In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f E
v
al
u
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
R
e
se
arc
h
in
Ed
u
c
ation
(
IJERE
)
V
o
l.7,
N
o.1,
M
a
r
ch
2018,
pp.
17~
2
4
ISSN
: 2252-
88
22,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ijer
e
.
v
7
.
i
1
.11
2
3
7
17
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
t
t
p
:/
/
i
ae
sc
o
r
e.c
o
m
/
jo
urn
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l
s
/i
nd
e
x
.
php
/
I
J
ERE
Effort of NGO in Promoting C
omprehensi
ve Sexuality
Education
to Improve Q
uality of Life
among Local
and Refugee
Communities
Kee
Ji
ar
Y
eo
1
,
Shih
Hui Lee
2
,
Lin
a
H
a
n
d
ayan
i
3
1,
2
F
acult
y
o
f
E
d
u
cat
io
n, Uni
versiti T
ekno
lo
g
i
M
alay
sia, 81
3
1
0
UTM
J
o
h
o
r
Bah
ru
, Ma
l
ay
si
a
3
F
a
c
ult
y
of
Publ
i
c
Health,
Univer
sitas
Ahmad Da
hlan, Indones
i
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
No
v
2
6
,
2
017
Re
vise
d Jan
2
5
, 2018
A
c
c
e
pte
d
F
eb 18,
2
0
1
8
F
e
derat
i
on
o
f
Repro
d
u
c
tiv
e
H
ealth
Associa
t
i
on
,
Malaysia
(
FR
HAM)
i
s
a
pi
on
eer
N
o
n
-go
v
ern
m
ental
Org
a
ni
zati
on
(NGO
)
i
n
d
is
se
m
i
n
a
ti
ng
t
h
e
kn
ow
ledg
e
a
n
d
serv
ices
o
f
s
e
xu
a
l
r
eprod
u
ct
ive
h
eal
th
i
n
M
a
lay
s
i
a.
A
qualitative
case
st
udy
r
esearch
d
esi
g
n
was
empl
oyed
t
o
e
x
pl
ore
th
e
r
o
le
s
of
FRHA
M
i
n
p
ro
m
o
ting
Com
p
re
hensi
v
e
Sexualit
y
Educati
o
n
(C
SE
)
f
o
r
the
wel
l
-b
e
i
ng
o
f
l
o
cals
and
refu
gees
’
com
m
u
n
i
ties.
I
n-dep
t
h
interv
i
e
ws
w
ere
c
o
nd
uc
te
d
with
t
he
s
ta
ffs
o
f
FRHAM
t
o
in
qu
ire
a
b
ou
t
the
i
r
e
ffor
t
in
del
i
v
e
ring
t
hei
r
s
ervi
ces.
Th
e
i
n
t
e
rv
iew
s
w
ere
rec
o
rded
,
trans
c
ribe
d,
c
o
d
e
d
a
n
d
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
t
t
he
m
e
s
w
e
r
e
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
.
F
R
H
A
M
ha
d
p
l
a
y
e
d
a
p
a
r
t
a
s
e
du
cato
r
,
serv
ice
pro
v
i
d
er,
adv
o
c
a
t
e
a
n
d
a
cti
v
el
y
in
vo
lved
i
n
i
m
pro
v
i
ng
t
h
e
q
uali
ty
o
f
lif
e
am
on
g
th
e
ref
u
g
ee
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
T
h
e
organ
i
zat
io
n
h
a
d
dev
e
lope
d
m
o
d
u
les
fo
r
CS
E
a
n
d
c
ond
uc
te
d
pro
g
r
a
m
s
for
disse
m
ina
t
io
n
o
f
k
no
wle
d
g
e
.
They
a
lso
col
l
ab
orated
w
i
t
h
lo
cal
gov
ernmen
tal
agenci
es
a
n
d
o
th
er
N
G
Os
to
p
ro
m
o
t
e
awareness
and
ut
i
lizat
ion
o
f
s
er
v
i
ce
s
among
the
communities.
N
e
ve
r
t
h
e
le
ss,
pro
m
oting
CSE
had
ex
p
e
ri
e
n
ced
m
any
ch
all
e
ng
es
i
n
M
a
lays
ia.
Th
e
percep
tio
ns
o
f
M
a
lay
s
i
a
n
viewin
g
sexu
ali
t
y
edu
cati
o
n
as
t
ab
oo
s,
c
ultural
fa
c
t
ors
,
t
he
r
e
l
u
c
ta
nc
e
of
e
du
c
a
t
o
r
s
in
d
e
l
iv
e
r
in
g,
a
nd
t
he
l
o
w
v
isibil
i
t
y
of
F
R
HA
M
are
t
h
e
barriers
en
co
un
tered
b
y
F
RH
AM
i
n
promoti
n
g
CS
E.
F
R
HA
M
recom
m
e
n
d
ed
i
nclu
di
n
g
p
arents
,
teachers
an
d
ot
her
st
ak
eh
o
lders
in
th
e
pro
m
o
tio
n
of
C
S
E
a
n
d
a
c
k
no
wl
edgi
ng
CSE
as
a
n
offi
cial
s
ubj
e
ct
t
o
b
e
im
plem
en
t
e
d
in
s
cho
o
l
s
.
T
h
e
i
nf
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
m
a
y
e
n
cou
r
age
m
o
re
p
art
n
ersh
ip
s
bet
w
een
t
he
s
t
a
keh
o
ld
ers,
p
o
l
i
c
y
m
a
kers
a
n
d
N
GO
s
for
p
r
ov
id
ing
h
i
gh
q
ua
li
ty
C
SE a
n
d
s
e
x
u
a
l re
p
r
od
uc
ti
ve
h
e
a
l
th se
r
v
i
ces.
K
eyw
ord
:
N
on-G
ove
r
n
me
nta
l
O
r
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
o
n
(N
G
O
)
Re
f
u
ge
e
S
e
xual a
nd
re
pr
od
uct
i
ve
hea
l
t
h
S
e
xual
ity
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
018 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
Scien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Kee
Jiar-
Y
eo,
F
a
cult
y
o
f
E
duc
ati
o
n,
Un
iv
e
r
sit
i
Tekn
o
lo
gi
M
al
ay
sia
,
81
3
10 Jo
h
o
r B
a
hru,
Joh
or,
Malay
s
ia.
Em
ail:
kjye
o_u
tm
@ya
h
oo.c
o
m
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
F
a
m
i
l
y
P
lan
n
i
ng
w
a
s
bro
u
g
h
t
t
o
t
h
e
F
e
de
rati
o
n
o
f
M
a
laya
by
tw
o
pi
on
ee
rs
,
M
s
.
M
a
rg
are
t
S
a
n
g
e
r,
t
h
e
Fo
und
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
In
t
e
rn
at
io
n
a
l
Pl
ann
e
d
Pa
re
n
t
ho
od
F
ed
era
t
i
o
n
(
I
P
P
F
)
and
Ms.
E
d
i
t
h
H
o
w
e
i
n
19
3
5
.
F
e
dera
t
i
on
of
R
e
p
rod
u
c
t
i
v
e
H
e
alt
h
A
ssoc
ia
tio
ns,
Ma
l
a
ysia
(
F
R
H
A
M
)
w
a
s
e
s
t
a
b
lishe
d
i
n
1
9
58
a
n
d
it
i
s
a
fe
dera
ti
on
o
f
1
3
S
ta
tes Mem
b
er
A
sso
ci
at
io
ns.
F
R
HAM
i
s
a
No
n
-
Gov
ern
m
en
t
a
l
Or
g
a
n
i
zat
ion
(
NGO)
w
i
t
h
th
e
aim
of
e
d
u
ca
t
i
ng,
p
rom
o
t
i
n
g
a
nd
su
pp
ort
i
n
g
Mala
ys
ian
s
i
n
fam
i
l
y
p
la
nn
i
ng,
s
ex
ua
l
r
e
prod
uc
ti
ve
h
e
a
l
t
h
an
d
respo
n
s
i
b
l
e
pa
r
e
nt
hoo
d.
W
or
l
d
B
a
nk
h
a
d
d
e
fine
d
N
on-g
o
v
ernm
en
ta
l
o
r
g
an
iza
t
io
ns
a
s
‘pr
i
va
t
e
o
rga
n
i
z
atio
ns
tha
t
p
ursue
a
c
t
i
v
i
tie
s
to
r
e
lie
v
e
s
uffe
r
i
ng,
p
rom
o
te
t
he
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
o
r
,
protec
t
t
h
e
env
i
ro
nme
n
t
,
p
rov
i
de
bas
i
c
s
o
c
i
al
s
ervice
s
or
u
n
d
e
r
t
a
ke
c
om
m
u
n
i
t
y
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
nt
[
1].
T
he
ir
c
o
n
t
ribu
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
w
a
rds
t
h
e
de
ve
lo
pme
n
t
of
t
he
c
om
mun
i
t
i
es
a
re
a
ckn
o
w
led
g
ed,
an
d
the
y
a
re
i
m
p
era
t
i
v
e
pa
r
t
ners
o
f
ma
ny
go
ve
rn
m
e
nts.
FRHAM
w
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2252-
8822
IJERE
V
ol
.
7,
N
o.
1,
Ma
r
ch 201
8
: 17
– 24
18
form
er
l
y
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
F
e
de
rat
i
o
n
o
f
F
a
m
i
l
y
P
l
a
nn
i
ng
A
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n,
M
a
lays
i
a
(
F
F
P
A
M),
an
d
cha
nge
s
its
n
a
m
e
on
2
0
0
9
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
s
e
x
u
a
l
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
h
e
a
l
t
h
o
v
e
r
f
a
m
i
l
y
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
.
I
n
2
0
0
5
,
F
R
H
A
M
w
a
s
f
i
r
s
t
accreditate
d
by
IPPF
a
nd
reaccre
ditated
in
2
012.
I
PPF
is
a
g
lob
al
s
e
r
v
i
ce
p
r
o
vide
r
an
d
a
lea
d
in
g
ad
v
o
c
a
te
o
f
S
e
xual a
nd Re
pro
duc
t
i
ve H
ea
lt
h (
S
RH
) and r
i
g
h
ts f
or a
ll.
It pro
v
i
de
s S
R
H
ca
re service
s ar
ou
nd
t
he w
or
l
d
an
d
fi
g
h
ts
f
or
s
ex
ual
ri
g
h
t.
T
he
o
rga
n
iz
a
tio
n
is
r
e
quir
e
d
to
m
ee
t
1
0
fun
d
am
enta
l
pr
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
a
nd
49
sepa
ra
t
e
st
a
ndard
s
t
o
g
a
i
n
t
h
e acc
re
di
ta
ti
o
n
of IP
PF [2].
With
t
he
vis
io
n of
g
ivi
n
g
acc
es
s t
o
all
p
eo
pl
e i
n
M
a
l
ay
si
a
wit
h
the
i
n
for
m
a
t
i
o
n
on
S
R
H
and
rights,
t
he
o
r
g
an
iza
tio
n
h
a
d
be
en
a
c
ti
ve
ly
p
ro
vi
d
i
n
g
t
he
i
nf
orm
a
tion,
s
e
r
vices
and
or
ga
n
i
z
i
n
g
ta
lk
s,
cam
pai
gns
r
ela
t
e
d
t
o
S
R
H
for
the
m
a
r
g
ina
l
i
zed
a
nd
u
nd
e
r
s
e
rv
ed
p
eopl
e.
T
h
e
p
ri
o
r
i
t
i
e
s
of
F
RH
A
M
a
r
e
r
e
p
resente
d
by
5A
’s
w
hich
a
re
A
c
cess,
A
do
l
e
sce
n
t,
A
dvoc
acy,
A
I
DS
/
H
I
V
and
A
bor
ti
o
n
.
In
20
1
5
, one
m
ore
A –
A
g
ein
g
w
a
s
incl
u
ded
d
u
e to t
he
i
ncre
ase
of o
l
d
e
r
pe
ople
s
ubs
t
a
ntia
l
l
y
in
Ma
l
a
ysia
.
The
orga
n
i
za
ti
on
had
prov
i
d
ed
a
cce
ss
f
or
S
RH
s
ervic
e
s
to
m
ar
gin
a
l
i
z
e
d
a
n
d
u
nder
s
e
r
ved
gr
ou
ps
su
ch
a
s
th
e
di
sad
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
d
you
t
h
s,
p
eopl
e
l
i
v
i
ng
w
i
t
h
HIV,
t
h
e
r
e
f
ug
ee
s,
t
h
e
s
ex
w
o
r
k
e
rs,
t
h
e
h
i
gh
-ri
s
k
g
r
oup
of
p
a
r
t
n
ers
a
n
d
sp
o
u
se
s
of
i
njec
t
i
n
g
d
ru
g
use
r
s,
a
nd
s
o
o
n.
B
y
t
h
e
en
d
of
201
5,
F
RH
A
M
,
toge
t
h
er
w
it
h
t
h
e
Com
m
unit
y
C
l
i
n
i
c
E
x
te
ns
ion
F
a
m
i
ly
P
l
a
n
n
ing
(CO
M
CE
F
P
)
n
etw
o
rks
o
f
13
State
Mem
b
er
A
ssoc
ia
t
i
o
n
s
h
a
d
se
rv
ed
a
bo
ut
56
,
5
7
3
cli
e
nt
s. Th
e
o
rg
an
i
z
atio
n
al
so
p
rovi
ded
co
n
tra
c
e
p
t
i
v
e
service
s s
u
ch
as
ora
l
p
ills, condom
,
i
n
j
ect
ab
l
e
,
i
m
pl
ant
and
int
r
a
-
u
t
eri
n
e
co
nt
ra
c
e
p
t
i
v
e
d
e
v
i
ce
s
t
o
c
l
i
e
n
t
s
o
f
a
l
l
a
g
e
.
B
e
s
i
d
e
s
t
h
a
t
,
a
t
o
t
a
l
o
f
1
9
,
9
5
5
of
S
RH
-rela
t
i
n
g
t
est
i
ng
w
e
re
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
w
hic
h
3
,
7
82
s
ervice
s
w
e
r
e
re
porte
d
f
o
r
H
I
V
,
3
,
852
ser
v
ice
s
f
or
S
e
xual
l
y Tra
n
sm
itt
e
d
I
n
f
ect
i
o
ns
(
S
T
Is) and 12,2
4
8
f
or
P
ap S
m
ear
a
nd
7
2
for an
d
ro
pau
s
e
[3]
.
To i
m
p
ro
ve
t
he
qua
l
ity
o
f
li
fe
a
mong
t
he
r
e
f
ugee
s
,
t
h
e
or
g
a
niza
t
i
on
a
ls
o
pro
v
i
des
ac
c
e
s
s
t
o
t
h
e
ut
i
l
i
s
at
io
n
o
f
S
RH
s
e
r
vic
e
s,
hel
d
p
ro
gram
s
to
d
isse
mi
nate
t
he
i
nform
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
duca
t
io
n
t
o
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
ze
t
he
r
e
f
u
g
ee
c
o
m
m
unitie
s.
A
ccor
d
i
n
g
to t
he sta
tis
tic
s of U
n
ite
d N
a
t
i
on H
i
g
h
Com
missione
r for Ref
u
ge
es (UNHCR
)
, t
here are
1
52
,
4
2
9
refug
ees an
d
asy
l
um
s
ee
kers
r
egis
tere
d
wi
t
h
U
NHCR
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
a
t
t
h
e
en
d
of
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
20
17
.
Amo
n
g
t
h
e
m
,
89
%
are
f
r
o
m
My
anm
a
r
and 11
%
ar
e from 60 o
t
her
cou
n
tr
ies.
F
R
H
A
M
had
w
o
rked
h
a
n
d-i
n
-ha
nd
w
ith
i
t
s
s
tate
M
e
m
be
r
A
ssocia
tio
n
s,
D
u
r
e
x
M
al
ay
si
a,
A
IE
SEC
and
Wom
e
n’
s
A
i
ds
O
rga
n
iz
atio
n
t
o
p
ro
vi
de
c
om
pre
h
e
n
sive
a
n
d
h
ig
h
-qua
l
i
t
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
nal
pro
g
ra
m.
T
he
pro
g
ra
ms
c
on
c
e
rni
n
g
S
R
H
and
H
I
V
,
boy
-girl
r
e
lat
i
o
nshi
p,
s
e
x
u
a
l-
ha
ra
ssm
e
nt
a
nd
u
n
p
l
an
ne
d
pre
gna
n
c
y
i
s
su
es
w
ere
h
e
ld
f
o
r
t
h
e
a
dol
esc
e
nt
s i
n
n
ati
o
n
a
l
and
p
r
iv
at
e
sc
hoo
l
s
,
t
e
rti
a
ry
e
du
c
a
t
i
on
i
nsti
tut
i
o
n
s
,
sh
elte
r
a
n
d
we
l
f
are
ho
mes. C
u
r
re
ntl
y
,
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
h
a
s
n
o
pl
a
n
s
to
i
nt
rod
u
c
e
C
o
m
p
r
e
hen
s
i
v
e an
d S
e
xua
li
t
y
E
duca
tio
n
(CS
E
)
as a spe
ci
fic su
bj
e
c
t
in sc
h
o
o
l
s.
T
he kn
o
w
l
e
dge of se
x
u
al
i
t
y is
t
au
ght
i
n
sc
h
ool
s
th
roug
h
He
a
l
th
R
ep
rodu
cti
o
n
a
n
d
So
c
i
al
E
du
c
a
tio
n
(P
EERS)
s
t
u
di
e
s
a
nd
ac
ro
ss
a
v
a
ri
et
y
of
s
u
b
j
ect
s
su
ch
a
s
He
al
th
E
du
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
S
ci
e
n
c
e
,
Bio
l
og
y,
I
slam
i
c
S
tu
d
i
e
s
a
nd
Mora
l
E
duca
t
i
on.
H
ow
e
v
er,
Min
i
s
t
r
y
o
f
Edu
c
ati
o
n
Mal
a
ysi
a
e
n
c
ou
r
a
g
e
d
NGOs
to
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
aw
a
rene
ss pro
gra
m
s am
ong
t
h
e stude
nts to rais
e
the
ir
aw
a
r
e
ness on h
o
w
t
o
p
rotec
t
t
hem
s
e
l
v
e
s
[4]
.
F
R
H
A
M
a
ls
o
en
ga
ge
d
the
yo
u
ng
pe
o
p
le
t
hrou
g
h
t
he
t
rai
n
i
n
g
w
o
rks
h
o
p
s
t
o
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
t
h
e
m
a
s
t
h
e
p
e
e
r
ed
u
cato
r
s
fo
r
c
a
p
a
ci
ty
b
u
i
ldi
n
g
.
F
RHAM
c
o
l
l
a
bo
r
a
t
e
d
wi
th
UNHC
R
t
o
c
on
du
ct
t
rai
n
e
r
s’
w
o
r
k
s
hop
f
o
r
y
oung
refugee
s
b
y
using
t
h
e
CS
E
modu
les
deve
lop
e
d
by
the
orga
ni
z
a
t
ion
.
The
Re
prod
uc
ti
ve
H
ea
l
t
h
o
f
A
d
o
l
esce
n
t
s
Mo
du
le
(RH
A
M
) i
s
a
gui
de
for
t
he
ed
u
ca
tor
s
in t
h
e pr
omot
io
n of
C
S
E
and
ad
ol
es
cen
t
s
’ h
o
li
st
i
c
d
ev
el
op
me
n
t
.
CS
E
is
d
efi
n
e
d
a
s
“
A
c
urricul
u
m
-
based
pr
ocess
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
in
g
an
d
l
e
a
rn
i
n
g
a
b
o
u
t
t
he
c
og
n
i
t
i
ve
,
e
m
ot
io
na
l,
ph
ysic
a
l
a
n
d
s
oc
ia
l
as
pec
t
s
o
f
s
ex
ua
l
i
t
y
.
It
a
ims
t
o
e
qu
i
p
c
hil
dre
n
a
nd
you
n
g
p
eo
p
l
e
w
i
t
h
t
he
k
now
led
g
e
,
sk
i
l
ls,
at
tit
u
d
es
a
n
d
v
a
l
ues
th
a
t
w
i
ll
em
p
o
w
e
r
t
h
e
m
t
o
:
r
ea
l
i
z
e
t
he
ir
h
ea
lt
h,
w
ell-be
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
i
gn
ity,
d
e
ve
lo
p
respe
c
t
f
u
l
s
oc
i
a
l
a
n
d
se
x
u
al
r
elat
io
nshi
ps
;
con
s
i
d
er
how
t
he
ir
c
h
o
i
ces
a
ffe
c
t
t
heir
w
ell-
bei
n
g
a
nd
tha
t
o
f
ot
hers;
an
d,
u
n
d
e
r
sta
n
d
an
d
e
n
sur
e
t
he
p
rote
c
tio
n
of
t
heir
r
igh
ts
t
hr
ou
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
i
r
live
s
.
[5]”
C
S
E
i
s
fo
u
nd
to
have
pos
iti
ve
outc
o
me
s
in
i
n
c
re
asin
g
ad
ole
s
c
e
n
t
s’
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
a
nd
i
m
p
ro
vi
n
g
t
heir
a
t
tit
ude
s
relate
d
t
o
S
RH
and
be
ha
vi
o
u
rs [6].
Fo
r
ad
vo
c
a
c
y
,
F
R
HAM
a
nd
i
ts
s
t
a
t
e
m
emb
e
r
ass
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
p
artn
e
r
ed
a
nd
c
ol
l
a
b
o
rate
d
w
i
t
h
g
o
v
e
rn
ment
al
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
NGOs
t
o
p
r
o
m
ot
e
SRH
co
n
c
ern
s
.
Th
e
o
r
g
a
n
i
za
tio
n
ha
d
ca
rried
o
u
t
p
olic
y
d
i
a
l
o
g
u
es
on
incre
a
s
i
n
g
ac
cess
to
r
epro
duc
tive
ri
g
h
ts.
FRH
A
M
w
a
s
i
nv
ite
d
t
o
p
l
a
y
a
role
o
n
vari
o
u
s
N
a
t
i
ona
l
P
opu
la
ti
o
n
a
n
d
F
a
mily
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
nt
B
oard
(
L
P
PK
N
)
a
nd
M
i
n
i
str
y
o
f
He
a
l
t
h
(
MOH)
c
o
m
mittees
r
egar
din
g
repr
od
uct
i
ve
h
ea
l
t
h
a
nd
fam
i
l
y
p
la
nn
i
n
g.
L
P
P
K
N
also
i
n
v
o
l
ve
d
F
R
H
A
M
s
ta
ffs
in
c
o
n
d
u
c
tin
g
w
o
r
k
sho
p
s
un
der
P
E
K
E
RTI@S
E
K
O
LAH
and
P
E
K
E
RTI@IP
G
M
.
The
o
r
ga
n
i
za
ti
on
a
d
v
o
ca
tes
C
S
E
thr
o
u
g
h
m
e
d
i
a
,
exh
i
bi
tio
ns,
c
a
m
paig
ns
a
n
d
t
al
ks.
F
R
H
A
M
a
n
d
i
ts
s
ta
t
e
m
em
ber
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
l
s
o
co
ndu
c
t
ed
o
u
t
re
ach
pro
g
ra
ms
on
H
I
V
a
nd
A
I
DS
t
o
r
a
ise
aw
a
r
ene
s
s
a
nd
se
ns
i
t
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
a
rge
t
ed
p
op
u
l
at
i
on
a
nd
pu
blic.
S
e
rvice
s
suc
h
a
s
H
I
V
/
A
ID
S
testin
g
a
l
s
o
p
ro
v
i
d
e
d
i
n
t
he
c
l
i
nic
s
w
hic
h
c
o
l
l
a
bora
t
e
d
w
ith
t
he
s
tate
m
em
ber
a
sso
ci
a
tio
ns.
M
o
reo
v
e
r,
F
RHAM
m
ak
e
s
a
v
a
il
abl
e
o
f
af
fo
rd
ab
l
e
a
bo
rtion-related
servic
e
s
w
it
h
pa
rti
c
ular
atte
n
t
ion
t
o
y
o
u
n
g
w
ome
n
,
u
nderse
r
ve
d
a
n
d
m
a
rgina
l
ize
d
g
ro
ups.
Wh
e
n
t
h
e
o
rg
ani
z
ati
o
n
re
ce
iv
ed
t
el
ep
hon
e
ca
l
l
s
and
ca
se
s
relate
d
t
o
a
b
o
rt
io
n,
t
he
y
w
i
l
l
p
ro
v
i
d
e
p
re
-
and
pos
t-ab
o
r
ti
on
co
u
n
se
lli
ng,
a
n
d
r
efe
r
ra
l
t
o
a
spec
ia
lis
t
of
c
ho
i
c
e
for
fur
t
h
e
r
ma
nagem
e
n
t
.
F
R
H
A
M
a
l
s
o
w
orke
d
w
i
t
h
U
nite
d
N
a
ti
o
n
s
P
o
pu
la
tio
n
F
unds
(
U
N
F
P
A
)
t
o
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
a
b
o
r
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
gs
w
e
r
e
d
i
ssem
i
na
te
d
in
a
s
e
m
ina
r
a
tte
n
d
ed
b
y
rep
r
esent
a
t
i
v
e
s
f
r
o
m
g
ov
ern
m
en
t
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
NGOs
a
n
d
uni
v
er
sit
i
es
[
7].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
Ef
for
t
o
f
N
G
O
in
Pr
om
o
t
i
ng Com
p
re
hen
s
iv
e Sexua
l
i
t
y
Ed
uc
a
tio
n
t
o
I
m
prove Q
u
a
lity ..
. (K
e
e
Jiar
Ye
o)
19
N
e
v
e
r
t
h
e
l
e
s
s
,
C
S
E
i
s
s
t
i
l
l
a
t
a
b
o
o
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
.
P
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
ha
d
i
n
di
c
a
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
pe
o
p
le
i
n
Ma
lays
ia
a
r
e
l
ac
ki
ng
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
i
n
se
xua
lit
y
ed
uca
tio
n
[8]
.
T
he
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
ge
o
f
sexua
ll
y
tra
n
sm
i
t
ted
di
se
ases (S
T
D
s
)
a
m
ong the
a
d
o
l
esc
e
n
t i
n
M
a
l
a
y
sia
is a
t
a
w
o
rryi
n
g
s
tat
u
s. They a
r
e dep
r
ive
d
of
k
now
le
dge to
kee
p
t
hem
s
el
v
e
s
and
the
i
r
p
a
rtners
s
afe
fr
om
S
TD
s
a
nd
m
o
reove
r,
r
ur
a
l
youths
had
less
sexual
a
wa
reness
com
p
are
d
t
o
urban
y
o
u
t
h
s
[9]
.
L
ac
k
o
f
t
he
k
now
led
g
e
i
n
S
RH
c
a
n
lead
t
o
soc
i
a
l
p
r
oble
m
s
such
a
s
pre
m
arital
sex
u
al
i
n
t
erc
o
urse,
transfe
rra
l
of
S
TD
s,
unw
ante
d
a
n
d
u
n
s
afe
pr
e
g
n
a
nc
i
e
s
a
nd
ab
or
ti
o
n
,
ma
t
e
rnal
m
orta
l
i
t
y
,
bab
y
dump
i
ng,
H
IV
/
AIDS
a
nd
s
o
o
n.
T
h
e
i
ss
ues
me
nti
o
ned
a
b
ove
i
mpac
t
e
d
an
i
ndi
vid
u
a
l
’
s
phy
si
c
a
l
a
n
d
me
ntal
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
ritic
al
ly,
and
als
o
i
m
p
li
c
a
t
e
d
t
he
l
o
ng-
t
e
r
m
w
e
l
l
-
bei
ng
of
t
he
i
n
d
i
vi
d
u
al,
t
h
e
i
r
fam
i
lie
s
an
d
eve
n
t
he
ir c
om
m
uni
tie
s
[1
0].
In re
cent
ye
ars,
sex
ua
li
t
y
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
had
st
a
r
t
e
d
t
o
ga
i
n
t
he
i
n
t
er
est of t
he pe
o
p
l
e
.
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
t
he
re
a
re
not
m
an
y
stu
d
i
es
o
n
t
h
e
c
ontri
bu
t
i
ons
a
nd
th
e
ch
a
l
len
g
e
s
f
a
ced
b
y
NGO
i
n
a
d
v
o
c
acy
of
CS
E
and
pro
v
i
s
i
on
of
S
RH
s
e
r
vice
s
w
e
re
f
o
u
n
d
.
The
r
efor
e,
t
he
p
u
r
pose
o
f
t
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
is
t
o
ex
pl
ore
t
h
e
role
o
f
F
R
H
A
M
,
a
n
N
G
O
’
s
e
f
f
o
r
t
s
i
n
p
r
o
m
o
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
g
o
f
C
S
E
f
o
r
loca
l
a
n
d
re
fu
gee
c
o
mm
uni
ty
i
n
Ma
lays
ia.
F
u
rther
m
or
e,
t
his
pape
r
a
l
so
h
i
g
hl
igh
t
e
d
t
he
c
h
a
lle
n
g
es
f
a
ced
b
y
FR
HAM
an
d
rec
o
mmen
da
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r a
d
vo
c
acy
o
f C
S
E i
n
M
al
ay
si
a
set
tin
g
.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
Q
u
al
ita
t
i
ve
r
esea
rch
m
e
tho
d
w
a
s
e
mploye
d
to
s
tu
d
y
t
he
r
ole
s
o
f
F
R
H
A
M
in
a
dv
oca
t
i
n
g
CS
E
a
m
on
g
the
c
o
mm
un
i
t
i
e
s
in
M
a
l
a
y
si
a.
T
he
r
e
s
e
a
rc
her
ha
d
a
ppl
ied
ca
se
s
t
u
d
y
r
esea
rch
de
sign
to
f
ac
il
i
t
a
t
e
t
h
e
exp
l
orat
io
n
of
F
RH
A
M
’s
r
ole
s
a
n
d
c
ha
l
l
en
g
e
s
t
h
ey
e
nc
ou
n
t
ere
d
i
n
i
m
p
l
e
me
nt
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
C
S
E
a
nd
prov
i
s
i
on
o
f
S
R
H
se
rvice
s
.
Y
i
n
s
ugge
s
t
e
d
c
ase
s
t
u
d
y
r
ese
a
rc
h
des
i
gn
c
an
u
se
d
i
n
a
st
ud
y
w
h
e
n
:
(a
)
the
aim
of
t
he
rese
arc
h
er
i
s
to
a
nsw
e
r
“
how
”
and
“
w
hy”
ques
t
i
o
ns
;
(
b
)
c
a
nn
ot
m
an
i
p
ula
t
e
the
par
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
’
beha
vio
u
r
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
i
n
t
he
s
tu
dy;
(
c
)
t
o
c
o
ve
r
t
h
e
cont
ext
u
al
c
ond
i
tio
n
s
t
ha
t
re
l
e
va
nt
t
o
the
p
h
e
n
om
eno
n
a
n
d
(
d)
t
he
bo
u
ndar
i
es
a
re
n
o
t
c
lea
r
b
e
t
w
een
t
he
phe
nom
en
o
n
a
nd
the
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
[
11
].
Q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
d
a
t
a
were
c
ol
l
ected
thr
o
u
g
h
i
n-de
pth
i
n
t
e
r
v
iew
s
a
nd
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
doc
um
en
ts
a
nd
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
r
e
p
o
r
t
o
f
F
R
H
A
M
.
I
n
-
d
e
p
t
h
i
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
s
are
use
f
ul q
ual
ita
t
i
v
e
r
esea
rch t
e
ch
n
i
q
u
e t
o
e
xp
l
o
re an iss
u
e
i
n-
dep
t
h. Ri
c
h
and de
tai
l
e
d
inf
orma
tion a
b
ou
t th
e
perspe
c
tive
s
a
nd
b
eha
v
i
o
urs
of
t
he
r
e
s
po
n
d
e
n
ts
c
a
n
b
e
gene
ra
te
d
t
hro
u
g
h
i
n-de
pth
inte
r
v
iew
s
[
1
2
].
T
he
rese
arc
h
er
a
pp
r
o
ache
d
t
he
o
rga
n
i
z
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
ob
ta
ine
d
t
he
a
ppr
ova
l
f
o
r
c
o
n
d
u
ct
ing
a
st
ud
y
on
t
h
e
s
ite
.
The
p
a
rti
c
ip
an
ts
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
i
n
thi
s
s
tu
dy
w
e
r
e
t
h
e
s
t
aff
s
f
ro
m
FR
HAM
w
h
o
w
e
re
r
e
c
ruited
v
i
a
p
u
rp
os
ive
s
a
m
p
lin
g
me
tho
d
.
The
re
sear
cher
e
xpla
i
ne
d
t
h
e
p
u
r
pose
of
t
he
s
tu
d
y
a
nd
o
bta
i
ne
d
i
n
for
m
e
d
c
onse
n
t
from
th
e
part
ici
p
a
n
t
s
b
e
f
ore
t
h
e
inter
v
i
e
w
s
.
The
i
n
te
rv
iew
gu
i
d
e
a
nd
inf
orm
e
d
co
nse
n
t
f
o
rm
w
e
r
e
vali
d
a
ted
by
educ
a
t
i
o
na
l
ps
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
e
xpe
r
t
.
The
to
p
i
c
s
i
ncl
u
ded
F
R
H
A
M
’ s ro
l
es i
n i
m
plem
en
tin
g
CS
E, curr
e
nt a
c
tiv
it
ies,
and
t
h
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
nge
s
c
o
n
fron
t
ed
b
y
t
h
e
o
r
ga
n
i
z
a
t
i
on.
T
he
p
roce
ss
of
i
nt
e
r
vi
e
w
s
was
rec
o
rd
ed
,
and
code
d
t
h
em
at
i
c
all
y
.
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
ANALY
S
IS
Base
d
on
t
h
e
anal
ys
is
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
rv
iew
s
,
t
h
ree
broa
d
t
h
e
m
es
w
e
r
e
em
e
r
ge
d
:
1
)
t
h
e
ro
les
pl
a
y
e
d
b
y
F
R
H
A
M
,
2)
t
h
e
b
a
rrier
s
e
xpe
r
i
e
n
ce
d
by
F
R
H
A
M
a
n
d
3
)
t
h
e
re
com
m
e
n
d
a
ti
ons
from
F
R
H
A
M
i
n
pro
m
otin
g
and
i
m
p
l
em
en
t
i
n
g
C
S
E
in
Ma
l
a
y
s
i
a
.
S
ubt
he
m
e
s under
the
the
m
e
s
al
so i
de
nt
i
f
ie
d
an
d r
e
porte
d.
3.1.
T
h
e
Ro
l
e
s o
f
F
RHAM
3.
1.1.
FRHAM as
e
d
u
cat
o
r
I
n
M
a
l
ays
i
a,
t
e
e
nage
p
re
g
n
an
cies
h
a
d
beco
m
e
a
s
erious
i
s
s
ue
t
o
the nat
i
on.
B
ase
d
o
n
th
e
stat
is
tic
s
o
f
live
bi
r
t
hs
a
m
o
ng
a
d
olesce
n
t
g
ir
ls,
ther
e
is
i
nc
rea
s
ing
n
u
m
b
er
of
r
ep
orte
d
c
a
ses
fr
o
m
1
6
,
207
i
n
y
ea
r
2
0
0
7
t
o
18,0
4
0
i
n
year
2
01
1.
B
e
s
i
d
e
s
t
hat,
t
he
a
d
o
l
e
sc
en
ts
a
lso
u
n
a
w
are
a
bo
u
t
t
he
a
vai
l
a
b
il
it
y
of
S
RH
s
e
r
v
i
ces
f
or
preg
na
nc
y
a
n
d
ab
ort
i
o
n
,
S
T
Is,
sexua
l
vi
o
l
en
ce
a
n
d
c
on
trac
ept
i
ve
s
i
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
l
i
n
i
c
s
[
1
3
]
.
T
o
c
r
e
a
t
e
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
am
ong
t
he
a
d
o
l
e
sc
en
ts,
F
R
H
A
M
h
a
d
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
C
S
E
m
od
ule
s
t
o
prov
i
de
c
om
pre
h
en
si
ve
a
nd
h
i
gh-
qua
l
i
t
y
kn
ow
le
d
g
e
a
bou
t
S
R
H
.
W
h
e
n
the
orga
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
o
utre
ac
h
p
ro
gram
i
n
t
h
e
u
nderse
r
ve
d
a
n
d
rural
regi
ons
s
uc
h
a
s
w
elfa
re
h
o
m
e
,
r
efuge
es’
c
a
m
p
s,
O
rang
A
s
li
(in
d
i
g
e
n
o
u
s
pe
op
le)
vi
ll
age
s
a
n
d
f
is
he
rm
an
vi
llage
s,
F
RHA
M
w
i
l
l
disse
m
i
nate
t
he
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
C
S
E
to
t
he
m
a
nd
trai
n
the
r
e
pre
s
e
n
tat
i
ve
s
of
t
he
com
m
uni
t
i
es
t
o
bec
o
m
e
t
he
h
eal
t
h
ca
re
w
orke
rs.
Be
si
de
s
t
h
is,
F
R
H
A
M
a
ls
o
de
live
r
ed
p
ro
gra
m
s,
t
alk
s
,
and
exh
i
bi
tio
ns
i
n
prim
ary
and
se
c
onda
ry
s
c
h
o
o
l
s,
unive
rsit
ies
and
publi
c
p
laces
to
r
aise
t
he
a
w
a
r
e
ness
of
p
eo
p
l
e
re
g
a
rd
in
g
th
e
si
gni
fi
c
a
n
c
e
o
f
C
SE
a
nd
S
R
H
.
“
W
e
int
r
o
d
u
ced t
h
e
m
g
o
o
d
t
ouc
h
a
nd ba
d t
o
uc
h,
we
e
n
ga
ge
d
them
in
ac
tiv
i
tie
s suc
h
as
bo
d
y
m
a
p
p
i
n
g, we
als
o
used
K
a
k
a
a
n
d
T
a
t
a
(
doll
s
) to
te
ach
CSE.
”
T
h
e
s
t
a
f
f
a
l
s
o
me
ntio
ne
d
tha
t
w
it
ho
u
t
d
isse
m
i
nat
i
on
o
f
th
e
CS
E
k
now
l
e
dge
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
c
om
mun
i
t
i
es,
the
se
rvic
es
p
r
o
v
i
de
d
w
o
u
l
d
be
‘
poi
n
tle
ss’
a
n
d
b
ri
ng
m
i
nim
a
l
imp
a
c
t
o
n
the
i
r
q
u
a
lit
y
of
l
if
e.
T
he
p
revi
ou
s
st
udy
a
l
s
o
i
ndi
c
a
t
e
d
th
at
i
n
ad
eq
u
a
t
e
knowl
e
dg
e
o
f
S
RH
c
o
u
l
d
l
e
a
d
t
o l
o
w u
t
i
l
i
s
a
t
i
on o
f
S
R
H
services [
14]
,[
15]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2252-
8822
IJERE
V
ol
.
7,
N
o.
1,
Ma
r
ch 201
8
: 17
– 24
20
3.
1.2.
FR
HA
M as Se
r
vice
Pr
o
v
i
d
e
r
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
he
i
nt
er
vi
e
w
,
the
st
a
ff
m
e
n
t
io
ne
d
t
h
at
F
RH
A
M
b
rou
g
h
t
s
e
r
v
ic
e
to
t
ho
se
w
h
o
a
r
e
una
ble
t
o
have
t
he
a
c
c
e
ss
w
i
t
h
n
o
or
m
in
ima
l
c
ha
rge
s
t
hro
u
g
h
o
u
t
re
a
c
h
pro
gr
am
a
nd
m
ob
i
l
e
c
l
i
n
ics.
F
am
il
y
p
l
a
n
n
i
ng
and SRH se
rvi
ces suc
h a
s
c
o
n
tra
c
e
p
t
i
v
es, h
ealt
h
sc
r
ee
n
i
ng
,
S
T
Is
testi
ng, Pap Sm
e
a
r
s a
n
d A
I
DS/ H
I
V se
rvice
s
w
e
r
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
t
o
O
r
a
n
g
A
s
l
i
,
t
h
e
m
i
g
r
a
n
t
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
f
u
g
e
e
s
,
t
h
e
p
e
o
p
l
e
l
i
v
i
ng
i
n
w
e
lfa
r
e
home
,
t
he
p
e
o
ple
in
fis
h
erm
a
n
vi
l
l
a
g
es
w
it
h
em
pha
size
d
i
n
5
s
ta
tes
w
h
ich
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
S
ab
ah,
Sa
rawa
k,
P
enang,
M
e
l
a
k
a,
a
n
d
Ter
e
ng
gan
u
.
B
e
fore
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
he
n
ee
d
for
c
o
n
duc
ti
ng
the
pro
g
r
a
m
i
n
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
s
t
a
t
e
,
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
f
i
n
d
o
ut
t
he
f
ac
tors
t
hat
in
fl
ue
nc
e
th
e
up
ta
ke
o
f
th
e
SR
H
serv
i
c
e
s
.
Th
e
st
aff
a
l
so
s
ai
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
y
p
r
ov
id
ed
r
ef
e
r
r
a
l
s
e
r
vice
s
for
the
pat
i
e
n
t
s
w
ho
need
c
ou
ns
ell
i
ng
and
o
t
her
se
rv
i
ces.
“I alw
a
ys
em
ph
as
is to m
y
st
a
f
fs th
at
w
e
sho
u
l
d
b
u
i
l
d
a st
r
o
n
g
ne
t
w
ork
wit
h
o
t
he
r
NG
O
s
an
d
ev
e
n
, gov
e
r
nm
en
t
a
l
a
g
e
n
cies,
so
th
a
t
if we
e
n
c
o
u
n
t
er pa
tie
nts
wit
h
p
r
ob
lem
s
t
h
a
t
r
e
qu
ire
a
t
ten
t
ion,
yo
u
can re
fer
the p
a
tie
nt
s
to the
a
ppr
o
p
ria
t
e p
l
a
c
es.”
3.
1.3.
FRHAM and re
fuge
e
A
c
cordi
n
g
to
M
a
l
a
y
sia
n
L
a
w
(
the
Fe
dera
l
C
o
nsti
tu
t
i
on
o
f
19
5
7
a
n
d
t
h
e
Ma
la
ysia
n
Immigra
tio
n
A
c
t
19
5
9
/6
3),
Ma
l
a
ysia
doe
s
no
t
pr
ov
ide
a
l
e
g
a
l
r
i
g
h
t
f
o
r
re
fugee
t
o
re
ma
in
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
[
16].
The
r
ef
or
e,
t
he
refugee
s
a
re
a
t
risk
o
f
e
x
p
l
oita
ti
on,
a
rr
est
and
dete
n
t
i
o
n.
A
lt
ho
u
gh
the
r
e
fuge
es
a
re
g
e
n
e
r
al
ly
n
o
t
a
t
risk
o
f
dep
o
rta
t
io
n,
b
u
t
the
y
are
n
o
t
a
l
l
o
w
e
d
t
o
w
o
r
k
i
n
t
he
f
or
ma
l
s
e
c
t
o
r
o
f
e
cono
my
,
a
n
d
exp
e
rie
n
c
e
d
dif
f
i
c
u
ltie
s
in
ac
cessi
ng
he
al
thc
a
re
a
nd
e
d
uc
ati
o
n
[1
7].
Refuge
e
s
e
spec
ial
l
y
g
i
r
l
s
an
d
w
o
me
n
a
r
e
m
o
re
s
usce
pt
i
b
le
t
o
forc
ed
ma
rria
ge, sex
u
a
l sla
v
e
r
y a
n
d for
m
s of ge
nde
r-ba
s
ed v
io
le
nc
e
due
t
o t
h
e
i
r p
o
w
e
rle
s
s
n
e
s
s.
The
y ha
d l
e
ss
a
c
cess
t
o
e
du
c
a
ti
on
a
n
d
r
e
p
rod
u
c
t
i
ve
h
ealt
h
ca
re,
th
a
t
c
an
p
ut
t
hem
a
t
a
hi
gh
er
r
i
s
k
fo
r
HIV/
A
I
D
S
,
u
n
w
a
n
t
e
d
preg
na
nc
y
an
d
unsa
f
e
a
b
ort
i
o
n
s
tha
t
c
o
u
l
d
l
ead
t
o
ma
terna
l
d
ea
t
h
s
[
1
8
]
.
M
c
M
i
c
h
a
e
l
a
n
d
G
i
f
f
o
r
d
[
1
9
]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
y
o
ung
re
fu
g
e
e
h
a
d
l
i
t
t
l
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
bo
ut
s
e
x
u
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
a
n
d
S
T
I
s
a
p
a
r
t
f
r
o
m
H
I
V
/
A
I
D
S
.
F
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
t
e
rv
iew
,
t
he
s
en
ior
st
a
ff
me
nti
one
d
tha
t
R
oh
i
n
g
y
a
a
r
e
cu
ltur
a
l
l
y
ge
t
t
i
n
g
m
a
rry
a
t
yo
un
g
age,
a
nd
the
m
e
n
had
t
h
e
fi
nal
w
o
rds
i
n
t
he
m
at
ter
of
g
e
t
ti
n
g
c
hil
d
re
n.
“
I
t
is
no
t
pr
act
i
c
a
l
for
them
(t
he re
fu
gee
)
t
o
hav
e
m
any
chi
l
d
re
n
as t
h
ey
hav
e n
o
j
o
b a
nd m
o
ney
…
m
o
re
over,
i
f
the
i
r w
i
v
e
s h
a
v
e
he
a
lth pr
ob
lem
s
du
e
t
o
un
sa
fe
pre
g
n
a
n
cy,
i
t
is ex
pen
s
ive
f
o
r them
(f
or ge
tti
ng
he
al
thc
a
re
se
rv
ices)!
”
Chi
l
d
m
arr
i
a
g
e
is
c
o
m
m
on
a
m
ong
Roh
i
ng
ya
a
nd
some
o
f
t
h
e
gi
rls
m
a
r
r
y
eve
n
e
a
r
li
e
r
d
ue
t
o
po
ve
rt
y
a
nd
i
n
secur
ity
[
20
]
.
There
f
ore,
F
RH
A
M
had
t
a
ken
act
i
ons
i
n
prov
i
d
i
ng
a
cce
ss
o
f
S
R
H
se
rv
ices
t
o
the
re
f
uge
es.
The
organ
i
z
a
t
ion
a
l
s
o
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
t
h
e
U
s
taz
(
r
elig
iou
s
l
ea
der)
a
m
ong
t
h
e
com
m
un
i
t
y
in
t
he
t
ra
in
i
ng
of
C
S
E
a
nd
f
am
ily
p
la
nn
i
ng.
T
he
y
are
traine
d
t
o
b
e
t
h
e
h
e
al
th
c
a
r
e
wo
rk
ers
so
t
h
a
t
th
ey
c
a
n
d
i
sse
min
a
t
e
t
h
e
i
nform
a
ti
o
n
in
t
he
c
om
m
uni
t
y
.
The
n
,
the
st
a
f
fs
from
F
RH
A
M
m
oni
tor
e
d
t
h
e
se
ssi
o
n
of
d
e
live
r
ing
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
U
staz
t
o
en
su
re
t
h
e
e
x
actit
ud
e
o
f
t
h
e
in
form
ation.
F
RH
A
M
a
ls
o
p
r
epar
ed
v
i
d
e
o
s
rega
rdi
n
g
CS
E
an
d
S
R
H
s
er
vi
c
e
s
i
n
R
o
h
i
n
gya
l
a
n
gua
ges
t
o
dee
p
e
n
t
he
ir
unders
tan
d
i
n
g
t
ow
ar
ds
t
he s
ig
ni
ficanc
e
o
f C
S
E
and
S
R
H
for
their w
e
ll-be
i
ng.
3.
1.4.
FR
HA
M as
a
d
vocat
e
F
R
H
A
M
ha
d t
a
ken
role
s
in
a
dv
oca
c
y
f
or
S
RH
r
i
g
h
t
s
a
n
d
CS
E
i
n
M
a
l
ay
si
a.
NGOs
h
av
e
al
way
s
b
een
the
fr
on
t
l
i
n
e
i
n
p
romo
ti
n
g
n
ew
i
dea
s
a
n
d
e
nc
oura
g
e
g
over
n
m
e
nts
agen
ci
es
t
o
i
m
p
l
emen
t
t
h
em.
NGOs
repr
esent
the
‘vo
i
ce
o
f
t
h
e
p
e
op
le’
at
a
l
l
l
e
v
el
s
–
l
o
cal,
n
a
ti
on
a
l
a
nd
i
nte
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
[2
1
]
.
Th
e
st
af
f
i
ndi
ca
ted
dur
in
g
the
inte
r
v
i
e
w
,
F
RH
A
M
h
a
d
b
e
e
n
i
nvi
ted
to
a
t
t
e
n
d
vari
ou
s
g
ove
rn
me
n
t
al
m
e
e
t
i
ng
s
and
me
mb
er
o
f
com
m
it
tees
t
o
pro
v
i
d
e
the
pe
rspec
t
i
v
e
s
fro
m
the
N
GOs’
aspec
t
. “
T
hey
(
t
he
gover
nm
e
n
t
a
l a
g
e
n
cie
s
)
ne
ed
us,
bec
ause
we
re
ach
ou
t t
h
e
com
m
u
n
i
tie
s m
o
re th
a
n
the
m
.”
A
s
com
p
are
d
t
o
go
ve
rnm
e
nt,
t
h
e
f
l
e
x
ib
il
ity
st
r
u
ct
u
r
es
o
f
man
y
NGOs
h
av
e
al
lo
wed
them
t
o
fo
rmu
l
ate,
i
mp
l
e
me
nt
a
n
d
ev
a
l
u
a
t
e
i
nn
ov
at
i
v
e
p
r
og
ramme
s
direc
t
e
d
a
t
the
need
o
f
spe
c
i
f
ic
p
o
p
u
la
t
i
ons
a
n
d
c
omm
uni
t
i
e
s
e
v
e
n
f
or
t
he
p
r
o
gram
mes
t
h
a
t
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
t
o
o
con
t
ro
ver
s
ia
l
for
g
o
v
er
nme
n
t
t
o
w
or
k
on
i
t
[2
2]
.
The
pr
evi
o
us
s
t
u
d
y
also
s
how
e
d
t
hat
w
ith
t
he
r
ob
ust
co
ll
ab
o
r
a
t
ion
bet
w
een
t
h
e
g
o
v
e
rn
ment
a
nd
NGO
can
s
c
al
e
u
p
a
so
c
ia
l
d
e
vel
o
pme
n
t
progr
am
s
uc
h
as
C
S
E
t
o
nat
i
ona
l le
ve
l
succe
ss
fu
lly t
hrou
g
h
a
c
are
f
ul
ly
n
eg
o
tia
te
d pa
rt
nersh
i
p [23]
.
3.2.
T
h
e
B
a
rri
e
r
s
E
x
pe
ri
ence
d b
y
FRHAM
3.
2.1.
Comp
reh
en
si
ve
S
exualit
y E
d
u
c
ation
i
s
perce
i
v
e
d
a
s
tab
o
o
The
resp
on
de
n
t
s
m
e
nt
i
one
d
t
h
at
p
a
r
en
ts
i
n
Ma
lays
ia
a
re
s
t
i
l
l
v
i
e
w
i
n
g
C
S
E
a
s
a
t
a
b
o
o
.
S
o
m
e
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
are
w
o
rrie
d
t
h
a
t
the
e
x
posur
e
of
C
S
E
m
ig
ht
l
ea
d
t
h
eir
c
h
il
dre
n
to
s
e
x
-
e
xper
i
m
e
nta
t
io
n
a
nd
ea
rli
e
r
s
e
xu
a
l
deb
u
t
s.
S
om
e
of
t
hem
t
h
in
k
tha
t
t
he
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
w
i
l
l
l
e
a
rn
t
he
k
n
o
wl
edg
e
r
el
at
ed
t
o
sex
u
al
ity
b
y
t
h
e
m
se
l
v
es
when the
y
gro
w
up
s
o
i
t
is no
t
nec
essary
t
o
t
eac
h t
h
em
dur
ing
t
h
e
ir
s
c
hoo
l
year
s.
T
he
f
in
di
n
g
s
a
r
e sim
i
la
r
to
a
pri
o
r
stu
d
y
tha
t
i
nd
ica
t
ed
t
ha
t
Mala
ys
ia
a
s
a
Mu
s
l
im
m
ajorit
y
c
o
u
n
tr
y,
C
SE
i
s
still
a
c
ontr
ove
rs
ial
sub
j
ec
t
t
o
be
t
a
u
g
h
t
i
n
scho
o
l
.
The
go
vernm
e
n
t
do
n
o
t
in
te
nd
to
m
a
k
e
it
a
s
t
and
a
l
o
n
e
s
ubj
e
c
t
a
s
t
h
e
c
u
rrent
s
yl
l
a
bu
s
to
uc
hes
brie
fly
abo
u
t
S
R
H
k
now
le
dge
i
n
ot
h
e
r
subjec
ts
s
uc
h
as
S
cie
n
ce,
B
io
l
o
g
y
,
Physi
cal
E
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
Mora
l
S
t
ud
ies
a
nd
Isla
mic
S
t
ud
ies.
R
a
h
im
ah
e
t
al.
[2
4]
a
lso
p
o
i
nte
d
o
u
t
t
ha
t
t
h
e
par
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
conc
erns
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
nega
t
i
ve
c
onse
que
nce
s
o
f
imple
m
e
n
t
a
tio
n
o
f
s
e
x
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
i
n
e
l
e
me
n
t
ary
scho
ol
s
a
s
t
h
e
c
hi
ld
re
n
are
no
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
Ef
for
t
o
f
N
G
O
in
Pr
om
o
t
i
ng Com
p
re
hen
s
iv
e Sexua
l
i
t
y
Ed
uc
a
tio
n
t
o
I
m
prove Q
u
a
lity ..
. (K
e
e
Jiar
Ye
o)
21
mat
u
re
e
no
ugh
t
o
u
nd
e
r
st
a
nd
se
x
u
a
lit
y
.
F
RHAM
a
l
s
o
rev
e
a
l
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
he
a
pp
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
ce
ss
i
n
orde
r
t
o
g
et
perm
issio
n
t
o
c
o
n
duc
t
pro
g
r
a
m
s
r
e
l
ated
t
o
CS
E
in
s
c
h
o
o
ls
i
s
te
d
i
o
u
s
a
n
d
di
ffi
c
ul
t
.
T
hu
s,
i
t
co
ul
d
b
e
a
n
o
b
s
t
acl
e
f
o
r
NGOs t
o
d
i
ssem
i
n
a
t
e
th
e
C
SE an
d
S
R
H
k
n
o
w
l
e
dg
e
t
o
t
he students.
3.
2.2.
C
u
l
tural
fact
ors
Ma
la
ysia
i
s
a
m
u
ltira
c
ia
l
c
ountr
y
a
n
d
e
a
c
h
r
ace
o
r
com
m
un
i
t
y
ha
ve
t
he
ir
o
w
n
c
ult
u
ra
l
back
gro
u
n
d
tha
t
c
o
u
l
d
in
fl
uence
the
i
r
a
cce
pt
a
n
ce
t
o
w
a
rds
CS
E
a
nd
S
R
H
ser
v
i
c
e
s.
T
he
O
r
a
ng
A
s
l
i
i
s
the
i
n
d
i
ge
no
us
minor
it
y
pe
o
p
l
e
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
sia
.
T
he
ir
g
e
ogra
p
hica
l
d
i
str
i
b
u
t
i
o
n,
u
n
i
que
s
oc
io-c
ul
t
u
res
an
d
m
u
l
t
i-
dia
l
e
c
t
s
m
a
y
refrain
t
hem
from
the
a
cce
s
s
t
o
p
u
b
l
ic
h
e
a
l
t
h
i
n
t
erve
nt
i
ons,
CS
E
a
n
d
S
R
H
serv
ice
s
c
om
pare
d
to
w
ha
t
i
s
a
v
ai
l
a
bl
e
and
ac
ce
ssib
l
e
t
o
g
en
era
l
p
opu
l
a
ti
on
s.
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
st
u
dy,
O
r
a
ng
A
s
l
i
h
a
v
e
a
fa
ir
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
ge
abo
u
t
H
IV
/
A
I
D
S
bu
t
the
y
a
l
s
o
ha
ve
m
i
s
c
o
nc
ep
t
i
ons
t
ow
a
r
ds
t
he
t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssion
o
f
H
I
V
/
A
I
DS
a
nd
s
o
u
r
ce
s
of
in
form
ation [2
5].
I
t
is re
po
r
t
ed t
hat mos
t
of t
h
e O
r
ang A
s
l
i
h
a
d no
t rec
e
ive
d
a
pr
oper ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n, th
i
s i
s
s
i
m
ilar
to
t
he
f
in
din
g
o
f
th
is
s
t
udy.
B
ase
d
o
n
t
h
e
i
n
form
ati
o
n
fro
m
F
RH
A
M
s
t
a
f
f
,
t
h
e
y
m
e
t
O
r
a
n
g
A
s
l
i
w
h
o
w
e
r
e
unw
ill
in
g t
o
se
nd
t
h
e
i
r c
h
il
dre
n
t
o sc
hoo
l
due
to
b
u
l
l
y
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
r
imina
t
io
n.
“
T
he O
r
an
g As
li g
i
r
l
di
d n
o
t a
t
ten
d
sch
o
o
l
, b
e
ca
us
e her
fa
t
h
er
t
o
ld he
r tha
t
the
peo
p
le
in the sc
h
ool are
ba
d
g
u
y
s
.”
t
he
i
nter
v
i
e
w
ee
sai
d
.
Pa
st
lite
rat
u
re
s
u
p
p
o
rte
d
t
hat
O
r
an
g
A
s
l
i
s
h
o
w
e
d
de
ep
d
issa
t
i
s
f
a
c
ti
o
n
d
u
e
t
o
n
e
g
lec
tio
n
of
t
he
i
r
c
hildr
e
n
in
s
c
hoo
l
and t
h
e
y
a
lso
e
xpe
r
i
e
n
ce
d
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
a
nd
ve
r
b
al
a
b
u
ses
from
t
he
ir
s
ch
oo
lm
ates
[
26].
Wi
th
o
u
t
prope
r
e
d
uc
ati
o
n,
O
r
a
ng
A
s
li
c
o
ul
d
h
a
ve
l
im
i
t
e
d
a
cc
ess
t
o
t
he
C
S
E
a
n
d
S
RH
s
ervice
s.
F
or
r
e
f
ugee
espec
i
a
l
l
y
R
o
h
i
n
gy
a
com
m
uni
t
y
,
ch
il
d
m
a
rr
iage
i
s
sti
l
l
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
ir
t
r
a
di
tio
ns.
N
e
v
e
r
the
l
ess,
t
he
F
RH
A
M
s
t
a
ff
e
m
phas
i
ze
d
tha
t
teen
p
re
g
n
a
n
cy
c
ou
l
d
c
a
u
se
m
ater
n
a
l
de
a
t
h
a
nd
o
t
h
e
r
he
a
lth
r
isk
s
d
u
e
to
t
he
g
irls
a
re
n
o
t
r
ea
dy
ph
ys
ica
l
l
y
f
or
preg
na
nc
y. Wo
r
ld H
eal
t
h
O
r
g
aniza
t
i
on (
W
H
O
) also i
n
d
ica
t
ed t
ha
t
t
h
e
l
e
ad
in
g c
a
u
se o
f de
ath for
girl
s a
g
e
d
1
5
to
1
9
gl
oba
l
l
y
is
t
he
c
om
p
l
i
c
a
tio
ns
d
uri
n
g
preg
na
ncy
an
d
c
h
il
d
b
irt
h
[
2
7
].
P
over
t
y,
l
a
c
k
of
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
em
plo
y
me
nt
a
r
e
t
he
f
a
c
t
ors
tha
t
c
o
n
t
ri
bute
d
t
o
a
d
o
l
esc
e
n
t
preg
n
anc
i
e
s
e
spec
ia
ll
y
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
ma
rgi
n
alize
d
po
p
u
l
a
tio
n [2
8
]
. Besides t
h
at,
there
a
r
e m
a
ny
M
u
s
l
i
m
i
n M
a
lay
s
i
a
h
a
v
e
t
he
m
i
s
c
o
n
c
ep
ti
on
s
th
at
c
ont
ra
ce
p
t
i
o
n
is
n
o
t
p
erm
i
ssi
ble
i
n
t
he
c
o
n
t
ext
of
I
slam
.
S
i
m
i
l
a
r
fi
n
d
in
gs
i
n
P
aki
s
ta
n
a
l
so
r
eve
a
l
e
d
t
ha
t
t
h
e
ma
rried
w
om
en
are
no
t
us
ing
c
o
n
t
ra
ce
pt
io
n
e
v
en
t
h
oug
h
t
h
e
y
w
an
t
to
s
pac
e
o
r
l
i
m
i
t
t
h
e
i
r
b
i
r
t
h
s
d
u
e
t
o
r
e
l
i
g
i
o
u
s
r
e
a
s
o
n
s
[
2
9
]
.
The
y
h
a
v
e
m
i
sc
once
p
ti
o
n
s
a
b
ou
t
t
h
e
perm
is
si
bi
l
i
t
y
o
f
fam
i
ly
p
la
n
n
i
n
g
i
n
I
slam
d
ue
t
o
i
n
abi
lit
y
t
o
c
ol
la
t
e
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
rp
ret
p
r
e
c
i
s
el
y
th
e v
a
riou
s
v
e
rses
o
f
Qu
ra
n
t
h
a
t
rel
at
ed
to
fam
i
l
y
respo
n
s
i
bi
li
ty
a
nd
w
e
ll-
bei
n
g [3
0]
.
3.
2.3.
Relu
ctan
ce
of edu
cator
s
in
de
l
i
ver
y
of
CSE
The
sta
ffs
s
ha
r
e
d
t
h
e
i
r
experi
e
n
ce
w
h
e
n
c
o
n
duc
te
d
a
CS
E
pro
g
ra
m
i
n
sc
h
ool,
dur
in
g
the
se
ssi
on,
t
he
pare
n
t
s
a
nd
st
u
d
en
ts
w
ere
s
u
p
por
ti
ve
t
ow
ards
t
he
p
ro
gra
m
,
how
e
v
er,
t
h
e
te
ache
r
s
are
wo
rried
a
b
o
u
t
sh
ow
in
g
the
draw
i
n
g
of
n
a
k
e
d
m
e
n
a
nd
w
om
en
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
a
ne
ga
ti
ve
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
ch
i
l
d
r
en
.
Th
e
re
l
u
ct
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
ea
ch
e
r
in tea
c
h
i
ng CS
E cou
l
d
ca
use sha
l
l
o
w
i
m
p
l
e
m
entat
i
on of
t
h
e
c
u
r
ri
cu
lum i
n
the c
lass, th
a
t w
o
u
l
d no
t be
eno
u
g
h
to
e
q
u
i
p
t
he
s
t
ude
n
t
s
w
ith
t
h
e
n
ece
ssa
r
y
kn
ow
le
dge
a
n
d
s
ki
lls.
T
h
e
pr
ior
stu
d
y
i
de
nt
i
f
ie
d
t
h
e
fac
t
ors
be
h
i
nd
the
r
e
l
u
c
t
anc
e
o
f
t
eac
hers
a
re
due
t
o
s
o
ci
o-cu
lt
ural
a
n
d
re
l
i
g
i
ou
s
f
acto
r
s,
l
ack
o
f
t
eac
h
e
r
t
r
ai
nin
g
i
n
the
del
i
v
ery
of se
x
e
duc
at
ion
a
nd
po
or
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n [3
1]
.
3.
2.4.
Low visib
i
lity
o
f FRHAM
F
R
H
A
M
st
aff
als
o
s
ta
te
d
t
h
at
l
ow
v
isi
b
ili
ty
o
f
F
R
H
A
M
is
a
c
hal
l
e
nge
o
f
t
h
e
or
g
a
n
i
za
t
i
o
n
i
n
prom
o
t
i
n
g CS
E
and S
R
H
ser
v
ice
s
.
“
I
t
h
i
n
k f
o
r
FRHAM,
ou
r na
me
i
s
no
t
st
ro
ng
en
oug
h
.
We
d
o
no
t
h
a
v
e
h
i
gh
vis
i
bi
li
t
y
, pe
o
p
l
e are
u
n
a
w
are
t
h
a
t
we
pr
ov
id
e suc
h
se
r
v
ices
.
”
Ev
e
n
t
hou
gh
F
R
HA
M
h
a
d emp
l
oy
ed
t
he
u
se o
f
soc
i
al
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s
suc
h
a
s
F
a
ce
boo
k,
I
nst
a
gram
a
nd
We
b
p
a
ge
t
o
gai
n
t
h
e
i
r
p
r
omine
n
c
e
,
bu
t
the
re
sul
t
s
are
not
as
g
o
o
d
as
e
x
p
e
ct
ed
.
F
o
r
NGO,
t
h
e
v
i
s
i
b
il
it
y
i
s
a
c
ru
cial
e
l
e
me
n
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
t
o
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
o
r
e
p
e
o
p
l
e
t
o
un
dersta
n
d
t
he
ir
w
ork
an
d
c
r
eate
a
w
ar
eness
am
ong
t
h
e
pe
op
l
e
.
Th
e
mo
re
s
up
po
rt
t
h
e
y
re
ce
i
v
e
,
t
h
e
l
a
r
g
e
r
impa
ct
t
he
y
can
m
a
k
e
[32].
3.3.
Th
e
rec
omme
n
d
a
t
i
on
s of
F
R
H
A
M
i
n
Pr
omotin
g
C
o
mp
r
e
h
e
n
s
ive
S
e
xu
ali
t
y
Edu
cation
3.
3.1.
C
o
mp
reh
en
si
ve
S
exu
a
lit
y E
d
u
c
ation
as a stan
d
al
on
e
sub
j
ect in
c
u
rri
c
ulum
Ack
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
me
n
t
o
f
C
S
E
as
a
n
of
fi
ci
a
l
s
u
b
j
e
ct
c
ou
ld
b
e
a
co
rn
er
s
t
one
f
or
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
hi
gh-
q
u
al
ity
C
S
E
a
nd
S
RH
s
er
vi
c
e
s
. “
W
e h
a
ve
t
o
do
som
e
th
i
ng t
o
m
a
ke
it (C
SE)
an
off
i
c
ia
l su
b
j
ec
t a
s
the
r
e
are s
o
m
e
free
l
ance
se
x ed
uc
a
t
o
rs
wh
o
are d
i
sse
m
in
at
i
ng
th
e
k
n
o
w
le
dge
re
gards se
xu
a
l
i
t
y
in w
o
rry
i
ng w
a
y.
”
Tea
c
h
i
n
g
C
S
E
a
s
a
st
a
n
dal
o
n
e
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
c
a
n
e
nc
our
age
t
h
e
use
o
f
n
o
n
-
fo
rmal
t
ea
c
h
in
g
me
t
hod
ol
o
g
i
e
s
th
at
w
o
u
l
d
he
l
p
i
n
bu
i
l
d
i
ng
s
t
u
de
nt
s’
c
rit
i
c
a
l
th
i
n
k
i
ng
sk
i
l
l
s
.
I
t
i
s
eas
ier
t
o
m
o
n
i
t
o
r,
e
v
a
l
u
ate
the
e
f
f
ect
i
v
ene
ss
an
d
revise
t
he
c
urric
u
lum
base
d
o
n
n
e
e
d
i
f
C
S
E
i
s
pre
s
e
n
t
e
d
as
a
s
t
a
n
da
lo
ne
s
ubje
c
t
.
Bes
i
des
t
h
at,
a
s
t
a
nd-a
l
o
n
e
c
u
rri
c
ul
u
m
a
l
s
o
a
l
l
o
ws
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
zed
t
ea
c
h
er
t
ra
in
i
n
g
t
h
at
can
e
l
e
v
a
t
e
t
e
ac
he
rs’
confi
d
en
c
e
a
nd
m
o
tiva
tio
n
i
n
t
h
e
i
m
pl
e
m
e
n
ta
t
i
on
o
f
C
S
E
[3
3
]
.
Th
e
st
a
f
f
al
so
s
ai
d
th
at
t
ra
i
n
i
n
g
f
or
t
ea
cher
s
i
s
i
m
p
ort
a
nt
i
n
t
h
e
d
e
l
i
ve
ry
o
f
qua
l
ity
C
S
E
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2252-
8822
IJERE
V
ol
.
7,
N
o.
1,
Ma
r
ch 201
8
: 17
– 24
22
3.
3.2.
More
c
oll
a
b
o
r
a
ti
on
s am
on
g st
akeh
old
e
r
s
, N
GOs an
d
gove
rn
men
t
F
R
H
A
M
st
af
fs
e
x
p
r
essed
th
eir
g
r
at
it
ud
e
t
o
w
a
rd
s
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
NGOs
w
ho
a
r
e
a
l
so
f
ig
h
tin
g
for
the
S
R
H
ri
gh
t
in
M
al
aysi
a
.
“
W
e are
tha
n
k
f
u
l
t
h
at
t
h
ere
are
g
r
ow
i
n
g
n
u
m
b
e
rs
of NG
O
s
al
so
pr
ovi
d
e
CSE
a
n
d
SRH
service
s
. It
is g
o
o
d
t
o
hav
e
o
t
her
org
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
on
w
o
rk
ing
t
o
wards
t
h
e s
a
m
e
g
o
a
l
.
At le
ast
we k
n
ow
th
at
peo
p
l
e
are
su
p
p
o
r
t
i
ng
t
h
e
work
we are
d
o
i
ng.
”
T
hey
be
l
i
e
v
e
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
co
l
l
a
b
orat
io
n
o
f
a
l
l
p
art
i
es,
the
y
c
an
b
r
i
ng
mor
e
pos
iti
ve
i
m
p
ac
t
to
t
he
p
e
o
p
l
e
.
N
eve
r
t
h
eless,
t
he
s
t
a
ff
a
ls
o
st
at
e
d
t
h
a
t
NGO
i
s
a
cti
ng
as
a
c
o
m
pl
emen
t
to
t
h
e
go
v
e
r
n
ment
.
NGO
wi
th
p
r
o
p
e
r
man
a
g
e
men
t
a
nd
e
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
h
u
m
an
reso
urc
e
s
can
h
el
p
t
o
f
or
m
g
overn
m
e
nt
po
lic
y
a
n
d
ai
d
in
p
ro
gra
m
d
e
v
el
o
p
me
nt
,
co
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
s
up
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
g
o
v
e
r
nm
en
t
pro
g
r
am
s
[34].
A
hea
lth
y
N
G
O
-gove
r
n
m
e
nt re
l
a
t
ions
h
i
p a
l
l
o
w
s
t
he de
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
nt
s o
f
m
ore con
st
ru
c
t
i
v
e
di
al
og
u
e
and
i
mpl
e
me
nt
a
tio
n
of
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
t
o
b
e
m
o
r
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
f
u
l
[
3
5
]
.
B
e
s
i
d
e
s
t
h
a
t
,
t
h
e
s
t
a
f
f
s
m
ent
i
one
d
t
h
a
t
C
S
E
p
r
ogram
s
h
o
u
l
d
no
t
be
li
m
i
te
d
t
o
s
tu
d
e
nt
s
on
ly,
pare
nts
a
n
d
pu
bl
ic
s
ho
u
l
d
be
i
nc
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
the
de
vel
o
pme
n
t
o
f
t
he
i
r
u
nders
tan
d
i
n
g
t
o
ill
um
i
n
a
t
e t
h
e
i
r
misconc
e
p
t
i
on
s
and m
y
t
h
s to
w
a
rds
CS
E a
n
d
S
R
H
.
3.
3.3.
Inc
l
u
d
e C
o
mpre
hen
s
i
v
e
S
e
xualit
y
E
d
uc
a
t
io
n
in
Pre
marital
C
o
urse
I
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
M
u
s
l
i
m
s
a
r
e
c
o
m
p
u
l
s
o
r
y
t
o
a
t
t
e
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
e
m
a
r
i
t
a
l
c
o
ur
se
b
e
f
ore
a
p
p
lica
t
i
on
for
ma
rria
ge.
The
pre
m
a
r
it
a
l
c
o
u
rse
w
a
s
i
n
t
r
od
uce
d
b
y
t
h
e
D
e
par
t
m
e
n
t
of
I
s
l
a
m
ic
D
eve
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
M
alay
si
a
(D
ID
M
)
t
o
pr
ov
i
d
e
k
now
led
g
e
o
n
t
he
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
a
n
d
o
b
jec
t
i
v
es
o
f
m
a
rri
ag
e
f
r
o
m
r
e
l
ig
i
o
u
s
a
sp
ect
s
and
al
so
kn
ow
le
d
g
e
on
t
he
p
r
o
b
l
em
-so
l
v
i
ng
s
ki
lls
i
n
ma
rit
a
l
c
o
nfl
i
c
t
s,
s
t
r
e
ss,
f
i
n
anc
i
a
l
m
a
n
ag
emen
t
and
h
ealt
h
i
ssu
e
s
[3
6].
There
f
ore,
F
RH
A
M
s
ta
ffs
s
u
gge
s
t
e
d
t
hat
the
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
a
bo
u
t
CS
E
and
S
R
H
sho
u
l
d
be
i
nc
l
u
ded
i
n
t
he
prem
ar
i
t
a
l
c
o
u
r
se
t
o
pre
p
are
t
h
e
fu
t
u
re
p
are
n
ts
i
n
fa
mi
l
y
p
la
nn
i
n
g
a
nd
pl
ay
a
r
o
l
e
in
c
o
m
mu
ni
c
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
kn
ow
le
d
g
e
abo
u
t se
xua
l
i
t
y
w
i
t
h t
h
e
i
r
chi
l
dr
e
n
.
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
As
t
h
e
l
ea
din
g
p
i
on
e
e
r
o
f
C
S
E
and
S
R
H
se
rv
i
c
e
s
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
FRH
AM
h
ad
m
ad
e
re
ma
rk
a
b
l
e
con
t
ri
b
u
ti
ons
f
or
t
he
w
e
ll-be
ing
of
l
oca
l
a
nd
r
efuge
e
c
o
m
m
uni
t
i
es
i
n
Ma
l
a
ysia
b
y
pro
v
i
d
in
g
acc
ess
to
ac
cura
t
e
i
nf
orm
a
tion
r
e
late
d
t
o
s
e
xua
li
ty,
fam
ily
p
la
nn
in
g
a
n
d
S
R
H
ser
v
i
c
e
s
.
T
h
e
orga
n
i
za
t
i
on
a
l
s
o
neg
o
tia
te
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
g
o
v
er
nme
n
t
,
l
oca
l
a
n
d
i
nt
e
r
nat
i
ona
l
N
G
O
s
t
o
a
dvo
cat
e
t
h
e
SRH
ri
gh
ts
f
o
r
m
arg
i
na
l
i
z
ed
and
un
der
s
e
r
v
e
d
p
o
p
u
l
a
tio
n
s
.
N
onet
h
ele
s
s
,
F
RH
A
M
h
a
d
e
nc
ou
n
t
ere
d
c
hal
l
e
nges
s
u
ch
a
s
peo
p
l
e
sti
ll
perc
ei
ved
CS
E
as
t
ab
oo,
c
u
l
t
u
ral
fa
c
t
ors,
t
h
e
r
eluc
t
a
nce
o
f
t
ea
c
h
ers
in
t
h
e
d
el
i
v
e
r
y
o
f
t
he
p
ro
gra
m
,
a
nd
low
v
i
s
i
bi
li
t
y
o
f
F
R
HA
M
du
ri
ng
t
h
e
i
mp
l
e
me
nt
a
t
ion
o
f
C
SE
a
nd
d
e
liv
e
ry of
S
R
H
se
rv
i
c
es.
T
h
er
efor
e,
t
o
prom
ote
the
CS
E
an
d
SRH
se
rvice
s
i
n
Mala
ys
ia,
F
R
H
A
M
sug
g
es
te
d
t
o
i
nc
lud
e
C
S
E
as
a
s
ta
nda
lo
ne
s
ub
jec
t
i
n
the
sch
o
o
l
c
ur
ric
u
lum,
t
o
ha
ve
m
ore
coll
a
b
orati
o
ns
w
i
t
h
st
a
k
eh
o
l
der
s,
g
ov
ern
m
ent
,
a
n
d
o
th
er
NGOs
,
an
d
em
brac
e
the
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
o
f
C
S
E
a
nd
SRH
se
r
v
ice
s
i
n
t
h
e
pr
em
arital
c
o
u
r
se
.
Th
e
f
i
nd
i
ngs
o
f
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
m
i
g
ht
en
co
u
r
ag
e mo
r
e
p
artn
er
s
h
i
p
s b
e
t
w
een
gov
ern
m
en
t
a
n
d
NGOs as
NG
Os
ca
n
r
eflec
t
t
he
g
r
a
s
s
-
r
oot i
s
s
u
e
s
of
the
peo
p
l
e
i
n
t
he
n
a
t
i
o
n.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
Th
e
W
o
rld
Ban
k
,
“W
orkin
g
w
it
h
NG
Os
:
A
P
r
act
ical
G
u
i
d
e
t
o
O
p
erat
i
o
n
a
l
Coll
abo
r
ati
on
bet
w
een
T
h
e
W
o
r
ld
B
an
k
and
No
n-g
overn
m
e
ntal
O
rg
ani
zatio
n
s
,
”
p
p
.
132,
1
99
5.
[2]
IP
P
F
, “
L
eav
in
g
n
o
o
ne b
ehi
n
d
:
U
ni
veral h
ealt
h
co
v
erag
e and
S
R
H
an
d
ri
gh
ts,
”
Lo
n
d
on,
2
0
1
6
.
[3]
F
R
HAM,
“
A
n
n
u
a
l
Repo
rt 2
01
5
:
F
ederat
ion
of
R
e
p
rod
u
ct
iv
e
Health
A
ss
oci
a
ti
ons,
M
a
l
a
ys
ia,
”
K
uala
L
u
m
p
u
r,
2
0
16.
[4]
Carv
al
h
o
M
. Ch
o
n
g
S
in
W
oo
n,
“No
need
to m
a
ke s
ex-ed
a su
b
j
ect,”
T
he
S
t
a
r On
line,
20
16.
[5]
UNE
S
CO
,
“Inte
r
nati
onal
Technical
G
uidance
on
S
exuality
E
ducati
o
n
:
A
n
ev
i
d
ence-i
n
f
o
rmed
a
p
p
roach,
”
R
evis
ed
ed.
Pa
ris, UNESCO,
2018.
[6]
UN
ES
CO
,
“
R
evi
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
e
v
i
d
e
n
ce
o
n
s
ex
uali
ty
e
d
u
cati
on,”
Re
p
o
rt
t
o
inf
o
rm
t
he
u
p
d
at
e
of
t
he
U
NES
C
O
Int
e
rnati
o
nal
T
e
chnical
G
u
i
dan
ce on Sexuality
E
ducati
o
n,
P
aris,
2
01
6.
[7]
Low
W.
Y
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
I
ss
ues
o
f
S
af
e
Ab
ort
i
ons
i
n
M
a
lay
s
i
a
:
Re
pro
d
u
c
ti
ve
R
ig
h
t
s
an
d
Choice,”
K
u
ala
L
u
m
p
u
r
,
UNFP
A,
pp
.
1
77
, 20
1
3
.
[8]
M
u
s
t
apa
M.
C
.,
et al.
,
“
K
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
o
n
S
e
x
ua
lit
y
a
n
d
Re
pr
od
uctiv
e
H
e
a
l
th
o
f
Ma
la
ysia
n
A
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t
s
–
A
S
h
o
r
t
Revi
ew,”
Pro
cedia
- S
o
c B
e
hav Sci
.,
vo
l
. 2
11
,
p
p
. 2
21
–5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[9]
Aw
ang
H
.
,
et
al
.
,
“Kno
wledge
o
f
sexually
t
ransm
itted
di
seases
a
nd
sexual
b
e
h
avi
ou
rs
a
m
o
n
g
m
alay
s
i
an
m
ale
yo
ut
hs,
”
J Bios
o
c S
c
i
., v
ol
/issue:
4
6
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
21
4
–
2
4
, 20
1
4
.
[10]
M
o
rris
J.
L
.
and
Ru
sh
wan
H.,
“
A
dol
escen
t
SRH:
T
h
e
g
lob
a
l
chal
le
ng
e
s
,
”
Int
J Gy
n
ecol Ob
st
et
.
,
vol.
1
31,
p
p
.
S
40–
52
,
2
015
.
[11]
Yi
n
R.
K
.,
“
Case
s
tud
y
m
e
t
h
odo
lo
gy
R
.
K
.
Yin
(2
003
,
3
r
d
editi
on)
,
”
C
ase
S
t
udy
Research
d
es
ig
n
a
n
d
m
e
th
od
s
,
Sa
g
e
, Th
o
u
s
a
n
d
Oa
ks (CA)
.
i
n:
C
a
s
e
Stud
y
Re
se
a
r
c
h
: de
sign
a
nd
m
et
ho
ds,
pp.
1
9-3
9
-10
6
,
20
03.
[12]
Boy
ce
C.
a
nd
N
eale
P
.,
“
C
o
n
d
u
cti
n
g
in-d
ep
th
i
nt
erv
i
ews:
A
G
u
i
d
e
f
or
d
esig
ni
ng
an
d
co
ndu
cti
n
g
in-d
ep
th
interviews,”
E
v
a
l
uation
,
vo
l
.
2
,
pp.
1–1
6,
2
0
06.
[13]
Lim
H
.
M.,
“Cou
nt
ry
p
rofil
e
o
n
un
iv
ersal
acces
s
t
o
S
RH
:
M
alay
s
i
a
,”
F
ederat
ion
of
R
e
p
rod
u
ct
ive
H
ealt
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
Ef
for
t
o
f
N
G
O
in
Pr
om
o
t
i
ng Com
p
re
hen
s
iv
e Sexua
l
i
t
y
Ed
uc
a
tio
n
t
o
I
m
prove Q
u
a
lity ..
. (K
e
e
Jiar
Ye
o)
23
As
so
c
i
a
t
i
on
M
a
lay
s
i
a
,
20
15.
[14]
Åkerman
E.,
et a
l
.
,
“
K
now
l
edge
a
nd
u
tilization
of
S
R
H
care
serv
ices
a
mong
T
h
ai
i
mm
ig
rant
w
omen
i
n
Swed
e
n
,
”
B
M
C
I
n
t H
e
al
th
Hu
m R
i
g
h
t
s
,
vol/is
sue
:
1
6
(
1),
pp,
1
–14
,
2
01
6.
[15]
Mo
ser
K.,
et a
l
.
,
“Inequalities
in
r
ep
orted
use
of
b
re
ast
and
cer
v
ical
s
creeni
n
g
in
G
reat
B
ri
tai
n
:
analy
s
i
s
o
f
cross
sect
ion
a
l
surv
ey d
ata,”
BM
J,
v
o
l
.
338
,
p
p.
b
2
025
–
b
20
25,
2
0
0
9
.
[16]
W
a
k
e
C
.
an
d
Ch
eung
T
.
,
“
Liv
eli
h
o
od
strat
e
gies
o
f
Rohin
g
y
a
r
efu
g
e
e
s
i
n
M
a
la
ys
ia
“
We
w
a
n
t
t
o
l
iv
e
in
d
ig
ni
ty
”
,
”
Lo
nd
on,
O
v
e
rseas
D
evel
op
m
e
nt
I
ns
tit
u
t
e
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
3
,
2
016
.
[17]
Cris
p
J.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“But
w
hen
will
o
u
r
t
u
rn
c
ome?
A
r
eview
o
f
t
he
i
mpl
e
mentation
o
f
U
N
H
CR’s
urban
ref
ugee
po
li
c
y
in
M
alay
sia,
”
Gen
e
va, 2
01
2.
[18]
W
o
m
e
n’
s
R
e
fu
g
e
e
C
o
mmi
s
s
io
n,
“
R
e
fug
e
e
Gi
r
l
s
:
T
h
e
I
nv
is
ib
le
F
a
c
e
s
o
f
W
a
r,
”
N
e
w
Yo
rk
,
th
e
P
earso
n
Fo
un
datio
n,
pp
.
3
6,
2
00
9.
[19]
M
c
M
i
chael
C
.
and
Giff
o
r
d
S.,
“It
is
G
oo
d
t
o
K
no
w
No
w
Bef
o
re
i
t’
s
T
o
o
La
te”:
P
ro
m
o
tin
g
s
e
x
u
al
h
eal
th
lit
eracy
am
on
gst
resettl
e
d
y
ou
ng
p
eo
ple
with
r
e
f
u
g
ee
b
a
c
k
g
r
ou
nds
,
”
S
ex Cul
t
.,
vol/is
sue:
1
3(4),
pp. 218–3
6, 2009.
[20]
Ma
c
G
re
g
o
r F.,
“
R
oh
in
gy
a
gir
l
s
a
s
y
ou
ng
a
s 1
2
c
o
m
pe
l
l
e
d
to
ma
rr
y
just to get
f
ood
,
”
Th
e Gu
a
r
di
an
, 2
01
7.
[21]
Has
l
egrav
e
M
.
,
“
The
Ro
le
o
f
N
G
Os
i
n
P
r
omoting
a
G
e
nd
er
A
pp
roach
t
o
Heal
th
C
are,”
W
o
men
and
Healt
h
-
M
a
in
s
t
ream
i
n
g
t
h
e
Gen
d
er
P
erspect
iv
e
i
n
t
o
t
he
H
ealt
h
S
ecto
r
,
Ne
w
Yo
r
k
:
U
n
it
e
d
N
a
t
io
n
s
D
iv
is
io
n
for
th
e
Ad
van
c
em
en
t o
f
W
om
en, 1
99
8
.
[22]
Gi
dd
e
n
s A., “
Th
e
Thi
r
d
W
a
y
:
The Renew
al o
f S
o
ci
al D
e
m
ocracy,”
C
a
m
bridge,
Polity Press, 1999.
[23]
Pick
S
.,
et a
l
.
,
“NG
O
-
G
overn
ment
p
artner
ships
for
scal
ing
u
p
:
Sexuality
e
duc
at
ion
in
M
ex
ico
,
”
Dev
Pr
act
.,
v
o
l/issu
e: 18
(
2
)
, p
p. 1
64
–7
5,
20
0
8.
[24]
Rahi
mah
P.,
et a
l
.
,
“Parent
s
’
a
ttit
udes
t
owards
i
nclusion
o
f
sexuali
t
y
e
ducati
o
n
in
M
alay
si
an
s
ch
oo
ls,”
Int J abo
u
t
Parents Educ Educ
.
, v
o
l/issue:
3(
1
), pp
. 4
2–
56
,
2
0
0
9
.
[25]
Anit
a
S.
,
et
al
.
,
“
H
IV/AIDS
knowl
e
dg
e,
a
tti
t
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
r
is
k
b
e
havi
ou
rs
a
m
o
n
g
O
ran
g
As
li
i
n
P
e
nins
ul
ar
M
a
l
aysi
a,”
Me
d J
Ma
lay
s
ia
,
vo
l/
issu
e
:
6
2(
3),
pp
.
2
2
7
–
3
3
,
2
00
7
.
[26]
M
i
ch
ae
l
E.
a
nd
Ch
uen
E.
M
.
,
“
E
du
cati
on
an
d
H
ealth
A
w
a
reness
A
m
o
ng
In
d
i
g
e
n
i
ou
s
P
e
o
p
l
e
:
A
S
t
udy,
”
ARP
N
J
Sci
T
echn
o
l
., vo
l/i
ssue:
2(8
)
,
p
p
.
7
45
–9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[27]
Wo
rld
Healt
h
O
rgan
izati
on,
“
Gl
ob
al
H
e
a
l
t
h
Estim
a
t
es
2
01
5
:
D
eat
h
s
b
y
C
au
se,
A
g
e,
S
ex,
by
Co
unt
ry
a
n
d
b
y
Regi
on,
2
0
0
0
-
2015,
”
M
u
l
tim
ed
ia,
Glo
b
al
H
ealth
Estimat
es:
Key
fi
gu
re
s a
n
d
ta
ble
s
, 2
01
6.
[28]
UN
F
P
A,
“
Gi
rlh
o
od
,
No
t
M
o
therhoo
d:
P
rev
e
nting
A
doles
c
e
n
t
P
regn
an
cy,
”
N
ew
Y
ork
,
t
he
U
n
i
t
e
d
Nati
on
s
Po
pu
lation
Fun
d
, pp
.
58
, 2
01
5.
[29]
Nat
i
on
al
I
nstit
u
te
o
f
P
o
pu
lati
on
S
tu
d
i
es,
“
P
ak
istan
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
hi
c
a
nd
H
eal
th
S
urvey
20
06
-07,
”
S
t
u
d
ies
in
F
amil
y
P
l
an
nin
g
,
vol.
4
0
,
2
0
0
8
.
[30]
M
i
r
A.
M
.
and
Sh
aik
h
G
.
R.,
“
I
s
l
am
a
n
d
f
ami
l
y
plan
ni
ng
:
chan
gi
n
g
p
e
rcept
i
on
s
o
f
h
ealt
h
care
pro
v
i
d
ers
a
n
d
m
e
di
c
a
l
f
aculty
in
P
a
kist
an,”
Glob Heal
Sci
Pr
ac
t
., vo
l
/
i
ss
ue:
1(2)
, pp. 228–36, 2013.
[31]
Os
hi
D
.
C.
a
n
d
N
akal
em
a
S
.
,
“The role of
t
eachers
in
s
ex
e
d
u
cat
ion
and
t
h
e
p
r
even
tio
n
and con
t
rol
of
H
IV/A
ID
S
in
Ni
geria,
”
Sex E
d
u
c
., vo
l
/
i
ssue:
5
(
1
),
p
p.
9
3–
10
4,
2
0
0
5
.
[32]
Wil
l
ia
ms A.
, “Wh
y Vis
i
b
i
l
i
ty
i
s I
m
p
o
rtan
t
t
o
N
o
n
-
P
r
ofi
t
Organ
i
z
a
t
io
ns
?
”
P
roj
ect
C
o
n
cern
In
tern
ational
,
2
01
4
.
[33]
UN
ES
CO
,
“E
m
e
rg
in
g
Evid
e
n
ce
,
Les
s
on
s
and
P
r
act
ice
in
C
o
m
p
r
ehen
si
ve
S
e
x
ual
i
t
y
E
d
u
cati
on:
A
G
l
o
b
a
l
Rev
i
ew,
”
pp
.
5
3,
2
01
5.
[34]
Lu
bi
n
D
.
,
“
R
ole
of
v
o
l
u
n
tary
a
n
d
non
-go
v
ernm
en
tal
org
a
ni
zations
i
n
the
nation
a
l
f
a
mi
l
y
p
la
nn
in
g
p
r
og
ra
mme
,”
Po
pu
l
M
ana
g ICOM
P
R
e
v
.
,
v
ol/
i
s
s
u
e
:
1
(
2),
pp.
49
–
5
2
,
1
98
7.
[35]
Clark J
., “The R
e
lat
i
o
n
s
hip
Between
t
h
e
St
a
te and
t
h
e
V
o
l
u
n
t
a
ry
S
ect
or,
”
W
orl
d
B
an
k,
pp.
1
–
1
2
,
1993
.
[36]
S
a
id
on
R.
,
et
al
.
,
“
T
owa
r
d
s
G
o
o
d
Gov
e
rn
a
n
c
e
of
P
re
ma
ri
ta
l
C
o
u
r
se
f
or
M
us
li
ms
i
n
Ma
l
a
y
s
ia
,
”
Int
R
e
v
M
a
nag
Mark
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
ue:
6(8
)
,
p
p
.
8
–1
2,
201
6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
2
5
2
-
88
22
I
J
ERE
V
ol.
7,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
c
h 20
1
8
:
17
–
24
24
BIOGRAPHI
E
S
OF
AUT
HORS
Kee
J
i
ar
Y
eo
i
s
an
A
sso
ciat
e
Prof
es
so
r
att
ache
d
t
o
t
h
e
F
acul
t
y
o
f
E
du
c
a
t
io
n
a
t
U
n
i
ve
rs
iti
Tekn
ol
ogi
M
a
l
ays
i
a
in
t
he
p
an
el
o
f
Edu
cati
o
n
a
l
P
s
ych
o
l
o
g
y
.
S
h
e
has
t
a
ug
ht
a
num
b
e
r
o
f
c
o
urs
e
s
on
e
du
c
a
t
i
o
n
al
f
ou
nd
ation
s
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
ye
ars
.
H
er
r
esear
c
h
a
nd
p
ub
li
cation
i
n
teres
t
s
incl
ud
e
ed
ucati
o
n
a
l
ps
ycho
lo
gy
,
l
a
ng
uag
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
early
c
h
i
l
dho
od
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
on
,
and
s
p
ecial
e
d
ucat
io
n.
S
he
h
as
p
res
e
nted
p
apers
at
c
on
feren
c
e
s
bot
h
hom
e
an
d
ab
road,
p
ubl
is
h
e
d
arti
cles
a
n
d
pap
e
rs
i
n
variou
s
jo
urn
a
ls,
an
d
con
t
rib
u
t
e
d
to
b
oo
k
c
h
apt
e
r
s.
S
he
c
urren
tly
w
ork
s
on
res
earch
p
roj
ect
s
in
volv
i
ng
t
elecardi
ol
ogy
r
eadi
n
es
s
i
n
M
a
l
aysi
a,
p
s
y
cho
s
o
c
ial
pred
ict
o
r
o
f
stres
s
,
wo
rk
i
ng
m
e
m
o
ry
a
nd
d
y
s
lexi
a
;
c
hild
ren
l
i
t
e
ratu
re
a
nd
l
e
arn
i
n
g
M
alay
l
a
n
gu
age
f
o
r
presch
oo
l ch
il
dren.
S
h
i
h
H
u
i
L
e
e
i
s
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
y
a
P
h
D
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
i
n
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
gy
,
F
aculty
o
f
E
d
u
cati
on,
Uni
v
ersiti
Teknol
ogi
Malays
ia
.
S
he
g
ained
her
Bachelor
d
e
g
ree
of
S
ci
ence
(
Hon
s
)
in
Mi
crob
iolog
y
f
rom
Univ
ersiti
Keb
a
ng
saan
M
a
l
ay
si
a
an
d
M
a
ster
D
eg
re
e
o
f
E
du
ca
t
i
o
n
al
Ps
ych
o
l
ogy
f
rom
her
current
u
ni
versity
,
i
n
201
1
and
20
17
,
res
p
e
ct
ivel
y
.
H
er
c
urrent
r
esearch
foc
u
se
s
on
t
h
e
i
mp
a
c
t
o
f
p
a
re
nts
a
n
d
te
ac
h
e
rs
t
owa
r
ds
i
mp
le
me
nt
atio
n
o
f
C
S
E
in
M
alay
sia.
Sh
e
is
i
n
t
erest
e
d
in
e
x
p
l
o
ri
ng
t
h
e
si
gn
ifi
cance
of
h
eal
th
s
cien
ce
ed
ucat
io
n
to
ward
s
th
e
w
e
ll
-
bein
g
o
f
p
eop
l
e.
S
he
h
ad
b
een
a
ward
ed
t
he
s
il
ver
m
e
dal
f
o
r
the
pro
j
ect
A
l
l
-i
n-On
e
G
e
om
etry
Ki
t
at
the 3
rd
I
ntern
a
tio
nal
Inn
ovati
on,
D
esig
n
and
A
r
ti
culatio
n
(i
-IDE
A
2
0
1
6
).
Lin
a
H
an
dayan
i
i
s
cu
rrentl
y
s
en
i
o
r
l
e
c
t
urer
i
n
Pu
bl
ic
H
ealth
D
e
p
a
rt
m
e
nt,
F
aculty
of
P
ub
li
c
Healt
h
,
Un
iversit
a
s
A
h
m
a
d
Dah
l
an
.
S
h
e
grad
uated
h
e
r
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