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ig
-
f
iv
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
r
f
iv
e
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
(
FF
M)
,
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
is
d
e
f
in
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
in
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
ity
[
5
]
.
Ak
p
ch
af
o
’s
d
ef
in
itio
n
was
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
by
l
o
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l,
wh
o
ex
p
lain
e
d
th
at
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
in
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
ality
[
6
]
.
So
m
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
is
o
n
e
f
ac
to
r
th
at
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ac
h
i
ev
em
en
t
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
b
ec
o
m
es
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
b
eh
av
i
o
r
in
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
ch
o
o
s
e
a
ca
r
ee
r
[
9
]
.
L
ik
ewise,
with
Z
h
o
u
,
et
a
l.
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
h
is
r
esear
ch
'
s
ca
r
ee
r
lo
cu
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
is
ex
p
lain
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
ca
r
e
er
life
[
1
0
]
.
Stra
u
s
er
,
et
a
l.
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
also
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
co
u
ld
in
c
r
ea
s
e
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
an
d
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
in
p
r
ep
a
r
i
n
g
f
o
r
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
[
1
1
]
.
Pre
v
i
o
u
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
at
th
is
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
t
r
o
l sig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ted
o
n
e'
s
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
[
1
2
]
.
So
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
also
af
f
ec
ts
v
ar
io
u
s
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
a
n
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al'
s
life
[
1
3
]
.
So
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
is
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
f
o
r
h
av
i
n
g
a
ca
r
e
er
[
1
4
]
.
So
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
o
f
te
n
lim
its
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
ch
o
ices
an
d
g
o
als
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
is
g
o
als.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
in
ca
r
ee
r
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
is
r
ar
ely
s
tu
d
ied
,
ev
e
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
af
f
ec
ts
h
o
w
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
p
er
ce
iv
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
af
f
ec
t
th
eir
ac
ce
s
s
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
1
5
]
.
B
lu
s
tein
also
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tu
d
y
r
elate
d
t
o
s
ch
o
o
l
-
to
-
wo
r
k
tr
an
s
itio
n
o
n
2
0
s
tu
d
y
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
(
av
er
ag
e
ag
e=
2
1
y
ea
r
s
)
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
B
lu
s
tein
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
h
ig
h
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
in
ter
est
in
wo
r
k
,
b
etter
s
elf
-
co
n
ce
p
t,
g
r
ea
ter
ac
c
ess
to
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ca
r
ee
r
ad
ap
tatio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
lo
wer
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ate
d
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
t
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l,
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
,
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
m
atu
r
ity
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ab
o
v
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
.
T
h
e
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
co
n
ce
p
t,
in
th
is
ca
s
e,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
ac
to
r
s
,
wh
ile
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
s
o
cial
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
ca
n
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
h
o
w
ca
r
ee
r
m
atu
r
ity
ca
n
m
ed
iate
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
ta
tu
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t c
ar
ee
r
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Respo
nd
e
nts a
nd
d
a
t
a
co
llect
io
n
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
test
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
o
d
els
an
d
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
am
p
le
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
Of
f
ice
Ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Stu
d
y
Pro
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
o
k
p
lace
at
Sem
ar
an
g
S
tate
Un
iv
er
s
ity
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
2
0
1
7
/2
0
1
8
ac
a
d
em
i
c
y
ea
r
b
y
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
.
T
h
e
cr
iter
ia
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
esear
c
h
s
am
p
l
e
in
clu
d
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
atten
d
ed
all
p
r
ac
tical
a
n
d
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
u
r
s
es
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
tim
e
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
s
am
p
le
u
s
ed
co
n
s
i
s
t
ed
o
f
th
e
s
ev
en
th
-
s
em
ester
ac
tiv
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
8
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
Data
wer
e
co
llec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
t
h
at
was
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
o
n
lin
e
to
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
v
o
lu
n
ta
r
ily
with
th
eir
co
n
s
en
t.
T
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
alid
r
esp
o
n
s
es
was
8
0
.
T
h
is
n
u
m
b
er
h
as
m
et
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
e
m
o
d
el
an
aly
s
i
s
.
T
h
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
ask
ed
in
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was b
ased
o
n
a
l
ik
er
s
ca
le
(
1
=stro
n
g
l
y
d
is
ag
r
e
e;
5
=stro
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
)
.
2
.
2
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
ins
t
rum
ent
s
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
an
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
ey
v
ia
G
o
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
was
u
s
ed
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
its
co
n
f
id
en
t
iality
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
ar
r
an
g
e
d
in
two
p
ar
ts
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ar
t
is
an
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ar
t
co
n
tain
s
a
lis
t
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
cto
r
y
s
ec
tio
n
in
f
o
r
m
s
a
s
er
ies
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t'
s
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
,
in
clu
d
in
g
g
e
n
d
er
,
ag
e,
wo
r
k
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
p
ar
en
tal
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
,
an
d
in
co
m
e
le
v
els.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
s
ec
tio
n
is
ar
r
a
n
g
ed
o
n
a
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
1
t
o
5
(
1
=stro
n
g
l
y
d
is
ag
r
ee
;
5
=stro
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
an
d
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
3
8
item
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
i
n
s
u
ch
a
way
as
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
liter
atu
r
e
with
s
lig
h
t
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
r
elate
d
to
th
e
o
b
ject
o
f
r
ese
ar
ch
.
T
h
e
v
a
r
iab
les
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
(
R
E
A)
,
ca
r
ee
r
m
atu
r
ity
(
C
AR
)
,
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l (
L
OC
)
,
a
n
d
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
(
SES)
.
T
h
o
s
e
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
R
o
les o
f c
a
r
ee
r
ma
tu
r
ity
med
ia
tin
g
th
e
effec
ts
o
f lo
cu
s
o
f c
o
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
mic
…
(
Ma
r
’
a
tu
s
S
h
o
lika
h
)
783
T
ab
le
1
.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
t in
d
icat
o
r
s
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
s
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
S
o
u
r
c
e
C
a
r
e
e
r
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
o
u
t
si
d
e
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
e
ss
i
o
n
R
EA
1
C
r
y
s
t
a
l
l
i
z
i
n
g
[
2
]
R
EA
2
Ex
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
o
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
s
R
EA
3
D
e
c
i
d
i
n
g
R
EA
4
P
r
e
p
a
r
i
n
g
C
a
r
e
e
r
ma
t
u
r
i
t
y
C
A
R
1
C
o
n
c
e
r
n
[
1
]
C
A
R
2
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
C
A
R
3
C
u
r
i
o
s
i
t
y
C
A
R
4
C
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
Lo
c
u
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
LO
C
1
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
i
t
y
[
1
7
]
LO
C
2
H
e
l
p
l
e
ss
n
e
ss
LO
C
3
Ex
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
/
p
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
LO
C
4
Lu
c
k
S
o
c
i
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
s
t
a
t
u
s
S
ES1
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
s
[
1
8
]
S
ES2
I
n
c
o
me
l
e
v
e
l
s
S
ES3
R
e
si
d
e
n
c
e
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h hy
po
t
hes
i
s
T
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
r
elatin
g
to
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
wer
e
f
o
r
m
u
lat
ed
as:
H1
:
L
o
cu
s
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
.
H2
:
So
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
o
u
t o
f
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
.
H3
:
L
o
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
d
ir
ec
tly
a
f
f
ec
ts
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
m
ed
ia
ted
b
y
ca
r
ee
r
m
atu
r
ity
.
H4
:
So
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
u
t o
f
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
m
ed
iat
ed
b
y
ca
r
ee
r
m
atu
r
ity
.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
lin
g
u
s
ed
t
o
test
th
e
m
o
d
el
was
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
al
e
q
u
atio
n
m
o
d
ellin
g
(
SEM
)
,
c
o
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
m
ee
ts
th
e
test
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
SEM
with
Par
tial
L
ea
s
t
Sq
u
ar
es.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
is
b
ec
au
s
e
PLS is a
m
eth
o
d
o
f
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
b
ased
o
n
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
d
ata
d
o
es
n
o
t h
a
v
e
to
b
e
n
o
r
m
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
,
an
d
th
e
s
am
p
le
d
o
es n
o
t h
av
e
to
b
e
lar
g
e,
th
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
am
p
les is
less
th
an
1
0
0
ca
n
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
R
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
b
y
Ma
r
co
u
lid
es
,
et
a
l.
if
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
u
s
es
PLS
-
SEM
,
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ar
r
o
ws
p
o
in
tin
g
to
l
aten
t
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
els
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ad
n
in
e
ar
r
o
ws
p
o
in
tin
g
t
o
laten
t
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
u
s
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
o
f
9
5
%,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
7
8
-
8
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
as
m
an
y
as
8
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ca
n
r
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
So
,
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
PLS
-
SEM
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
an
d
m
o
s
t
ad
eq
u
ate.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
Sm
a
r
tPLS
3
.
0
s
o
f
twar
e
was u
s
ed
f
o
r
an
aly
zi
n
g
d
ata
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Dem
o
g
ra
ph
ic
cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics
A
to
tal
o
f
1
1
0
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
d
is
tr
i
b
u
ted
to
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
.
As
m
an
y
as
3
0
o
f
th
em
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tr
ials
wh
ile
th
e
r
est
o
r
8
0
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
an
aly
s
is
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
8
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
m
en
(
1
8
.
8
%)
an
d
wo
m
e
n
(
8
1
.
2
%),
a
n
d
th
e
ag
e
th
at
d
o
m
in
ated
is
2
1
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
tab
le
in
f
o
r
m
s
th
at
m
o
s
t o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
'
p
ar
en
ts
h
av
e
lo
w
in
co
m
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
781
-
7
8
9
784
T
ab
le
2
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
A
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
C
l
a
s
si
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
M
e
a
n
SD
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
1
8
.
8
%
1
.
8
1
0
.
3
9
3
F
e
mal
e
8
1
.
2
%
A
g
e
20
2
7
.
5
%
1
.
8
5
0
.
6
3
8
21
6
1
.
3
%
22
1
0
.
0
%
23
1
.
3
%
W
o
r
k
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
i
n
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
Y
e
s
6
0
.
0
%
1
.
4
0
0
.
4
9
3
No
4
0
.
0
%
F
a
t
h
e
r
's
i
n
c
o
m
e
N
o
n
e
1
2
.
5
%
2
.
5
3
1
.
1
4
7
≤
I
D
R
1
,
5
0
0
,
0
0
0
5
3
.
8
%
I
D
R
1
,
5
0
1
,
0
0
0
t
o
I
D
R
2
,
5
0
0
,
0
0
0
1
1
.
3
%
I
D
R
2
,
5
0
0
,
0
0
0
t
o
I
D
R
3
,
5
0
0
,
0
0
0
1
3
.
8
%
≥
I
D
R
3
,
5
0
1
,
0
0
0
8
.
8
%
M
o
t
h
e
r
's
i
n
c
o
m
e
N
o
n
e
4
8
.
8
%
1
.
8
3
1
.
0
5
3
≤
I
D
R
1
,
5
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
2
.
5
%
I
D
R
1
,
5
0
1
,
0
0
0
t
o
I
D
R
2
,
5
0
0
,
0
0
0
1
0
.
0
%
I
D
R
2
,
5
0
0
,
0
0
0
t
o
I
D
R
3
,
5
0
0
,
0
0
0
5
.
0
%
≥
I
D
R
3
,
5
0
1
,
0
0
0
3
.
8
%
3
.
2
.
Co
nfir
m
a
t
o
r
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
a
na
ly
s
is
3
.
2
.
1
.
Q
ues
t
io
nn
a
ire
re
lia
bil
i
t
y
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
th
e
Sp
lit
-
Half
,
C
o
m
p
o
s
ite
R
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
Alp
h
a
C
o
ef
f
icien
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t'
s
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
Sp
lit
-
Half
an
d
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
Alp
h
a
co
e
f
f
icien
t
s
wer
e
test
ed
with
SP
SS
2
4
s
o
f
twar
e,
an
d
C
o
m
p
o
s
ite
R
eliab
ilit
y
was
te
s
t
ed
wi
th
Sm
ar
tPLS
3
.
0
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
all
th
r
e
e
was h
ig
h
er
th
an
0
.
7
0
,
s
o
it wa
s
r
eliab
le
[
2
3
]
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
h
ad
a
v
alu
e
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
0
.
7
0
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Valid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
n
=3
0
)
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
S
p
l
i
t
-
H
a
l
f
α
CR
K
M
O
S
i
g
.
C
A
R
0
.
9
2
3
0
.
9
7
2
0
.
9
7
9
0
.
7
7
1
0
.
0
0
0
LO
C
0
.
8
2
0
0
.
9
4
9
0
.
9
6
3
0
.
7
0
2
0
.
0
0
0
R
EA
0
.
7
4
6
0
.
9
5
7
0
.
9
5
4
0
.
7
0
3
0
.
0
0
0
S
ES
0
.
9
3
5
0
.
9
3
5
0
.
9
7
2
0
.
8
8
2
0
.
0
0
0
3
.
2
.
2
.
Q
ues
t
io
nn
a
ire
v
a
lid
it
y
Sin
ce
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
h
a
d
a
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
b
asis
,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
h
ad
to
test
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
its
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
u
s
in
g
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
a
ly
s
is
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
c
o
n
t
ain
ed
f
o
u
r
laten
t
v
ar
iab
les,
n
am
ely
C
AR
,
L
OC
,
SES,
an
d
R
E
A.
Fu
r
th
er
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
KM
O
v
alu
e
o
f
all
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
was
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
0
.
7
0
,
a
n
d
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
was
less
er
th
an
0
.
0
1
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
d
ata
co
u
l
d
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
KM
O
v
a
lu
e
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
lo
a
d
in
g
f
ac
t
o
r
v
alu
e
th
at
was
u
n
d
er
0
.
7
0
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
em
o
v
ed
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
T
ab
le
4
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
lo
ad
in
g
f
ac
to
r
v
alu
es
in
ea
ch
v
ar
iab
le.
All
item
s
h
av
e
a
l
o
ad
in
g
f
ac
to
r
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
7
1
4
-
0
.
9
5
4
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
th
at
all
item
s
in
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
a
r
e
v
a
lid
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
lo
ad
i
n
g
f
ac
t
o
r
v
alu
e
is
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
0
.
7
0
[
1
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
R
o
les o
f c
a
r
ee
r
ma
tu
r
ity
med
ia
tin
g
th
e
effec
ts
o
f lo
cu
s
o
f c
o
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
mic
…
(
Ma
r
’
a
tu
s
S
h
o
lika
h
)
785
T
ab
le
4
.
L
o
ad
in
g
f
ac
to
r
(
n
=3
0
)
I
t
e
m
Lo
a
d
i
n
g
f
a
c
t
o
r
AVE
C
A
R
1
.
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8
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3
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M
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s
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n
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f
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th
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s
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elia
b
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v
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R
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th
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s
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s
ten
cy
is
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m
ea
s
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r
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ce
p
t
[
2
4
]
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
is
a
s
s
es
s
ed
f
r
o
m
C
r
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Alp
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o
m
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ite
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Alp
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9
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5
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eliab
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ar
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ab
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e
0
.
7
0
as in
T
ab
le
5
[2
3
]
.
Valid
ity
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aly
s
is
ass
e
s
s
ed
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
t v
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n
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d
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t v
alid
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o
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v
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t v
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th
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r
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it
em
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I
t
is
lik
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th
e
s
tat
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m
e
n
t
[2
3
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t
h
a
t
c
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n
v
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ased
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,
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d
av
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r
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ex
tr
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,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
.
Acc
o
r
d
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g
to
Hair
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l.
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0
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6
,
an
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o
m
m
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ite
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v
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d
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m
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r
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th
an
0
.
7
[2
3
]
.
Me
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wh
ile,
th
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ex
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ac
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(
AVE
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v
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l
d
b
e
m
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r
e
t
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th
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m
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0
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5
[2
3
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cr
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in
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t
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alid
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m
in
e
th
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to
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item
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ar
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if
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en
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s
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o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
co
n
ce
p
ts
[2
5
]
.
As
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
T
ab
le
6,
it
is
s
ee
n
th
at
all
th
e
r
o
o
ts
o
f
AVE
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e
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ig
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th
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ated
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r
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in
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icate
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th
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d
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u
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y
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HT
MT
v
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tes
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g
to
d
eter
m
in
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th
e
d
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cr
im
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t
v
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T
ab
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6
s
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at
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MT
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th
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le
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f
0
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9
0
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All item
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ar
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ca
teg
o
r
ized
as v
alid
.
T
ab
le
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.
R
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an
d
c
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v
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r
g
en
t v
alid
ity
C
o
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st
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u
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t
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d
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s Al
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8
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4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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I
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4
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Str
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t
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[2
6
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Fig
u
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an
d
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b
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7
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s
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ate
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u
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r
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ab
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7
.
Su
m
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0
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3
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1
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2
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N
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4
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9
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N
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Dis
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o
f
ess
io
n
.
B
ased
o
n
Go
ld
b
er
g
'
s
th
eo
r
y
o
f
T
h
e
B
ig
Fiv
e
Facto
r
o
r
Fiv
e
-
Facto
r
Mo
d
el
(
FF
M)
,
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
t
r
o
l
(
L
OC
)
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
ts
in
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
ality
.
R
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
b
y
Gad
ass
i
,
et
a
l.
[
8
]
,
th
e
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
in
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
ity
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
,
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
'
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
co
u
ld
im
p
r
o
v
e
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
o
f
wo
r
k
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8]
.
Ad
d
ed
b
y
Au
g
u
s
t,
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
er
s
o
n
alities
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
g
r
ea
tly
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
t
h
eir
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
an
d
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
ts
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
lo
cu
s
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
b
ec
o
m
es
a
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
f
o
r
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
b
e
h
av
io
r
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
ch
o
o
s
e
h
is
ca
r
ee
r
[
9
]
.
I
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
s
elf
-
d
e
ter
m
in
atio
n
th
e
o
r
y
[
3
0
]
,
in
wh
ich
th
e
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ted
ca
r
ee
r
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
b
ec
au
s
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
a
h
ig
h
lo
c
u
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
h
ad
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
p
ass
io
n
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
g
o
als.
I
n
lin
e
with
Z
h
o
u
,
et
a
l.
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
ca
r
ee
r
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
was
o
n
e
cr
iter
io
n
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
ca
r
e
er
life
[
1
0
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
Stra
u
s
er
,
et
a
l.
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
lo
c
u
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
c
o
u
l
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
an
d
p
e
r
s
is
ten
ce
in
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
f
o
r
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
[
1
1
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Gu
an
,
et
a
l.
th
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
lo
cu
s
o
f
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
co
n
tr
o
l,
esp
ec
ially
th
e
in
ter
n
al
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l,
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
eir
ten
d
en
cy
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
wo
r
k
r
ea
d
in
ess
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
lo
c
u
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
was
u
s
ed
t
o
in
ter
v
en
e
in
wo
r
k
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
l
o
cu
s
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
L
OC
)
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
ad
o
p
tin
g
th
e
ca
r
ee
r
l
o
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ca
le,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
ed
f
o
u
r
in
d
icato
r
s
,
n
am
ely
in
ter
n
a
lity
,
h
elp
less
n
ess
,
ex
am
in
atio
n
/p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
,
an
d
lu
ck
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
r
esu
lts
in
T
ab
le
7
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
h
ad
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
wo
r
k
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
is
0
.
0
2
1
,
wh
er
e
th
e
v
alu
e
is
less
th
an
0
.
0
5
an
d
h
a
s
an
esti
m
ated
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
3
3
7
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
th
at
th
e
lo
cu
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
h
a
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
wo
r
k
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
was
p
r
o
v
en
o
r
ac
ce
p
ted
.
T
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
g
iv
en
b
y
th
e
v
ar
ia
b
le
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
r
ea
d
in
e
s
s
to
wo
r
k
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
was
3
3
.
7
%.
T
h
u
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
c
ed
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
in
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
f
o
r
ca
r
ee
r
s
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ich
s
tates
th
at
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
R
o
les o
f c
a
r
ee
r
ma
tu
r
ity
med
ia
tin
g
th
e
effec
ts
o
f lo
cu
s
o
f c
o
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
mic
…
(
Ma
r
’
a
tu
s
S
h
o
lika
h
)
787
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
t
o
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
[
1
2
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
'
s
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esea
r
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
wh
ich
c
o
n
clu
d
e
d
th
a
t
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l p
o
s
itiv
ely
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
s
tu
d
en
t c
ar
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
in
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
er
a
4
.
0
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
y
p
o
th
esis
s
tated
th
at
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
h
ad
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
wo
r
k
r
ea
d
in
ess
.
So
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wer
e
am
o
n
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
ac
a
d
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
an
d
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
s
tatu
s
[
3
6
]
.
So
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
(
SES)
r
ef
lecte
d
f
am
ily
in
c
o
m
e,
p
ar
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
h
o
u
s
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
a
n
d
s
o
cial
p
o
s
itio
n
s
[
3
7
]
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
e
r
SES
ten
d
ed
to
asp
ir
e
to
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
p
r
esti
g
io
u
s
o
c
cu
p
atio
n
s
[
3
8
]
,
a
n
d
th
e
y
wo
u
ld
en
g
a
g
e
in
s
y
s
tem
atic
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
p
lan
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
eir
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
f
r
o
m
lo
we
r
SES
wer
e
lik
ely
to
ex
p
er
ien
ce
f
in
a
n
cial
d
is
tr
ess
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
wh
en
p
lan
n
in
g
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
g
o
als
an
d
o
p
tio
n
s
[
3
6
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
in
d
icato
r
s
,
n
am
ely
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
in
co
m
e,
an
d
h
o
u
s
in
g
lev
els
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
Me
an
wh
i
le,
th
e
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
r
esu
lt
s
in
T
ab
le
7
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
v
ar
iab
le
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
p
o
s
itiv
ely
to
war
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
wo
r
k
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
.
I
t
was
p
r
o
v
en
b
y
t
h
e
p
-
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
2
6
4
,
h
ig
h
er
th
an
0
.
0
5
0
,
an
d
th
e
esti
m
ated
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
3
3
3
.
T
h
u
s
,
h
y
p
o
th
eses
th
at
r
ev
ea
led
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ted
wo
r
k
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
wer
e
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
en
o
r
r
ejec
te
d
.
T
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
was
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
n
wo
r
k
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
is
3
3
.
3
%.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
'
s
r
esu
lt
s
d
o
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
t
atu
s
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
.
I
t
o
cc
u
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
o
n
ly
af
f
ec
ts
,
b
u
t
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
o
n
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
,
wh
er
e
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t e
f
f
ec
t o
n
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
p
lan
a
f
u
tu
r
e
ca
r
ee
r
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
ca
r
ee
r
m
atu
r
ity
f
u
lly
m
ed
iates
th
e
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
lo
cu
s
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
Z
h
o
u
,
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
wh
o
s
tated
th
at
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
ca
r
ee
r
m
atu
r
ity
p
r
o
v
id
es su
p
p
o
r
t f
o
r
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
m
ed
iates
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
lo
cu
s
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
.
3
.
6
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l a
nd
pra
ct
i
ca
l impl
ica
t
io
ns
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
was
ass
o
ciat
ed
with
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
u
cc
ess
in
b
alan
cin
g
wo
r
k
an
d
l
if
e
,
lo
cu
s
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
.
On
th
e
o
n
e
h
a
n
d
,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es su
ch
as lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
t
r
o
l o
n
ca
r
ee
r
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
i
n
g
[
5
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
it c
an
b
e
s
aid
th
at
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l is an
attr
ib
u
te
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
n
e'
s
ca
r
ee
r
s
u
cc
ess
.
A
h
ig
h
er
in
ter
n
al
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
s
u
c
ce
s
s
.
G
iv
en
th
at
th
e
in
ter
n
al
l
o
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
is
r
elate
d
to
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
o
r
t,
it
m
ak
es
th
em
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
d
ev
elo
p
r
elev
a
n
t
ab
ilit
ies
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
ca
r
ee
r
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
[
4
2
]
.
Sar
i
s
tated
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
h
ig
h
er
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
in
ter
n
al
l
o
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
o
n
ca
r
ee
r
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t,
wh
ich
in
tim
e
will
s
tr
en
g
th
en
th
e
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
[
4
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ex
ter
n
al
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
.
Du
e
to
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
th
at
o
n
e'
s
ca
r
ee
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
wh
o
lly
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
em
s
elv
es,
th
er
e
is
a
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
d
etr
im
en
tal
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
th
eir
ef
f
o
r
t.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
o
n
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
v
a
r
iab
les
m
a
y
in
v
o
l
v
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
Hig
h
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
ca
n
n
o
t
m
o
tiv
ate
ca
r
ee
r
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Oth
er
wis
e,
th
e
l
o
w
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
m
ay
m
o
tiv
ate
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
o
th
at
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
t
h
ese
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
es i
s
n
o
t sig
n
if
ican
t to
o
n
e'
s
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
ca
n
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
tak
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
ac
tio
n
i
n
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
th
eir
ca
r
e
er
ab
ilit
ie
s
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
a
nd
co
u
n
s
e
l
lo
r
s
o
f
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
s
h
o
u
ld
c
o
n
s
id
er
ad
o
p
tin
g
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
es
s
,
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
to
d
iag
n
o
s
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
ac
e
d
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
elate
d
to
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
.
B
esid
es,
ca
r
ee
r
m
atu
r
ity
f
u
l
ly
m
ed
iates
th
e
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
r
ea
d
in
ess
in
m
a
k
in
g
ca
r
ee
r
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
I
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ca
r
ee
r
m
at
u
r
ity
m
u
s
t
b
e
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
way
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
ea
d
in
ess
in
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
3
.
7
.
L
im
it
a
t
io
ns
a
nd
re
co
m
m
end
a
t
io
ns
f
o
r
f
urt
her
re
s
ea
rc
h
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
to
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
First,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
o
n
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
s
o
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
g
en
er
alize
d
to
all
o
th
e
r
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ian
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
t
is
b
ec
au
s
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia
h
as
cu
ltu
r
al
d
iv
er
s
ity
.
T
h
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
ty
les
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
cu
ltu
r
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
m
ay
also
af
f
ec
t
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
s
u
cc
ess
,
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
c
ar
ee
r
m
atu
r
ity
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
wester
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
Au
s
tr
alia,
B
r
itis
h
,
an
d
Am
er
ica,
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
ad
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
er
s
o
n
al
ab
ilit
ies
to
d
ec
id
e
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
ch
o
ices.
Gen
er
ally
,
at
th
e
a
g
e
o
f
1
8
,
wester
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ad
u
lts
,
s
o
th
ey
ten
d
ed
t
o
d
ec
id
e
f
o
r
th
em
s
el
v
es,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
m
ak
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
[
4
4
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
c
h
o
ice
with
p
a
r
en
ts
,
co
u
n
s
e
l
lo
r
s
,
lectu
r
e
r
s
,
an
d
f
r
i
en
d
s
b
ef
o
r
e
s
ettin
g
ca
r
ee
r
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
781
-
7
8
9
788
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
lo
cu
s
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l o
n
th
e
c
ar
e
er
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
n
o
t
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
in
W
ester
n
s
o
cie
ty
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
lim
i
tatio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
m
ed
iatio
n
v
a
r
iab
les
s
tu
d
ied
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Fo
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
,
it
is
b
est
to
b
e
ab
le
to
ex
p
an
d
to
o
t
h
er
m
o
d
els.
Fu
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
also
ad
o
p
t
ess
en
tial
v
ar
iab
les
r
elate
d
to
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
e
s
s
,
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
in
ter
est,
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
a
n
d
a
ca
d
em
ic
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
I
t
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
t
o
ap
p
ly
o
th
er
r
es
ea
r
ch
d
esig
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
tu
d
y
'
s
lim
itatio
n
s
,
th
er
e
is
a
co
n
t
r
ib
u
ti
o
n
to
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
liter
atu
r
e
r
elate
d
to
ex
am
in
in
g
w
h
at
r
o
les
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
m
atu
r
ity
in
m
ed
iatin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
s
o
c
io
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
o
n
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
lo
cu
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
h
a
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
test
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
d
if
f
e
r
f
r
o
m
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
,
wh
ich
h
as
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
as
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
m
atu
r
ity
p
ar
tially
m
ed
iates
th
e
ef
f
e
ct
g
iv
en
b
y
lo
c
u
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
o
n
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
ca
r
ee
r
m
atu
r
ity
o
n
ly
ac
ts
as
a
p
r
ed
icto
r
in
m
ed
iatin
g
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
o
n
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
a
v
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
th
at
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
,
c
ar
ee
r
m
at
u
r
ity
,
an
d
lo
cu
s
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
p
lay
a
c
r
u
cial
r
o
le
in
s
h
ap
in
g
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
ab
i
liti
es to
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was su
p
p
o
r
ted
an
d
f
in
an
ce
d
b
y
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia E
n
d
o
wm
en
t Fu
n
d
f
o
r
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
L
PDP).
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
.
L.
S
a
v
ick
a
s
a
n
d
E
.
J.
P
o
rf
e
li
,
“
Ca
re
e
r
Ad
a
p
t
-
Ab
il
it
ies
S
c
a
le:
Co
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
,
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
,
a
n
d
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
e
q
u
iv
a
len
c
e
a
c
ro
ss
1
3
c
o
u
n
tri
e
s,”
J
.
Vo
c
a
t
.
Beh
a
v
,
v
o
l.
8
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
6
1
–
6
7
3
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
]
M
.
L.
S
a
v
ic
k
a
s,
E.
J.
P
o
rfe
li
,
T
.
L
.
Hilt
o
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
a
v
ick
a
s,
“
T
h
e
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
Ca
re
e
r
Co
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
In
v
e
n
t
o
ry
,
”
J
.
Vo
c
a
t
.
Beh
a
v
,
v
o
l.
1
0
6
,
n
o
.
Ja
n
u
a
ry
,
p
p
.
1
3
8
–
1
5
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
]
Y.
G
u
a
n
,
W.
Ya
n
g
,
X.
Z
h
o
u
,
Z
.
Ti
a
n
,
a
n
d
A.
Ev
e
s,
“
P
re
d
ictin
g
Ch
i
n
e
se
h
u
m
a
n
re
so
u
rc
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
rs’
s
trate
g
ic
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
:
Ro
les
o
f
id
e
n
ti
ty
,
c
a
re
e
r
v
a
riety
,
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
su
p
p
o
rt,
a
n
d
c
a
re
e
r
a
d
a
p
ta
b
il
it
y
,
”
J
.
Vo
c
a
t.
Beh
a
v
,
v
o
l.
9
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
–
1
2
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
]
A.
E.
M
.
v
a
n
Via
n
e
n
,
U.
C.
Kl
e
h
e
,
J.
Ko
e
n
,
a
n
d
N.
Drie
s,
“
Ca
re
e
r
a
d
a
p
t
-
a
b
il
it
ies
sc
a
le
-
N
e
t
h
e
rlan
d
s
fo
rm
:
P
sy
c
h
o
m
e
tri
c
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
a
n
d
re
lat
io
n
sh
ip
s
to
a
b
il
it
y
,
p
e
rso
n
a
li
ty
,
a
n
d
re
g
u
lat
o
ry
fo
c
u
s,”
J
.
V
o
c
a
t.
B
e
h
a
v
.
,
v
o
l.
8
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
1
6
–
7
2
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
]
M
.
S
h
o
li
k
a
h
,
M
u
h
y
a
d
i,
S
.
In
d
a
rto
n
o
,
O.
B
.
Ke
n
z
h
a
li
y
e
v
,
a
n
d
G
.
K.
Ka
ss
y
m
o
v
a
“
S
e
lf
-
Eff
ica
c
y
a
n
d
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
Ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
fo
r
E
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
Ca
re
e
r
Re
a
d
in
e
ss
:
th
e
M
e
d
iati
o
n
o
f
Ca
re
e
r
M
a
tu
rit
y
,”
J
.
Pen
d
id
i
k
.
T
e
k
n
o
l.
d
a
n
Ke
ju
ru
.
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
–
2
5
,
2
0
2
1
.
[6
]
G
.
O.
Ak
p
c
h
a
fo
,
“
Lo
c
u
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
ro
l
a
s
c
o
rre
late
o
f
c
a
re
e
r
d
e
c
isio
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
a
m
o
n
g
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
d
e
n
ts
in
De
lt
a
S
tate
o
f
Nig
e
ria
,”
J
.
Ed
u
c
.
S
o
c
.
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
–
3
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
[7
]
B.
Ch
h
a
b
ra
a
n
d
R.
P
.
M
o
h
a
n
ty
,
“
M
o
d
e
ra
ti
n
g
r
o
le
o
f
lo
c
u
s
o
f
c
o
n
tro
l
i
n
t
h
e
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
twe
e
n
j
o
b
sa
ti
sfa
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
o
rg
a
n
isa
ti
o
n
a
l
c
it
ize
n
s
h
ip
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
r:
a
st
u
d
y
o
f
th
e
In
d
ian
IT
se
c
to
r
,”
In
t
.
J
.
I
n
d
i
a
n
Cu
lt
.
Bu
s.
M
a
n
a
g
.
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
2
8
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[8
]
R.
G
a
d
a
ss
i,
I.
G
a
ti
,
a
n
d
H.
Wag
m
a
n
-
Ro
ln
ick
,
“
Th
e
a
d
a
p
ta
b
il
it
y
o
f
c
a
re
e
r
d
e
c
isio
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
p
r
o
fil
e
s:
a
ss
o
c
iatio
n
s
with
se
lf
-
e
ffica
c
y
,
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
d
iffi
c
u
lt
ies
,
a
n
d
d
e
c
isio
n
sta
tu
s
,”
J
.
Ca
re
e
r De
v
.
,
v
o
l.
4
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
9
0
–
5
0
7
,
2
0
1
3
.
[9
]
C.
Du
m
it
riu
,
I.
C
.
Ti
m
o
fti
,
E.
Ne
c
h
it
a
,
a
n
d
G
.
Du
m
it
riu
,
“
Th
e
in
flu
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
lo
c
u
s
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
d
e
c
isio
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
st
y
le,”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
-
S
o
c
.
Beh
a
v
.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l.
1
4
1
,
p
p
.
4
9
4
–
4
9
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
0
]
W.
Zh
o
u
,
Y.
G
u
a
n
,
L
.
Xin
,
M
.
C.
K.
M
a
k
,
a
n
d
Y.
De
n
g
,
“
Ca
re
e
r
su
c
c
e
ss
c
rit
e
ria
a
n
d
lo
c
u
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
s
in
d
ica
to
rs
o
f
a
d
a
p
t
iv
e
re
a
d
i
n
e
ss
in
t
h
e
c
a
re
e
r
a
d
a
p
tatio
n
m
o
d
e
l,
”
J
.
V
o
c
a
t.
Beh
a
v
.
,
v
o
l.
9
4
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
–
1
3
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
1
]
D.
S
trau
se
r,
D.
Wal
d
ro
p
,
J.
Ha
m
sle
y
,
a
n
d
W
.
Je
n
k
i
n
s,
“
T
h
e
ro
le
o
f
se
lf
-
e
ffica
c
y
a
n
d
l
o
c
u
s
o
f
c
o
n
tro
l
in
jo
b
re
a
d
in
e
ss
train
in
g
p
ro
g
ra
m
s,”
J
.
Pre
v
.
Asse
ss
.
Reh
a
b
il
.
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
p
p
.
2
4
3
–
2
4
9
,
1
9
9
8
.
[1
2
]
N.
-
R.
Kim
a
n
d
K.
-
H.
Lee
,
“
Th
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
in
tern
a
l
lo
c
u
s
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
n
c
a
re
e
r
a
d
a
p
tab
il
it
y
:
Th
e
m
e
d
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
c
a
re
e
r
d
e
c
isio
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
se
lf
-
e
ffic
a
c
y
a
n
d
o
c
c
u
p
a
ti
o
n
a
l
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
”
J
.
Emp
l
o
y
.
Co
u
n
s.
,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
–
1
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
3
]
S
.
R.
Ali,
E.
H.
M
c
Wh
irt
e
r,
a
n
d
K.
M
.
C
h
ro
n
ister,
“
S
e
lf
-
e
ffi
c
a
c
y
a
n
d
v
o
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
o
u
tco
m
e
e
x
p
e
c
tatio
n
s
fo
r
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts o
f
l
o
we
r
so
c
io
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic sta
tu
s: A
p
il
o
t
st
u
d
y
,
”
J
.
Ca
r
e
e
r A
ss
e
ss
.
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
0
–
5
8
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
4
]
N.
A.
F
o
u
a
d
,
S
.
-
Y.
Kim
,
A.
G
h
o
sh
,
W.
Ch
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
C.
F
i
g
u
e
ired
o
,
“
F
a
m
il
y
i
n
flu
e
n
c
e
o
n
c
a
re
e
r
d
e
c
isio
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
:
Va
li
d
a
ti
o
n
in
In
d
ia an
d
th
e
U
n
it
e
d
S
tate
s,”
J
.
c
a
re
e
r A
ss
e
ss
.
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
9
7
–
2
1
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
5
]
M
.
E.
Ke
ll
y
,
“
S
o
c
ial
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
c
a
re
e
r
th
e
o
ry
a
s
a
p
p
li
e
d
to
th
e
sc
h
o
o
l
-
to
-
w
o
rk
tra
n
siti
o
n
,”
P
h
.
D.
Diss
e
rtatio
n
,
S
e
t
o
n
Ha
ll
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
6
]
D.
L.
Bl
u
ste
in
,
“
A rela
ti
o
n
a
l
t
h
e
o
ry
o
f
wo
rk
in
g
,
”
J
.
V
o
c
a
t.
Beh
a
v
.
,
v
o
l.
7
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
7
]
R.
M
il
lar
a
n
d
M
.
S
h
e
v
li
n
,
“
T
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
fa
c
to
r
str
u
c
tu
r
e
o
f
a
c
a
re
e
r
lo
c
u
s
u
se
with
sc
h
o
o
l
p
u
p
il
s,”
J
.
Ca
re
e
r De
v
.
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
2
4
–
2
4
9
,
2
0
0
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
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al
&
R
es E
d
u
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I
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
R
o
les o
f c
a
r
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r
ma
tu
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ity
med
ia
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effec
ts
o
f lo
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(
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789
[1
8
]
G.
M
.
Law
so
n
,
J.
T
.
Du
d
a
,
B.
B.
Av
a
n
ts,
J.
W
u
,
a
n
d
M
.
J.
F
a
ra
h
,
“
As
so
c
iatio
n
s
b
e
twe
e
n
c
h
i
ld
re
n
’s
so
c
io
e
c
o
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o
m
ic
sta
tu
s a
n
d
p
re
fro
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tal
c
o
rti
c
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l
t
h
ic
k
n
e
ss
,
”
De
v
.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
4
1
–
6
5
2
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
9
]
J.
F
.
J.
Ha
ir,
G
.
T.
M
.
Hu
lt
,
C.
M
.
Rin
g
le,
a
n
d
M
.
S
a
rste
d
t,
A
p
r
ime
r
o
n
p
a
rtia
l
lea
st
sq
u
a
re
s
str
u
c
tu
ra
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
mo
d
e
li
n
g
(P
L
S
-
S
EM
)
,
2
n
d
e
d
.
S
AG
E
P
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
0
]
I.
G
h
o
z
a
li
,
S
tru
c
tu
ra
l
Eq
u
a
ti
o
n
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
M
e
to
d
e
Al
ter
n
a
ti
f
d
e
n
g
a
n
Pa
rti
a
l
L
e
a
st
S
q
u
a
re
(PL
S
)
.
S
e
m
a
ra
n
g
:
Ba
d
a
n
P
e
n
e
rb
it
U
n
iv
e
rsitas
Dip
o
n
e
g
o
r
o
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
1
]
J.
He
n
se
ler,
C.
M
.
Rin
g
le,
a
n
d
M
.
S
a
rste
d
t,
“
A
n
e
w
c
rit
e
rio
n
f
o
r
a
ss
e
ss
in
g
d
isc
rimin
a
n
t
v
a
li
d
it
y
i
n
v
a
rian
c
e
-
b
a
se
d
stru
c
tu
ra
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
,”
J
.
Aca
d
.
M
a
rk
.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
5
–
1
3
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
2
]
G
.
A.
M
a
rc
o
u
li
d
e
s,
C.
S
a
u
n
d
e
rs,
a
n
d
B.
G
.
A.
M
a
rc
o
u
l
id
e
s,
“
Ed
it
o
r’
s
c
o
m
m
e
n
ts :
P
LS
:
A
silv
e
r
b
u
ll
e
t?
”
M
IS
Q.
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
–
9
,
2
0
0
6.
[2
3
]
J.
F
.
J.
Ha
ir,
W
.
C.
Blac
k
,
B
.
J.
Ba
b
in
,
a
n
d
R.
E.
A
n
d
e
rso
n
,
M
u
lt
iva
ria
te
d
a
ta
a
n
a
lys
is
.
P
e
a
rso
n
P
re
n
ti
c
e
Ha
ll
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
4
]
I.
G
h
o
z
a
li
a
n
d
H.
Lata
n
,
P
a
rtia
l
lea
st
sq
u
a
re
s:
Co
n
c
e
p
ts,
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
s
u
si
n
g
t
h
e
S
ma
rt
PL
S
3
.
0
p
ro
g
r
a
m f
o
r e
mp
irica
l
re
se
a
rc
h
,
(
in
Ba
h
a
sa
).
S
e
m
a
ra
n
g
:
Ba
d
a
n
P
e
n
e
rb
it
Un
i
v
e
rsitas
Dip
o
n
e
g
o
ro
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
5
]
J.
F
.
Ha
ir,
M
.
S
a
rste
d
t,
C.
M
.
Ri
n
g
le,
a
n
d
J.
A.
M
e
n
a
,
“
An
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
u
se
o
f
p
a
rti
a
l
lea
st
sq
u
a
re
s
stru
c
tu
ra
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
i
n
m
a
rk
e
ti
n
g
r
e
se
a
rc
h
,”
J
.
Aca
d
.
M
a
rk
.
S
c
i
.
,
v
o
l
.
4
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
1
4
–
4
3
3
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
6
]
F
.
P
ra
y
o
o
n
p
h
a
n
a
n
d
X.
Xu
,
“
F
a
c
to
rs
in
fl
u
e
n
c
i
n
g
th
e
i
n
ten
ti
o
n
to
u
se
th
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
ti
c
k
e
ti
n
g
s
y
ste
m
(sp
id
e
r
c
a
rd
)
i
n
Th
a
il
a
n
d
,”
Beh
a
v
.
S
c
i.
(Ba
se
l).
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
7
]
J.
Ah
m
a
d
,
M
.
R.
Ath
e
r,
a
n
d
M
.
Hu
ss
a
in
,
“
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
b
i
g
fi
v
e
p
e
rs
o
n
a
li
t
y
traits
o
n
jo
b
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
(o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
a
s
a
m
e
d
iato
r),
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t,
K
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
L
e
a
rn
in
g
,
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
5
7
1
–
5
7
7
.
[2
8
]
S
.
Lee
p
h
a
ij
a
ro
e
n
,
“
Ka
se
tsa
rt
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
ial
S
c
ien
c
e
s
Eff
e
c
ts
o
f
th
e
b
ig
-
f
iv
e
p
e
rso
n
a
li
ty
traits
a
n
d
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
m
it
m
e
n
ts
o
n
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
c
it
ize
n
sh
ip
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
rt
s
taff
a
t
U
b
o
n
Ra
tch
a
t
h
a
n
i
Ra
jab
h
a
t
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
”
Ka
se
tsa
rt J.
S
o
c
.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
–
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
29
]
R.
A.
A
u
g
u
st,
“
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
C
a
re
e
r
Re
a
d
in
e
ss
in
C
o
ll
e
g
e
S
tu
d
e
n
t
-
Ath
lete
s
a
n
d
Id
e
n
t
ify
i
n
g
As
so
c
iate
d
P
e
rso
n
a
l
Qu
a
li
ti
e
s
,”
J
.
Ca
re
e
r De
v
.
,
v
o
l.
4
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
7
–
1
9
2
,
2
0
2
0
.
[3
0
]
R.
M
.
R
y
a
n
a
n
d
E.
L
.
De
c
i,
“
I
n
tri
n
sic
a
n
d
Ex
tri
n
sic
M
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
s :
Clas
sic
De
fin
it
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
Ne
w
Dire
c
ti
o
n
s,
”
Co
n
tem
p
.
Ed
u
c
.
Psy
c
h
o
l.
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
p
p
.
5
4
–
6
7
,
2
0
0
0
.
[
31
]
Y.
G
u
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ca
re
e
r
Lo
c
u
s
o
f
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
Ca
re
e
r
S
u
c
c
e
ss
A
m
o
n
g
Ch
in
e
se
Emp
lo
y
e
e
s:
A
M
u
lt
i
d
ime
n
sio
n
a
l
Ap
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
J
.
Ca
re
e
r A
ss
e
ss
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
9
5
–
3
1
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
2
]
S
.
D.
P
e
rm
a
tas
a
ri
a
n
d
O.
Us
m
a
n
,
“
In
fl
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
lo
c
u
s
o
f
c
o
n
tro
l,
se
lf
-
e
ffica
c
y
,
a
n
d
c
a
re
e
r
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
o
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
c
a
re
e
r
m
a
a
tu
rit
y
,
”
J
.
Ec
o
n
.
Ed
u
c
.
Off.
Ad
m.
Acc
o
u
n
t.
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
2
1
3
9
/ssr
n
.
3
6
3
7
4
9
2
.
[3
3
]
W.
Zh
o
u
,
Y
.
G
u
a
n
,
L.
Xin
,
M
.
Ch
i,
K.
M
a
k
,
a
n
d
Y.
De
n
g
,
“
Ca
re
e
r
su
c
c
e
ss
c
rit
e
ria
a
n
d
lo
c
u
s
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
s
in
d
ica
to
rs
o
f
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
re
a
d
in
e
ss
i
n
th
e
c
a
re
e
r
a
d
a
p
tati
o
n
m
o
d
e
l,
”
J
.
Vo
c
a
t
.
Beh
a
v
.
,
v
o
l
.
9
4
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
–
1
3
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
4
]
F
.
N.
Kh
o
li
fa
h
a
n
d
N.
U.
Ha
d
i
,
“
An
a
ly
sis
o
f
th
e
i
n
tern
sh
i
p
p
ro
g
ra
m
,
in
tere
st
in
th
e
tea
c
h
in
g
p
ro
fe
s
sio
n
,
a
n
d
l
o
c
u
s
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
n
re
a
d
in
e
ss
to
b
e
c
o
m
e
e
d
u
c
a
to
rs
fo
r
stu
d
e
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
S
TKIP
P
G
RI
Tu
lu
n
g
a
g
u
n
g
Ec
o
n
o
m
ic
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
stu
d
y
p
r
o
g
ra
m
wh
o
a
re
tak
i
n
g
th
e
2
0
1
7
/
2
0
1
8
th
e
sis,”
(i
n
Ba
h
a
sa
),
J
.
M
a
n
a
g
.
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
5
–
2
1
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
5
]
A.
A.
S
.
D.
S
a
ra
sw
a
ti
,
I.
G
.
A.
M
.
A.
D.
P
u
tri
,
H.
B.
S
u
p
ra
sto
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
R.
S
a
ri,
“
In
fl
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
a
n
d
lo
c
u
s
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
n
t
h
e
re
a
d
in
e
ss
o
f
a
c
c
o
u
n
ti
n
g
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
stu
d
e
n
ts
fa
c
in
g
th
e
wo
rl
d
o
f
w
o
rk
e
ra
in
d
u
stria
l
re
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
4
.
0
,
”
I
n
t.
Res
.
J
.
M
a
n
a
g
.
IT
S
o
c
.
S
c
i
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
4
–
2
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[3
6
]
J.
M
e
th
e
n
y
a
n
d
E.
H.
M
c
Wh
irt
e
r,
“
Co
n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
s
o
f
S
o
c
ial
S
tat
u
s
a
n
d
F
a
m
il
y
S
u
p
p
o
rt
to
C
o
ll
e
g
e
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts’
Ca
re
e
r
De
c
isio
n
S
e
lf
-
Eff
ica
c
y
a
n
d
Ou
tco
m
e
Ex
p
e
c
tatio
n
s,”
J
.
Ca
re
e
r A
ss
e
ss
.
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
7
8
–
3
9
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
7
]
K.
N.
Kim
a
n
d
S
.
H.
Oh
,
“
Eff
e
c
ts
o
f
so
c
ial
c
o
n
stra
in
ts
o
n
c
a
re
e
r
m
a
tu
rit
y
:
Th
e
m
e
d
iatin
g
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
th
e
ti
m
e
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
,
”
Asia
Pa
c
if
ic
Ed
u
c
.
Rev
.
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
1
–
2
2
9
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
8
]
R.
J.
G
a
g
n
o
n
,
“
Ex
a
m
in
i
n
g
o
v
e
rp
a
re
n
ti
n
g
,
so
c
io
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
sta
tu
s,
a
n
d
p
a
re
n
tal
o
u
t
-
of
-
sc
h
o
o
l
ti
m
e
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
:
Do
e
s
so
c
io
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
sta
tu
s
a
n
d
o
u
t
-
of
-
sc
h
o
o
l
-
t
ime
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
m
a
tt
e
r?
”
Ch
il
d
.
Y
o
u
th
S
e
rv
.
Rev
.
,
v
o
l.
1
0
1
,
p
p
.
1
8
1
–
1
8
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
39
]
J.
M
.
Ja
c
o
b
s
-
law
so
n
,
E
.
L.
Wad
d
e
ll
,
a
n
d
A.
K.
We
b
b
,
“
P
re
d
ict
o
r
s
o
f
He
a
lt
h
L
o
c
u
s
o
f
Co
n
tro
l
i
n
Old
e
r
Ad
u
lt
s,”
Cu
rr
.
Psy
c
h
o
l.
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
p
p
.
1
7
3
–
1
8
3
,
2
0
1
1
.
[4
0
]
Y.
Ariy
a
n
ti
a
n
d
P
.
A.
Bo
wo
,
“
T
h
e
in
fl
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
i
n
tern
s
h
ip
,
fa
m
il
y
so
c
io
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
sta
tu
s,
a
n
d
se
lf
-
e
ffica
c
y
o
n
j
o
b
re
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