Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
valua
tio
n
an
d
Rese
arch
in
Educati
on (I
JE
RE)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
616
~
623
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8822
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ije
re
.
v8
i
4
.
20304
616
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJE
R
E
Explorin
g lifelon
g learnin
g outco
mes amo
ng adult
learne
rs via
goal o
rientation
an
d in
formation li
teracy s
elf
-
effic
acy
Ong C
hoon
H
ee
,
Li
m Lee
Pi
ng
,
A
drian
a Mohd
Riz
al
,
Tan Ow
ee K
ow
an
g
, Goh
Ch
in Fei
Azm
an
Hashim
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l
Bu
siness School
,
U
nive
rsiti T
eknologi
Mal
a
y
s
ia
,
M
al
a
y
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
27
, 201
9
Re
vised
Oct
2
9
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Nov
2
2
, 201
9
Th
is
stud
y
in
tends
to
e
xplor
e
the
r
el
a
ti
onship
bet
we
en
goa
l
orie
nt
at
ion
,
informati
on
liter
acy
s
el
f
-
e
fficacy
and
l
ife
long
l
earning
out
comes
of
th
e
adult
le
arn
ers.
Thi
s
st
ud
y
foc
us
es
on
a
dult
learne
rs
as
t
he
y
are
ac
t
ive
l
y
par
ticipatin
g
in
th
e
d
evelop
m
ent
of
the
co
untr
y
socio
-
ec
o
nom
y
and
r
ec
o
gniz
ed
as
th
e
pote
ntial
cont
r
ib
utors
towar
ds
th
e
gen
erati
on
of
knowledge
-
base
d
ec
ono
m
y
.
The
findi
ngs
o
f
thi
s
stud
y
rev
e
aled
th
at
th
ere
wa
s
a
sign
ifi
c
ant
r
el
a
ti
onship
bet
wee
n
m
aste
r
y
goa
l
o
rie
n
ta
t
ion
and
li
fe
long
lear
ning.
How
eve
r,
i
nform
at
ion
li
te
r
acy
se
lf
-
eff
i
ca
c
y
was
found
t
o
be
a
pre
di
ct
or
i
nstea
d
of
a
m
ode
rat
or
in
th
e
m
odel
.
I
t
is
suggested
that
suit
able
and
appr
opriat
e
l
ea
rn
ing
m
et
ho
ds
such
a
s
proble
m
-
base
d
l
ea
rning
,
ca
se
sc
ena
rio
pre
sen
tati
ons,
portfo
li
os
a
nd
clini
ca
l
deba
t
es
ca
n
be
d
esigne
d
spec
ifi
c
al
l
y
to
f
acilitate
adul
t
l
ea
rn
ers’
m
aste
r
y
go
a
l
le
arn
ing
m
oti
va
t
ion
in
prom
oti
n
g
li
fe
long
l
ea
rn
i
ng.
In
addi
t
ion,
tra
ini
ng
and
ret
ra
ini
ng
to
equ
ip
adult
l
ea
rne
rs
with
new
inform
at
ion
li
t
erac
y
ski
ll
s
so
as
to
kee
p
up
the
ir
se
l
f
-
eff
icac
y
l
eve
l
will
d
efi
n
i
tel
y
en
hanc
e
l
ife
long
learni
ng.
Th
is
stud
y
provid
es
a
da
ta
b
ase
on
the
impac
t
of
goal
orie
nt
at
ion
and
i
nform
at
ion
li
te
r
acy
se
lf
-
eff
ic
a
c
y
towar
ds
li
fel
ong
learni
n
g
in
implemen
ti
ng
pol
i
c
y
form
at
ion,
edu
cationa
l
stru
ct
ure
r
ede
sign
and
hum
an
ca
pi
ta
l
dev
el
o
pm
ent
.
As
such,
suit
abl
e
a
nd
appr
opri
at
e
le
arn
ing
m
et
ho
ds
such
as
pro
ble
m
-
base
d
le
arn
ing,
c
ase
s
ce
nar
io
pr
ese
nt
a
ti
ons,
po
rtfolios
and
c
li
ni
ca
l
d
e
bat
es
ca
n
be
designe
d
spe
ci
fi
ca
l
l
y
to
f
ac
i
li
t
ate
student
l
ea
rn
ing
m
oti
vat
ion
in
th
e
cl
assroom
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
A
dult
le
ar
ner
s
G
oal
ori
entat
io
n
I
nfo
rm
at
ion
li
t
eracy
S
el
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
Lifel
ong
le
a
rn
i
ng
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ong
C
hoon
He
e,
Azm
an
Has
him
I
ntern
at
io
nal Busine
ss Sc
ho
ol,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i M
al
ay
sia
,
Jo
ho
r
Ba
hru,
8131
0,
Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
:
on
gc
hoonhee
@g
m
ai
l.
com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Lifel
ong
le
ar
nin
g
is
reg
a
r
ded
as
one
of
th
e
m
os
t
discuss
e
d
top
ic
s
in
ed
ucat
ion
to
day.
T
he
introd
uctio
n
of
Nati
onal
Hi
gh
e
r
E
ducat
ion
Strate
gic
Pla
n
beyo
nd
20
20
(
NH
E
SP
)
ha
s
hig
hlig
hted
the
si
gn
i
ficance
of
li
felo
ng
le
arn
in
g
in
su
c
cessf
ully
reach
ing
the
goal
s
of
the
c
ountry
knowle
dge
-
base
d
ec
on
om
y
.
NH
ESP
inten
ds
is
to
sp
ear
hea
d
pr
ogram
s
that
assist
al
l
sect
or
s
to
gr
ow
outst
and
i
ng
hum
an
capit
al
to
over
com
e
the
fo
rt
hc
om
ing
chall
enges.
D
ue
to
the
reas
on
that
ad
ult
le
ar
ner
s
in
t
he
co
untry
are
pa
rtic
ipati
ng
vi
gor
ous
ly
to
stim
ulate
the
country
ec
ono
m
y,
they
wer
e
rec
ognized
as
the
key
play
e
rs
in
buil
ding
a
stron
g
fou
ndat
ion
of
the
na
ti
on
knowle
dge
-
bas
ed
eco
nom
y. I
f
we
w
ould to
m
ov
e fo
r
wa
rd
to a m
or
e k
no
wled
ge
inten
sive eco
nom
y, a
li
felong
le
arn
in
g
s
ociet
y
need
s
to
be
pro
duced
.
Pe
op
l
e
sh
ould
be
giv
en
m
or
e
op
po
rtu
niti
es
to
pur
su
e
li
felo
ng
le
arn
i
ng
edu
cat
io
n
to
obta
in
rec
ogniti
on
for
the
le
ve
l
of
achie
ve
m
ent
acq
uire
d.
T
his
spe
ci
fical
ly
app
li
es
to
a
du
lt
le
arn
er
s
as
th
e
y
are
the
dri
ve
rs
w
ho
m
ake
poli
ti
cal
,
eco
nom
ic
and
s
ocial
decisi
ons
i
n
es
ta
blishin
g
knowl
ed
ge
base
d
ec
onomy
.
Re
searche
rs
[1]
sta
te
d t
hat
in
the
de
vel
op
m
ent
of
a
hi
gh
ly
e
du
cat
e
d
natio
n,
the
c
ountry
’s
pr
i
or
it
y
was
placed
on
ed
uc
at
ing
t
he
y
ou
t
h
an
d
un
dergr
a
duat
es.
Mi
dd
le
-
aged
a
nd
old
e
r
-
age
d
ad
ults
ha
ve
li
tt
le
op
portun
it
y
to
pur
su
e
hi
gher
ed
ucati
on
or
te
rtia
ry
ed
ucati
on
.
Alth
ough
t
he
Governm
ent
has
sta
rte
d
to
init
ia
te
pr
ofess
ion
a
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Explori
ng li
fe
long le
arnin
g o
utco
mes a
mon
g adult
lear
ner
s via
goal
or
ie
nta
ti
on
…
(
O
ng C
hoon
Hee
)
617
pro
gr
am
s
fo
r
the
work
i
ng
ad
ults,
it
is
sti
ll
i
ns
uffici
e
nt
to
ge
ner
at
e
li
fel
ong
le
ar
ning
ou
tc
om
es
a
m
on
g
th
e
ad
ul
t
le
arn
er
s
as
th
er
e
are
to
o
fe
w
insti
tutes
m
eant
f
or
them
li
ke
t
he
unive
rsiti
es
of
the
T
hir
d
A
ge,
se
nio
r
ce
ntr
es
a
nd
le
arn
in
g
-
in
-
reti
rem
ent
insti
tutes
[
1].
M
os
t
of
the
c
omm
un
it
y
colle
ges
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
wer
e
fill
ed
by
yo
ung
le
arn
e
rs.
As
far
as
li
felo
ng
le
ar
ning
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
is
con
cer
ne
d,
m
os
t
of
the
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
of
li
fel
ong l
earn
i
ng
pro
gra
m
s
are
in
the
yo
unger
age
gro
up.
Adult
le
arn
er
s
m
a
y
hav
e
been
ne
glect
ed
an
d
the
y
received
t
oo
li
ttle
at
te
ntion
in
th
e
process
of
bec
om
ing
m
or
e kn
ow
le
dg
ea
ble,
s
kilfu
l,
co
m
petit
ive and in
no
va
ti
ve.
Th
ough
the
Ma
la
ysi
a
Edu
cat
io
n
Bl
ue
pr
i
n
t
(M
EB)
2015
-
2025
has
est
a
blish
ed
a
n
ou
tc
om
e
of
natio
n
of
li
felong
le
ar
ners
am
on
g
the
10
-
sh
i
fts,
it
is
sti
ll
obvi
ou
s
that
th
e
co
un
t
ry
has
be
en
c
on
ce
ntrati
ng
an
d
em
ph
as
iz
ing
on
ed
ucati
ng
s
chool
c
hildr
e
n,
yout
h
a
nd
unde
rgraduate
le
ar
ner
s
al
l
this
l
ong.
Acc
or
ding
t
o
researc
he
rs
[
2],
it
i
s
obvious
that
th
e
co
nce
pt
of
li
f
el
ong
le
ar
ning
is
relat
ed
t
o
e
m
plo
ya
bili
t
y
and
pr
oductivit
y
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
. Mo
st
of
the
ad
ult
le
arn
e
rs
w
ould
not
de
cl
are
them
selv
es
they
ha
ve
par
ti
ci
pated
in
li
felong
le
ar
ning
act
ivit
ie
s
if
they
di
d
no
t
ta
ke
par
t
i
n
a
form
al
educat
ion
pro
gr
am
.
This
is
the
pe
rcep
ti
on
t
hat
ha
s
bee
n
devel
oped
am
on
g
t
he
ad
ult
le
arn
er
s
in
the
sense
that
in
f
orm
al
le
arn
ing
ac
ti
viti
es
to
m
uch
le
sser
exte
nt
can
be
e
xpla
ine
d
as
the
m
ai
n
lif
el
on
g
le
arn
in
g
act
ivit
ie
s.
Wh
il
e
t
he
gove
rn
m
ent
ha
s
plan
ned
t
o
e
ns
ure
that
li
felong
le
ar
ning
is
pa
rt
ly
the
nationa
l
disco
urse
an
d
t
he
m
ai
n
agen
t
f
or
prom
oting
li
felo
ng
le
a
rn
i
ng,
it
is
essenti
al
to
c
onduct
a
stu
dy
on
a
du
lt
le
a
rn
e
rs
to
inv
e
sti
gate
wh
et
her
t
his
gr
oup
is
progres
sing
well
with
the
li
felong
le
a
rn
i
ng
plan
a
nd
identify
fact
ors
that
are a
ble to p
re
dict t
heir
li
fel
ong l
ear
ning
ou
t
com
es.
Accor
ding
t
o
[
3],
go
al
ori
ent
at
ion
is
de
fine
d
as
m
ulti
ple
ways
people
m
ay
acq
uire
i
n
a
tt
ai
nin
g
goal
s
and
c
om
petence
in
ac
com
plishm
ent
ci
rcum
s
ta
nces
.
Goal
ori
entat
ion
is
sim
il
ar
to
enc
oura
gem
e
nt
a
nd
m
ot
ivati
on
whic
h
c
ould
im
pact
their
li
felo
ng
le
a
rn
i
ng
ou
tc
om
es.
Past
literat
ur
e
has
st
at
ed
that
inf
or
m
at
ion
li
te
racy
sel
f
-
ef
f
ic
acy
is
cr
ucial
in
en
ha
ncin
g
l
ifel
ong
le
arn
i
ng
a
bili
ti
es
[4,
5]
.
It
is
i
mp
erativ
e
for
ad
ult
le
a
rn
e
rs
to
hav
e
hi
gh
i
nfor
m
at
ion
li
te
racy
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
le
vel
in
or
de
r
to
c
op
e
wit
h
t
he
rap
i
d
in
f
or
m
at
ion
gr
owth
a
nd
te
chnolo
gy
a
dvancem
ent
[
6].
The
refo
re,
ba
sed
on
t
he
a
bove
discu
ssio
n,
the
re
searc
her
would
li
ke
t
o
f
il
l
the
knowle
dge
gap b
y a
ddressi
ng
the b
el
ow r
ese
arch q
uestio
ns
:
RQ1
:
What
is the
relat
ion
s
hip betwee
n g
oal
or
ie
ntati
on
s
and life
-
l
ong
le
a
r
ning
?
RQ2
:
Do
e
s
in
form
ation
li
te
r
acy
sel
f
-
ef
fica
cy
m
od
erate
t
he
relat
io
nship
betwee
n
goal
or
ie
ntati
on
s
an
d
li
felong
le
ar
ning
?
.
2.
LIT
ERATUR
E
REVIE
W
2.1.
Li
felong learn
ing
The
no
ti
on
of
li
felong
le
ar
nin
g
is
a
bout
how
in
div
id
uals
con
ti
nu
ously
im
pr
ov
e
their
c
apab
il
it
ie
s
to
face
ra
pid
so
c
ia
l
change
[
7].
It
has
bee
n
pract
ic
ed
by
pa
rtic
ipants
pr
e
vi
ou
sly
in
var
i
ou
s
sect
ors
s
uc
h
as
edu
cat
io
n,
s
oci
al
,
po
li
ti
cal
an
d
in
dustria
l
sect
or
[
8].
Acc
ordi
ng
to
[9
]
,
li
felo
ng
le
ar
ning
is
ba
sic
al
ly
an
a
dv
antage
to
th
e
natio
n
a
nd
its
pe
op
le
.
It
assist
s
pe
rs
onal
de
velo
pm
e
nt,
so
ci
al
em
br
acem
ent
and
prom
otes
eco
nom
i
c
com
petit
iveness.
T
od
ay
,
li
felo
ng
le
ar
ning
is
no
t
s
olely
a
pe
rsonal
c
on
ce
r
n,
but
a
n
inter
nat
ion
al
a
genda
w
hich
is
increasin
gly
i
m
po
rtant.
T
ho
ugh
li
felo
ng
le
arn
i
ng
em
br
ac
es
form
al
and
inf
or
m
al
le
arn
ing
a
ppr
oac
h
;
but
i
t
is
al
ways
bei
ng
r
efer
red
t
o
recurre
nce
e
du
cat
i
on,
a
du
lt
c
on
ti
nu
i
ng
ed
ucati
on,
post
-
i
niti
al
and
po
pu
la
r
ed
uc
at
ion
[10].
The
re
fore
,
li
felong
le
ar
ni
ng
is
oft
en
perce
ived
as
li
felo
ng
e
ducat
ion.
Both
li
felo
ng
l
earn
i
ng
a
nd
li
felong
edu
cat
io
n
sh
a
r
e
the
sam
e
featur
es
a
nd
or
igi
ns
.
They
wer
e
ref
e
rr
e
d
t
o
as
le
arn
i
ng
proc
ess,
str
uctu
ral
and
i
n
m
et
ho
d
ologica
l
aspects
[
11]
.
It
is
ab
out
the
con
ti
nuit
y
of
e
du
cat
io
n
a
fter
form
al
scho
oli
ng.
Howe
ver
,
li
felong
le
arn
in
g
will
be
m
or
e
e
ff
ect
ive
if
it
ta
kes
a
proacti
ve
a
ppr
oac
h
am
on
g
in
div
id
uals
w
it
h
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
goal
or
ie
ntati
on
a
nd
inf
or
m
at
ion
li
t
eracy
sel
f
-
e
ff
i
c
acy
wh
ic
h
usua
ll
y
m
ake
s
le
arn
ing
ha
pp
e
ns
.
I
n
a
nutshell
,
li
fe
long
le
arn
in
g
is
a
dom
inant
disco
ur
se
in
the
era
of
globali
zat
io
n
a
nd
it
is
inte
ns
ively
co
nnec
te
d
to
th
e
f
or
m
at
ion
of
knowle
dge
bas
ed
ec
onom
y
in
the
co
untry
[12].
2.2.
Master
y
goal
or
ie
ntati
on
Ma
ste
ry
goal
ori
entat
ion
is
de
fine
d
as
intri
ns
i
cal
ly
m
otivate
d
i
nd
i
viduals
w
ho
at
te
m
pt
to
e
nh
a
nce
their
knowle
dge,
ski
ll
s
and
abili
ti
es
via
bec
om
i
ng
prof
ic
ie
nt
in
dem
and
in
g
sit
uations
.
T
he
y
treat
ha
ssles
a
nd
diff
ic
ulti
es
as
c
ircum
sta
nces
that
m
ake
it
po
s
sible
to
le
ar
n
a
nd
belie
ve
that
their
c
om
petency
an
d
a
bili
ty
can
be
furthe
r
im
pr
oved
with
prof
ic
i
ency
res
ponse
s
[
13
]
.
They
de
m
on
strat
e
their
achievem
ent
by
evaluati
ng
t
he
le
vel
of
ta
sks
a
nd
di
sp
la
y
lo
wer
ta
s
k a
nxie
ty
[
14
]
.
Adult
le
ar
ne
rs
with
m
ast
ery
goal
or
ie
nt
at
ion
per
cei
ve m
ist
a
kes
as
le
arn
in
g
oppo
rtun
it
ie
s
a
nd
pers
ist
in
the
est
ab
li
sh
m
ent
and
gro
wth
of
c
om
petence.
T
hey
a
r
e
able
t
o
asse
ss
their
le
arn
in
g
ca
pabi
li
t
ie
s
al
on
g
t
he
ir
stud
y
a
nd
i
nterested
t
o
un
der
sta
nd
t
he
c
on
te
nts
of
thei
r
le
arn
i
ng
well
.
They
sp
e
nd
t
heir
ti
m
e
in
ac
qu
i
rin
g
new
kn
ow
le
dge
an
d
c
omm
itt
ed
in
academ
ic
stud
ie
s
an
d
as
sign
m
ents.
Ty
pical
ly
,
adu
lt
le
ar
ne
rs
with
m
ast
ery
goal
ori
entat
io
n
intend
to
analy
se
the
c
ourse
c
on
te
nt
in
detai
ls
an
d
seek
f
or
s
olu
ti
on
on
the
issue
s
t
he
y
enc
ountere
d.
T
hey
ar
e
m
oti
vated
an
d
desi
r
ed
t
o
im
pr
ov
e
t
heir
a
bili
ti
es
in
le
arn
i
ng
new
s
kill
s
and
acq
uir
i
ng
new
kn
ow
le
dge
[15].
T
hey
pe
r
seve
re
as
a
conseq
ue
nce
of
fail
ure
a
nd
use
the
set
backs
they
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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S
N
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In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
2019
: 6
16
-
623
618
encou
nter
to
be
tt
er
their
pe
r
f
or
m
ance
[
16
]
.
Ma
ste
ry
goal
or
ie
ntati
on
is
an
esse
nt
ia
l
go
al
or
ie
ntati
on
that
prom
otes li
felon
g l
ear
ning. Th
eref
or
e
, it i
s h
y
po
t
hesized
that
:
Hyp
oth
esi
s
1A
: M
ast
ery g
oal
or
ie
ntati
on
has
a positi
ve rel
at
ion
s
hip wit
h l
ifel
ong
le
ar
ning.
2.3.
Perfo
r
ma
nce
-
ap
pr
oach
goal
o
ri
en
tation
Perfo
rm
ance
-
appr
oach
goal
or
ie
ntati
on
refe
rs
to
in
div
i
dual
s’
inte
ntion
to
s
how
their
a
bili
t
ie
s
an
d
com
petence
to
gain
fa
voura
ble
at
te
ntio
n
[
15
]
.
T
hose
w
ho
di
sp
la
y
perform
a
nce
-
a
ppr
oach
goal
or
ie
ntati
on
inten
d
to
out
do
the
ot
her
s.
T
hey
ac
hieve
pe
rfor
m
ance
-
a
ppr
oac
h
goal
s
via
thei
r
disti
nctive
a
bili
ty
.
Howe
ve
r,
t
hey
per
ci
e
ve
t
heir
su
pe
rio
rity
is
pr
e
-
dete
rm
ined
an
d
not
able
to
c
ha
ng
e
for
be
tt
er
[
13
]
.
In
t
he
sit
uation
th
at
they
exp
e
rience
dif
f
ic
ulti
es
and
obs
ta
cl
es,
they
incl
ine
to
le
sse
n
th
ei
r
at
tem
pt
and
unwill
ing
t
o
in
vo
l
ve
in
ta
sk
s
wh
e
r
e
the
p
os
sibil
it
y
for e
r
rors
to
oc
cur
is
high
. T
he
y
try
to
go
aft
er
op
portu
niti
es
that
at
ta
in
po
sit
ive
evaluati
ons
a
nd
gain
hi
gh
perform
ance
with
li
tt
le
effor
t
[
17
]
.
Adult
le
ar
ners
with
pe
rfor
m
ance
-
a
ppr
oach
goal
or
ie
ntati
on
m
ake
the
best
us
e
of
occasi
ons
th
at
exh
ibit
thei
r
com
peten
ce
and
sta
y
away
from
sit
uatio
ns
that
disp
la
y
their
incom
peten
ce
[16].
T
hey
ta
ke
par
t
in
t
he
s
ubj
ect
s
they
a
r
e
fam
i
li
ar
and
sh
ow
to
ot
her
s
that
they
are
bette
r
a
m
on
g
the
cl
ass
pa
rtic
ipants
.
Ge
ner
al
ly
,
t
he
y
inten
d
to
ga
in
rec
ogniti
on
i
n
t
he
cl
ass
by
c
om
par
in
g
th
ei
r
perform
ance
w
it
h
ot
her
s
.
The
y
li
ke
t
o
be
rec
ognized
as
sm
art
stu
de
nts.
T
he
y
are
kee
n
to
l
earn
a
nd
c
on
ti
nu
e
to
m
ake great ef
f
or
ts
f
or
bette
r r
esults. T
her
e
f
ore, it
is
hypoth
esi
zed th
at
:
Hyp
oth
esi
s
1B
: Perfo
rm
ance
-
appr
oach g
oal
or
ie
ntati
on
has
a positi
ve rel
at
ion
s
hip wit
h l
ifel
ong
le
ar
ning.
2.4.
Perfo
r
ma
nce
-
avoid
an
ce
goal
o
ri
ent
at
i
on
Adult
le
ar
ner
s
with
perf
or
m
a
nce
-
a
voida
nce
go
al
ori
entat
io
n
te
nd
to
sta
y
a
way
f
r
om
occasion
s
w
he
re
they
are
unfavoura
ble
a
nd
in
com
petent
co
m
par
ed
with
ot
he
rs
.
T
hey
ha
ve
t
he
te
nd
e
nc
y
to
sta
y
a
way
f
ro
m
exh
i
biti
ng
thei
r
i
nco
m
petenc
e
an
d
recei
ving
ne
gative
e
val
uations
[15].
T
hey
withdra
w
and
decli
ne
t
o
involve
in
wor
ks
or
duti
es
that
dem
on
st
rate
t
heir
incom
petence
a
nd
i
nab
il
it
y.
A
t
tim
es,
they
per
cei
ve
dem
and
i
ng
occasio
ns
as
a
sit
uation
that
c
ou
l
d
inflic
t
the
ir
weakness
nes
and
def
ic
ie
nc
i
es
[18].
Th
ese
adu
lt
le
ar
ner
s
pr
e
fer
to
rem
ov
e
t
he
m
se
lves
from
joinin
g
gro
up
a
ct
ivit
ie
s
su
ch
a
s
prese
ntati
on
or
assig
nm
ent
that
they
a
re
no
t
fam
iliar
about
it
. T
hey
at
tem
pt
to
av
oid
oth
e
rs f
r
om
kn
owin
g t
hat
th
ey
are
in
ca
pa
ble
of
doi
ng
t
heir
assig
nm
ents.
At
th
e
sam
e
tim
e,
they
incli
ne
to
sta
y
away
from
d
enyi
ng
of
a
pe
rson’s
capa
bili
ty
and
kee
p
th
e
m
sel
ves
away
from
gaining
unfa
vo
ur
a
ble
e
valuati
on
.
In
s
hort
, a
dult
stu
den
ts
w
ho
poss
ess
pe
rfo
rm
ance
-
avo
i
da
nce
goal
ori
ent
at
ion
par
ti
ci
pate
in
acqu
i
rin
g
knowle
dge
only
if
they
are
no
t
go
i
ng
t
o
lose
t
heir
nam
e,
sta
tus
an
d
re
puta
ti
on
or
rev
eal
in
g
t
heir
inabili
ty
in
f
r
ont
of o
t
her
s
. T
hey are
lacki
ng of
per
s
eve
ran
c
e to
purs
ue
h
i
gher
level
of l
ea
rn
i
ng.
Ther
e
f
or
e
,
the
fo
ll
owin
g
hypo
thesi
s
is
propo
sed
:
Hyp
oth
esi
s
1C
: Perfo
rm
ance
-
avo
i
dan
ce
goal
orienta
ti
on h
a
s a
neg
at
ive
r
el
at
ion
s
hip
with
li
felong
le
ar
ning.
2.5.
Informa
tio
n
li
tera
c
y
sel
f
-
e
ff
i
cacy
Inform
at
ion
li
t
eracy
is
a
sk
il
l
for
in
div
i
dual
s
to
fi
nd
,
util
iz
e
and
ev
al
uate
in
form
ation
[19].
I
nd
i
viduals
with
this
sk
il
l
hav
e
t
he a
bili
ty
to
locat
e
sou
r
ce
a
nd
s
olu
ti
on
to
a
ny
pro
blem
and
us
e
the
i
nfor
m
at
ion
e
ffec
ti
vely
[20].
Since
in
form
ation
sou
r
ces
hav
e
bec
om
e
m
or
e
com
plica
te
d
a
nd
c
om
plex,
a
dult
le
ar
ner
s
te
nd
to
be
confro
nted
with
va
rio
us
ty
pes
of
in
form
at
ion
.
Ow
i
ng
t
o
t
he
abun
dan
ce
of
i
nfor
m
at
ion
,
in
div
id
uals
m
us
t
be
a
ble
to
us
e
the
sk
il
l
of
i
nfo
rm
ation
li
te
racy
with
str
ong
belie
f
and
high
c
onfi
den
ce
le
ve
l.
T
his
is
ass
ociat
ed
wit
h
inf
or
m
at
ion
li
te
racy
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
wh
e
re
it
c
an
be
e
xpla
ine
d
as
an
in
div
i
dual
’s
a
bili
ty
an
d
belie
f
in
ob
t
ai
nin
g,
evaluati
ng
a
nd
us
in
g
i
nfor
m
at
i
on.
Inf
or
m
at
ion
li
te
racy
sel
f
-
eff
ic
acy
form
s
the
basis
of
li
fe
-
lo
ng
le
ar
ning
and
it
is
im
po
rtant
to
enh
a
nce
the
s
uc
cess
of
le
ar
ne
rs
[21].
This
a
ppli
es
to
al
l
f
orm
s
of
discipli
ne
s
re
ga
rd
le
ss
of
le
vels
of
e
du
cat
i
on
a
nd
le
ar
ni
ng
e
nvir
on
m
ents
.
T
he
hi
gh
e
r
the
l
evel
of
i
nfor
m
at
ion
li
te
racy
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
,
th
e
higher
the lea
r
ner
s
ca
n becom
e self
-
directed
and
ga
in
bette
r
co
ntr
ol
o
ve
r
t
heir
li
fe
-
lo
ng learni
ng
ou
tc
om
es [
22
]
.
3.
RESEA
R
CH
METHO
D
3.1.
Sa
mple
The
po
pu
la
ti
on
of
this
st
ud
y
c
on
sist
s
of
a
dult
le
arn
er
s
in
a
public
unive
rsity
in
Ma
la
ysi
a.
It
is
est
i
m
at
ed
that
the
re
we
r
e
300
ad
ult
le
arn
e
rs
pu
rsu
i
ng
busine
ss
an
d
a
dm
inist
rati
o
n
pro
gram
s.
The
unit
of
a
na
ly
sis
is
ind
ivi
du
al
le
ar
ner
an
d
the
t
arg
et
e
d
respo
ndents
are
pa
rt
-
tim
e
adu
lt
st
ud
e
nts
from
va
rio
us
sc
hools
.
T
he
researc
her
will
us
e
a pro
ba
bili
ty
sa
m
pling
m
et
hod
wh
e
reb
y
rand
om
sa
m
pl
ing
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
w
as
em
plo
ye
d
within
the
popula
ti
on
.
I
n
t
his
sam
pli
ng
process,
re
s
pondents
sel
ec
te
d
wer
e
ad
ult
le
arn
er
s
who
purs
ue
d
t
heir
st
ud
y
on
par
t
-
ti
m
e
basis.
A
total
of
250
qu
e
sti
onnaires
wer
e
distrib
ute
d
to
the
a
dult
le
arn
e
rs
in
var
i
ous
le
vels
of
aca
dem
ic
pro
gr
am
s
su
c
h
as
Ba
chel
or’s
De
gree,
Ma
ste
rs
a
nd
Do
ct
or
at
e
pro
gram
s.
Th
e
resea
rch
e
r
m
anag
e
d
to
c
olle
ct
200
ou
t
of
300 q
ue
sti
onnaires
w
hich
yi
el
ds
a
r
es
pons
e
r
at
e
of 66%.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Explori
ng li
fe
long le
arnin
g o
utco
mes a
mon
g adult
lear
ner
s via
goal
or
ie
nta
ti
on
…
(
O
ng C
hoon
Hee
)
619
3.2.
Measures
Me
asur
es
f
or
t
he
st
ud
y
va
ria
bles
wer
e
a
dapt
ed
f
r
om
past
stud
ie
s.
Lifel
ong
le
ar
ning
m
easur
e
s
wer
e
adap
te
d
f
r
om
t
he
Life
-
L
ong
L
earn
i
ng
Q
uestionnai
re
(LL
Q)
(15
it
em
s)
or
ig
inall
y
dev
el
ope
d
by
resea
rch
e
r
[23]
.
Me
asur
es
f
or
m
ast
ery
go
al
ori
entat
ion,
perf
or
m
ance
-
ap
pro
ach
a
nd
pe
rform
ance
-
av
oid
a
nc
e
(13
it
em
s)
wer
e
adopted
from
researc
her
[24
]
.
The
m
easure
s
dev
el
op
e
d
by
resear
hcers
[
20]
we
re
e
m
plo
ye
d
to
m
easur
e
inf
or
m
at
ion
li
te
racy
sel
f
-
ef
fic
acy
of
t
he
res
pondents
.
All
respo
ns
es
we
r
e
m
easur
ed
by
usi
ng
5
-
point
Likert
scal
e. Sm
artPLS 3.0 was
used
to
c
onduct
dat
a analy
sis i
n
t
he
present
stu
dy.
3.3.
Part
ic
ip
ants
The
par
ti
ci
pa
nt
s
co
ns
ist
of
81
(40.5%
) m
al
es and
11
9
(59.5
%)
fem
al
es.
The hig
he
r
nu
m
ber
of
fem
al
e
adu
lt
le
ar
ne
rs
ind
ic
at
es
that
f
e
m
al
es
wer
e
m
or
e
interest
ed
in
pu
rsu
i
ng
con
ti
nuin
g
ed
uc
at
ion
t
han
the
m
a
le
s
des
pite
hav
i
ng
m
ul
ti
ple
respo
ns
ibil
it
ie
s
in
ta
king
care
of
th
ei
r
fa
m
ily,
career
an
d
handlin
g
ho
us
e
ho
l
d
ta
sk
s.
I
n
the
age
cat
eg
ori
es,
m
ajo
rity
of
the
re
spo
nd
e
nt
s
we
re
in
t
he
r
ang
e
of
26
-
45
ye
ars
ol
d
(
N
=
119,
55%
).
In
te
rm
s
of ye
ars
of e
xperience,
m
os
t o
f
a
dult
lear
ner
s
h
a
ve
work
e
d f
or
3
-
5 y
ears
(N
=
60,
30%).
A
par
t
fro
m
t
hat,
m
os
t
of
the
res
pond
ents
wer
e
e
xec
utives
(
N
=
75,
37.
5%
).
Ma
st
er’
s
pr
ogram
(N
=
85,
42.5%
)
was
f
ound
t
o
be
t
he
m
os
t pr
efer
re
d ac
adem
ic
p
rog
ram
a
m
on
g
the
r
es
pondents
.
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
Partia
l
Least
S
qu
a
re
–
St
ru
ct
ur
al
E
qu
at
io
n
Mod
el
li
ng
(P
L
S
-
SEM
)
was
use
d
to
a
naly
se
the
researc
h
m
od
el
.
S
m
artPLS
softwa
re
w
as
em
plo
ye
d
to
co
nduct
t
he
analy
ti
cal
pr
oc
edures.
As
s
ug
gested
by
rese
arch
e
rs
[25]
,
a
tw
o
sta
ge
analy
ti
cal
proce
dure
was
use
d
to
a
ssess
t
he
m
easur
em
e
nt
an
d
str
uctu
r
al
m
od
el
of
the
stud
y.
Me
asur
em
ent
m
od
el
was
as
sessed
for
c
om
po
sit
e
reli
abili
t
y,
ind
ic
at
or
reli
abili
ty
,
con
ve
r
gen
t
valid
it
y
and
discrim
inant
va
li
dity
. St
ru
ct
ural
m
od
el
was
const
ru
ct
e
d t
o
te
st
the
hy
po
t
he
siz
ed
relat
ionship
via
bootst
rappin
g
proce
dure a
nd
blindf
old
in
g w
as u
se
d
t
o
asse
ss p
red
ic
ti
ve
r
e
le
van
ce
of the
m
od
el
[25]
.
4.1.
Measurem
en
t
m
od
el
Accor
ding
to
Table
1,
it
was
f
ound
that
al
l
the
in
dicat
ors’
ou
te
r
loa
dings
of
the
st
ud
y
va
riables
were
above
0.6
as
re
com
m
end
ed
by
researcher
[
26]
.
Ne
xt,
in
dicat
or
reli
abili
ty
was
m
easur
ed
by
Cron
ba
ch
’s
Alpha
and the
res
ults
sh
ow t
hat all
val
ues
e
xceed
e
d t
he recom
m
end
ed
v
al
ue of
0.
70
[
25]
.
Table
1
.
Re
s
ults
of the
m
easur
e
m
ent
m
od
el
Co
n
stru
cts/ Ind
icato
rs
Load
in
g
s
Cro
n
b
ach’s Alp
h
a
CR
AVE
Lif
elo
n
g
L
earnin
g
(
LL
)
LL
1
3
LL
1
4
LL2
LL3
LL4
LL6
LL7
LL8
LL9
0
.63
9
4
0
.66
1
0
0
.80
5
6
0
.65
4
2
0
.71
2
3
0
.65
7
5
0
.72
8
9
0
.77
4
5
0
.72
8
1
0
.87
5
2
0
.90
0
4
0
.50
2
6
Master
y
Go
al Or
i
e
n
tatio
n
(
MG)
MG1
MG2
MG3
MG4
MG5
0
.81
6
2
0
.90
1
0
.91
3
4
0
.84
0
1
0
.85
3
6
0
.91
5
8
0
.93
7
2
0
.74
9
4
Perf
o
r
m
an
ce
Ap
p
roach
(
PA)
PA4
PA5
0
.98
1
4
0
.95
7
9
0
.93
8
9
0
.96
9
3
0
.94
0
4
Perf
o
r
m
an
ce
Av
o
id
an
ce (
PV)
PV1
PV2
PV3
0
.78
1
5
0
.91
4
3
0
.82
4
6
0
.79
8
6
0
.87
9
1
0
.70
8
8
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
2019
: 6
16
-
623
620
Table
1.
Re
s
ults o
f
the
m
easur
e
m
ent
m
od
el
(
Con
ti
nue
d
)
Co
n
stru
cts/ Ind
icato
rs
Load
in
g
s
Cro
n
b
ach’s Alp
h
a
CR
AVE
Inf
o
r
m
atio
n
Liter
a
cy
S
elf
-
Ef
f
icacy
(
IL
)
IL1
IL
1
1
0
.72
9
6
0
.88
9
3
0
.91
0
4
0
.53
1
1
IL
1
2
0
.67
8
1
IL2
0
.67
2
1
IL3
0
.77
4
7
IL5
0
.74
9
3
IL6
0
.68
2
1
IL7
0
.75
9
9
IL8
0
.75
4
1
0
.75
0
4
No
tes: CR
–
Co
m
p
o
site Reliab
ility, A
VE
-
Av
erage
Vari
an
ce E
x
tract
ed
The
c
om
po
sit
e
reli
abili
ty
fo
r
the
co
ns
tr
ucts
was
f
ound
to
be
above
t
he
thr
esh
old
value
of
0.7
0
[
25]
and
ac
hie
ved
t
he
m
ini
m
u
m
lev
el
of
inter
nal
consi
ste
ncy.
F
ur
t
her
,
t
o
asses
s
co
nv
e
rg
e
nt
va
li
dity
of
the
m
easur
e
s,
aver
a
ge
var
ia
nc
e
extracte
d
(
AV
E
)
with
a
t
hr
e
s
hold
value
of
0.5
0
wa
s
use
d
as
s
ugge
ste
d
by
researc
he
rs
[
27]
.
Table 1
show
s that
al
l
A
VE
va
lues o
f
the
co
ns
tr
ucts w
ere
e
xceed
i
ng
the
m
ini
m
u
m
value
o
f
0.5
0. On
the
ot
he
r
hand,
disc
rim
i
nan
t
validit
y
was
m
easur
ed
to
ens
ure
the
c
on
st
ru
ct
s
a
re
di
ff
ere
nt
f
ro
m
o
ne
an
ot
her
[25
]
.
The
Fo
r
nell
-
La
rcke
r
c
rite
rio
n
was
e
m
plo
ye
d
t
o
c
om
par
e
the
s
qua
re
root
of
AVE
for
eac
h
co
ns
tr
uct
as
s
how
n
i
n
Table
2
. T
he s
quare
r
oo
t
of
the
AVE
s
(in
bold
) we
r
e
gr
eat
e
r t
ha
n
oth
e
r val
ues i
n
the
col
um
n an
d r
ow,
i
nd
ic
at
ing
that
discrim
inant va
li
dity
o
f
the
c
on
st
ru
ct
s
h
as
bee
n
est
a
blishe
d
[
25
]
.
Table
2
.
Discri
m
inant
v
al
idit
y
Inf
o
r
m
atio
n
Liter
a
cy
Self
-
Ef
f
icacy
(
IL
)
Lif
elo
n
g
L
earnin
g
(L
L
)
Master
y
Go
al
(M
G
)
Perf
o
r
m
an
ce
Ap
p
roach
(PA)
Perf
o
r
m
an
ce
Av
o
id
an
ce
(PV)
Inf
o
r
m
atio
n
Liter
a
cy
S
elf
-
Ef
f
icacy
(
IL
)
0
.72
8
8
Lif
elo
n
g
L
earnin
g
(
LL
)
0
.61
5
9
0
.70
8
9
Master
y
Go
al (
MG
)
0
.54
0
1
0
.62
3
7
0
.86
5
7
Perf
o
r
m
an
ce
Ap
p
roach
(
PA)
0
.20
0
2
0
.17
3
9
0
.09
9
8
0
.96
9
7
Perf
o
r
m
an
ce
Av
o
id
an
ce (
PV)
0
.17
4
3
0
.17
2
5
0
.09
0
5
0
.57
0
9
0
.84
1
9
4.2.
St
ruc
tu
r
al
m
odel
The
st
ru
ct
ur
al
m
od
el
in
Table
3
in
dicat
es
path
relat
ion
s
hip
s
a
m
on
g
the
stu
dy
var
ia
bles
as
hy
po
the
siz
ed
in
the
li
te
rature
rev
ie
w.
Pat
h
coeffic
ie
nts
(β
)
and
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
of
determ
inatio
n
(R2)
we
re
us
e
d
to
e
valuat
e
the
adequacy
of
th
e
structu
ral
m
od
el
[
26
]
.
B
o
ots
trap
ping
pro
ce
dures
wer
e
em
plo
ye
d
t
o
gen
e
rate
path
c
oe
ff
i
ci
ents
and
it
s
co
rr
es
pondin
g
t
-
val
ue
s
[
27
]
.
Re
ferring
to
t
he
ou
t
puts
of
t
he
str
uc
tural
m
od
el
(T
able
3),
m
ast
ery
go
al
or
ie
ntati
on
(M
G)
wa
s
disco
ve
red
to
be
si
gnific
antly
associ
at
ed
with
li
fel
ong
le
ar
ning
(
LL)
(β
=
0.3
731,
t
=
3.632
6).
T
her
e
fore,
H
1A
was
sup
ported
.
Howev
e
r,
pe
rfo
r
m
ance
ap
proac
h
a
nd
perform
ance
a
voida
nc
e
we
re
fou
nd
not si
gni
ficantl
y rela
te
d t
o
li
felo
ng lear
ning as t
heir
e
m
pirical
t
-
values
we
re
belo
w 1.
96 of the
crit
ic
al
t
-
value.
T
his
sig
nifies
that
H
1B
an
d
H1
C
w
ere
no
t
s
uppo
r
te
d.
T
o
te
st
t
he
m
od
erati
ng
eff
ect
s
of
in
form
ation
li
te
racy
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
(I
L
)
on
the
relat
ionshi
ps
be
twee
n
MG,
P
A,
PV
a
nd
LL,
it
em
s
of
IL
an
d
it
em
s
of
t
he
resp
ect
ive
MG
,
P
A
a
nd
PV
w
ere
m
ulti
plied
to
create
intera
c
ti
on
c
onstr
ucts
to
predict
LL
[
28
]
.
T
he
res
ul
ts
in
Table
3
s
how
that
path
c
oeff
ic
ie
nts
for
al
l
t
he
inte
racti
on
const
ru
ct
s
we
r
e
not
sig
nifica
nt
(i.e
.
t
-
value
s
we
re
belo
w
1.9
6)
t
hu
s
i
nd
ic
at
in
g
inform
at
ion
li
te
racy
sel
f
-
effi
cacy
was
no
t
able
to
m
od
erate
the
r
el
at
ion
s
hi
ps
betwee
n
the
t
est
ed
va
riables
.
The
refor
e
,
H
2A,
H
2B
an
d
H2
C
wer
e
not
suppo
rted.
Nev
e
rtheless
,
it
was
disco
ver
e
d
t
hat
inf
or
m
at
ion
li
te
racy
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
(I
L
)
has
a
s
ign
ific
a
nt
relat
ion
s
hi
p
with
li
f
el
ong
le
ar
ning
(L
L
)
(β =
0.3
195,
t
=
3.0
341)
as
s
how
n i
n
Fi
gure
1.
It
im
plies
that
al
tho
ug
h i
nf
or
m
at
ion
li
te
racy
sel
f
-
ef
ficac
y
fail
to
m
od
erate
the
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
ps
bu
t
it
has
pr
e
dicti
ve
a
bili
ty
towa
rd
s
li
felo
ng
le
arn
i
ng.
T
he
va
lue
of
c
oeffici
ent
of
determ
inati
on
(R2)
of
the
en
doge
nous
la
te
nt
var
ia
ble
is
0.
477,
t
hu
s
in
dica
ti
ng
t
he
m
od
el
is
m
od
eratel
y
f
it
(R2
>
0.3
5)
as
s
ug
gested
by
rese
arch
e
r
[26]
.
T
he
m
od
el
’s
pre
dicti
ve
a
bili
ty
was
e
valuate
d
with
St
one
-
Ge
isser’s
value
(
Q2)
an
d
it
is
gr
eat
er
th
an
ze
r
o
(Q2
=
0.255
8).
Hen
c
e,
the
str
uctu
ra
l
m
od
el
’s
pr
e
di
ct
ive
r
el
eva
nc
e
wa
s
est
ablished
[29]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Explori
ng li
fe
long le
arnin
g o
utco
mes a
mon
g adult
lear
ner
s via
goal
or
ie
nta
ti
on
…
(
O
ng C
hoon
Hee
)
621
Table
3
.
Re
s
ults o
f
the
str
uctu
ral m
od
el
Hy
p
o
th
esis
Path
Std
Beta
Std
E
rr
o
r
T
-
v
alu
e
Decisio
n
H1
A
MG
LL
0
.37
3
1
*
*
0
.10
2
7
3
.63
2
6
Su
p
p
o
rted
H1
B
PA
LL
-
0
.12
4
8
0
.10
1
3
1
.23
1
2
No
t Sup
p
o
rted
H1
C
PV
LL
0
.13
6
9
0
.11
2
2
1
.22
No
t Sup
p
o
rted
H2
A
IL
*
MG
LL
-
0
.10
9
2
0
.15
3
6
0
.71
1
1
No
t Sup
p
o
rted
H2
B
IL
* P
A
LL
0
.03
1
6
0
.11
7
5
0
.26
8
6
No
t Sup
p
o
rted
H2
C
IL
* P
V
LL
-
0
.19
5
6
0
.20
6
1
0
.94
8
8
No
t Sup
p
o
rted
*
*
Sig
n
i
f
ican
t at
th
e 0.0
1
level
Figure
1
.
The
s
tructu
ral m
od
el
Accor
ding
to
t
he
data
analy
sis
res
ults,
ad
ult
le
arn
er
s
we
re
f
ound
to
posses
s
m
ast
ery
go
al
or
ie
ntati
on
wh
ic
h
is
posit
ively
associat
ed
with
li
felong
l
earn
i
ng
(H1
A)
.
It
is
per
cei
ve
d
that
the
ad
ult
le
arn
e
rs
are
m
ov
in
g
towa
rd
s
per
s
on
al
gro
wth
with
achievem
ent
re
la
te
d
be
h
a
viou
r
[
30]
.
T
hey
di
sp
la
y
ada
ptive
char
act
e
risti
cs
su
c
h
as
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
and
prefe
re
nc
e
for
c
halle
ng
e
[31].
I
n
te
rm
s
of
aca
dem
ic
ac
hievem
ent,
the
y
hav
e
t
he
te
ndency
to
m
a
intai
n
pe
rsiste
nce
in
ac
adem
ic
per
for
m
ance
and
a
bl
e
to
overc
om
e
diff
ic
ulti
es
and
distr
act
ing
e
ve
nts
in
their
stu
dy
[
32]
.
Th
ese
c
harac
te
risti
cs
will
eve
ntu
al
ly
le
ad
to
posit
ive
li
felong
le
ar
nin
g
outc
om
es
su
ch
as
encu
lt
urat
io
n
of
a
first
cl
ass
hu
m
an
ca
pital
in
cre
at
ing
kn
ow
le
dg
e
-
based
eco
nom
y.
In
r
el
at
ion
to
the
abov
e
fin
dings,
it
is
sugg
e
ste
d
th
at
higher
e
du
cat
ion
insti
tuti
on
s
sho
uld
of
fer
flexible
le
arn
i
ng,
case
s
cenari
o
pr
ese
ntati
ons,
portf
olios,
cl
in
ic
al
deb
at
es
a
nd
pr
ob
le
m
-
ba
sed
le
ar
ning
in
facil
it
at
ing
m
ast
ery
go
al
or
ie
nted
stud
e
nts
to
pro
m
ote
li
felon
g
l
earn
i
ng
[33].
The
le
ar
ning
m
et
ho
ds
a
re
a
kin
to
act
io
n
l
earn
i
ng
t
hat
ge
ner
at
es
interest
an
d
dy
nam
ic
interact
i
on
s
in
stim
ulati
ng
posit
ive
li
f
el
ong
le
ar
ning
ou
tc
om
es
[3
4].
O
n
the
ot
her
hand,
perform
ance
-
a
ppr
oach
a
nd
pe
rfor
m
ance
a
voida
nce
goal
ori
entat
ion
wer
e
f
ound
not
sig
nificantl
y
ass
oc
ia
te
d
with
li
felong
l
earn
i
ng
(H1B
&
H
1C).
T
he
plausi
ble
reasons
to
e
xp
la
in
t
hese
fi
nd
i
ng
s
are
t
hat
a
dult
l
earn
e
rs
m
ay
no
t
hav
e
the
te
nde
ncy
to
ou
t
perf
or
m
oth
e
rs
durin
g
their
stu
dy.
T
he
y
pr
e
fer
to
de
velo
p
t
heir
s
ki
ll
s
an
d
com
petence
th
rou
gh
m
ast
ering
c
halle
ngin
g
sit
uations
an
d
view
er
rors
as
par
t
of
t
heir
le
arn
i
ng
process
[
24]
.
They
do
not
pr
efer
t
o
achie
ve
le
arn
in
g
ou
tc
om
es
throu
gh
li
tt
le
eff
ort
[
17
]
.
Fu
rt
her
ins
pecti
on
of
the
m
oderati
ng
ro
le
of
i
nfor
m
at
ion
li
te
racy
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
(H2
A,
H2
B
&
H
2C
)
re
vealed
tha
t
it
was
no
t
a
m
od
erator
but
instea
d
a
stron
g
pre
dictor.
This
fin
di
ng
is
c
onsist
ent
with
t
he
st
udy
of
re
searc
he
r
[
19]
,
in
dicat
ing
that
i
nform
at
ion
li
te
racy
sel
f
-
ef
f
ic
acy
is
able
to
pr
e
dict
li
felo
ng
le
arn
i
ng
by
f
orm
ing
the
ba
sis
of
fi
nd
i
ng,
util
i
zi
ng
an
d
e
val
ua
ti
ng
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
It
is
able
to
stren
gth
e
n
ad
ult
le
arn
e
rs’
a
bili
ty
t
o
gai
n
posit
ive
exp
e
riences
i
n
acce
ssing
a
nd
us
in
g
inf
or
m
at
ion
ef
f
ic
ie
ntly
[35].
T
her
e
fore,
it
is
s
uggeste
d
t
hat
t
rainin
g
an
d
re
-
trai
ning
t
o
e
qu
ip
the
a
du
lt
le
a
rn
e
rs
with
ne
w
in
for
m
at
ion
li
te
racy
sk
il
ls
so
as
to
keep
up
their
s
el
f
-
ef
ficacy
will
def
init
el
y
pro
du
ce
posit
ive
li
felo
ng
le
arn
in
g o
utco
m
es in th
e e
xis
ti
ng
sett
in
g.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
re
searc
h
at
tem
pts
to
m
ake
po
te
ntial
app
li
cat
io
ns
in
pro
vid
in
g
a
ve
nu
e
s
to
prom
ote
li
felo
ng
le
arn
in
g
via
goal
or
ie
ntati
on
a
nd
in
form
at
ion
li
te
racy
sel
f
-
e
f
ficacy
.
As
s
uc
h,
su
it
able
a
nd
appr
opriat
e
le
arn
i
ng
m
et
ho
ds
can
be
desi
gn
e
d
to
facil
it
at
e
adu
lt
le
arn
e
rs
’
le
ar
ning
m
otivati
on
i
n
the
cl
ass
r
oo
m
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
t
his
researc
h
s
uppo
rts
hi
gh
e
r
e
du
c
at
ion
insti
tu
ti
ons
to
raise
the
qu
al
it
y
of
exist
ing
li
felo
ng
le
a
rn
i
ng
a
ppr
oac
h
in
a
way
that
it
is
m
or
e
reali
sti
c,
in
novative
a
nd
in
te
racti
ve.
A
s
s
uch,
a
du
lt
le
ar
ner
s
will
bec
om
e
m
or
e
ind
e
pe
nd
e
nt,
creati
ve
an
d
dynam
ic
in
the
near
f
uture.
If
higher
e
ducat
ion
i
ns
ti
tuti
on
s
em
ph
asi
ze
on
the
a
ppr
opriat
e
te
achin
g
and
m
ast
ery
go
al
le
arn
in
g
or
ie
ntati
on
,
it
will
def
i
nitel
y
enh
a
nce
a
du
lt
le
ar
ne
rs’
le
a
rn
i
ng
a
bili
ty
in
achiev
ing
t
he
3rd
s
hift
of
t
he
Ma
la
ysi
a
Edu
c
at
ion
Bl
ue
pr
i
nt
2015
-
2025
a
nd
on
ce
a
gai
n,
it
will
pu
t
t
he
c
ount
ry
in
i
ts
rig
ht
path
to tra
ns
f
or
m
into
a
knowle
dge
-
base
d
ec
onom
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
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-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
2019
: 6
16
-
623
622
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
utho
rs
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
ex
pr
ess
thei
r
gr
at
it
ud
e
t
o
U
ni
versi
ti
T
eknolo
gi
M
al
ay
sia
GUP
V
ot (
1
5
J
99
)
and the Mi
nistr
y of Hi
gh
e
r
E
ducat
ion M
al
ay
sia
for pr
ovidin
g fina
ncial
sup
port to
pu
blish
this pa
per
.
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