
sho
wed
t
hat
89.4%
of
ad
olescents
ha
d
car
r
ie
d
out
risky
be
hav
i
or
s
for
their
healt
h,
s
uc
h
as
sm
ok
ing
,
dr
in
king
al
co
hol,
prem
arit
al
s
ex,
datin
g
vi
ol
ence,
an
d
co
nsum
ing
drug
s
.
So
m
e
of
t
he
res
pond
ents
ha
ve
good
sel
f
-
c
onfide
nc
e,
w
hile
oth
e
rs
hav
e
le
ss
sel
f
-
confide
nce
in
beh
a
vior.
I
n
li
ne
wit
h
these
re
su
lt
s,
s
om
e
resp
on
dent
s
al
so
sta
te
d
t
hat
the
r
ole
of
peer
s
is
ve
ry
i
m
po
rtant
in
s
ha
ping
thei
r
behavio
r
,
wh
il
e
othe
rs
do
not.
Peers
ha
ve
the
great
e
st
relat
ion
sh
i
p
streng
t
h
to
ri
sk
y
healt
h
be
hav
i
or
s
.
Ex
pos
ur
e
to
inf
or
m
at
ion
sources
ab
out
sm
ok
i
ng,
dr
i
nk
i
ng
al
co
hol,
pr
e
-
m
arit
al
sex,
da
ti
ng
vio
le
nc
e,
and
co
nsum
ing
dru
gs
with a
high c
at
egory am
ou
nte
d
to
75.
7%
of
r
esp
onde
nts
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
This
re
searc
h
is
qu
al
it
at
ive
r
esearch
with
phen
om
eno
lo
gi
cal
appr
oach.
Ph
e
no
m
eno
lo
gi
cal
stud
ie
s
fo
c
us
on
one'
s
su
bject
ive
e
xperie
nce
an
d
i
nter
pr
et
at
io
n
of
the
w
orl
d.
T
he
res
ults
of
this
stu
dy
il
lustrate
the
structu
re
of
one'
s
exp
erience
that
they
disp
l
ay
with
awar
e
ness,
with
ou
t
t
heory,
s
ub
tra
ct
ion
,
or
a
ssu
m
ptions
from
oth
er
sci
entifi
c
discipli
nes
[
5]
.
T
he
re
search
s
ub
j
ect
s
con
sist
e
d
of
the
m
ai
n
su
bjec
ts,
nam
el
y
vo
cat
ion
al
high
sc
hool
stu
den
ts
who
had
risky
be
ha
vior
(
two
stu
den
ts
)
and
vocat
ion
a
l
hig
h
sc
ho
ol
stud
e
nts
w
ho
di
d
not
hav
e
ris
ky
be
ha
vior
(
tw
o
stu
den
ts
).
The
ins
trum
ent
in
this
qual
it
at
ive
res
earch
is
the
res
earche
rs
t
hem
s
el
ves.
Wh
il
e
the
rese
arch
to
ol
us
e
d
is
the
guid
el
in
e
for
i
n
-
dep
t
h
i
nter
view
fo
c
us
gro
up
disc
us
si
on,
lo
g
book,
a
nd
the
log
bo
ok
is
us
e
d
as a too
l t
o
r
ecord in
form
ation
obtai
ne
d
duri
ng
the
resea
rch
process,
a
nd an
a
ud
i
o
rec
order
is
us
e
d
to
recor
d
the
inter
view
process
.
T
he
da
ta
colle
ct
ion
t
echn
i
qu
e
s
use
d
w
ere
i
nterv
i
ews
a
nd
f
ocus
gro
up
discuss
i
on (FG
D)
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
D
at
a
colle
ct
ion
ha
d
bee
n
ca
rr
i
ed
ou
t
in
Y
ogya
kar
ta
by
in
vo
l
ving
stu
de
nts
f
ro
m
a
Vo
cat
io
nal
Sc
hool
in
Y
og
ay
a
kar
t
a,
I
ndonesi
a.
Characte
risti
cs
of
i
nfor
m
ants
base
d
on
gender,
m
at
ern
al
edu
cat
io
n
le
ve
l
and
father’s e
ducat
ion
le
vel are
s
howe
d
i
n
Ta
ble
1.
Ba
sed
on
the
resu
lt
s
of
Ta
bl
e
1
data,
it
was
f
ound
that
the
info
rm
ants
ob
ta
ined
in
this
stud
y
consi
ste
d
of
t
wo
pe
op
le
who
di
d
not
car
r
y
ou
t
ris
ky
be
hav
i
or
a
nd
tw
o
pe
ople
w
ho
did
risky
be
ha
vior.
Inform
ants
have
been
e
du
cat
e
d
in
the
T
hird
-
Cl
ass
Vo
cat
io
na
l
School
(VO
C)
(XII).
T
he
s
ex
of
the
inf
or
m
ants
wer
e
wo
m
en
with
an
ave
ra
ge
age
of
17
a
m
ou
nting
to
th
ree
(75%
)
an
d
18
ye
ars
am
ou
ntin
g
to
one
per
s
on
(25%
).
The
pa
ren
ta
l
ed
ucati
on
backgro
und
is
div
ide
d
into
f
our
high
-
le
vel
backgro
unds
in
the
m
oth
e
r'
s
cat
egory.
Wh
il
e
the
edu
cat
io
n
of
fathe
rs
in
the
low
cat
eg
or
y
is
on
e
person
a
nd
highe
r
ed
ucati
on
is
three
people.
I
nd
ic
at
or
s
of
risky tee
nag
e
r be
hav
i
our
are
s
howe
d
in
Tab
le
2.
Table
1.
Fr
e
quency
distri
bu
ti
on of c
har
act
e
r
ist
ic
s o
f
i
nfor
m
ants
based o
n g
end
e
r, age
, m
ater
nal e
ducat
ion
le
vel and
f
at
he
r'
s ed
ucati
on le
vel
Variable
Frequ
en
cy
Percentag
e
(%)
Ag
e
1
7
y
ears
3
75
1
8
y
ears
1
25
Gen
d
er
Male
0
0
Fe
m
ale
4
100
Mater
n
al
E
d
u
catio
n
Low (PS
-
JHS
)
0
0
Hig
h
(
SHS
-
Co
lleg
e)
4
100
Paternal
Edu
catio
n
Low
1
25
Hig
h
3
75
Beh
av
io
r
Ris
k
y
2
50
No
t
Ris
k
y
2
50
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
201
9
:
4
7
0
-
4
7
5
472
Table
2.
A
naly
sis
res
ult o
f
in
di
cat
or
of
risky t
eenag
e
r be
hav
i
or
No
Ind
icato
r
Ris
k
y
No
t r
isk
y
S
m
o
k
in
g
/Cig
arette
Alco
h
o
l
Drug
s
Vilo
len
ce
Free
S
ex
1
The
u
n
d
erstand
in
g
o
f
r
isk
y
b
eh
av
io
r
poor
poor
poor
poor
poor
Go
o
d
(un
d
erstand
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ect)
2
Cau
ses
a.
Fa
m
il
y
his
to
ry
b.
Tr
y
in
g
c.
Bu
lly
in
g
d.
Env
iron
m
en
t
e.
Ins
tag
ra
m
celebrities
a.
Tr
y
in
g
b.
Env
iron
m
en
t
c.
Friend
s
a.
Tr
y
in
g
b.
Env
iron
m
e
nt
c.
Friend
s
a.
Fa
m
il
y
h
isto
ry
b.
Tr
y
in
g
c.
Bu
lly
in
g
d.
Env
iron
m
en
t
e.
Media
a.
Tr
y
in
g
b.
Env
iron
m
en
t
c.
Ins
tag
ra
m
celebrities
There
is
an
in
f
lu
en
ce
f
ro
m
the
clo
se o
n
es
3
Inf
lu
en
cers
Internal: p
arents
Extern
al: peers
and
id
o
l
Internal:
p
arents
Extern
al:
p
eers a
n
d
ido
l
Internal:
p
arents
Extern
al:
p
eers a
n
d
id
o
l
Internal:
p
arents
Extern
al:
p
eers a
n
d
ido
l
Internal: p
arents
Extern
al: peers
an
d
id
o
l
Internal:
p
arents
Extern
al:
Ustad
/u
stad
z
ah
,
p
eers a
n
d
id
o
ls
4
Ben
ef
its
a.
Co
n
sid
ered as
p
rob
le
m
so
lv
in
g
b.
Sh
o
win
g
y
o
u
th
id
en
tity
a.
Co
n
sid
ered
as p
rob
le
m
so
lv
in
g
b.
Sh
o
win
g
y
o
u
th
id
en
tity
a.
Co
n
sid
ered
as p
rob
le
m
so
lv
in
g
b.
Sh
o
win
g
y
o
u
th
id
en
tity
a.
Co
n
sid
ered
as
p
rob
le
m
so
lv
in
g
b.
Sh
o
win
g
y
o
u
th
id
en
tity
a.
Co
n
sid
ered as
p
rob
le
m
so
lv
in
g
b.
Sh
o
win
g
y
o
u
th
id
en
tity
a.
Fo
cu
s
m
o
re
b.
Cal
m
er
in
b
eh
av
in
g
c.
Maintain
in
g
f
a
m
il
y
an
d
o
wn
’s
i
m
ag
e
5
Previed
Co
n
trol
Bad
Bad
Bad
Bad
Bad
Go
o
d
6
Inten
tio
n
to
co
m
m
it
r
isk
y
b
eh
av
io
r
There
is o
n
e(s
).
There
is
o
n
e(s).
There
is
o
n
e(s).
There
is
o
n
e(s).
There
is o
n
e(s
).
none
Ba
sed
on the
r
esults of
T
able
2
data, it
w
as
f
ound that
inf
or
m
ants w
ho h
a
ve
r
isky be
ha
vior they ha
ve
poor
unde
rstan
ding
of
ris
ky
be
hav
i
or,
this
is
diff
ere
nt
from
inform
ants
wh
o
do
no
t
ris
ky
beh
a
vior
w
here
they
unde
rstan
d
the
negat
ive
ef
fe
ct
of
risky
be
hav
i
or.
Ca
us
e
s
they
do
ris
ky
behavi
or
a
re
try
ing
,
e
nvir
onm
ent,
fr
ie
nd
an
d
soc
ia
l
m
edia,
wh
il
e
fo
r
in
form
ants
wh
o
do
no
t
risky
be
hav
i
or
cause
they
ha
ve
an
influ
e
nces
fr
om
the
cl
os
e
one
s
.
Fact
ors
that
influ
e
nce
the
occurre
nce
do
or
do
no
t
ris
ky
be
hav
i
or
is
par
e
nts
from
interna
l
factor
an
d
fro
m
extern
al
factor
a
re
peer
s
an
d
id
ol.
T
hey
do
the
risky
be
ha
vior
bec
ause
they
thin
k
t
hat
do
i
ng
so
will
b
e
nef
it
s
are
c
onside
red as
prob
le
m
so
lvin
g
a
n
d s
howi
ng yo
uth
i
den
ti
ty
.
3.1.
Te
enagers
p
h
enome
na i
n
Y
ogyak
arta
The
inte
rv
ie
w
s
wer
e
car
ried
ou
t
t
o
in
form
a
nts
w
ho
we
re
no
t
at
risk
a
nd
at
risk.
I
nform
ants
ca
m
e
from
stud
ents
of
one
of
the
vo
cat
io
nal
high
sc
hools
i
n
Y
og
ya
kar
ta
w
ho
sta
te
d
that
t
he
re
are
m
any
factor
s
influ
e
nc
ing
ad
olescent
be
ha
vi
or
su
c
h
a
s
sm
ok
i
ng,
bull
yi
ng
,
dis
resp
ect
ful
be
hav
i
or
to
w
ard
s
te
ache
rs,
hangin
g
ou
t
at
m
idn
ig
ht
,
watchin
g
in
de
cent
vid
e
os
,
c
on
s
um
ing
al
co
ho
l,
c
onsu
m
ing
dru
gs
an
d
pre
m
arit
al
sex.
This
is
su
pp
or
te
d by inter
views wit
h i
nfor
m
ants wh
o
a
re
no
t at
ris
k:
“…
W
hy
do y
ou sti
ll
sm
ok
e when
yo
u kno
w i
t’s d
a
ng
e
r
ou
s
?
”
(
AM1
, 17
y
ears
).
“…
I
do
n’
t
li
ke
if
there
is
som
eon
e
bu
ll
yi
ng
m
e,
if
I
sta
y
qu
ie
t,
I
will
de
finite
ly
be
bu
ll
ie
d
”
(A
M
1,
17
y
ears
.
).
“…
They a
re
goin
g ou
t a
nd
one
of them
watch
blu
e m
ov
ie
s
.
”
(
AM
1,
17
y
ears
).
“…
They
ta
lk
t
o
te
ac
her
s
li
ke
ta
lkin
g
to
the
ir
f
rien
ds
.
The
y
of
te
n
go
out
la
te
night,
sm
ok
e
,
a
nd
dr
in
k
al
cohol. M
os
t
of them
are
al
r
eady m
arr
ie
d
”
(A
M
1,
17
ye
ar
s).
“…
Sm
ok
ing
is
act
ually
no
t
go
od,
they
are
no
t
only
act
ive
s
m
ok
er
but
al
so
passi
ve
sm
ok
er
”
(IK
2,
18
ye
ars
).
“…
I have
b
ee
n t
old
,
that a
fter
dr
i
nk
i
ng, th
ey
will
f
ly
.
”
(
AM
1,
17
ye
ars
).
The
res
ults
of
interviews
with
inf
or
m
ants
who
di
d
not
do
risky
be
ha
vi
or
s
howe
d
tha
t
info
rm
ants
nev
e
r
did
thi
ngs
t
hat
wer
e
ri
sk
y
beh
a
vior.
I
t
is
beca
us
e
th
ey
reali
ze
that
there
is
a
ne
ga
ti
ve
im
pact
fr
om
this
beh
a
vior.
The
re
spon
se
of i
nfo
rm
ants w
ho c
om
m
i
t risky b
e
ha
vior:
“…
I have
tried
sm
ok
ing an
d
i
t do
e
sn’t feel
good.
”
(
T4
, 17
ye
ars
).
“…
I have
ev
e
r bu
ll
ie
d b
ut
no
t
with
vio
le
nc
e
”
(
D
E3
, 17
ye
ar
s
).
“…
I
am
cur
io
us
beca
us
e
m
y
fr
ie
nds
t
old
m
e
that
w
he
n
yo
u
are
dr
i
nk
i
ng,
I
will
for
get
al
l
m
y
pr
oble
m
s
”
(T4,
17
ye
ars
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Phe
nome
no
l
ogic
al stu
dy of ri
sky te
en
ag
er
beha
vi
or
i
n
v
oc
ational
high sc
hool
…
(
Suci
Musvit
a Ayu
)
473
“…
W
he
n
I
wa
s
in
jun
i
or
high
sch
ool,
I
ha
ve
ever
ta
ken
drug
s
.
T
he
pill
is
sm
a
ll
l
ike
a
f
a
m
ily
plann
i
ng
pill
s,
so
m
eti
m
es
antim
o
com
bin
e
d
with
Bi
gC
ola.
The
dru
gs
are
ou
t
in
a
pl
as
ti
c
and
after
that
we’
ll
go
fly
”
(
DE,
3 1
7
ye
ars
).
“…
M
os
t o
f
m
y
cl
assm
a
te
s h
a
ve
e
ver d
one f
r
ee sex
, a
nd I
only
k
iss
”
(T
4,
17
y
ears
).
“…
I’
m
cu
rio
us t
o
try
c
onsu
m
i
ng alco
ho
l,
but
I
sti
ll
h
esi
ta
te
to
try
”
(T
4,
17
ye
ars
).
Ba
sed
on
the
r
esults
of
i
nter
vi
ews
with
ris
ky
inform
ants,
i
t
was
fou
nd
t
ha
t
the
inform
a
nts
did
t
his
base
d
on
resentm
ent
towar
ds
ridicule
f
ro
m
fr
ie
nds
so
that
there
w
as
resist
ance
from
the
i
nfor
m
ants
to
de
fend
them
sel
ves,
besides
beca
u
se
of
the
c
ur
i
os
it
y
that
they
wan
te
d
to
e
xper
i
m
ent,
and
of
t
en
di
d
to
el
i
m
inate
pro
blem
s that are
bein
g
e
xp
e
rience
d.
3.2.
Thi
ng
s
that
af
fect teen
agers
to beh
ave
Ba
sed
on
pre
vi
ou
s
resea
rch,
non
-
ris
ky
an
d
risk
y
beh
a
vior
are
i
nf
lue
nce
d
by
se
ver
al
t
hi
ng
s
,
nam
ely
s
ch
oo
lm
at
es,
par
ents
an
d
pe
rs
on
al
pr
ob
le
m
s.
The
res
ults
of
intervie
ws
with
inf
or
m
ants
w
ho
did
not
carr
y
ou
t
risky
beh
a
vior
wer
e
sup
ported
b
y
s
om
e stat
e
m
ents
:
“…
I
am
n
ot int
erested
doin
g
t
ho
s
e thi
ng
s
b
e
ca
us
e
I need
to
m
a
intai
n
m
y im
age
”
(
IK2, 1
8
ye
ars
).
“…
I
wan
t t
o
a
vo
i
d fr
ie
nds
who are
li
ke
that
b
eca
us
e m
y paren
ts
sai
d
s
o
”
(
AM1, 1
7
ye
a
rs
).
The
inter
view
s
with
inf
orm
ants
who
we
re
not
at
-
risk
sho
w
that
they
wer
e
no
t
intere
ste
d
and
wa
nted
to
avo
i
d
ne
gative
thin
gs
,
f
or
r
easo
ns
of
c
ounse
li
ng
pa
ren
ts
,
te
achers,
an
d
wan
ti
ng
to
m
ain
ta
in
a
good
im
age
for
them
sel
ves.
The
r
es
pons
e
of info
rm
ants w
ho
did ris
ky
beh
a
vior:
“…
I
sm
ok
e,
dri
nk
,
fr
e
e
sex
be
caus
e
I
nee
d
t
o
ha
ve
fun
a
nd
forg
et
m
y
pr
oble
m
s.
It
is
becau
se
I
ha
ve
a
fam
i
ly
p
roble
m
, th
ey
p
la
y favorite
”
(
T4
, 17
ye
ars
).
“…
I
feel
lo
nely
so
I
just
have
a
relat
ion
s
hip
.
My
big
sist
e
r
ha
d
r
unaway
from
ho
m
e
be
cause
of
fam
ily
pro
bl
em
s an
d
r
an wit
h her
bo
yfrien
d
”
(T
4,
17
ye
ars
).
3.3.
The bene
fits o
f
n
ot co
mmi
tt
i
ng
risk
y beh
avior
The
res
ults
of
the
inter
view
s
that
ha
ve
bee
n
m
ade
to
the
inf
or
m
ants
s
how
th
at
the
be
ne
fits
of
not
risky
be
hav
i
or
are
to
m
ake
it
m
or
e
fo
cuse
d,
calm
er
and
m
o
re
able
to
m
ai
ntain
a
go
od
na
m
e,
bo
t
h
f
or
yoursel
f
and fam
il
y. This is sup
ported by t
he f
ollow
i
ng stat
em
ents.
“…
My
m
ind
is
f
re
sh
e
r
a
nd
I
bec
om
e
m
or
e f
oc
us
on thi
ng
s
”
(A
M
1,
17
ye
ar
s
).
“…
It
is
beca
use
of
m
y
par
ent
s’
words
f
or
no
t
involvin
g
on
bad
be
ha
vior,
m
ai
ntaining
m
y
i
m
age
and
th
ey
sai
d
it
’s b
et
te
r t
o
do
posit
ive a
ct
ivit
ie
s
”
(IK2,
18
ye
ars
).
3.4.
Enviro
nmen
t
al opini
ons re
ga
r
ding
risk
b
ehaviour
The
res
ults o
f
inter
views
that
hav
e
bee
n
co
nducte
d
are
fro
m
the o
nes don
e to infor
m
ants w
ho are no
t
at
risk
an
d
w
ho
a
re
at
risk.
T
he
i
nfor
m
ants
ca
m
e
from
sever
al
stu
de
nts
at
one
of
the
voc
at
ion
al
high
sc
hools
in Yo
gyaka
rta.
Opinio
ns ex
pressed i
nclu
de:
“…
Ri
sk
y b
eh
avio
r
ca
n
act
ua
ll
y get rid o
f prob
le
m
s
, s
uc
h
a
s sm
ok
ing an
d go
i
ng out
”
(T
4, 17
ye
a
rs
).
“…
N
ot
hing s
pe
ci
al
, I
did
it
oft
en
an
d pe
op
le
al
so
see
it
”
(
D
E3, 1
7
ye
ar
s
).
“…
It is m
or
e f
un to ha
ng ou
t
with
fr
ie
nds
th
an wit
h fam
i
ly
”
(
IK2, 1
8
ye
a
rs
).
“…
In
t
he
nei
ghbo
rho
od,
m
y
neig
hbors
m
os
tl
y
do
n’t
know
because
m
os
t
of
t
hem
are
children
”
(
AM1
,
17
ye
ars
).
“
.
..
Pare
nts
on
l
y t
old
m
e n
ot t
o do ba
d
t
hings
”
(
IK2
,
18
ye
a
rs
)
3.5.
People in
fluen
ci
ng
Ba
sed
on
the
r
esults
of
t
he
in
te
rv
ie
ws
,
in
f
orm
ants'
beh
avi
or
was
no
t
risky
an
d
risky.
Th
e
inf
or
m
ant
rev
eal
e
d
that
there
was
a
n
influ
e
nce
fro
m
extern
al
pa
rtie
s,
especial
ly
par
ents
rela
te
d
to
m
ai
nta
ining
relat
ion
s
hip
s
,
a
nd
f
ro
m
reli
gi
ou
s
le
ade
rs
wi
th
f
reque
nt
li
ste
ning
or
watc
hi
ng
reli
gious
s
erv
ic
es
both
di
rectl
y
and
onli
ne.
A
s
f
or
t
he
risk
inf
or
m
ants,
t
hey
re
vealed
that
they
go
t
i
nf
l
uen
ce
f
ro
m
Ce
le
br
it
y
I
nst
agr
am
(celeb
gr
am
).
T
he
sta
te
m
ents are prese
nted
as
foll
ow
s:
“…
I
li
ke
t
o he
ar
Ust. Hana
n Att
aki’s
ta
us
iy
ah)
”
(
AM1
, 17
y.o.
).
“…
I was in
sp
ir
ed by m
y
m
o
m b
eca
us
e
of h
e
r
p
at
ie
nt a
nd si
m
pl
ic
it
y
”
(I
K2, 18
ye
a
rs
)
Re
sp
onse
:
“…
I
am
influ
enced
by
oth
e
r
people
an
d
sel
ebgram
.
They
are
in
a
re
la
ti
on
sh
i
p
f
or
ab
ou
t
five
ye
ars
”
(
T4
,
17
ye
a
rs
).
“…
My
p
are
nts
told
m
e to m
ain
ta
in m
y im
ag
e an
d be
patie
nt
in
faci
ng pr
oblem
s
calm
ly
”
(D
E
3,
17
ye
ars
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
201
9
:
4
7
0
-
4
7
5
474
Ba
sed
on
the
r
esults
of
t
he
st
ud
y,
it
is
know
n
that
ad
olesce
nts
w
ho
do
not
do
risk
y
be
ha
vior
ha
ve
a
good
unde
rsta
nd
i
ng
of
th
e
ef
fects
of
risky
beh
a
vior.
Ri
sk
beh
a
viors
su
c
h
as
sm
ok
ing,
pr
em
arit
al
sex,
datin
g
vio
le
nce
,
dr
i
nking
al
c
ohol,
a
nd
c
on
s
um
ing
il
le
gal
dru
gs
ha
ve
a
ne
gative
i
m
pact
on
healt
h,
both
physi
cal
and
m
ental
h
eal
th. The le
ve
l o
f k
nowle
dg
e
abo
ut
ci
gar
et
te
s is in
ver
sel
y
pro
portion
al
to
sm
ok
ing be
ha
vior
.
Fact
or
s
that
sign
i
ficantl
y
influ
ence
the
ris
ky
beh
avi
or
of
ado
le
sce
nts
ba
sed
on
SK
R
I
2007
data
ar
e
knowle
dge,
at
ti
tud
es,
ge
nder
,
age,
e
du
cat
io
n,
ec
onom
ic
sta
tus,
acce
ss
to
inf
or
m
at
ion
m
edia,
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
with
par
e
nts,
a
nd
t
he
pr
ese
nc
e
of
risky
be
ha
vior
f
rien
ds
.
The
m
os
t
do
m
inant
var
ia
ble
associat
ed
with
ris
ky
beh
a
vior i
n
a
dole
scents is
ge
nd
e
r.
Teena
ge bo
ys
ha
ve 30 t
im
es
m
or
e cha
nc
e to sm
ok
e,
10 ti
m
es
m
or
e to
dr
in
k
al
cohol,
20
ti
m
es
m
or
e
fo
r
drug
a
buse,
and
5
tim
es
m
or
e
for
pr
e
-
m
arit
al
sex
wh
e
n
com
par
ed
t
o
te
enag
e
girls
[
6]
.
Accor
ding
to
t
he
I
ndonesi
a
n
Re
producti
ve
Healt
h
S
urvey
(S
KR
I)
in
2007,
it
was
f
ound
that
55.
2%
of
te
e
nag
e
rs
i
n
I
ndonesi
a
ca
rr
y
out
ris
ky
beh
a
viors
(smoki
ng,
dr
in
king
al
co
hol,
pre
m
arit
al
sex,
a
nd
dru
g
abuse).
The
c
auses
of
ad
ole
scent
ris
k
behavio
r
co
ns
ist
of
f
our
ca
us
es
,
the
e
xistence
of
fam
il
y
pr
oble
m
s,
getti
ng
a
ba
d
ro
le
m
od
el
f
ro
m
fa
m
il
y
me
m
ber
s,
getti
ng
a
ba
d
ro
le
m
od
el
fr
om
cel
ebr
it
ie
s
(Inst
agr
a
m
cel
ebr
it
i
es),
bu
ll
yi
ng
,
an
d
unf
avora
ble
cop
i
ng
w
hich
c
on
si
der
ris
ky
be
ha
vior
as
a
so
lut
ion
to
prob
le
m
s.
In
sm
ok
ing
be
ha
vior,
sm
ok
ers
and
non
-
sm
ok
ers
ha
ve
dif
fere
nt
knowle
dge
[7]
.
The
re
are
1.
4%
of
m
iddl
e
and
high
sch
ool
te
ens
w
ho
ex
pe
rience
ab
us
e
e
very
day.
Sexual
har
as
sm
ent
or
j
okes
a
re
the
s
econd
m
os
t
com
m
on
ty
pe
of
a
buse
t
hat
is
oft
en
e
xperie
nced
by
m
idd
le
an
d
hi
gh
sc
hool
te
ens
.
A
total
of
4.6
8%
had
bee
n
be
at
en,
sla
pp
e
d or i
nte
ntion
al
ly
physi
cal
ly
h
ur
t
by
his g
irl
fr
ie
nd.
In
bo
ys i
t i
s
6.9
5%
and
2.5
4%
i
n girls
[8]
.
People
w
ho
in
flue
nce
a
do
le
s
cents
in
deter
m
ining
wh
et
he
r
their
be
ha
vior
are
at
ris
k
co
ns
ist
of
t
w
o
so
urces
,
nam
el
y
internal
a
nd
exter
nal.
Pa
rent
s
hav
e
a
str
on
g
in
flue
nce
i
n
determ
ining
th
e
be
hav
i
or
of
t
heir
childre
n.
T
he
tob
acc
o
co
nsum
ption
be
ha
vior
of
p
a
ren
t
s
aff
ect
s
sig
ni
ficantl
y
the
sm
ok
ing
be
ha
vi
or
of
ado
le
sce
nts
[
9]
.
The
c
ho
ic
e
of
people
f
ro
m
t
he
exte
rn
al
e
nvir
on
m
ent
as
infl
uen
ti
al
pe
ople
gr
eat
ly
deter
m
ines
ado
le
sce
nt
be
ha
vior.
F
or
a
dole
scents
who
are
not
at
risk,
Ustadz
or
re
li
gio
us
le
ade
rs
are
on
e
of
th
e
ro
le
m
od
el
s
in
behavin
g.
T
her
e
i
s
a
sign
ific
a
nt
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
reli
giosi
ty
and
ju
veni
le
delinquenc
y.
The
higher
the
le
ve
l
of
ad
olescent
reli
gio
sit
y,
the
lower
the
te
ndency
of
ju
veni
le
delinqu
e
nc
y
[10]
.
Com
m
i
t
m
ent
to
reli
gious
va
lues
preve
nts
beh
a
viou
r
ad
ver
sel
y
af
fects
healt
h
an
d
prom
otes
per
s
pe
ct
ive
and
be
ha
viour
healt
hy
ones
[
11
]
.
Re
li
giosi
ty
has
a
great
er
r
ole
in
the
acqu
isi
ti
on
of
ex
per
ie
nc
e
a
tt
it
ud
es
an
d
posit
iv
e
e
m
otion
s
s
ome
on
e
com
par
e
d
dem
og
ra
ph
i
c
chara
ct
erist
ic
s
[
12
]
.
They
al
so
c
hoos
e
ido
ls
w
ho
be
have
exem
plary.
Mean
w
h
ile
,
ad
olescents
w
ho
are
at
risk,
they
hav
e
fr
ie
nd
s
who
be
hav
e
in
th
e
sa
m
e
way,
na
m
el
y
sm
ok
ing
,
prem
arit
al
sex
, c
ons
um
ption
of
dru
gs
, e
ve
n dr
i
nk
i
ng alco
ho
l a
nd
vio
le
nce
.
School
f
rien
ds
hav
e
no
m
or
e
sign
ific
a
nt
in
fl
uen
ce
tha
n
fr
ie
nd
s
in
the
hom
e
en
vir
on
m
ent
and
f
rien
ds
oth
e
r
tha
n
i
n
sch
ool
an
d
ho
m
e
en
viron
m
ent
towa
rds
ad
olescent
s
m
ok
ing
be
havi
our
[
13]
.
In
al
cohol
consum
ption
,
peer
s
ha
ve
a
s
tro
ng
infl
ue
nc
e
on
i
nf
lue
nci
ng
al
co
hol
dri
nk
i
ng
be
ha
viour
[
14
]
.
T
hey
al
so
get
acce
ss
to
public
figures
from
pr
og
ram
s
that
ar
e
no
t
good.
The
pro
gr
am
c
onduct
s
risky
beh
a
vior
so
th
at
the
ado
le
sce
nt
ad
he
res
to
/
f
ollo
ws.
Pee
rs,
e
nviro
nm
ent,
and
e
du
cat
io
n
le
vel
sign
ific
a
ntly
influ
e
nce
the
sm
oki
ng
beh
a
viou
r
[15]
.
T
he
si
gn
s
are
cause
d
by
us
e
al
co
ho
l
(alco
hol)
ge
ner
al
ly
w
il
l
cause
c
our
a
ge
to
le
ad
to
a
bu
si
ve
beh
a
vior,
sho
rt
-
te
m
per
ed,
ir
rita
ble and a
ct
br
utall
y
[16]
.
Adolesce
nts who
be
hav
e
not at
r
isk and ar
e
no
t at
r
is
k
ha
ve
a d
iffe
ren
t
w
ay
o
f
lo
ok
i
ng
a
t t
he
ben
e
fits
of
thei
r
be
ha
vi
or
.
F
or
te
ens
who
beh
a
ve
not
at
risk,
the
y
arg
ue
t
hat
r
isk
be
hav
i
or
will
no
t
pro
vi
de
any
ben
e
fits.
T
o
m
ai
ntai
n
go
od
be
hav
i
or,
ad
ole
scents
be
ha
ve
no
t
at
ris
k
of
f
eel
ing
m
or
e
f
oc
us
e
d
in
do
i
ng
their
act
ivit
ie
s,
calm
er
,
a
nd
able
to
m
ai
ntain
fam
i
l
y
dignit
y.
W
hi
le
for
ad
olesce
nts
at
ris
k,
the
y
us
e
ris
ky
be
hav
i
or
to
so
lve
pro
blem
s
they
face.
That
is,
sm
ok
ers
assum
e
that
sm
ok
ing
can
be
us
ed
as
a
wa
y
to
treat
the
m
sel
ves
from
feeli
ng
s
of
a
nx
ie
ty
an
d
stress
due
to
the
pro
blem
.
But
no
t
as
e
xpect
ed,
sm
ok
ing
act
ually
increases
anx
ie
ty
an
d
te
ns
io
n.
T
he
fee
li
ng
of
relaxati
on
i
s
te
m
po
rary
and
im
m
edi
at
el
y
asks
fo
r
it
again
by
sm
ok
i
ng
again.
Sm
ok
in
g
is
no
t
a
n
eff
e
ct
ive
way
to
overc
om
e
m
ental
healt
h
pro
ble
m
s
[17]
.
Sm
ok
in
g
can
si
gn
if
ic
antly
aff
ect
m
ental
hea
lt
h
[
18
]
.
Ba
sed
on
t
his
descr
i
ption,
a
dole
scents
w
ho
do
not
ris
k
be
ha
vior
d
o
no
t
ha
ve
the
i
ntenti
on
t
o
do
a
ny
of
t
hese
risk
be
hav
i
or
s
.
T
hey
ha
ve
good
c
ontr
ol
to
sta
y
a
way
f
ro
m
,
av
oi
d,
a
nd
eve
n
obey
not
to
do
risky
act
ion
s
co
ns
ist
ently
.
Self
-
c
ontr
ol
and
sm
ok
in
g
be
ha
vio
r
hav
e
a
neg
at
ive
relat
ion
s
hi
p,
m
eaning
th
at
the
stronge
r
t
he
s
el
f
c
on
tr
ol,
t
he
le
ss li
kely
the
possibil
it
y of
sm
ok
i
ng
[10
,
19
]
.
Ther
e
is
a
sig
ni
ficant
relat
ionship
betwee
n
s
el
f
co
ntr
ol
an
d
j
uve
nile
delin
qu
e
ncy.
G
ood
sel
f
co
ntr
ol
is
wh
at
can
bri
ng
posit
ive
c
onse
qu
e
nces
[
10]
.
A
dole
scent
sel
f
c
on
t
ro
l
of
sm
ok
ing
be
ha
vior
is
al
s
o
in
fluen
c
e
d
by
te
ena
ger
s'
pe
rcep
ti
ons
of
the
ty
pe
of
pa
r
enting
pa
ren
ts
.
Adolesce
nts
who
per
cei
ve
par
e
ntin
g
patte
rn
s
a
re
no
t
pe
rm
issi
ve
hav
e
a
highe
r
le
vel
of
sel
f
-
co
ntr
ol
of
s
m
ok
ing
be
havi
or
than
a
do
le
scents
w
ho
pe
rceive
per
m
issi
ve
parenti
n
g
[
20]
.
Ther
e
needs
to
be
stren
gth
e
nin
g
in
the
distribu
ti
on
of
inf
orm
at
ion
to
ado
l
escents
at
the
school
le
vel.
This
pro
gr
am
e
m
po
we
rs
ad
ol
escents
to
rej
e
ct
s
m
ok
ing
la
ughte
r
and
peer
pr
ess
ur
e
[
21]
.
School
-
base
d
healt
h
and
ci
gar
et
te
inter
ven
ti
on
program
s
hav
e
a
po
sit
ive
im
pact
on
inc
reas
ing
knowle
dge
a
m
on
g
Ind
onesi
an
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Phe
nome
no
l
ogic
al stu
dy of ri
sky te
en
ag
er
beha
vi
or
i
n
v
oc
ational
high sc
hool
…
(
Suci
Musvit
a Ayu
)
475
ado
le
sce
nts
[22]
.
T
her
e
is
a
nee
d
f
or
de
norm
al
iz
a
ti
on
of
ci
gar
et
te
c
on
s
um
ption
a
nd
syst
em
ic
i
m
pact
interve
ntio
ns
t
o
c
on
t
ro
l
a
dole
scent
sm
ok
in
g
beh
a
vior
[13]
.
A
dole
scent
s
nee
d
norm
edu
cat
io
n
a
s
ea
rly
as
po
s
sible
[23
,
24]
.
Mo
ral e
du
c
at
ion
a
nd ho
ne
sty
can
s
hap
e
the c
har
act
e
r of a chil
d at
futu
r
e
[
25
]
.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
inter
nal
a
nd
e
xter
nal
fa
ct
or
s
of
a
do
le
s
cents
determ
ine
wh
et
her
the
te
enag
e
r
will
do
t
he
ris
ky
beh
a
vior.
A
st
ron
g
colla
bo
ra
ti
on
be
twee
n
inter
nal
an
d
e
xt
ern
al
fact
or
s
sh
a
pes
be
ha
vi
or
w
hich
is
not
risky
from
ad
olescen
ts, an
d vice
versa.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
D.
Rokhm
ah,
"
P
are
nt
ing
and
for
m
at
ion
of
se
xual
beha
v
ior
r
isk
f
o
r
HIV
/
AID
S
in
tra
nsvest
it
es
,
"
J
.
Keseha
t.
Masy.
,
vol.
11
(
1
)
,
pp
.
1
25
-
134,
2015
.
[2]
R.
Marga
r
et
ha
,
"
The
re
lationship
bet
wee
n
emotio
nal
vio
le
nc
e
in
c
hil
dre
n
and
th
e
t
ende
nc
y
o
f
juvenile
d
el
inqu
ency
,"
Junal
Psik
olog
is Kl
in
.
dan
Keseh
at.
M
ent.
,
vol. 1
(
2
),
pp
.
1
-
9
,
2012
.
[3]
M.
S.
Dekovi
c
,
"
Risk
and
protec
ti
ve
f
actors
in
th
e
dev
el
opm
ent
o
f
proble
m
beh
av
ior
during
adol
e
sc
enc
e
,
"
J
.
Y
out
h
Adol
esc
.
,
vol
.
28
(
6
),
pp
.
667
-
685
,
1999.
[4]
BP
S,
BKK
BN,
Kem
enke
s,
and
ICF
Inte
rna
t
ional,
Indon
esia
De
mogr
aphic
and
Jak
arta:
B
PS,
B
KKBN,
Keme
n
k
es
dan
ICF
In
te
rna
ti
onal
.
Jaka
rta:
BP
S,
BKK
BN,
Kem
enke
s,
ICF
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l, 20
13.
[5]
Denz
in and Lincoln,
Handbook
o
f
Qualit
a
tive
Re
s
earc
h
.
Yog
y
a
kar
ta
:
Pus
ta
ka
Pe
laj
ar,
2009
.
[6]
H.
Le
star
i,
"
Yo
ung
adul
ts
risk
beha
vior
b
y
I
ndonesia
y
oung
adul
t
r
epr
oduc
ti
ve
h
ea
l
th
su
r
ve
y
,
"
J
.
Kesehat.
Re
produksi
,
vol
.
1
(
3
), pp.
136
-
14
4,
2007
.
[7]
X.
Xu,
D.
Yin,
P.
Le
ung
,
B.
Li
,
P.
W
ang,
and
Y.
Zha
o
,
"
Sm
ok
ing
-
relate
d
kno
wledge
,
attit
ud
e,
socia
l
pr
essure,
an
d
envi
ronm
ent
a
l
c
onstrai
nts
among
new
unde
rgra
duat
e
s
in,
"
In
t.
J
.
En
vi
ron.
R
es.
Publ
ic
Heal
th
,
v
ol.
12
(
2
)
,
pp
.
89
5
-
909,
2015
.
[8]
N.
Kus
um
awa
r
dani
et
al
.
,
He
alt
h
Ri
sk
B
eha
vi
or
in
Middl
e
and
High
School
s
in
Indone
sia
.
Jaka
rt
a:
Ba
dan
Li
tba
ngk
es
Kem
ent
er
ia
n
RI
,
2
01
5.
[9]
S.
E.
-
T
.
E
l
-
Am
in,
B.
I.
Nw
aru
,
I.
Gin
awi,
P
.
Pis
ani
,
and
M.
Hak
ama,
"
The
ro
le
of
par
ent
s,
fr
ie
n
ds
and
te
a
che
rs
in
adol
esc
ent
s’
ci
g
are
t
te
sm
oking a
nd
tombak
dipp
i
ng
In
sudan
,
"
B
MJ
J
.
,
vol
.
20
(
2
)
,
pp
.
94
-
99
,
201
1.
[10]
E.
Avi
y
ah
and
M.
Farid,
"
Relig
iosit
y
,
self
cont
r
ol
and
juve
n
il
e
d
el
inqu
e
nc
y
,
"
Pe
r
s.
J.
Psi
kol.
Indo
nes.
,
vol
.
3
(
2
),
p
p.
126
-
129,
2014
.
[11]
A.
M.
Abdel
-
kh
al
ek
and
D.
L
est
er,
"
Th
e
associ
ation
bet
we
en
re
ligios
ity
,
g
ene
r
al
i
ze
d
self
-
ef
fi
cac
y
,
m
ent
al
health
,
and
happ
ine
ss
in
Arab college
stu
dent
s,
"
Pe
rs
.
Ind
iv
id
.
Dif
.
,
vol
.
10
9,
pp
.
12
-
16
,
20
17.
[12]
N.
M.
Le
st
ari,
S.
Ps
ikol
ogi,
F.
Kedokte
ran
,
and
U.
S
y
i
ah,
"
E
ffe
ct
s
of
G
ende
r
,
a
ge,
and
religiosi
t
y
on
adolesce
n
t
m
ent
al
h
ealth
,
"
Phi
lant
hr.
J
.
Psy
chol
.
,
vo
l. 1
(
2
),
pp.
85
-
102
,
201
7.
[13]
A.
Li
em,
"
The
i
nflue
nc
e
of
m
ass
m
edi
a,
famil
y
,
and
frie
nds
on
te
ena
g
e
sm
oking
beha
v
ior
in
Yog
y
ak
arta,
"
Mak
a
ra
Hubs
-
Asia
,
vol
.
18
(
1
0,
pp
.
41
-
52
,
2014
.
[14]
C.
Jall
ing
,
T.
H.
El
gán
,
A.
Te
ngström
,
and
A.
Birge
går
d
,
"
Gende
r
-
spec
if
ic
pre
dic
tors
of
a
t
-
risk
adol
es
c
ents
’
haz
ard
ous
alcoh
ol
use
-
a
cohor
t
s
tud
y
,
"
Subst
.
Ab
use
Tr
eat
.
Prev. Pol
icy
,
vol
.
12
(
23
),
pp
.
1
-
10
,
201
7.
[15]
M.
Pakidi
and
S.
W
idi
ati,
"
Fa
c
tors
aff
e
ct
ing
young
wom
en
sm
oking
beha
vio
r
in
T
aman
Bun
gkul
Suraba
y
a
,
"
J.
Promke
s
,
vo
l. 3
(
1
),
pp
.
25
-
37
,
20
15.
[16]
P.
L.
P.
Rori
,
"
Eff
ects
of
th
e
u
se
of
li
quor
on
te
en
li
f
e
in
Ka
li
Vill
ag
e,
Pin
ele
ng
Distric
t
,
Min
aha
sa
R
ege
nc
y
,
”
Holisti
k
J. Soc. Cult.
,
vol
.
8
(
16
), pp.
1
-
12,
2015.
[17]
AS
H,
"
Sm
oking
and
m
ent
a
l
h
ea
l
t
h.
a
ction
on
sm
o
king
and
h
e
al
th
,
"
2013.
[18]
R.
W
az
ir
y
,
M.
Jawad,
R
.
A.
Ballout,
M
.
Al
Ake
l,
and
E
.
A.
Akl
,
"
The
eff
ec
ts
o
f
wate
rp
ipe
tobacc
o
sm
oking
o
n
hea
l
th
out
comes :
A
n
upda
te
d
s
y
s
te
m
at
i
c
r
evi
ew a
nd
m
et
a
-
an
aly
sis
,
"
Int
.
J. E
pid
emi
ol.
,
vol
.
46
(
1
)
,
p
p.
32
–
43
,
2017
.
[19]
G.
C.
Run
tuka
hu
,
J.
Sino
lunga
n
,
and
H.
Opod
,
"
R
el
a
ti
onships
be
t
wee
n
self
-
cont
ro
l
with
sm
oking
beha
viors
In
SM
K
1
Bit
ung
,
"
J
.
e
-
B
iomedi
k
,
vo
l. 3
(
1
),
pp
.
84
-
92
,
201
5.
[20]
R.
W
ula
ningsih,
"
Rel
ationship
bet
wee
n
p
are
n
tal
par
en
ti
ng
per
c
ept
ions
and
ado
le
sce
n
t
self
con
trol
on
sm
oking
beha
vio
r
in
Isla
m
ic
Boardi
ng
Sc
hools,
"
J
.
Psik
ol
.
Kli
n
.
dan
Keseh
at.
M
en
t.
,
vol. 4
(
4
),
pp
.
119
-
126
,
2015.
[21]
M.
Dahlui,
N.
K
.
Jaha
n
,
H.
A.
M
aj
id
,
M.
Y.
Jal
aludin,
L.
Murra
y
,
and
M.
C
ant
we
l
l,
"
Risk
and
prot
ec
t
ive
f
ac
to
rs
for
ci
gar
et
t
e
u
se
in
Young
Adolesc
e
nts
in
a
School
S
et
ti
ng
:
W
hat
co
uld
be
don
e
be
t
t
er
?
,
"
PLoS
One
,
vol.
June
(
11
),
p
p.
1
-
12,
2015
.
[22]
T.
Ta
hl
il
,
R.
J
.
W
oodm
an,
J.
Coveney
,
and
P.
R.
W
ard
,
"
The
impact
of
edu
ca
t
ion
progra
m
s
on
smoking
pre
v
ent
io
n :
a
ran
dom
ized
co
ntrol
le
d
trial
among
11
to
14
y
e
ar
olds
in
Ace
h
,
Indone
sia
,
"
BM
C
Publ
i
c
Heal
th
,
vol
.
13(
367
)
,
p
p.
1
-
11,
2013
.
[23]
H.
T
.
Gre
ene a
n
d
shaun
L. Ga
b
bidon,
Encyc
lop
edi
a
o
f
Ra
ce and
Crime
.
SA
GE
Publicati
on
,
2009
.
[24]
T.
KA
,
S.
TN,
and
F.
AD
,
"
Longi
tudi
n
al
r
elati
onships
bet
w
ee
n
ind
ivi
dua
l
and
class
norms
supporting
dat
in
g
viol
en
ce
and
p
er
pet
ra
ti
on
of
da
tin
g
viol
enc
e
,
"
j Y
outh
Ado
le
sc
,
vo
l.
44
(
3
)
,
pp
.
745
-
760,
2015
.
[25]
D.
Sat
y
a
,
Y.
Ag
ustin,
N.
W
.
Sua
rm
ini
,
and
S
.
Pra
bowo,
"
the
ro
le
of
the
f
amil
y
is
ver
y
importan
t
i
n
m
ent
al
educat
i
on,
chi
ldr
en’
s c
h
aract
er
and
childre
n
’s c
har
ac
t
er
bu
ild
ing,
"
J. Sos.
Hu
m.
,
vo
l. 8
(
1
), pp.
46
-
54,
2015
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.