I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in Ed
uca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2020
,
p
p
.
292
~
3
0
2
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8822
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
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e
.
v9
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2
.
2
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292
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Visua
l art tea
cher
s’ det
er
m
ina
tion
o
f
the
s
elf
su
ff
ici
e
ncy
t
o
use
a
lternativ
e as
ses
sm
en
t
too
ls
Sehra
n
Dil
m
a
ç,
O
ğ
uz
Dil
m
a
ç
F
a
c
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lt
y
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rt
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sig
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icle
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nfo
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ticle
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to
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lt
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In
t
h
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‘th
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ro
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p
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t
e
v
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lu
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o
n
.
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d
e
sc
rip
ti
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e
su
rv
e
y
m
o
d
e
l
w
a
s
u
se
d
a
s
th
e
q
u
a
n
ti
tativ
e
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se
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rc
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o
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ta
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a
s
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e
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th
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g
h
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rt
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th
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t
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lso
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m
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d
as
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ro
g
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ss
io
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F
il
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,
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e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
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A
s
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e
n
t
a
n
d
u
sin
g
th
e
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ra
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in
g
Ke
y
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u
ff
icie
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y
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c
a
l
e
b
y
th
e
V
isu
a
l
A
rts
T
e
a
c
h
e
rs’.
Th
e
stu
d
y
is
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
w
it
h
1
2
3
v
isu
a
l
a
rt
tea
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2
0
1
8
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a
c
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d
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a
rs.
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e
,
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e
rf
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a
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c
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ss
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m
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t
a
n
d
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th
e
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ra
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in
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Ke
y
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y
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c
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le
w
a
s
a
p
p
li
e
d
t
o
V
isu
a
l
A
rts
T
e
a
c
h
e
rs.
It
w
a
s
d
e
term
in
e
d
th
a
t
m
o
st
of
t
h
e
tea
c
h
e
rs
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
m
se
l
v
e
s
a
d
e
q
u
a
te
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
lter
n
ati
v
e
a
s
s
ess
m
e
n
t
Ass
es
s
m
en
t
Vis
u
a
l
ar
ts
ed
u
ca
tio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Seh
r
an
D
il
m
aç
,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
A
r
t a
n
d
Desi
g
n
,
İ
z
m
ir
Katip
Ç
eleb
i U
n
iv
er
s
it
y
,
B
alatç
ık
Ma
h
al
lesi
Ha
v
aa
la
n
ı
Şo
s
esi No
:3
3
/2
B
alatç
ık
3
5
6
2
0
,
İ
zm
ir
,
T
u
r
k
e
y
.
E
m
ail: se
h
r
an
.
d
il
m
ac
@
i
k
cu
.
e
d
u
.
tr
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Vis
u
a
l
A
r
ts
co
u
r
s
e
is
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
w
h
ic
h
lear
n
er
s
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
eir
f
ee
lin
g
s
a
n
d
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
s
in
t
w
o
o
r
th
r
ee
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
b
y
m
a
k
in
g
ce
r
tain
d
esi
g
n
s
w
i
th
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
ater
ials
in
li
n
e
w
it
h
a
ce
r
tain
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
it
h
as
a
p
o
s
iti
v
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
'
s
p
er
ce
p
tu
al
an
d
ae
s
th
e
tic
q
u
ali
ties
an
d
s
el
f
-
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
s
k
il
ls
.
T
o
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
i
s
ef
f
e
ct,
n
u
m
er
ical
d
ata
is
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
s
k
ill
s
o
f
th
e
lear
n
er
s
an
d
t
h
e
r
ea
lizatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
e
s
[
1
]
.
A
lter
n
ati
v
e
as
s
es
s
m
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
a
s
s
ess
m
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
en
ab
le
t
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
w
h
ic
h
in
cl
u
d
es
m
o
r
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ass
ess
m
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
v
is
u
al
a
r
ts
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
B
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
V
i
s
u
al
A
r
t
s
co
u
r
s
e
i
s
p
r
im
ar
il
y
a
p
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f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
co
u
r
s
e
t
h
at
ai
m
s
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
ae
s
t
h
eti
cs
an
d
cr
ea
ti
v
it
y
a
s
w
ell
a
s
th
e
co
g
n
i
tiv
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t r
elate
d
to
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
,
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
in
t to
b
e
e
m
p
h
a
s
ized
in
th
e
ar
ticl
e
is
t
h
at
w
h
i
le
r
e
m
e
m
b
er
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
te
n
t o
f
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t is ea
s
y
to
test
,
it
is
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
to
ev
al
u
ate
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
cr
ea
tiv
it
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
alter
n
ativ
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
to
o
ls
an
d
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
.
A
lter
n
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v
e
ass
e
s
s
m
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n
t
g
iv
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s
teac
h
er
s
a
ch
an
ce
to
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
e
ir
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
'
w
ea
k
n
es
s
es
an
d
s
tr
en
g
t
h
s
i
n
v
ar
iab
le
s
it
u
atio
n
s
,
as
w
ell
as
e
v
al
u
ati
n
g
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
-
b
ased
an
d
r
ea
l
-
li
f
e
-
r
elate
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
er
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
ar
e
ac
tiv
e
r
at
h
er
th
a
n
a
r
esu
l
t
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
ass
ess
m
en
t
[
4
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
is
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
th
a
t
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
teac
h
er
s
ab
o
u
t
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
il
l
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
alo
n
g
w
it
h
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
v
is
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
w
h
ich
s
ch
o
o
ls
ai
m
to
d
ev
elo
p
s
o
cial
s
k
ills
s
u
c
h
as
co
o
p
er
atio
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,
s
e
lf
-
co
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f
id
en
ce
,
an
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e
m
p
ath
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ap
p
r
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ac
h
b
y
d
ir
ec
tin
g
s
t
u
d
en
ts
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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8822
V
is
u
a
l a
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a
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tio
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f th
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293
r
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d
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in
m
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w
a
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s
[
5
]
.
Vis
u
al
A
r
ts
co
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s
e
h
as
a
s
ti
m
u
la
tin
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d
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elo
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f
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in
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e
v
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o
p
in
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s
k
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lls
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S
tu
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s
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s
p
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m
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task
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p
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cr
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k
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g
,
p
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o
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cr
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ac
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W
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w
a
y
s
[
6
,
7
]
.
W
h
ile
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
g
en
er
all
y
ev
a
lu
at
e
m
e
m
o
r
ized
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
al
ter
n
ativ
e
as
s
es
s
m
en
t
to
o
ls
tr
y
to
r
ev
ea
l
s
t
u
d
en
ts
'
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
an
d
s
u
cc
e
s
s
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
alter
n
ati
v
e
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
to
o
ls
h
av
e
an
alter
n
ati
v
e
f
ea
t
u
r
e
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lear
n
in
g
s
t
y
le
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
alter
n
ativ
es
f
o
r
th
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
ese
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
[
8
]
.
I
n
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
ev
al
u
ati
n
g
lear
n
in
g
is
g
e
n
er
all
y
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
w
it
h
r
esu
lt
-
o
r
ien
ted
ex
a
m
s
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
it
i
s
s
ep
ar
ate
f
r
o
m
teac
h
in
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
m
e
th
o
d
is
n
o
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
i
n
m
e
asu
r
i
n
g
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
s
k
ill
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
tr
ad
iti
o
n
al
ass
es
s
m
en
t
s
ar
e
in
s
u
f
f
i
cien
t
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
lear
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
k
ill
s
to
r
ef
lect
th
e
s
u
cc
es
s
o
f
ex
p
ec
ted
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
s
,
u
n
les
s
t
h
e
y
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
w
it
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
-
b
ased
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
s
[
9
,
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
li
m
i
ted
to
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
to
o
ls
an
d
m
e
th
o
d
s
as
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e
w
il
l
n
o
t
m
ee
t
th
is
n
ee
d
g
iv
e
n
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
v
i
s
u
al
ar
ts
co
u
r
s
e
.
I
t
is
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
cr
ea
tiv
it
y
w
i
th
a
n
y
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
to
o
l
in
a
v
is
u
a
l
ar
t
s
co
u
r
s
e,
o
n
e
o
f
w
h
ic
h
is
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
cr
ea
t
iv
e
i
m
ag
i
n
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t.
“
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
n
o
t
o
r
g
an
ized
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
ac
ti
v
itie
s
t
h
at
lead
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
r
esear
c
h
b
y
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
ab
o
u
t
th
e
m
a
n
d
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
y
ar
e
n
o
t
allo
w
ed
to
u
s
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
;
i
n
s
h
o
r
t,
to
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
s
t
u
d
en
ts
g
r
ad
u
ate
w
it
h
s
u
p
er
f
icia
l
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
th
e
y
m
e
m
o
r
ize”
[
1
1
]
.
A
r
t
ac
tiv
ities
h
av
e
m
an
y
f
ea
t
u
r
es
th
a
t
e
m
p
h
asize
i
n
d
iv
id
u
alit
y
a
n
d
o
r
ig
in
alit
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
alter
n
ativ
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
to
o
ls
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
p
r
ac
tices,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
m
o
r
e
f
lex
ib
l
e,
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
v
e,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
k
ills
an
d
i
n
cl
u
d
e
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
t
is
a
co
m
p
le
x
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
ar
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
o
n
th
e
co
g
n
iti
v
e
a
n
d
af
f
ec
ti
v
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
an
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
le
v
els
o
f
ar
ti
s
tic
cr
ea
ti
v
it
y
to
g
eth
er
o
r
s
ep
ar
atel
y
[
1
2
,
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
Vis
u
al
A
r
t
s
co
u
r
s
e,
it
i
s
b
etter
to
ev
alu
ate
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
ies
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
s
i
n
g
le
co
r
r
ec
t
an
s
w
er
,
as
in
o
t
h
er
co
u
r
s
e
s
,
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
s
e
v
er
al
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ass
es
s
m
en
t
to
o
ls
.
Fo
r
th
i
s
r
ea
s
o
n
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
e
v
al
u
atio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
alte
r
n
ativ
e
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
m
ea
s
u
r
es s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
r
ea
l p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
l
v
in
g
s
k
ill
s
b
y
f
o
cu
s
i
n
g
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
4
]
.
Star
tin
g
f
r
o
m
1
9
9
0
,
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
led
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
ev
alu
a
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
(
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
al
u
a
tio
n
,
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
ev
al
u
atio
n
,
etc
.
)
an
d
to
o
ls
(
r
u
b
r
ics,
ch
ec
k
li
s
ts
,
attit
u
d
e
s
ca
le
s
,
s
co
r
in
g
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
)
[
1
5
,
1
6
]
.
T
h
ese
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
h
elp
teac
h
er
s
to
o
b
tain
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esu
lt
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
ar
tis
tic
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
ar
tis
ti
c
lear
n
in
g
.
I
t
is
also
o
f
g
r
ea
t
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
th
a
t
tea
ch
er
s
ca
n
c
h
o
o
s
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
alter
n
ati
v
e
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
to
o
ls
w
h
e
n
ev
a
lu
at
in
g
th
eir
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
ar
tis
tic
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
I
n
s
tead
o
f
a
r
esu
l
t
-
o
r
ien
ted
ass
es
s
m
e
n
t,
ev
al
u
ati
n
g
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
w
h
ic
h
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
ac
ti
v
e,
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
-
b
ased
a
n
d
r
ea
l
-
li
f
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
ill
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
i
n
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
at
alte
r
n
ativ
e
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
is
cip
lin
e
s
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
u
b
j
ec
t
ar
ea
s
.
E
r
[
1
7
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
r
ev
ea
led
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
alter
n
ati
v
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
n
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
attitu
d
e
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
h
is
ap
p
lied
r
esear
ch
in
clu
d
i
n
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
g
r
id
an
d
d
iag
n
o
s
t
ic
b
r
an
ch
ed
tr
ee
u
s
ed
as
an
alter
n
ati
v
e
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
t
o
o
l.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
alter
n
ativ
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
m
a
k
e
th
e
less
o
n
s
en
j
o
y
ab
le,
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
ab
le
an
d
in
ter
esti
n
g
,
a
n
d
th
is
m
eth
o
d
allo
w
s
th
e
m
to
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
e
les
s
o
n
m
o
r
e
ea
s
il
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
er
m
an
e
n
ce
i
n
t
h
eir
lear
n
in
g
.
I
n
B
aşo
ğ
lu
[
1
8
]
it
w
as
d
eter
m
in
ed
t
h
at
alter
n
a
tiv
e
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
h
ad
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
u
cc
es
s
.
T
h
e
y
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
a
t
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
r
u
b
r
ics u
s
ed
b
y
Ma
n
u
e
la
an
d
J
esu
s
[
1
9
]
in
th
e
alter
n
ati
v
e
as
s
ess
m
e
n
t
m
a
k
e
it
ea
s
ier
f
o
r
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
to
ac
ce
s
s
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
i
n
teac
h
i
n
g
,
th
at
t
h
e
y
ar
e
s
a
tis
f
ied
w
it
h
th
eir
u
s
e
i
n
b
o
th
s
el
f
a
n
d
p
ee
r
ass
ess
m
e
n
ts
,
a
n
d
h
av
e
p
o
s
iti
v
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
b
y
Ma
n
u
e
la
an
d
J
esu
s
[
1
9
]
,
th
e
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
elec
tr
o
n
ic
r
u
b
r
ics
u
s
ed
in
alter
n
ativ
e
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
is
an
ass
es
s
m
en
t
th
at
f
ac
il
itates
ac
ce
s
s
to
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
i
n
teac
h
in
g
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
t
h
e
y
ar
e
s
at
is
f
ied
w
it
h
t
h
eir
u
s
e
in
b
o
th
s
el
f
an
d
p
ee
r
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
,
an
d
h
av
e
p
o
s
iti
v
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
t
h
e
ap
p
licat
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
s
a
r
esu
l
t
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
Ma
i
m
o
u
n
a
an
d
Sa
l
m
a
[
2
0
]
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
teac
h
er
s
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
alt
er
n
ativ
e
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
th
e
y
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2.
M
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2
5
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,
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2
5
]
,
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s
el
f
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f
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r
ad
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s
co
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k
e
y
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L
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k
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t
t
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e
“Co
m
p
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ag
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ee
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m
o
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atel
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r
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n
eit
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ag
r
ee
,
M
o
d
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ately
d
is
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g
r
ee
,
co
m
p
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y
di
s
ag
r
ee
”,
co
n
tai
n
s
L
i
k
er
t
t
y
p
e
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
ite
m
s
.
T
h
e
r
elev
an
t
d
ata
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
an
al
y
ze
d
in
t
h
e
SP
SS
1
3
.
0
A
g
r
ee
”
p
ac
k
a
g
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
I
n
th
e
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
r
ev
ie
w
s
;
t
-
te
s
t
r
es
u
lt
s
f
o
r
ite
m
a
v
er
ag
e
s
ar
e
p
>
0
.
0
5
an
d
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
r
<.
2
7
ite
m
s
w
i
th
3
0
ite
m
s
b
elo
w
an
d
1
ite
m
w
it
h
i
te
m
-
to
tal
co
r
r
elatio
n
v
al
u
e
b
el
o
w
0
.
3
0
w
er
e
a
ls
o
r
e
m
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
ilo
t
s
ca
le.
T
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
Alp
h
a
i
n
ter
n
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
ic
ien
t o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
w
as d
eter
m
i
n
ed
as
9
2
.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Du
r
in
g
th
e
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
d
at
a,
it
w
as
f
ir
s
t
c
h
ec
k
ed
w
h
et
h
e
r
th
e
a
s
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
“
D
ata
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
ter
m
itte
n
t
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al”,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
ar
am
e
tr
ic
test
s
,
“Da
ta
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
f
o
r
m
to
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
”
an
d
“Gr
o
u
p
v
ar
ian
c
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
eq
u
al”.
T
o
d
et
er
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
co
r
es
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
g
r
o
u
p
,
Sh
ap
ir
o
-
W
ilk
n
o
r
m
alit
y
test
w
a
s
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
-
s
k
e
w
n
ess
v
al
u
es
w
e
r
e
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
an
d
n
o
n
p
ar
a
m
e
tr
ic
test
s
w
er
e
d
ec
id
ed
to
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
s
i
n
ce
th
e
d
ata
w
er
e
n
o
t
n
o
r
m
all
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
an
d
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
v
ar
iab
les
w
er
e
les
s
th
a
n
3
0
.
Of
t
h
e
tes
ts
,
it
w
a
s
d
ec
id
ed
to
u
s
e
t
h
e
Ma
n
n
W
h
it
n
e
y
U
test
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
t
w
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
Kr
u
s
k
al
W
allis
test
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
t
wo
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
A
n
al
y
s
is
r
esu
l
ts
w
e
r
e
test
ed
at
p
<
0
.
0
5
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
lev
el.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
i
s
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
n
t
h
e
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
le
v
els
o
f
t
h
e
v
is
u
al
ar
ts
teac
h
er
s
u
s
i
n
g
alter
n
ativ
e
as
s
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
an
d
t
h
e
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
v
is
u
al
ar
ts
teac
h
er
s
o
n
th
e
ev
alu
a
tio
n
ar
e
in
clu
d
ed
.
3
.
1
.
F
ind
ing
s
re
la
t
ed
t
o
t
he
f
irst
s
ub
-
pro
ble
m
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
ta
tis
tic
s
o
n
v
is
u
a
l
ar
ts
teac
h
er
s
'
ab
ilit
y
to
u
s
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
f
ile,
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ev
a
l
u
atio
n
a
n
d
g
r
ad
ed
s
co
r
in
g
k
e
y
s
ar
e
g
i
v
e
n
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
ta
tis
tics
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
el
f
-
e
f
f
icac
y
i
te
m
s
o
f
v
i
s
u
al
ar
ts
teac
h
er
s
u
s
in
g
alter
n
ati
v
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
en
t
to
o
ls
ar
e
g
i
v
en
,
T
ab
le
2
.
W
h
en
e
x
a
m
in
ed
,
teac
h
er
s
c
an
u
s
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
f
ile
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
el
y
i
n
th
e
e
v
alu
a
ti
o
n
(
X̄
=
3
.
7
8
)
,
th
ey
ca
n
ea
s
il
y
e
v
al
u
ate
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
f
iles
(
X
̄
=
3
.
8
2
)
,
an
d
t
h
ey
ca
n
s
elec
t
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
cr
iter
ia
in
t
h
e
e
v
al
u
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
f
ile
s
(
X̄
=
3
.
8
8
)
,
th
e
y
h
av
e
g
r
ad
ed
s
co
r
in
g
k
e
y
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
in
ev
al
u
ati
n
g
p
r
o
d
u
ct
f
iles
(
X̄
=
3
.
8
2
)
,
th
e
y
h
av
e
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
f
ile
(
X
̄
=
3
.
7
3
)
,
th
ey
ca
n
u
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
f
ile
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
(
X
̄
=
3
.
7
5
)
,
th
ey
d
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[
3
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3
4
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(
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2
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1
9
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(
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=
6
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8
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4
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allis
T
est
w
as c
ar
r
i
ed
o
u
t to
test
w
h
et
h
er
t
h
e
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
v
is
u
al
ar
t
s
teac
h
er
s
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
q
u
a
lific
atio
n
s
d
if
f
er
o
n
t
h
e
s
el
f
-
e
f
f
icac
y
ite
m
s
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
alter
n
ati
v
e
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
to
o
ls
.
I
n
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
ite
m
s
,
it
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
er
e
w
as
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
r
an
k
av
er
ag
e
s
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
;
“
I
ca
n
g
i
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
tas
k
s
p
er
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
'
lev
e
ls
(
2
(
2
)
=
9
.
2
3
5
,
p
<.
0
5
)
"
,
"
I
ca
n
g
iv
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
tas
k
s
t
h
at
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
h
i
g
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
i
lls
,
(
2
(
2
)
=
9
.
4
1
2
,
p
<.
05
)
”,
“
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ta
s
k
s
I
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
cl
u
d
e
m
a
n
y
s
k
il
ls
,
(
2
(
2
)
=
9
.
8
1
5
,
p
<.
0
5
)
”
,
“
I
ca
n
u
s
e
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
a
tio
n
e
f
f
ec
tiv
el
y
i
n
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
/
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
p
(
2
(
2
)
=
9
.
4
5
3
,
p
<.
05
)
”.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
e
Ma
n
n
W
h
it
n
e
y
U
t
e
s
t
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
in
e
w
h
ic
h
g
r
o
u
p
is
in
f
a
v
o
r
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
,
it
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
th
at
th
i
s
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
in
f
a
v
o
r
o
f
teac
h
er
s
w
ith
p
r
o
f
es
s
io
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
1
1
y
ea
r
s
o
r
m
o
r
e
in
ar
ticles
1
2
an
d
1
3
,
an
d
in
teac
h
er
s
o
f
1
-
5
y
ea
r
s
in
ar
ticle
s
1
5
an
d
2
1
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
w
h
ic
h
Şa
h
in
a
n
d
A
taso
y
[
3
8
]
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
th
e
a
ttit
u
d
es
o
f
teac
h
er
s
to
w
ar
d
s
alter
n
ati
v
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
en
io
r
it
y
v
ar
iab
le,
s
en
io
r
it
y
w
as
n
o
t
d
eter
m
in
a
n
t
in
t
h
e
attit
u
d
es
o
f
teac
h
er
s
to
w
ar
d
s
alter
n
ati
v
e
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
b
tai
n
ed
i
n
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
.
A
s
a
r
es
u
lt o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
in
w
h
ic
h
Gr
o
en
e
n
d
ij
k
,
Kar
p
ati
an
d
Haa
n
s
tr
a
[
3
9
]
ex
a
m
in
ed
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
teac
h
er
s
ab
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
to
o
ls
,
t
ea
ch
er
s
th
o
u
g
h
t
it
h
elp
ed
t
h
e
m
to
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
an
d
t
h
eir
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
in
li
n
e
w
it
h
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
m
ai
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
al
ter
n
ati
v
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
-
e
v
al
u
ati
o
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
is
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
s
k
ill
s
th
at
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
w
it
h
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
-
e
v
al
u
atio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
alter
n
ati
v
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
-
e
v
al
u
atio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
is
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
k
i
lls
t
h
at
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
w
i
th
tr
ad
i
tio
n
al
as
s
ess
m
e
n
t
-
ev
alu
a
tio
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
alter
n
ati
v
e
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
-
ev
a
lu
at
io
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
is
to
r
ev
ea
l
w
h
at
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
ca
n
d
o
,
n
o
t
w
h
at
t
h
e
y
d
o
.
Stu
d
en
t
s
s
h
o
u
ld
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
ir
s
k
ill
s
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
ta
s
k
i
n
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
u
c
h
tec
h
n
iq
u
es.
I
n
s
h
o
r
t,
i
t
is
th
e
ai
m
o
f
alter
n
ati
v
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
co
m
p
le
x
tas
k
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
an
d
ev
alu
a
te
it.
T
y
p
ical
alter
n
ati
v
e
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
-
e
v
al
u
a
tio
n
to
o
ls
ar
e
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
,
p
r
o
ject
ass
ig
n
m
e
n
ts
,
an
d
s
o
m
e
ac
tiv
itie
s
th
at
o
f
te
n
u
s
e
r
u
b
r
ics.
T
ea
ch
er
s
'
p
r
o
f
icie
n
c
y
lev
el
s
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
a
lter
n
ati
v
e
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
to
o
ls
d
id
n
o
t
d
i
f
f
er
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
a
l
s
en
io
r
it
y
v
ar
iab
le
in
2
2
item
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
er
e
w
er
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
d
if
f
er
en
c
es
in
th
e
f
o
u
r
ite
m
s
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
i
s
;
Vis
u
al
ar
t
s
teac
h
er
s
,
w
h
o
h
av
e
1
to
5
y
ea
r
s
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
h
a
v
e
m
a
n
y
s
k
ill
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
teac
h
er
s
w
it
h
6
y
ea
r
s
o
r
m
o
r
e
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
a
l
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
teac
h
er
s
with
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
1
0
y
ea
r
s
,
it
w
a
s
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
ir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
tas
k
s
co
v
er
m
an
y
s
k
il
ls
an
d
th
a
t
th
e
y
c
an
u
s
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ev
a
lu
at
io
n
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
i
n
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
/
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
p
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lts
in
li
g
h
t
o
f
1
an
d
5
y
ea
r
s
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
w
it
h
teac
h
er
s
KP
SS
test
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
s
tar
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
(
ex
a
m
in
at
io
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
b
ec
o
m
e
teac
h
er
s
i
n
T
u
r
k
e
y
)
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
y
in
ter
n
a
lize
r
ec
en
t
l
y
o
n
as
s
es
s
m
en
t
is
s
u
es
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
t
h
e
1
5
th
an
d
2
1
s
t
s
u
b
s
ta
n
ce
ca
u
s
ed
th
e
m
to
h
a
v
e
s
ee
n
th
e
m
m
o
r
e
th
an
e
n
o
u
g
h
ca
n
.
I
n
th
e
li
g
h
t
o
f
th
ese
r
es
u
lt
s
,
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
io
n
s
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e.
T
ea
ch
er
tr
ain
i
n
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
ec
o
n
s
id
er
e
d
in
T
u
r
k
e
y
.
Nec
es
s
ar
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
teac
h
er
tr
ai
n
in
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
P
r
ep
a
r
e
s
u
itab
le
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
t
ea
ch
er
s
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
er
v
ice
co
u
r
s
es.
A
s
s
ess
m
e
n
t
an
d
ass
es
s
m
en
t
ex
p
er
ts
to
b
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
b
y
teac
h
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ap
p
o
in
ted
w
h
en
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
v
al
&
R
e
s
E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
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8822
V
is
u
a
l a
r
t te
a
ch
ers
’
d
etermin
a
tio
n
o
f th
e
s
elf
s
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to
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lter
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tive
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(
S
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r
a
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Dilma
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301
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Eı
sn
e
r
E
.
,
Ed
u
c
a
ti
n
g
a
rtisti
c
v
isi
o
n
,
M
a
c
m
il
lo
n
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
1
9
9
7
.
[2
]
M
a
m
u
r
N
.
,
An
a
d
o
l
u
g
ü
ze
l
s
a
n
a
tl
a
r
l
ise
si
re
sim
b
ö
lü
m
ü
ö
ğ
re
n
c
il
e
rin
in
sa
n
a
ts
a
l
y
e
ter
li
li
ğ
in
i
ö
lçm
e
v
e
d
e
ğ
e
rle
n
d
irme
d
e
EGD’n
i
n
(
p
o
rtf
o
lyo
)
ro
l
ü
,
Ya
y
ı
m
lan
m
a
m
ış
Do
k
to
ra
T
e
z
i,
G
a
z
i
Ün
iv
e
r
sites
i,
Eğ
it
im
Bil
im
leri
En
stit
ü
s
ü
.
A
n
k
a
ra
,
2
0
0
9
.
[3
]
W
a
lk
e
r
J
.
,
"
P
r
o
c
e
ss
p
o
r
tf
o
li
o
s
a
s
a
m
e
a
n
s
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
a
ti
v
e
a
n
d
su
m
m
a
ti
v
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
w
o
r
k
in
t
h
e
v
isu
a
l
a
rts,
"
T
h
e
An
n
u
a
l
M
e
e
ti
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
M
id
-
W
e
ste
rn
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Res
e
a
r
c
h
Asso
c
ia
ti
o
n
.
Ch
ica
g
o
,
1
9
9
8
.
[4
]
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
R
.
a
n
d
L
e
b
a
r
O
.
,
"
A
u
th
e
n
ti
c
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
in
a
ss
e
ss
in
g
h
i
g
h
e
r
o
rd
e
r
t
h
i
n
k
in
g
sk
il
ls,"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Aca
d
e
mic
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
Bu
si
n
e
ss
a
n
d
S
o
c
ia
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
, v
ol
.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
6
6
-
4
7
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[5
]
Ba
şo
l
G
.
,
Eğ
it
imd
e
ö
lçm
e
v
e
d
e
ğ
e
rle
n
d
irme
,
A
n
k
a
ra
:
P
e
g
e
m
Ya
y
ın
c
ıl
ık
,
2
0
1
9
.
[6
]
L
in
g
M
.
K
.
,
"
T
h
e
u
se
of
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
p
o
rtf
o
li
o
in
th
e
lea
rn
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
of
p
h
y
sic
ss
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
ro
m
a
S
in
g
a
p
o
re
P
riv
a
te
Co
l
leg
e
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Asse
ss
me
n
t
T
o
o
ls i
n
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
1
-
1
6
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[7
]
He
r
m
a
n
J.L
.
,
Kle
in
D.C
.
,
a
n
d
W
a
k
a
i
S.T
.
,
"
Am
e
rica
n
stu
d
e
n
ts’
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s
on
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t:
Do
t
h
e
y
k
n
o
w
it
’s
d
if
fe
re
n
t?
"
Asse
ss
me
n
t
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
3
9
-
3
5
1
,
1
9
9
7
.
[8
]
L
le
w
e
ll
y
n
D
.
,
In
q
u
iry
wit
h
i
n
:
imp
lem
e
n
ti
n
g
in
q
u
iry
-
b
a
se
d
sc
ien
c
e
sta
n
d
a
rd
s
,
Ca
li
f
o
rn
ia:
C
o
rw
in
n
P
r
e
ss
,
2
0
0
2
.
[9
]
De
m
ir
M
.
,
T
a
n
a
n
is
C.
A
.
,
a
n
d
Ba
şb
o
ğ
a
o
ğ
lu
U
.
,
"
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
m
e
th
o
d
s
u
se
d
in
T
u
rk
e
y
a
n
d
Un
it
e
d
S
tate
s
e
le
m
e
n
tar
y
4
t
h
g
ra
d
e
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
c
u
rricu
l
u
m
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
l
Ad
min
istr
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
P
o
li
c
y
S
t
u
d
ie
s
, v
ol
.
10
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
7
2
-
8
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
0
]
Oz
a
n
C
.
, "
A
u
th
e
n
ti
c
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
in
c
re
a
se
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
a
tt
i
tu
d
e
to
w
a
rd
s th
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
of
p
ro
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
tea
c
h
e
rs,"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Eva
lu
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(
IJ
ER
E)
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
9
9
-
3
1
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
1
]
A
ç
ı
k
g
ö
z
K
.
,
Aktif
ö
ğ
re
n
me
,
İz
m
ir:
Eğ
it
im
Dü
n
y
a
sı Ya
y
ın
ları,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
2
]
A
r
m
stro
n
g
C
.
,
De
sig
n
in
g
a
ss
e
ss
me
n
t
in
a
rt
,
Re
st
o
n
:
NA
E
A
,
1
9
9
4
.
[1
3
]
Be
a
tt
ie
D.
K
.
,
"
Cre
a
ti
v
it
y
in
a
rt:
T
h
e
f
e
a
sib
il
it
y
o
f
a
ss
e
ss
in
g
c
u
rre
n
tco
n
c
e
p
t
io
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
sc
h
o
o
l
c
o
n
te
x
t,
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
in
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
"
Prin
c
ip
les
,
Po
l
icy
&
Pra
c
ti
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
-
192
,
2
0
0
0
.
[1
4
]
T
e
k
in
H.
,
E
ğ
it
imd
e
ö
lçm
e
v
e
d
e
ğ
e
rle
n
d
irme
,
A
n
k
a
ra
:
Ya
r
g
ı
Kitap
v
e
Ya
y
ın
e
v
i,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
5
]
G
il
l
D
.
a
n
d
L
u
c
a
s
D
.
,
"
Us
in
g
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
in
b
u
si
n
e
ss
a
n
d
f
o
re
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
c
la
ss
e
s,"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
5
9
-
3
7
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
6
]
S
e
z
e
r
S
.
,
"
Öğ
re
n
c
in
in
a
k
a
d
e
m
i
k
b
a
şa
rısın
ın
b
e
li
rlen
m
e
sin
d
e
t
a
m
a
m
la
y
ıcı
d
e
ğ
e
rlen
d
irm
e
a
r
a
c
ı
o
lara
k
ru
b
rik
ku
ll
a
n
ım
ı
ü
z
e
rin
d
e
b
ir
a
ra
ştırm
a
,
"
Pa
mu
k
k
a
le Ü
n
ive
rs
it
e
si E
ğ
it
im
F
a
k
ü
lt
e
si De
rg
isi
,
vol
.
18
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
1
-
6
9
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
7
]
Er
Ö
.
,
Fe
n
v
e
tek
n
o
l
o
ji
d
e
rs
i
7
.
sı
n
ıf
işık
ü
n
it
e
sin
d
e
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
f
d
e
ğ
e
rle
n
d
irme
y
a
k
la
şıml
a
rı
te
me
ll
i
ö
ğ
re
ti
mi
n
ö
ğ
re
n
c
il
e
rin
a
k
a
d
e
mik
b
a
ş
a
rıla
r
ı
v
e
tu
tu
ml
a
rı
ü
ze
rin
e
e
tkisi
,
(U
n
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
d
o
c
to
ra
l
d
isse
rtatio
n
)
.
M
a
n
isa
Ce
lal
Ba
y
a
r
Ün
iv
e
rsites
i,
M
a
n
isa
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
8
]
Ba
şo
ğ
lu
S
.
,
K
la
sik
v
e
t
e
k
n
o
lo
ji
d
e
ste
k
li
ta
n
ıl
a
y
ıcı
d
a
ll
a
n
mış
a
ğ
a
ç
tek
n
iğ
i
n
in
ö
ğ
re
n
c
il
e
rin
a
k
a
d
e
mi
k
b
a
şa
rıl
a
rın
a
,
k
a
v
ra
m
y
a
n
ıl
g
ıl
a
rın
a
v
e
b
il
işse
l
y
ü
k
ler
in
e
e
tkisi
,
(Un
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
d
o
c
to
ra
l
d
isse
rtatio
n
).
Or
d
u
Ün
i
v
e
rsites
i,
Ord
u
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
9
]
M
a
n
u
e
la
R
.
R
.
a
n
d
Je
su
s
G
.
A
.
M
.
, "
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
stu
d
e
n
ts'
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s o
f
e
le
c
tro
n
ic ru
b
ric
-
b
a
se
d
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t,
"
Dig
it
a
l
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
p
p
.
2
2
0
-
2
3
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
0
]
M
a
im
o
u
n
a
Al
-
R
a
n
d
S
a
lm
a
Al
-
H,
"
A
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
a
s
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
b
y
EF
L
T
e
a
c
h
e
rs,"
IUP
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
li
s
h
S
tu
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
,
88
-
1
0
1
.
2
0
1
6
.
[2
1
]
S
e
w
a
g
e
n
A
.
A
.
a
n
d
Dia
le
M
.
B.
,
Au
th
e
n
ti
c
a
ss
e
ss
me
n
t
a
s
a
to
o
l
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
stu
d
e
n
t
lea
rn
in
g
in
a
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
ın
stit
u
ti
o
n
:
ım
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
f
o
r
stu
d
e
n
t
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
y
,
(E
d
t.
El
e
n
a
Ra
il
e
a
n
),
P
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
Im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
A
s
se
ss
m
e
n
t
A
c
ti
v
it
ies
f
o
r
De
e
p
Lea
rn
in
g
,
p
p
.
2
5
6
-
2
7
1
.
USA
:
IG
I
G
lo
b
a
l
Re
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
Bo
o
k
s,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
2
]
G
e
lb
a
l
S.
a
n
d
v
e
Ke
le
c
io
ğ
lu
H.
,
"
Öğ
re
t
m
e
n
lerin
ö
lçm
e
v
e
d
e
ğ
e
rlen
d
irm
e
y
ö
n
tem
leri
h
a
k
k
ın
d
a
k
i
y
e
te
rli
k
a
lg
ıl
a
rı
v
e
k
a
rşılaş
tı
k
ları
so
ru
n
lar,"
Ha
c
e
tt
e
p
e
Ün
ive
rs
it
e
si,
Eğ
it
im
F
a
k
ü
lt
e
si D
e
rg
isi
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
5
-
1
4
5
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
3
]
Ya
p
ıcı
M.
a
n
d
v
e
De
m
ird
e
len
C
.
,
"
İlk
ö
ğ
re
ti
m
4
.
sın
ıf
p
r
o
g
ra
m
ın
a
il
işk
in
ö
ğ
re
tme
n
g
ö
rü
şle
ri,
"
İlkö
ğ
re
ti
m
On
li
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
4
-
2
1
2
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
4
]
M
o
jav
e
z
i
A
.
a
n
d
T
a
m
iz
M.P
.
,
"
T
h
e
im
p
a
c
t
o
f
te
a
c
h
e
r
se
l
f
-
e
ff
ic
a
c
y
o
n
th
e
stu
d
e
n
t’s
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t,
"
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
Pra
c
ti
c
e
in
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
S
tu
d
ies
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
8
3
-
4
9
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
5
]
Dilm
a
ç
O.
,
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
s
o
f
v
isu
a
l
a
rts
tea
c
h
e
rs
in
u
si
n
g
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
t
i
o
n
me
th
o
d
s:
T
h
e
c
a
se
o
f
T
u
rk
e
y
.
A.
Ka
rp
a
ti
a
n
d
E.
Ga
u
l.
(
Ed
s.
),
fro
m
c
h
il
d
a
rt
to
v
isu
a
l
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
o
f
y
o
u
th
.
p
p
.
1
0
1
-
1
1
6
.
UK:
In
tellec
t
,
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ch
ica
g
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15
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n
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2
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p
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3
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