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co
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p
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r
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elv
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with
th
o
s
e
ar
o
u
n
d
u
s
to
d
ef
in
e
th
e
s
elf
[
1
]
;
n
e
v
er
th
eless
,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
tr
en
d
in
d
icate
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ity
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h
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e
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n
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en
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y
to
c
o
m
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ar
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th
em
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elv
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o
th
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s
,
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
[
2
]
,
p
h
y
s
ical
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
[
3
]
,
o
r
g
e
n
er
al
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
th
ey
wo
u
ld
lik
ely
to
d
ev
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o
p
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u
n
co
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tr
o
lled
an
g
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d
d
ep
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ess
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[
6
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,
[
7
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,
esp
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if
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ey
lack
o
f
ab
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y
to
ac
c
ep
t
th
em
s
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I
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ab
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[
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Mo
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1
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1
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Stu
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’
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en
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p
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em
ic
[
1
1
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,
[
1
2
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.
T
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last
th
in
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th
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s
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ciety
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s
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to
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USA)
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d
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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J
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442
Stu
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USA
in
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[
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m
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[
1
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ip
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elate
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cial
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m
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ar
is
o
n
[
1
6
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,
wh
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n
t
u
ally
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o
o
th
e
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ter
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s
u
ch
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g
u
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r
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g
r
et
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d
b
lam
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[
1
7
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,
lo
wer
lev
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o
f
h
a
p
p
in
ess
[
1
8
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an
d
am
o
n
g
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
e
f
ee
lin
g
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
in
f
er
io
r
ity
[
1
9
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ac
ce
p
t o
n
eself
h
o
ld
s
s
ig
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if
ican
t r
o
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in
p
r
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tectin
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m
wer
e
u
n
co
r
r
elate
d
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
u
n
co
r
r
elat
io
n
b
etwe
en
USA
an
d
n
ar
ciss
is
m
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
u
s
to
f
u
r
th
er
i
d
ea
th
at
USA
ten
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
i
n
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
t
h
an
in
t
r
ap
er
s
o
n
al;
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
wh
e
n
we
f
ee
l
we
m
atter
to
o
th
er
s
,
we
ten
d
to
d
e
v
elo
p
h
ig
h
er
u
n
co
n
d
itio
n
al
s
elf
-
a
cc
e
p
tan
ce
(
USA)
an
d
l
o
wer
s
elf
-
c
r
iticis
m
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
atter
i
n
g
a
n
d
USA
lies
o
n
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
b
o
th
o
f
th
em
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
o
cial
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
d
ev
elo
p
;
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
m
atter
in
g
also
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
s
en
s
e
th
at
o
u
r
p
r
esen
c
e
m
ak
es
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le’
s
liv
es
an
d
th
a
t
we
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
to
th
e
wo
r
ld
ar
o
u
n
d
u
s
[
2
2
]
.
Su
ch
b
elief
will
n
o
t
b
e
ab
le
to
b
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
with
o
u
t
s
o
cial
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
eo
p
le
ar
o
u
n
d
u
s
th
at
g
iv
e
u
s
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
h
o
w
m
u
ch
we
m
atter
to
th
em
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
m
atter
in
g
is
r
e
lated
to
h
o
w
we
b
eliev
e
o
th
e
r
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
u
s
,
s
u
ch
as
h
o
w
m
u
ch
t
h
ey
awa
r
e
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
esen
ce
,
h
o
w
m
u
ch
t
h
ey
r
ely
o
n
u
s
,
an
d
t
h
eir
‘
eg
o
-
ex
te
n
s
io
n
’
,
th
at
r
e
f
er
s
to
h
o
w
s
im
ilar
t
h
eir
r
ea
ctio
n
to
o
u
r
s
wh
en
s
o
m
eth
in
g
h
a
p
p
en
s
t
o
u
s
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
4
]
.
So
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
th
eo
r
y
[
1
]
ex
p
lain
s
th
at
we
will
n
o
t
b
e
a
b
le
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
wh
o
we
ar
e
b
ef
o
r
e
we
co
m
p
ar
e
o
u
r
s
elv
es
with
o
th
er
s
.
So
m
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
a
ls
ev
en
n
ee
d
to
k
ee
p
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
em
s
elv
es
to
o
th
er
s
m
o
r
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
co
u
ld
n
o
t
ac
ce
p
t
th
e
‘
r
esu
lts
’
o
f
th
eir
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
ar
e
ab
le
to
ac
ce
p
t
h
o
w
th
ey
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
th
em
s
elv
es,
ten
d
to
h
av
e
lo
we
r
ten
d
en
cy
t
o
co
m
p
ar
e
th
em
s
el
v
es
to
o
th
er
s
[
1
3
]
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
also
ten
d
to
s
h
o
w
less
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ap
p
r
o
v
al,
a
n
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
less
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
o
f
n
eg
ativ
e
ev
alu
ati
o
n
s
o
r
cr
itics
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
at,
o
n
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
ab
ilit
y
,
was
in
v
er
s
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
s
elf
-
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
[
2
7
]
.
Similar
to
USA,
m
atter
in
g
was
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
t
o
b
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
[
2
8
]
th
e
ten
d
en
cy
o
f
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
m
ay
b
e
p
r
e
d
icted
b
y
h
o
w
t
h
e
y
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
t
h
em
s
elv
es
m
atter
ed
f
o
r
o
th
er
s
,
a
n
d
in
eith
er
w
ay
s
,
will
ev
en
tu
ally
alter
ed
th
eir
s
elf
-
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
s
elf
-
co
n
ce
p
t.
W
h
ile
b
o
th
m
atter
in
g
an
d
USA
s
im
ilar
ly
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
t
en
d
en
cy
o
f
s
o
cial
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
wa
s
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
i
es.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
i
t
was
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
b
eliev
e
th
ey
m
atter
to
o
th
e
r
s
ten
d
to
b
e
ab
le
to
ac
ce
p
t
wh
o
th
e
y
ar
e
ev
en
in
t
h
e
f
ac
e
o
f
d
is
ap
p
o
in
tm
en
t
[
2
1
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
m
atter
in
g
was
r
e
p
o
r
ted
to
b
e
t
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
USA
esp
ec
ially
in
a
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
te
x
t
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
o
t
h
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
w
h
en
in
d
iv
id
u
als
b
eliev
e
th
e
y
m
atter
t
o
o
th
e
r
s
,
th
e
y
ten
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
h
ig
h
er
USA,
wh
er
e
th
ey
will
ac
ce
p
t
th
em
s
elv
es
as
wh
o
th
ey
ar
e
u
n
co
n
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
u
s
n
eg
ativ
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
will
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
t
h
eir
s
elf
-
ev
alu
atio
n
a
n
d
s
elf
-
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
T
h
is
was
also
in
l
in
e
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lain
in
g
th
at
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
with
o
t
h
er
s
an
d
s
elf
-
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
is
r
elate
d
,
in
d
ic
atin
g
th
at
th
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
in
ter
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
m
atter
in
g
ele
v
ates o
n
e’
s
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
io
u
s
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
o
th
er
s
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
lin
k
b
etwe
en
m
atter
in
g
an
d
USA
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
u
s
to
o
u
r
h
y
p
o
th
esis
th
at
U
SA
m
ig
h
t
b
e
ab
le
to
m
ed
iate
th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
m
atter
in
g
an
d
s
o
c
ial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
ten
d
en
c
y
.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
we
h
y
p
o
th
esized
th
at
th
e
m
o
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
eliev
e
th
at
th
ey
m
atter
m
u
ch
to
o
t
h
er
s
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
t
h
ey
will b
e
ab
le
ac
ce
p
t
th
em
s
elv
es
u
n
co
n
d
itio
n
ally
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
,
r
ed
u
ce
th
eir
te
n
d
en
cy
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
th
em
s
elv
es
with
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
b
eh
i
n
d
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
was
to
o
b
tain
b
etter
k
n
o
wled
g
e
wh
eth
er
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
atter
in
g
m
ig
h
t
h
elp
th
em
to
ac
ce
p
t
th
e
m
s
elv
es
an
d
ev
en
tu
ally
r
ed
u
c
e
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
u
ch
as
d
ep
r
ess
iv
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
an
d
lo
w
ac
ad
em
i
c
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
p
r
io
r
i
p
o
we
r
an
al
y
s
is
v
ia
G
Po
wer
was
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
an
al
y
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
m
ed
iu
m
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
an
d
a
p
o
wer
o
f
.
9
5
(
f
2
=0
.
1
5
,
α
=
.
9
5
)
.
B
y
th
ese
cr
iter
ia,
th
e
d
esire
d
to
tal
s
am
p
le
was
1
0
7
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
;
n
ev
er
th
eless
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
b
e
a
b
le
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
lar
g
er
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
3
7
0
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
b
etwe
en
1
8
a
n
d
3
0
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ag
e
we
r
e
r
ec
r
u
ited
to
p
a
r
ticip
ate
in
t
h
is
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
to
m
atch
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
th
e
Kr
ejcie
an
d
Mo
r
g
an
’
s
T
ab
le
[
3
1
]
.
Du
e
to
g
lo
b
al
p
an
d
em
ic,
all
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
s
tu
d
ied
o
n
lin
e
f
r
o
m
h
o
m
e
at
th
e
tim
e
wh
en
d
ata
was
co
llected
.
A
Go
o
g
le
f
o
r
m
co
n
tain
in
g
a
n
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t
f
o
r
m
,
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
an
d
all
th
e
s
ca
les
to
g
au
g
e
th
e
v
ar
ia
b
les
was
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
lin
k
t
h
at
was
d
is
s
em
in
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
r
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
s
u
ch
as
Face
b
o
o
k
,
I
n
s
tag
r
am
,
L
in
k
ed
I
n
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Wh
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
ten
d
to
co
m
p
a
r
e
th
emselve
s
w
i
th
ea
ch
o
th
er?
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f m
a
tter
in
g
…
(
S
h
ie
n
-
Yi K
a
m
)
443
W
h
atsAp
p
,
W
eCh
at,
T
eleg
r
a
m
,
as
well
as
em
ails
af
ter
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
ap
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
th
e
E
th
ic
R
ev
iew
B
o
ar
d
s
f
r
o
m
Dep
ar
tm
e
n
t
o
f
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
HE
L
P
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
ese
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
v
o
lu
n
tar
ily
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
lin
k
to
o
u
r
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t
f
o
r
m
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
y
wer
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
th
at
th
e
y
wer
e
allo
we
d
t
o
leav
e
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
at
an
y
tim
e
th
ey
f
elt
an
y
d
i
s
co
m
f
o
r
t,
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
p
ag
e,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
s
ca
les
we
u
tili
ze
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ea
ch
o
f
o
u
r
v
ar
ia
b
les.
Ma
tter
in
g
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Ma
tter
in
g
Scale
(
UM
S)
[
2
3
]
.
So
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
was
g
au
g
ed
b
y
em
p
lo
y
in
g
I
o
wa
-
Neth
er
lan
d
s
C
o
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
Or
ien
tatio
n
Me
asu
r
e
(
I
NC
OM
)
[
2
5
]
,
an
d
Un
co
n
d
itio
n
al
Self
-
Acc
ep
ta
n
c
e
Qu
esti
o
n
n
air
e
(
USAQ)
[
8
]
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
co
llect
d
ata
o
n
USA.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
PR
O
C
E
SS
Ma
cr
o
m
o
d
el
4
b
ec
au
s
e
we
o
p
ted
t
o
c
o
n
d
u
ct
th
e
an
aly
s
es
with
B
o
o
ts
tr
ap
m
eth
o
d
in
o
r
d
er
to
s
ee
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
m
e
d
iatio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
.
Mu
ltip
le
li
n
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
s
wer
e
n
o
t
ch
o
s
en
d
u
e
to
its
in
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ep
o
r
t
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
m
ed
iato
r
wi
th
o
u
t
em
p
lo
y
i
n
g
o
th
er
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
en
g
in
e
s
u
ch
as
So
b
el
T
est.
T
h
e
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
5
0
0
0
s
am
p
lin
g
s
at
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
al.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
S
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Descript
iv
e
s
t
a
t
is
t
ics
B
o
o
ts
tr
ap
Me
th
o
d
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
m
eth
o
d
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
am
o
n
g
v
ar
iab
les
r
eg
a
r
d
less
th
e
n
o
r
m
ality
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata.
Nev
er
t
h
eless
,
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
test
s
wer
e
s
till
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
d
escr
ib
e
o
u
r
d
ata.
T
h
e
av
e
r
ag
e
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
m
atter
in
g
was
8
6
.
3
5
(
M
=
8
6
.
3
5
,
SD
=
1
0
.
9
8
)
,
wh
i
le
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
USA
was
7
7
.
2
7
(
M
=
7
7
.
2
7
,
SD
=
1
0
.
5
2
)
.
Fo
r
s
o
cial
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
te
n
d
en
c
y
,
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
s
co
r
e
was
3
9
.
8
2
(
M
=
3
9
.
8
2
,
SD
=
5
.
9
8
)
.
T
h
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
n
o
r
m
ality
was
m
et
f
o
r
all
v
a
r
iab
les,
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
(
Sh
ap
ir
o
-
W
ilk
(
1
4
2
)
=
.
9
8
,
p
=.
0
9
8
)
,
u
n
co
n
d
itio
n
al
s
elf
-
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
(
Sh
ap
ir
o
-
W
ilk
(
1
4
2
)
=
.
9
9
,
p
=
.
2
4
8
)
an
d
m
atter
in
g
(
Sh
ap
ir
o
-
W
ilk
(
1
4
2
)
=
.
9
8
,
p
=
.
0
8
6
)
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
d
ata
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
co
l
lin
ea
r
ity
in
d
icate
d
th
at
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
wa
s
n
o
t
a
co
n
ce
r
n
(
USA,
T
o
ler
a
n
ce
=
.
9
3
,
V
I
F=1
.
0
7
;
m
atter
in
g
,
T
o
ler
an
ce
=
.
9
3
,
VI
F
=
1
.
0
7
)
,
as
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
v
a
r
ian
ce
-
in
f
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
VI
F)
was
less
th
an
1
0
an
d
th
e
to
ler
a
n
ce
v
alu
e
was
m
o
r
e
th
an
0
.
2
.
T
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
P
-
P
p
lo
t
o
f
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
r
esid
u
als
h
as
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
d
ata
co
n
tain
ed
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
n
o
r
m
ally
d
is
tr
i
b
u
ted
er
r
o
r
s
,
wh
ic
h
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
p
o
in
ts
wer
e
n
o
t
co
m
p
letely
b
u
t
clo
s
ely
o
n
th
e
lin
e.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
p
lo
t
o
f
s
t
an
d
ar
d
i
ze
d
r
esid
u
als
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
d
ata
m
et
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
o
f
h
o
m
o
s
ce
d
asti
city
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ho
m
o
s
ce
d
asti
city
3
.
2
.
M
edia
t
io
n a
na
ly
s
is
E
ac
h
p
ath
o
f
t
h
e
m
ed
iatio
n
h
y
p
o
th
esis
was
an
aly
ze
d
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
m
eth
o
d
with
5
0
0
0
s
am
p
lin
g
s
at
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
al.
T
a
b
le
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
p
ath
a,
th
e
d
i
r
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
,
m
atter
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
m
ed
iato
r
,
USA.
T
ab
le
1
.
Path
a,
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
e
ct
o
f
th
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
n
th
e
m
ed
i
ato
r
C
o
e
f
f
R
R²
F
d
f
1
d
f
2
se
t
p
LLC
I
1
U
LC
I
2
.
2
3
.
2
3
.
0
5
1
9
.
7
5
1
.
0
0
3
6
8
.
0
0
4
.
5
0
1
2
.
7
4
.
0
0
0
4
8
.
4
8
6
6
.
1
8
1
Lo
w
e
r
l
e
v
e
l
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
2
U
p
p
e
r
l
e
v
e
l
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
4
4
1
-
4
4
7
444
T
ab
le
1
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
m
atter
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
icted
USA,
b
a
=
0
.
2
3
,
t
(
3
6
8
)
=1
2
.
7
4
,
p
=
.
0
0
0
,
Ma
tter
in
g
as
a
m
o
d
el
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
icted
USA,
F
(
1
,
3
6
8
)
=
1
9
.
7
5
,
p
=
.
0
0
0
,
R
2
=
.
0
5
,
ex
p
lain
in
g
5
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
USA.
T
ab
le
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
an
a
ly
s
is
o
f
p
ath
b
,
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
m
ed
iat
o
r
,
USA
o
n
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e,
s
o
cial
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Path
b
,
th
e
d
i
r
ec
t e
f
f
e
ct
o
f
th
e
m
e
d
iato
r
o
n
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
C
o
e
f
f
R
R²
F
d
f
1
d
f
2
se
t
p
LLC
I
1
U
LC
I
2
-
.
1
9
.
3
4
.
1
2
4
7
.
9
0
1
.
0
0
3
6
8
.
0
0
.
0
3
-
6
.
9
2
.
0
0
0
-
.
2
4
-
.
1
3
1
Lo
w
e
r
l
e
v
e
l
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
2
U
p
p
e
r
l
e
v
e
l
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
2
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
USA
is
a
n
eg
ativ
e
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
a
=
0
.
3
4
,
t
(
3
6
8
)
=
-
6
.
9
2
,
p
=
.
0
0
0
,
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
as
a
m
o
d
el
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
icted
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
F
(
1
,
3
6
8
)
=
4
7
.
9
0
,
p
=.
0
0
0
,
R
2
=
.
1
2
,
ex
p
lain
in
g
1
2
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
T
ab
le
3
d
ep
icts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
at
h
c,
th
e
to
tal
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
m
atter
in
g
o
n
s
o
cial
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
with
o
u
t
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
USA.
T
ab
le
3
.
Path
c,
t
h
e
to
tal
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
as a
m
o
d
el
o
n
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
C
o
e
f
f
R
R²
F
d
f
1
d
f
2
se
t
p
LLC
I
1
U
LC
I
2
.
1
0
.
3
8
.
1
4
3
1
.
0
4
2
3
6
7
.
0
3
3
.
5
6
.
0
0
.
0
4
4
.
1
5
1
Lo
w
e
r
l
e
v
e
l
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
2
U
p
p
e
r
l
e
v
e
l
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
T
ab
le
3
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
with
o
u
t
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
th
e
m
ed
iato
r
,
m
atter
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
i
cted
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
b
a
=
0
.
1
0
,
t
(
3
6
7
)
=
3
.
5
6
,
p
=
.
0
0
0
,
Ma
tter
in
g
as
a
m
o
d
el
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
e
d
icted
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
F
(
2
,
3
6
7
)
=
3
1
.
0
4
,
p
=
.
0
0
0
,
R
2
=
.
1
4
,
e
x
p
lain
in
g
1
4
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
i
n
s
o
cial
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
.
T
ab
le
4
an
d
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
w
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
ec
t o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
n
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
v
ar
ia
b
le.
T
ab
le
4
.
Path
ab
,
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
ec
t o
f
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
n
t
h
e
o
u
tc
o
m
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
ed
iato
r
Ef
f
e
c
t
B
o
o
t
S
E
1
B
o
o
t
LLC
I
2
B
o
o
t
U
L
C
I
3
-
.
0
5
.
0
1
-
.
0
7
2
-
.
0
2
7
1
B
o
o
t
st
r
a
p
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
e
r
r
o
r
e
st
i
ma
t
e
2
Lo
w
e
r
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
b
o
o
t
st
r
a
p
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
3
U
p
p
e
r
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
b
o
o
t
st
r
a
p
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
T
ab
le
4
in
d
icate
s
th
at
UAS
m
ed
iates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
m
atter
in
g
a
n
d
s
o
cial
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
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o
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I
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o
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5
0
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lin
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PR
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Ma
cr
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wh
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ican
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iated
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1
Lo
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p
p
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o
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t
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r
v
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ab
le
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r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
ev
en
a
f
ter
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
USA,
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
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m
atter
in
g
o
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m
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ar
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was
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till
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ig
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ican
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I
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m
ea
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th
at
USA
p
ar
t
ially
m
ed
iates
th
e
lin
k
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
o
th
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two
v
ar
iab
les,
an
d
t
h
at
m
atter
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c
an
b
e
co
n
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id
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as a
r
o
b
u
s
t p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
s
o
cial
co
m
p
a
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is
o
n
.
3
.
3
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
u
g
g
ested
t
h
at
USA
ac
ted
as
a
s
u
p
p
r
ess
in
g
m
ed
iato
r
i
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
m
atter
in
g
an
d
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
wed
th
at
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
ates
with
h
ig
h
er
m
atter
in
g
will
p
o
s
itiv
ely
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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-
8
8
2
2
Wh
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
ten
d
to
co
m
p
a
r
e
th
emselve
s
w
i
th
ea
ch
o
th
er?
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f m
a
tter
in
g
…
(
S
h
ie
n
-
Yi K
a
m
)
445
p
r
ed
ict
USA,
a
n
d
th
u
s
el
icit
lo
wer
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
wed
co
n
s
is
ten
c
y
with
t
h
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
ex
p
lain
in
g
p
e
o
p
le
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
u
n
co
n
d
itio
n
al
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
eg
ar
d
f
elt
th
e
b
asic
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
b
y
o
th
er
s
[
3
2
]
.
Similar
ly
with
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
tated
,
b
ein
g
f
elt
m
atter
ed
to
o
th
er
s
will
led
th
em
to
ac
ce
p
t
th
em
s
elv
es
u
n
co
n
d
itio
n
ally
,
an
d
th
u
s
ten
d
t
o
v
iew
t
h
em
s
elv
es
m
o
r
e
o
b
jectiv
ely
o
n
t
h
eir
s
elf
-
ev
alu
atio
n
r
eg
ar
d
less
b
ein
g
co
m
p
ar
ed
o
r
cr
itiq
u
ed
b
y
o
th
er
s
,
in
wh
ich
s
h
o
wed
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
t
h
eo
r
y
[
1
]
.
Ou
r
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
with
p
ast
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
m
atter
in
g
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
USA
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
Pas
t
s
tu
d
y
h
as
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
n
o
t
m
atter
in
g
to
o
th
er
s
was
a
u
n
iq
u
e
co
r
e
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
t
o
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
,
wh
er
e
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
m
atter
in
g
was
f
o
u
n
d
in
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
[
3
3
]
.
I
n
d
iv
i
d
u
als
wh
o
h
av
e
ad
eq
u
ate
lev
el
o
f
USA
m
ig
h
t
s
till
b
e
at
r
i
s
k
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
r
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
n
o
t
f
ee
lin
g
v
alu
ed
an
d
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
b
y
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
m
atter
in
g
p
lay
ed
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
i
n
d
eter
m
in
in
g
s
elf
-
ev
alu
atio
n
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
elf
-
cr
iticis
m
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
f
u
r
th
e
r
el
ab
o
r
ated
b
y
s
ay
in
g
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
f
elt
th
e
y
m
atter
ed
to
o
t
h
er
s
will
b
e
r
ef
lect
ed
b
y
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
elf
-
v
iew
an
d
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
th
em
s
elv
es
as
th
e
way
th
e
r
e
wer
e,
th
u
s
elicited
h
ig
h
er
USA.
B
esid
es,
an
o
th
e
r
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
with
h
ig
h
US
A
attr
ib
u
ted
s
u
cc
ess
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
as
s
tab
le
an
d
i
n
ter
n
al
,
wh
er
ea
s
attr
i
b
u
ted
f
ailu
r
e
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
as
u
n
s
tab
le
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
[
3
4
]
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
it
was
s
h
o
wn
th
at
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
with
h
ig
h
er
U
SA
ten
d
to
ev
alu
ate
th
em
s
elv
es
m
o
r
e
o
b
jectiv
ely
a
n
d
less
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
r
ea
ctiv
ity
to
war
d
s
o
p
in
io
n
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
,
th
u
s
lead
in
g
lo
wer
ten
d
en
cy
f
o
r
s
o
cial
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
.
T
h
is
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
h
o
we
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
with
p
ast s
tu
d
ies m
en
tio
n
ed
ea
r
lier
[
8
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
7
]
th
u
s
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
s
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
it
was
al
s
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
er
e
m
ay
b
e
o
th
er
ass
o
ciatin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
m
atter
i
n
g
an
d
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
Pas
t
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
with
lo
w
m
atter
in
g
will
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
th
e
m
s
elv
es
n
o
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
o
th
er
s
as
s
elf
-
esteem
wo
u
ld
b
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
eir
n
eg
ativ
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
[
3
5
]
.
As
th
is
h
as
f
o
u
n
d
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
with
r
esear
ch
m
en
tio
n
ed
ea
r
li
er
wh
er
e
USA
an
d
s
elf
-
esteem
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
c
o
r
r
ela
ted
d
esp
ite
a
k
ey
d
is
tin
c
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
[
8
]
,
th
is
wo
u
ld
h
av
e
f
u
r
th
er
ex
p
lain
ed
t
h
at
lo
wer
ed
s
elf
-
esteem
will
also
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
b
ein
g
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
le
to
s
u
b
jectiv
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
o
th
er
s
.
I
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
m
en
tio
n
ed
ea
r
l
ier
,
t
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
m
atter
in
g
an
d
s
o
cial
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
m
ay
h
av
e
o
th
e
r
p
o
s
s
ib
le
m
ed
iato
r
s
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
elf
-
esteem
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
an
d
r
elatio
n
to
o
th
er
s
[
3
6
]
,
wh
ic
h
m
ay
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
a
b
etter
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
to
g
eth
er
with
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
USA
o
n
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
m
ay
ex
p
lain
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
r
ea
s
o
n
w
h
er
e
m
att
er
in
g
s
till
p
r
ed
ict
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
wh
en
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
U
SA,
wh
er
e
it
also
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
th
er
e
w
ill
s
till
b
e
an
o
t
h
er
d
ir
ec
t
lin
k
b
etwe
en
m
atter
in
g
a
n
d
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
af
ter
ta
k
in
g
USA
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
,
th
u
s
r
esu
ltin
g
a
p
ar
tial m
ed
iatio
n
in
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t f
in
d
in
g
s
.
I
t
is
in
ter
esti
n
g
to
n
o
te
th
at
m
atter
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
ely
p
r
e
d
icted
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
wh
en
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
USA,
d
esp
ite
f
in
d
in
g
o
u
t
th
at
USA
h
as
n
eg
ativ
ely
p
r
ed
icted
s
o
cial
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
wh
en
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
m
atter
in
g
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ea
r
lier
th
at
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
ag
ed
b
etwe
en
1
8
-
2
5
y
ea
r
s
wer
e
in
th
e
m
is
t
o
f
id
en
tity
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
,
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
an
d
in
s
tab
ilit
y
[
1
0
]
,
wh
ic
h
co
u
ld
m
ea
n
th
at
th
ey
m
ay
b
e
m
o
r
e
v
u
ln
er
a
b
le
to
war
d
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
s
an
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
am
o
n
g
p
ee
r
s
,
th
u
s
th
eir
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
o
wn
USA
m
ay
also
f
lu
ctu
ate
d
u
r
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
en
co
u
n
ter
.
Alo
n
g
th
ei
r
p
ath
wa
y
o
n
f
in
d
in
g
th
eir
id
en
tity
,
we
ca
n
co
n
clu
d
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
til
l
o
cc
u
r
s
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
-
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
wh
o
h
as
h
ig
h
m
atter
in
g
m
a
y
co
m
p
ar
e
with
o
th
er
s
t
o
m
ain
tain
th
eir
s
elf
-
co
n
ce
p
t,
wh
er
ea
s
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
ates
wh
o
h
as
l
o
w
m
atter
in
g
m
ay
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
with
o
th
er
s
to
o
b
tain
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
o
p
in
io
n
ab
o
u
t th
em
s
elv
es.
W
h
e
n
ad
d
in
g
USA
in
to
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
in
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
,
USA
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
m
ea
n
t
h
at
th
e
ten
d
e
n
cy
o
f
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
h
as
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
wh
en
USA
was
tak
en
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
d
ep
icted
th
at
USA
ac
ted
as a
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t r
o
le
a
s
s
o
ciatin
g
th
is
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
,
wh
er
e
th
e
ten
d
en
cy
o
f
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
was
lo
wer
e
d
d
o
wn
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
USA,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
wer
e
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
t
o
atten
tio
n
in
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t stu
d
y
.
Ov
er
all,
alth
o
u
g
h
USA
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
th
e
o
n
ly
f
ac
to
r
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
is
co
r
r
elatio
n
,
b
u
t
USA
ac
ted
as
an
in
f
lu
en
tial
s
u
p
p
r
ess
in
g
m
e
d
iato
r
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
m
atter
in
g
an
d
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
R
esu
lt
s
al
s
o
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
er
n
e
g
ativ
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
USA
h
as
r
e
d
u
ce
d
th
e
b
eta
v
alu
e
f
o
r
m
atter
in
g
,
r
esu
ltin
g
th
e
to
tal
ef
f
ec
t
to
b
e
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t.
T
h
is
ag
ain
s
h
o
wed
th
at
USA
ac
ted
as
b
ig
r
o
le
in
t
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
wh
ich
was
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
ast
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lain
in
g
th
at
USA
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
[
3
7
]
.
W
h
ile
s
h
o
win
g
s
tr
o
n
g
ass
o
ciatio
n
with
s
elf
-
esteem
an
d
s
elf
-
wo
r
th
wh
ich
wo
u
ld
b
e
b
en
ef
icial
f
o
r
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
an
d
r
em
ed
y
to
w
ar
d
s
g
en
er
al
p
u
b
lic,
m
ay
s
er
v
e
as
a
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
y
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
wn
s
elf
-
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
in
r
elatio
n
to
m
atte
r
in
g
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
ten
d
e
n
c
y
o
f
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
i
n
lo
n
g
r
u
n
[
8
]
.
3
.
4
.
L
im
it
a
t
io
ns
a
nd
im
pro
v
em
ent
s
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
i
n
g
s
elf
-
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
o
n
o
n
lin
e
g
o
o
g
le
f
o
r
m
,
th
e
r
e
m
ay
b
e
in
ac
cu
r
ate
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
d
u
e
to
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
o
cial
d
esira
b
ilit
y
,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
b
iases
m
a
y
o
cc
u
r
.
A
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
m
u
lti
-
ag
en
t
r
ep
o
r
ti
n
g
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
to
co
llect
m
o
r
e
o
b
jectiv
e
an
d
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
d
ata.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
4
4
1
-
4
4
7
446
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
n
ly
e
x
a
m
in
ed
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
USA
b
etwe
en
m
atter
in
g
a
n
d
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
n
o
t
ex
p
lo
r
i
n
g
o
th
er
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
.
I
n
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
u
ld
ex
am
in
e
t
h
e
o
th
er
m
ed
iatin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
s
elf
-
esteem
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
s
e
lf
to
h
av
e
a
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
.
As
f
o
r
an
o
t
h
er
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t,
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
m
i
g
h
t
n
ee
d
to
ta
k
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
in
d
iv
id
u
al
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
an
d
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
p
r
e
-
t
esti
n
g
p
ar
ticip
an
t’
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
o
r
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
t
o
o
b
tai
n
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
v
iewp
o
in
t
o
f
th
e
en
tire
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
n
o
t
ex
p
lain
th
e
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
am
o
n
g
v
ar
iab
le
s
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
s
im
ilar
r
esear
ch
with
d
if
f
e
r
en
t m
eth
o
d
(
q
u
alitativ
e
o
r
q
u
an
titativ
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
t)
is
s
u
g
g
ested
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
s
tu
d
ies.
3
.
5
.
Co
ntr
ibu
t
io
ns
a
nd
im
pli
ca
t
io
ns
Desp
ite
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
an
d
war
r
a
n
t
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ich
h
av
e
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
m
o
r
e
atten
tio
n
o
n
USA,
s
im
ilar
ly
with
p
ast
s
tu
d
ies
s
tatin
g
th
at
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
was
f
o
u
n
d
in
US
A
to
p
r
e
d
ict
m
en
tal
h
ea
lt
h
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
in
d
icato
r
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
m
ay
h
elp
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
th
e
th
eo
r
ies
th
at
USA
ac
tin
g
as
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t r
o
le
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
m
atter
in
g
an
d
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
at
th
is
m
ay
ap
p
ly
in
to
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
ettin
g
ac
tin
g
as
an
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
we
ll
-
b
ein
g
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
o
th
er
s
.
Fo
r
i
n
s
tan
ce
,
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
o
r
talk
s
ca
n
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
u
n
co
n
d
itio
n
al
s
elf
-
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
wh
ic
h
will
h
elp
t
h
em
to
en
h
an
ce
s
elf
-
co
n
ce
p
t a
n
d
r
e
d
u
ce
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
am
o
n
g
p
ee
r
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
u
n
co
n
d
itio
n
al
s
elf
-
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
in
m
atter
in
g
an
d
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
am
o
n
g
Ma
lay
s
ian
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
wed
th
at
USA
o
n
ly
p
ar
tially
m
ed
iated
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
m
atter
in
g
an
d
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
o
f
USA
in
th
is
as
s
o
ciatio
n
,
as
it
co
u
ld
h
elp
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
ten
d
en
cy
o
f
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
wh
ich
m
ay
h
av
e
d
etr
im
e
n
tal
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
s
elf
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
c
o
u
ld
also
in
v
esti
g
ate
o
n
o
t
h
er
f
ac
to
r
s
ass
o
ciatin
g
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
an
d
t
h
u
s
ab
le
to
f
u
r
t
h
er
elab
o
r
ate
o
n
h
o
w
U
SA c
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
n
e’
s
s
elf
-
co
n
ce
p
t.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
f
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
th
e
I
n
ter
n
al
R
esear
ch
G
r
an
t Sch
em
e
f
r
o
m
HE
L
P Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
#
20
-
07
-
0
2
4
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
L.
F
e
stin
g
e
r,
“
A t
h
e
o
ry
o
f
s
o
c
ial
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
e
s,
”
Hu
ma
n
R
e
la
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
7
-
1
4
0
,
1
9
5
4
.
[2
]
Q.
-
Q.
Li
u
,
Z.
-
K.
Zh
o
u
,
X.
-
J.
Y
a
n
g
,
G
.
-
F
.
Niu
,
Y.
Ti
a
n
a
n
d
C.
-
Y.
F
a
n
,
“
Up
wa
rd
so
c
ial
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
n
so
c
ia
l
n
e
two
rk
sites
a
n
d
d
e
p
re
ss
iv
e
sy
m
p
to
m
s:
A
m
o
d
e
ra
ted
m
e
d
iati
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
se
lf
-
e
ste
e
m
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
is
m
,
”
Per
so
n
a
li
ty
a
n
d
In
d
ivid
u
a
l
Diff
e
re
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
1
3
,
p
p
.
2
2
3
-
2
2
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
]
M
.
Ti
g
g
e
m
a
n
n
,
S
.
Ha
y
d
e
n
,
Z.
Bro
wn
a
n
d
J.
Ve
ld
h
u
is,
“
T
h
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
In
sta
g
ra
m
“
li
k
e
s
”
o
n
wo
m
e
n
’s
so
c
ial
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
a
n
d
b
o
d
y
d
issa
ti
sf
a
c
ti
o
n
,
”
B
o
d
y
Im
a
g
e
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
p
p
.
9
0
-
9
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[4
]
D.
A.
De
Vrie
s
a
n
d
R.
Kü
h
n
e
,
“
F
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
a
n
d
se
lf
-
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
:
In
d
iv
id
u
a
l
su
sc
e
p
ti
b
il
i
ty
to
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
so
c
ia
l
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
n
F
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
,
”
Per
so
n
a
li
ty
a
n
d
I
n
d
ivi
d
u
a
l
Diff
e
re
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
6
,
p
p
.
2
1
7
-
2
2
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[5
]
K.
D.
P
ri
h
a
d
i,
E.
S
.
Li
m
,
E
.
S
im
a
n
d
K.
Ch
o
n
g
,
“
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Li
fe
S
a
ti
sfa
c
ti
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
Qu
a
ra
n
ti
n
e
d
Ad
u
lt
s
i
n
M
a
lay
sia
d
u
rin
g
th
e
C
o
v
i
d
-
1
9
P
a
n
d
e
m
ic,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
S
c
ien
c
e
(
IJ
PHS
),
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[6
]
S
.
H.
Ca
rso
n
a
n
d
E.
J.
Lan
g
e
r,
“
Mi
n
d
f
u
ln
e
ss
a
n
d
se
lf
-
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
R
a
ti
o
n
a
l
-
Emo
t
ive
a
n
d
C
o
g
n
it
ive
-
Beh
a
v
io
r
T
h
e
ra
p
y
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
9
-
4
3
,
2
0
0
6
.
[7
]
K.
P
rih
a
d
i,
Y.
L
.
Hu
i,
M
.
J.
C
h
u
a
a
n
d
C.
K.
W.
C
h
a
n
g
,
“
Cy
b
e
r
-
v
ictimiz
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
d
e
p
re
ss
io
n
:
S
e
rial
m
e
d
iatio
n
o
f
se
lf
-
e
ste
e
m
a
n
d
lea
r
n
e
d
-
h
e
l
p
les
sn
e
ss
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Eva
l
u
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(IJ
ER
E)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
6
3
-
5
7
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[8
]
J.
M
.
Ch
a
m
b
e
rlain
a
n
d
D.
A.
Ha
a
g
a
,
“
Un
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
se
lf
-
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
a
n
d
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
h
e
a
lt
h
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ra
ti
o
n
a
l
-
Emo
t
ive
a
n
d
Co
g
n
it
ive
-
Beh
a
v
io
r
T
h
e
ra
p
y
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
6
3
-
1
7
6
,
2
0
0
1
a
.
[9
]
K.
D.
P
r
ih
a
d
i
,
C.
Y.
Wo
n
g
,
E.
Y.
Ch
o
n
g
a
n
d
K.
Y.
C
h
o
n
g
,
“
S
u
icid
a
l
Th
o
u
g
h
ts
a
m
o
n
g
Un
i
v
e
rsity
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
i
n
M
a
lay
sia
a
n
d
In
d
o
n
e
sia
:
Th
e
Ro
l
e
o
f
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
,
S
tate
S
e
lf
-
Estee
m
a
n
d
De
p
re
ss
io
n
Lev
e
l
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Eva
lu
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
i
n
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(IJ
ER
E)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
9
4
-
5
0
2
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
0
]
J.
J.
Arn
e
tt
,
“
Eme
rg
i
n
g
a
d
u
lt
h
o
o
d
:
A
th
e
o
ry
o
f
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
fro
m
th
e
late
tee
n
s
th
ro
u
g
h
t
h
e
twe
n
ti
e
s,
”
Ame
ric
a
n
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
ist
,
v
o
l
.
5
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
.
4
6
9
–
4
8
0
,
2
0
0
0
.
[1
1
]
S
.
Ca
sa
le
a
n
d
G
.
L.
F
lett,
“
In
ter
p
e
rso
n
a
ll
y
-
b
a
se
d
fe
a
rs
d
u
ri
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
v
i
d
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic:
Re
flec
ti
o
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
fe
a
r
o
f
m
issin
g
o
u
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
fe
a
r
o
f
n
o
t
m
a
tt
e
rin
g
c
o
n
stru
c
ts,
”
Cl
in
ica
l
Ne
u
ro
p
sy
c
h
ia
try
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
8
8
–
9
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
2
]
K.
D.
P
ri
h
a
d
i,
E.
S
.
Li
m
,
K.
Ch
a
n
,
S
.
M
.
Lee
a
n
d
A.
Ri
d
wa
n
,
“
Eff
ica
c
y
o
f
W
o
rk
i
n
g
fro
m
Ho
m
e
a
m
o
n
g
Ur
b
a
n
P
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
ls i
n
M
a
lay
sia
d
u
ri
n
g
th
e
P
a
n
d
e
m
ic:
Th
e
R
o
b
u
st
P
re
d
ic
ti
v
e
Ro
le
o
f
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Pu
b
l
ic He
a
lt
h
S
c
ien
c
e
(IJ
PHS
),
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Wh
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
ten
d
to
co
m
p
a
r
e
th
emselve
s
w
i
th
ea
ch
o
th
er?
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f m
a
tter
in
g
…
(
S
h
ie
n
-
Yi K
a
m
)
447
[1
3
]
M
.
F
.
Da
v
ies
,
“
Irri
tatio
n
a
l
b
e
li
e
fs
a
n
d
u
n
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
a
l
se
lf
-
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
.
III.
Th
e
re
lati
v
e
imp
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
d
iffe
re
n
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
irrati
o
n
a
l
b
e
li
e
f
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
R
a
ti
o
n
a
l
-
Emo
ti
v
e
&
Co
g
n
it
ive
-
Beh
a
v
io
u
r
T
h
e
ra
p
y
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
-
1
1
8
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
4
]
H.
J.
Yu
,
“
T
h
e
m
e
d
iatin
g
e
ffe
c
ts
o
f
c
o
l
leg
e
stu
d
e
n
t'
s
in
ter
n
a
li
z
e
d
sh
a
m
e
a
n
d
u
n
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
se
lf
-
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
in
t
h
e
in
flu
e
n
c
e
o
f
so
c
iall
y
p
re
sc
rib
e
d
p
e
rfe
c
ti
o
n
ism
o
n
i
n
terp
e
rso
n
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
,
”
T
h
e
K
o
re
a
n
Da
t
a
&
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
S
c
ien
c
e
S
o
c
iety
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
3
5
0
-
1
3
7
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
5
]
B.
L.
Th
o
m
p
so
n
a
n
d
J.
A.
Wa
lt
z
,
“
M
in
d
fu
l
n
e
ss
,
se
lf
-
e
ste
e
m
,
a
n
d
u
n
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
a
l
se
lf
-
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ra
ti
o
n
a
l
-
Emo
t
ive
&
Co
g
n
it
ive
-
Beh
a
v
io
r
T
h
e
ra
p
y
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
-
1
2
6
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
6
]
E.
A.
Vo
g
e
l,
J.
P
.
Ro
se
,
B
.
M
.
O
k
d
ie,
K.
Ec
k
les
a
n
d
B.
F
ra
n
z
,
“
Wh
o
c
o
m
p
a
re
s
a
n
d
d
e
sp
a
irs?
Th
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
so
c
ia
l
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
rien
tati
o
n
o
n
s
o
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
u
se
a
n
d
it
s
o
u
tc
o
m
e
s
,
”
Per
so
n
a
li
ty
a
n
d
In
d
ivid
u
a
l
Diff
e
re
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
8
6
,
p
p
.
2
4
9
-
2
5
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
7
]
J.
B.
Wh
it
e
,
E.
J.
Lan
g
e
r,
L
.
Ya
r
iv
a
n
d
J.
C.
Welc
h
,
“
F
re
q
u
e
n
t
so
c
ial
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
s
a
n
d
d
e
stru
c
ti
v
e
e
m
o
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
rs:
Th
e
d
a
rk
si
d
e
o
f
so
c
ial
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
u
l
t
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
6
-
4
4
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
8
]
A.
S
.
A
ld
e
rso
n
a
n
d
T.
Ka
tz
-
G
e
rro
,
“
Co
m
p
a
re
d
to
w
h
o
m
?
In
e
q
u
a
li
ty
,
s
o
c
ial
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
,
a
n
d
h
a
p
p
in
e
ss
in
t
h
e
Un
it
e
d
S
tate
s,
”
S
o
c
i
a
l
F
o
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
5
-
5
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
9
]
K.
Bu
rles
o
n
,
C.
W
.
Lea
c
h
a
n
d
D.
M
.
Ha
rrin
g
t
o
n
,
“
Up
wa
rd
s
o
c
ial
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
a
n
d
se
lf‐co
n
c
e
p
t:
In
sp
irati
o
n
a
n
d
in
fe
rio
rit
y
a
m
o
n
g
a
rt
st
u
d
e
n
ts
in
a
n
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
p
ro
g
ra
m
m
e
,
”
Brit
ish
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
ia
l
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
-
1
2
3
,
2
0
0
5
.
[2
0
]
A.
El
li
s,
“
P
sy
c
h
o
th
e
ra
p
y
a
n
d
th
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
a
h
u
m
a
n
b
e
in
g
,”
i
n
A.
E
ll
is
a
n
d
R.
G
rieg
e
r
,
Ed
s.,
H
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
-
e
mo
t
ive
th
e
ra
p
y
,
Ne
w Yo
r
k
,
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
,
1
9
7
7
,
p
p
.
9
9
-
1
1
2
.
[2
1
]
G
.
F
lett,
T
h
e
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
m
a
tt
e
rin
g
:
Un
d
e
rs
ta
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
h
u
ma
n
n
e
e
d
to
b
e
si
g
n
i
fi
c
a
n
t
.
U
n
it
e
d
Ki
n
g
d
o
m
:
Ac
a
d
e
m
ic P
re
ss
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
2
]
G
.
El
li
o
tt
,
S
.
Ka
o
a
n
d
A
.
M
.
G
ra
n
t,
“
M
a
tt
e
ri
n
g
:
Emp
iri
c
a
l
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
so
c
ial
-
p
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
c
o
n
c
e
p
t,
”
S
e
lf
a
n
d
Id
e
n
ti
ty
,
v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
3
3
9
-
3
5
4
,
2
0
0
4
.
[2
3
]
M
.
K.
F
ra
n
c
e
a
n
d
S
.
J.
F
i
n
n
e
y
,
“
Wh
a
t
m
a
tt
e
rs
in
th
e
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
a
tt
e
rin
g
?
A
c
o
n
stru
c
t
v
a
li
d
i
ty
st
u
d
y
,
”
M
e
a
su
re
me
n
t
a
n
d
Eva
l
u
a
t
io
n
i
n
Co
u
n
se
li
n
g
a
n
d
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
4
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
-
1
2
0
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
4
]
M
.
Ro
se
n
b
e
r
g
,
“
S
e
lf
-
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
a
n
d
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
we
ll
-
b
e
in
g
i
n
a
d
o
l
e
sc
e
n
c
e
,
”
i
n
R.
Lea
h
y
,
Ed
.
,
T
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
o
f
th
e
se
lf
,
Ne
w Yo
rk
:
Ac
a
d
e
m
ic P
re
ss
,
1
9
8
5
,
p
p
.
2
0
5
-
2
4
6
.
[2
5
]
F
.
X.
G
ib
b
o
n
s
a
n
d
B.
P
.
Bu
u
n
k
,
“
In
d
iv
id
u
a
l
d
iffere
n
c
e
s
in
s
o
c
ial
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
:
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
sc
a
le
o
f
so
c
ial
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
rien
tati
o
n
,
”
J
.
Per
s.
S
o
c
.
Psy
c
h
o
l.
,
v
o
l.
7
6
,
p
.
1
2
9
–
1
4
2
,
1
9
9
9
.
[2
6
]
J.
M
.
Ch
a
m
b
e
rlain
a
n
d
D.
A.
Ha
a
g
a
,
“
Un
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
se
lf
-
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
a
n
d
re
sp
o
n
se
s
to
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
fe
e
d
b
a
c
k
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
R
a
ti
o
n
a
l
-
Emo
t
ive
a
n
d
Co
g
n
i
ti
v
e
-
Beh
a
v
io
r T
h
e
ra
p
y
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
7
7
-
1
8
9
,
2
0
0
1
b
.
[2
7
]
H.
Kim
,
M
.
J.
Ca
ll
a
n
,
A.
I.
G
h
e
o
rg
h
i
u
a
n
d
W
.
J.
M
a
tt
h
e
ws
,
“
S
o
c
i
a
l
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
,
p
e
rso
n
a
l
re
lativ
e
d
e
p
riv
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
m
a
teria
li
sm
,
”
Brit
ish
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
ia
l
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
5
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
7
3
-
3
9
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
8
]
P
.
P
.
S
im
a
n
d
K.
P
rih
a
d
i,
“
Th
e
y
Lo
g
g
e
d
-
i
n
,
Co
m
p
a
re
d
,
a
n
d
S
a
ti
sfi
e
d
:
S
e
rial
M
e
d
iati
o
n
o
f
M
a
tt
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
S
tate
S
e
lf
-
e
ste
e
m
o
n
th
e
Li
n
k
b
e
twe
e
n
S
o
c
ial
C
o
m
p
a
riso
n
a
n
d
Li
fe
S
a
ti
sf
a
c
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
S
c
ien
c
e
(IJ
PHS
),
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
4
5
-
2
5
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
9
]
A.
W.
Les
c
h
ied
,
D.
H.
S
a
k
l
o
fsk
e
a
n
d
G
.
L.
F
lett,
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
sc
h
o
o
l
-
b
a
se
d
me
n
ta
l
h
e
a
lt
h
p
ro
mo
ti
o
n
.
Ch
a
m
,
S
witze
rlan
d
:
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
P
u
b
li
sh
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
0
]
H.
Tan
i
g
u
c
h
i
,
“
In
terp
e
rso
n
a
l
M
a
t
terin
g
in
F
rien
d
sh
i
p
a
s
a
P
re
d
ict
o
r
o
f
Ha
p
p
i
n
e
ss
in
Ja
p
a
n
:
Th
e
Ca
se
o
f
To
k
y
o
it
e
s,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ha
p
p
i
n
e
ss
S
t
u
d
ies
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
5
-
1
4
9
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
1
]
R.
V.
Kre
jcie
a
n
d
D.
W.
M
o
rg
a
n
,
“
De
term
in
in
g
sa
m
p
le
siz
e
f
o
r
re
se
a
rc
h
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
,
”
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
ic
a
l
M
e
a
su
re
me
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
0
7
-
6
1
0
,
1
9
7
0
.
[3
2
]
C.
R.
Ro
g
e
rs,
Cli
e
n
t
-
c
e
n
ter
e
d
th
e
ra
p
y
.
Bo
st
o
n
:
Ho
u
g
h
to
n
M
iffl
in
,
1
9
5
1
.
[3
3
]
G
.
L.
F
lett,
R.
B
u
rd
o
a
n
d
T.
N
e
p
o
n
,
“
M
a
tt
e
rin
g
,
i
n
se
c
u
re
a
tt
a
c
h
m
e
n
t,
ru
m
i
n
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
se
lf
-
c
rit
i
c
ism
in
d
istres
s
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
i
v
e
rsity
st
u
d
e
n
ts,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
e
n
ta
l
He
a
lt
h
a
n
d
A
d
d
ictio
n
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s
1
1
4
6
9
-
0
2
0
-
0
0
2
2
5
-
z
.
[3
4
]
S
.
P
o
p
o
v
,
J.
Ra
d
a
n
o
v
ić
a
n
d
M
.
Bir
o
,
“
Un
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
se
lf
-
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
a
n
d
m
e
n
tal
h
e
a
lt
h
i
n
e
g
o
-
p
r
o
v
o
k
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
c
o
n
tex
t,
”
S
u
v
re
me
n
a
P
sih
o
l
o
g
ij
a
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
1
-
8
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
5
]
M
.
Ch
a
,
“
Th
e
m
e
d
iat
io
n
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
m
a
tt
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
se
lf
-
e
ste
e
m
in
t
h
e
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
twe
e
n
so
c
i
a
ll
y
p
re
sc
rib
e
d
p
e
rfe
c
ti
o
n
ism
a
n
d
d
e
p
re
ss
io
n
:
Ba
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
so
c
ial
d
isc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
l,
”
Per
so
n
a
li
ty
a
n
d
In
d
ivid
u
a
l
Dif
fer
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
8
8
,
p
p
.
1
4
8
-
1
5
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
6
]
H.
Tan
i
g
u
c
h
i,
“
I
n
terp
e
rso
n
a
l
m
a
tt
e
rin
g
in
frien
d
sh
i
p
a
s
a
p
re
d
icto
r
o
f
h
a
p
p
i
n
e
ss
in
Ja
p
a
n
:
Th
e
c
a
se
o
f
T
o
k
y
o
i
tes
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ha
p
p
i
n
e
ss
S
t
u
d
ies
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
5
-
1
4
9
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
7
]
T.
Y.
Bin
g
ö
l
a
n
d
M
.
V.
Ba
tı
k
,
“
Un
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
se
lf
-
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
a
n
d
p
e
rfe
c
ti
o
n
isti
c
c
o
g
n
it
i
o
n
s
a
s
p
re
d
icto
rs
o
f
p
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
we
ll
-
b
e
in
g
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
T
ra
i
n
in
g
S
tu
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
7
-
7
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
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