In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f E
v
al
u
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
R
e
se
arc
h
in
Ed
u
c
ation
(
IJERE
)
Vol.
8
, No. 2, J
une
201
9
,
p
p
.
2
71
~2
79
ISSN
: 2252-
88
22,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ijer
e
.
v8i
2.
195
81
2
71
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
ERE
From the environmental identity
to the beh
avi
o
r: The status of
p
re-service scien
c
e tea
c
hers
Esr
a
K
ız
ıl
a
y
1
, N
ag
ih
an
T
a
n
ı
k
Ö
n
a
l
2
1
Dep
artm
en
t
o
f
S
cience E
d
u
cation,
Erci
y
es Uni
v
e
rs
it
y
, Turk
e
y
2
D
epart
m
en
t
o
f
P
res
c
hoo
l Edu
cati
on,
Ni
g
d
e
Om
e
r
H
a
li
sdemi
r
Un
i
v
e
rsi
t
y
,
Tu
r
key
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
ce
i
v
e
d
Mar
17,
2
0
1
9
Re
vise
d A
p
r
26,
201
9
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
a
y
1
2
,
2
019
In
t
his
res
earch,
th
e
en
vi
ro
n
m
ental
i
d
entit
y
o
f
p
r
e-s
e
rvice
sci
ence
teach
ers
and
thei
r
beh
a
v
i
o
r
s
t
o
ward
s
en
viro
nm
ent
a
l
p
r
ob
lem
s
w
ere
ex
am
ine
d
accord
ing
to
g
e
n
der
and
g
r
ade.
I
n
th
e
s
t
ud
y,
a
p
ath
diag
ram
is
fo
r
m
e
d
b
y
eval
uat
i
ng
t
he
r
el
ati
ons
h
i
p betw
e
e
n
t
h
e variab
les
.
T
here
w
ere
2
15
p
re-service
sci
e
nce
t
eachers
of
a
u
ni
versity
i
n
T
u
rkey
p
artici
p
ated
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
dy.
T
h
e
Envi
ron
m
ental
Identity
S
c
a
l
e
a
nd
t
he
E
nv
i
r
onmental
Proble
ms
B
eh
av
iou
r
S
cale
were
u
sed
as
d
ata
col
l
ection
to
ols.
I
n
the
research,
it
w
a
s
f
ou
nd
t
h
a
t
f
e
m
a
le
s
tud
e
nts'
a
verag
e
s
en
vi
ro
nmental
ide
n
t
ity
s
c
o
r
e
w
a
s
h
i
g
h
er
t
han
m
a
les
’
a
v
e
rage
s
co
re
.
T
h
ere
was
n
o
s
ignif
i
c
a
nt
d
iff
e
ren
c
e
b
e
twe
en
p
re-
service
teachers
'
e
nv
ironm
e
ntal
i
dentity
according
t
o
g
rade.
It
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
f
e
m
a
le
s
tu
den
t
s’
a
verage
b
eh
av
io
r
score
towards
environ
m
ental
p
roblems
was
s
i
g
n
ificant
l
y
h
i
g
h
er
t
han
t
h
e
aver
ag
e
s
c
or
e
o
f
m
al
es.
In
t
h
e
s
t
udy,
it
was
fo
un
d
tha
t
t
he
a
v
e
ra
ge
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
sc
o
r
e
s
t
owa
r
d
s
e
nv
iro
n
m
e
n
ta
l
p
r
ob
le
ms
o
f
th
e
pre-s
e
rvice
scien
ce
tea
c
h
e
rs
w
ho
are
in
t
h
e
t
h
i
rd
a
nd
f
ou
rt
h
grade
were
si
gnif
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
h
igher
th
an
t
he
a
v
e
ra
g
e
s
co
r
e
s
of
t
he
f
i
r
st
a
nd
s
econd-grade
st
ud
ents.
Th
e
re
search
r
ev
ealed
a
m
o
d
erate
relatio
ns
h
i
p
between
p
re-service
sci
e
nce
teach
er
s'
e
nv
ironm
ental
id
en
t
i
t
y
a
nd
th
eir
b
e
havi
o
r
s
to
wards
env
i
ro
nm
ent
a
l
prob
lem
s
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
En
viro
nme
n
t
a
l
beha
vi
or
En
viro
nme
n
t
a
l
educ
at
ion
En
viro
nme
n
t
a
l
iden
t
i
t
y
Teacher
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
Scien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Esra
K
ızıla
y,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
S
c
ie
n
c
e
Ed
ucat
io
n,
Erci
yes Univer
sity,
Köşk Maha
l
les
i
,
Talas
B
l
v,
380
30,
M
e
likgaz
i
/
K
ayseri,
Turkey.
Em
ail:
egu
v
e
n
@e
rciye
s
.
e
du.t
r
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Tod
a
y
,
f
ac
to
rs
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
e
c
hn
ol
o
g
i
c
a
l
d
ev
el
op
me
nt
s,
g
loba
l
i
z
atio
n
a
nd
i
n
cre
a
sing
po
p
u
l
a
tio
n
t
h
a
t
rea
c
he
d
un
ima
g
ina
b
le
d
im
en
si
ons
w
i
t
h
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
ion,
t
hre
a
te
n
t
h
e
e
n
vir
onme
n
t
m
o
r
e
a
n
d
m
ore
[1
].
F
or
th
i
s
r
easo
n
,
m
a
ny
c
oun
trie
s
are
loo
k
i
ng
fo
r
sol
u
ti
ons
t
o
e
nvir
o
nm
en
tal
p
r
ob
l
e
ms
by
sign
i
ng
tre
a
t
i
e
s
a
nd
c
o
ndu
c
tin
g
v
a
ri
ou
s
p
r
oj
e
c
t
s
.
M
a
ny
s
ci
e
n
t
i
st
s
su
ppo
rt
t
h
e
se
e
ffo
rts
wi
th
s
c
i
en
t
i
f
i
c
re
se
arc
h
es.
The
g
e
ne
ral
op
ini
o
n
rea
c
he
d
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
he
r
ese
a
rc
he
s
is
t
ha
t
m
a
n
y
di
ff
ere
n
t
dim
e
nsio
ns
e
xist
i
n
t
h
e
rela
t
i
o
n
s
h
ip
o
f
in
div
i
dua
ls
w
ith
t
he
e
nviro
n
m
ent
an
d
e
x
a
m
ini
n
g
t
h
e
ps
y
c
h
o
me
tric
f
a
c
t
ors
of
i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
b
e
h
av
i
o
rs
i
s
v
e
ry
impor
ta
nt
t
o
find
s
o
lu
t
i
o
n
t
o
en
v
i
ro
nm
ent
a
l
pr
ob
lem
s
[
2]
.
F
o
r
t
his
r
e
aso
n
,
t
h
e
re
se
arc
h
es
f
ocus
ed
o
n
pro
v
i
d
i
n
g
e
nvi
ronm
en
tal
i
n
fo
rm
atio
n
t
o
t
he
i
n
d
i
v
i
dua
l
s
t
hr
ou
g
h
e
n
v
i
ro
nm
enta
l
ed
uc
a
tio
n
a
nd
e
x
pecte
d
t
he
m
to
e
x
h
i
bi
t
frie
ndl
y
be
ha
v
i
or
s
t
o
w
a
rds
e
n
v
i
ro
nme
n
t
a
n
d
en
v
i
ro
nme
nta
l
p
ro
blem
s.
A
cc
ord
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
is
b
e
h
avi
o
r-
base
d
en
vir
o
n
m
ental
e
d
uca
t
i
on
a
p
proac
h
,
it
is
a
ssum
e
d
tha
t
a
s
t
he
p
e
r
s
o
n
'
s
k
now
led
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
e
n
vi
r
onme
n
t
i
n
c
r
ea
se
s,
h
i
s
/h
e
r
a
wa
ren
e
ss
o
f
e
nv
i
r
on
me
nt
a
l
p
robl
e
m
s
w
i
ll
a
l
s
o
inc
r
ea
se
.
Inc
r
ea
sed
le
vel
o
f
a
w
a
re
ness
w
ill
bri
ng
e
n
vir
o
n
m
ent-fr
i
e
nd
ly
b
e
h
a
v
iors.
In
s
hor
t,
t
h
i
s
u
nde
rstan
d
i
n
g
im
p
l
ies
a
p
o
sit
i
ve
a
nd
l
ine
a
r
rela
ti
o
n
s
h
ip
betw
ee
n
t
h
e
e
n
v
i
ro
nme
n
t
a
l
a
w
a
r
ene
s
s
and
t
h
e
be
ha
vi
or
o
f
in
d
i
v
i
d
ua
l
s
[
3
-
10].
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
s
ome
other
s
t
ud
ies
show
e
d
t
hat
th
e
r
e
is
n
o
t
s
uc
h
a
st
r
o
ng
r
e
l
a
ti
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
a
nd
b
eh
avi
o
r
[7
,
11-15].
In
o
ther
w
o
rds,
t
he
i
nc
rea
s
ing
t
h
e
le
ve
l
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
o
f
t
h
e
ind
i
vi
d
u
al
s
d
oes
no
t
gua
ra
ntee
a
p
o
s
i
tive
effec
t
o
n
the
i
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 225
2-
882
2
Int.
J
.
Ev
al. & R
es. Educ.
Vol.
8, No. 2, June
2
0
19:
2
71
- 2
79
27
2
beha
v
i
or
t
ow
ar
ds
e
n
v
i
r
o
nme
n
t.
S
o
a
ga
p
e
x
ists
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
f
o
r
in
div
i
dua
ls
t
o
a
d
opt
a
n
e
n
vir
onme
n
t
a
l
l
y
se
ns
iti
ve
life
,
t
ha
t
is
t
o
c
h
an
ge
t
he
i
r
b
eha
v
ior
,
o
the
r
f
ac
tors
sup
por
tin
g
e
n
vir
onm
en
ta
l
k
now
led
g
e
ar
e
nee
d
e
d
.
O
n
e
of
t
he
se
f
a
c
tors
i
s
t
h
e
e
nvir
onm
en
ta
l
i
d
en
t
ity
of
t
he
i
nd
ivi
d
u
a
ls.
En
viro
nm
en
ta
l
i
d
en
t
i
t
y
is
d
efine
d
a
s
a
m
e
a
s
ur
e
of
i
nd
ivi
d
u
a
ls
'
c
o
m
m
i
t
m
ent
t
o
n
a
t
ur
e
or
t
he
ir
s
e
l
f-
perc
ep
ti
o
n
s re
la
t
e
d t
o
n
a
t
ure [16].
It i
s t
h
o
u
g
h
t tha
t
there
m
a
y be a stron
g relat
i
o
n
s
h
ip be
t
w
e
e
n
e
nviro
n
m
ental
ide
n
tit
y
a
n
d
env
i
ro
nme
n
t-frie
nd
ly
b
eha
v
i
o
rs
o
f
ind
i
v
i
dua
ls
[
17]
.
B
e
c
a
u
s
e
th
e
re
l
a
ti
o
n
ship
s
b
e
t
w
ee
n
in
div
i
dua
ls
a
n
d
t
he
n
a
t
ure
ca
n
pr
ov
i
d
e
i
n
s
i
gh
t
a
b
o
u
t
t
he
i
r
e
nv
i
ro
nm
en
tal
be
ha
v
i
ors
[1
8
]
.
F
r
om
t
hi
s
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
view
,
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
be
a
b
l
e
t
o
p
r
o
mp
t
i
ndi
v
i
d
u
al
s
t
o
e
nv
iro
n
m
e
nt-
fr
i
e
n
d
l
y
beha
v
i
or
s
a
nd
to
r
ea
li
z
e
b
e
h
avi
o
r
cha
nge
it
is
s
u
gge
ste
d
t
o
que
stio
n
the
be
ha
v
i
ors
t
h
a
t
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
in
d
i
v
i
dua
l
s
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
c
o
nte
x
t,
it
is
p
oss
i
ble
fi
rst
t
o
deter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
e
n
v
i
r
onm
en
ta
l
ide
n
ti
ty
a
n
d
b
e
h
av
i
o
rs
o
f
pre
-
servi
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
w
h
o
w
i
l
l
r
a
i
s
e
t
h
e
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
tu
re
,
an
d
t
h
en
t
o
sh
ap
e
t
h
eir
e
d
u
c
at
i
o
n
acco
rdi
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
se
d
e
term
ina
t
i
o
ns.
This
s
t
u
d
y
s
e
r
ves
t
o
d
eter
m
i
ne
t
h
e
en
vi
ron
m
en
t
a
l
id
en
ti
t
y
a
nd
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
of
p
re
-se
r
v
i
ce
t
e
a
c
h
e
rs
.
In
t
hi
s
con
t
ext
,
a
l
o
t
o
f
re
se
arc
h
es
a
re
carri
e
d
ou
t
w
i
th
p
r
e
-ser
vi
c
e
t
eac
hers
i
n
t
h
e
re
l
e
van
t
l
itera
t
u
r
e
.
Th
er
e
a
re
v
a
r
io
us
s
tu
d
i
e
s
i
n
the
li
tera
tur
e
i
n
w
h
ic
h
env
i
ro
nm
en
tal
lite
rac
y
s
ta
t
u
s
of
p
re
-ser
v
i
c
e
tea
c
h
ers
[1
9
-
21],
t
h
eir
e
n
v
i
r
onme
n
t
-
frien
d
l
y
be
ha
vi
ors
[1,
22,
23],
a
n
d
t
h
eir
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
es
t
ow
a
r
ds
t
he
e
nv
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
[2
3-
27]
w
ere
e
xam
i
ne
d.
I
n
a
d
d
i
ti
o
n
,
rese
arc
h
es
i
n
w
h
ic
h
the
s
e
ps
yc
hom
e
t
ric
fac
t
or
s
(suc
h
a
s
a
t
t
i
t
ude
,
enviro
nm
en
t-frie
n
dly
be
hav
i
or,
kn
ow
le
dge
)
w
e
re
i
nve
st
i
g
ate
d
are
a
l
so
a
va
i
l
a
b
le
i
n
the
l
i
t
e
ra
ture
[
2
0
,
28
]
.
A
cc
ordi
ng
t
o
t
he
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f th
ese
re
se
arc
h
es
i
t
was fo
u
n
d
t
h
at;
pr
e-
service
t
e
a
c
her
s
’
envir
onm
en
t
a
l
k
now
led
g
e
is
i
ns
u
f
fic
i
e
n
t
,
how
e
v
e
r
t
h
ey
h
a
v
e
en
vi
ron
m
en
t
-
o
r
i
e
nt
ed
w
ay
o
f
th
ink
i
ng
a
nd
p
o
s
iti
ve
e
n
v
iro
n
m
ental
aw
a
r
en
ess
[2
1];
the
a
tti
t
u
d
e
s
t
ow
ar
ds
t
he
e
n
v
i
ro
nm
ent
a
nd
the hig
h
leve
l
o
f
e
nv
i
r
on
me
nt
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
dg
e
are
n
o
t
enou
gh
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
eopl
e
to
e
x
h
ib
it
b
eh
avi
o
rs
t
h
a
t
are
b
e
n
e
fi
ci
a
l
f
o
r
t
h
e
env
i
ro
nm
en
t
[22]
;
t
h
e
le
ve
l
of
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
t
ha
t
m
i
d
d
l
e
and
hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
t
ion
s
t
u
d
en
ts
posse
ss
a
bou
t
env
i
ro
nm
en
t is
ins
uffic
i
e
n
t
an
d the
y
can
no
t f
u
ll
y
unde
rsta
n
d
th
e
en
v
i
ro
nm
enta
l pro
b
l
em
s [29].
Re
ga
rdi
ng
t
h
es
e
studie
s
a
nd o
t
h
e
r
stu
d
ies in
the
r
ela
t
e
d
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
s
t
a
t
e
d
t
ha
t
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
r
e
are
studie
s
r
ela
t
ed
t
o
t
h
e
di
ffe
r
ent
dim
e
ns
ion
s
o
f
e
n
viro
nme
n
t
a
l
e
duca
t
i
on
sup
p
o
rt
i
n
g
e
a
c
h
o
t
h
er
,
the
fa
ctor
s
un
derl
y
i
n
g
t
he
i
na
b
i
l
ity
o
f
in
di
v
i
dua
ls
t
o
e
x
hib
it
e
n
vir
onm
ent-
fr
i
e
n
d
l
y
be
hav
i
ors
w
e
re
not
i
den
t
ifie
d,
h
ence
,
w
h
at
k
in
d
o
f
e
nv
iro
n
me
n
t
al
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n
in
di
v
i
dua
ls
s
h
o
u
l
d
t
ake
w
a
s
not
c
l
a
rifie
d
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r,
a
c
c
ordi
ng
t
o
th
e
beha
v
i
or-
b
ase
d
e
nv
iro
n
me
nta
l
e
du
c
a
t
i
o
n
ap
p
r
oach
;
the
na
t
u
re
o
f
environm
ent-fri
endly
beha
vi
or
s
s
h
oul
d
be
un
derst
o
od,
t
h
e
f
ac
tors
a
ffe
c
t
i
n
g
be
ha
v
i
or
s
sh
o
u
ld
b
e
ide
n
ti
fie
d
a
n
d
e
d
uca
t
i
ona
l
in
ter
v
en
t
i
o
n
s
ba
sed
o
n
t
he
ma
nip
u
la
t
i
o
n
o
f these
fac
t
or
s sho
u
l
d
be
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
[
6,
25].
A
c
cordi
n
g
t
o
t
his,
i
t
is
t
ho
u
ght
t
ha
t
a
n
a
l
yzi
ng
psyc
home
t
r
i
c
fa
c
t
ors
suc
h
a
s
e
n
vir
onme
n
t
a
l
ide
n
tit
y,
beha
v
i
ors
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
ro
nm
en
tal
in
ter
e
sts
of
t
he
i
nd
i
v
i
d
ua
ls
w
i
t
h
d
iffer
e
n
t
a
n
d
l
a
r
ge
s
a
m
ple
s
,
a
nd
us
ing
st
ron
g
st
a
t
i
s
t
i
ca
l
tech
ni
q
u
es
w
i
ll
pro
v
i
d
e
i
m
p
o
rta
n
t
co
ntr
i
b
u
ti
o
n
s
t
o
th
e
li
tera
tur
e
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
c
onte
x
t
,
t
he
p
urpo
se
o
f
t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
was
s
e
t
as
e
x
a
min
i
ng
p
re-se
r
v
i
ce
s
cie
n
ce
t
ea
ch
e
r
s’
e
n
v
i
r
o
nme
n
ta
l
ide
n
ti
t
y
a
nd
th
e
i
r
be
hav
i
ors
t
o
w
a
rds
env
i
ro
nm
en
tal
prob
lem
s
a
c
c
or
din
g
t
o
ge
nder
a
n
d
gra
d
e,
d
e
t
erm
i
ni
ng
t
h
e
r
el
a
t
i
onshi
p
s
b
et
wee
n
t
h
e
se
varia
b
l
e
s an
d
d
e
vel
o
pi
n
g
a
P
at
h
d
i
a
g
ram
pr
e
s
en
ti
n
g
the
r
ela
t
i
o
n
sh
ip
b
et
we
en
t
h
e
v
ari
a
bl
es.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
Th
is
r
e
s
ear
ch
i
s
s
t
ruc
t
ure
d
b
ase
d
o
n
the
ca
usa
l
-com
pa
ra
t
i
ve
r
es
earch
and
c
o
rrel
a
ti
on
r
esea
rch
des
i
g
n
s
fr
om
t
he
q
ua
nt
i
t
a
t
ive
r
e
sea
r
ch
d
esi
g
ns.
In
t
he
s
tud
y
,
p
re
-se
r
v
i
ce
t
e
a
c
h
e
rs’
en
vi
ro
n
m
en
t
a
l
id
en
ti
t
y
a
nd
beha
v
i
or
t
ow
ar
ds
e
nv
iro
n
m
e
n
t
al
p
ro
b
l
em
s
w
e
re
e
xam
i
ne
d
a
ccor
d
i
n
g
t
o
ge
nder
a
n
d
gra
d
e
varia
b
l
e
s.
T
hi
s
part
of
t
he
r
ese
a
rc
h
w
a
s
car
rie
d
o
u
t
w
it
h
causa
l-
com
p
a
r
at
i
v
e
re
sear
c
h
des
i
g
n
,
w
h
ic
h
exam
ine
s
t
he
r
ela
t
i
ons
hi
p
betw
ee
n
o
n
e
o
r
m
ore
ca
t
e
gor
ical
i
n
d
e
p
en
de
nt
v
a
r
ia
bles
a
nd
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
re
qua
n
t
i
t
a
t
ive
de
pe
n
d
e
n
t
varia
b
le
s
t
o
in
ves
tiga
t
e
the
c
a
uses
t
hat
ha
ve
a
n
impa
c
t
on
t
h
e
p
h
e
n
o
m
ena
[3
0
].
I
n
this
s
t
udy,
t
h
e
c
a
t
e
gor
ical
i
nd
ep
ende
nt
varia
b
l
e
s
w
h
os
e
e
f
fe
ct
a
re
e
x
a
m
i
ne
d
are
ge
nder
an
d
gra
d
e
,
w
he
re
a
s
qua
nti
t
a
t
ive
de
pe
nd
e
n
t
var
i
a
b
l
e
s
a
r
e
pre
-
service
tea
c
h
er
s’ e
nvi
r
o
n
m
en
t
a
l
i
d
e
n
tit
y a
n
d beha
v
i
or
s
t
o
w
a
rds
en
vi
ron
m
en
t
a
l
p
r
obl
e
m
s.
Th
e
p
a
rt
o
f
th
e
res
e
a
r
ch
,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
re
la
t
i
on
sh
i
p
b
etwe
en
p
re-se
rv
ice
tea
c
h
er
s’
e
nv
iro
n
m
e
n
t
al
ide
n
tit
y
a
n
d
th
e
i
r
beha
viors
tow
a
rds
en
viro
nm
enta
l
pr
ob
le
m
s
i
s
e
x
ami
n
ed
,
wa
s
d
e
si
gn
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
c
o
r
r
e
la
ti
o
n
a
l
rese
arc
h
d
es
ign.
,
which
is
c
on
d
u
cte
d
t
o
exam
ine
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
ti
on
sh
i
p
be
t
w
een
o
ne
o
r
m
o
re
q
u
a
n
tit
ati
v
e
in
de
pen
d
e
n
t
va
riab
les
and o
n
e
or more
qua
nti
t
at
i
v
e de
pen
d
e
n
t va
ri
a
b
l
e
s
[30
]
.
The
r
e
we
re
2
1
5
p
re-se
r
vice
t
e
a
c
her
s
s
tu
d
y
ing
i
n
s
c
i
e
n
ce
t
ea
chi
n
g
de
part
m
e
nt
o
f
a
u
n
i
v
er
sit
y
l
oc
ate
d
in Ce
n
tra
l
A
na
to
lia
, w
h
o
hav
e
bee
n de
te
rmine
d
ac
c
o
rd
i
ng to c
o
n
v
e
n
ienc
e
sa
mpli
n
g
, pa
rt
ici
p
a
t
e
d
i
n th
is
stu
d
y
.
De
mo
g
r
ap
hi
c c
h
ara
c
t
e
ri
st
i
c
s
of
p
re
-serv
i
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
rs a
re g
i
v
en
i
n
Ta
ble 1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
Eval & R
es E
d
u
c
.
IS
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
From
the
env
i
r
onm
e
n
t
a
l ide
n
t
i
ty
t
o
t
h
e
be
hav
io
r: T
h
e
stat
us of p
r
e
-
service
scie
n
c
e
t
e
ac
he
rs
(Esra
K
ı
z
ı
la
y)
27
3
T
a
b
l
e 1.
Demogr
ap
hic c
h
ara
c
t
eris
ti
c
s
o
f
p
r
e-se
rv
i
c
e t
e
ach
e
r
s
i
n
t
he
s
a
m
ple
D
e
mo
g
r
a
p
h
i
c ch
ar
act
e
r
is
t
i
cs
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y (
f
)
P
e
r
cen
t
a
g
e
(
%)
Ge
nd
e
r
Fe
m
a
l
e
181
84.
2
Ma
le
34
15.
8
G
r
ad
e
1
st
Gr
a
d
e
6
2
2
8
.
8
2
n
d
G
r
a
d
e
4
6
2
1
.
4
3
r
d
G
ra
de
5
6
26.
0
4
th
G
r
a
d
e
5
1
2
3
.
7
Tot
a
l
215
100
2.1.
D
a
ta
c
ol
l
e
cti
o
n
tools
The
En
v
i
ronm
e
n
ta
l
Ide
n
t
i
t
y
S
cale,
w
hich
h
as
b
ee
n
de
ve
lo
pe
d
b
y
C
l
a
yt
on
[
1
6
]
a
nd
a
d
a
pt
e
d
t
o
Turk
is
h
by
Cla
y
to
n
an
d
K
i
l
i
n
c
[31]
,
a
nd
t
h
e
E
nvir
onm
e
n
ta
l
P
r
obl
e
m
s
B
e
h
a
v
i
ou
r
Sc
al
e,
w
h
i
ch
h
a
s
b
ee
n
deve
l
ope
d
b
y
G
uve
n
an
d
A
y
d
ogd
u
[3
2],
w
e
re
u
sed
a
s
d
ata
c
o
l
l
ec
ti
o
n
t
o
o
l
s
.
S
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
s
w
e
r
e
n
o
t
deve
l
ope
d
b
y
t
he
r
esea
rche
rs,
the
l
i
ter
a
t
u
r
e
w
as
s
canne
d,
t
he
s
c
a
l
es
t
hat
a
r
e
t
h
o
u
ght
t
o
fu
lfi
ll
th
e
sub-
p
r
ob
l
e
ms
w
e
r
e
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
,
a
nd
t
wo
e
xp
e
r
t
s
h
a
v
in
g
v
a
ri
ou
s
stu
d
i
e
s
in
t
he
f
iel
d
o
f
e
n
v
i
r
onm
en
ta
l
e
d
uc
a
tio
n
w
e
r
e
c
o
n
s
u
l
t
e
d
a
b
o
u
t
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
s
c
a
n
a
n
s
w
e
r
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
robl
e
m
s
o
r
not
.
Th
en
,
t
h
e
p
e
rmi
s
sion
w
a
s
gran
te
d
from
t
he
re
s
e
a
rc
hers w
ho ha
ve de
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
the
s
ca
le
s
for
using
the
m
.
Th
e
En
vi
ronmen
t
a
l
Id
enti
ty
S
ca
l
e
d
ev
e
l
op
e
d
b
y
C
l
a
y
t
o
n
[1
6
]
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
de
ter
m
ine
t
h
e
env
i
ro
nm
en
tal
ide
n
tit
y
of
p
re-
s
e
r
vice
s
c
i
e
n
ce
t
eac
hers
i
n
th
e
s
tudy.
T
he
o
rigin
a
l
form
o
f
the
s
c
ale
cons
i
s
ted
of
24
i
t
e
m
s
o
f
5
-p
oi
n
t
L
i
k
er
t
ty
pe.
Re
sp
onse
s
t
o
i
t
em
s
var
i
ed
b
e
t
w
e
en
1
(
S
t
ron
g
l
y
D
isa
g
ree
)
a
nd
5
(S
t
r
on
gly
A
g
re
e).
In
t
he
s
tudi
e
s
c
o
ndu
c
t
ed
by
Clay
t
o
n
[1
6],
Cr
onb
a
c
h
al
ph
a
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
lit
y
coe
ffic
i
e
n
t
of
t
he
s
ca
l
e
w
as
deter
m
i
n
ed
a
s
0.90
or
h
ig
he
r.
T
he
T
urk
i
s
h
a
dap
t
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
h
i
s
sc
a
l
e
has
be
en
m
a
d
e
by
C
l
a
yt
o
n
a
nd
K
i
l
i
n
c
[3
1]
and
the
a
n
sw
er
s
w
e
re
t
ra
nsform
ed
i
nto
7
-
po
in
t
Li
ker
t
-
t
ype
,
var
y
i
ng
betw
ee
n
1
(
N
ot
t
rue
a
t
a
l
l
)
a
n
d
7
(Comp
l
ete
l
y
t
r
ue).
T
he
r
e
l
ia
b
i
l
i
ty
s
t
udy
o
f
t
he
T
urk
i
s
h
v
e
r
sion
o
f
the
sca
l
e
w
a
s
pe
rfor
m
e
d
by
C
l
a
y
ton
an
d
K
ilinc
[31]
i
n
a
st
ud
y
c
o
ndu
c
t
ed
w
ith
808
p
ar
tici
p
a
n
t
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
g
a
t
A
h
i
Evra
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
.
Cr
on
bac
h
A
lp
ha
relia
bi
l
ity
c
oe
ffic
ie
nt
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
be
a
s
0
.
88.
I
n
our
s
t
u
dy,
Cr
o
nbac
h
A
lp
ha
r
e
lia
bi
l
i
t
y
coe
f
fic
i
e
n
t
of
t
he
sc
a
l
e
was
c
a
l
c
u
l
at
ed
a
s
0
.
88
3
.
A
cc
o
r
di
ngl
y,
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
in
t
e
rn
a
l
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
c
y
co
e
f
f
i
ci
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
i
s
a
b
o
v
e
0.70,
it ca
n b
e
s
ai
d tha
t
t
he scal
e
is reli
a
b
l
e
[33].
A
n
o
t
her
da
ta
c
ol
lec
t
io
n
t
o
o
l
u
sed
in
t
he
s
tu
d
y
i
s
the
E
n
v
i
ro
nm
e
n
t
al
P
roblem
s
Be
h
a
vi
o
u
r
Sc
ale
deve
l
ope
d
by
G
uve
n
an
d
A
y
do
g
du
[3
2].
The
sca
l
e
c
o
n
s
ists
o
f
4
0
i
tem
s
o
f
3-po
i
n
t
L
i
k
e
r
t
t
y
p
e,
r
ang
i
ng
fr
o
m
"I
d
o
n
'
t
agr
e
e
"
,
"I'm
N
e
u
t
r
al"
a
nd
"I
A
gr
ee",
to
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
ne
w
he
t
her
t
h
e
pa
rt
i
c
ip
a
n
t
s
h
ave
car
ried
o
ut
t
he
beha
v
i
ors
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
e
n
v
i
r
o
nme
n
t
a
l
pr
o
b
le
ms.
G
uve
n
a
n
d
A
y
do
g
d
u
[3
2
]
ha
s
de
vel
o
ped
th
is
s
ca
l
e
i
n
t
h
e
spr
i
n
g
t
e
rm
o
f
20
09
-2
010
a
c
a
d
e
mic
y
e
a
r
,
wo
rk
in
g
w
i
t
h
203
p
re
-se
r
v
i
ce
t
e
ach
e
r
s
st
udy
i
ng
a
t
s
c
i
en
ce
t
e
a
ch
i
n
g
depa
r
t
me
n
t
.
C
r
on
bach
A
l
pha
r
e
l
i
a
b
ili
t
y
c
o
e
fficie
n
t
w
a
s
f
ou
n
d
t
o
b
e
0.85.
I
n
our
s
t
u
dy,
C
ro
n
b
ac
h
A
l
p
h
a
relia
bi
l
ity
c
oeffic
i
e
nt
o
f
the
sc
ale
w
a
s
ca
l
c
ula
t
e
d
a
s
0.7
94.
A
cc
o
r
din
g
l
y
,
si
n
ce
th
e
in
t
e
rn
al
c
on
si
ste
n
cy
coe
f
fic
i
e
n
t of t
he
s
cale
is
a
b
o
v
e
0.70,
it ca
n be
s
ai
d tha
t
t
he
scal
e
is reli
able [33
]
.
2.2.
Da
ta
c
o
l
l
e
ction
In
t
h
e
d
at
a
co
ll
ecti
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
ss,
s
ca
l
e
s
we
re
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
to
p
re-se
r
v
i
c
e
t
e
ach
e
r
s
st
ud
y
i
ng
a
t
s
c
i
en
ce
teac
h
i
ng de
pa
rtme
nt
,
i
n
t
he
2
01
5-2
0
16
aca
d
e
m
i
c
ye
ar.
T
h
e
sc
ales
w
ere
a
pplie
d
b
y
t
he
r
esear
cher
s.
B
e
f
ore
th
e
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns, t
h
e par
tic
ipa
n
ts w
e
r
e
inform
ed
a
bo
u
t
the
su
b
j
e
c
t
an
d t
h
e p
u
r
po
se
o
f
t
h
e
resea
r
c
h
, a
n
d
t
h
e
co
nt
en
t
of
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
co
l
l
e
c
t
i
on
t
o
o
l
s
a
nd
i
t
w
a
s
s
tate
d
t
h
a
t
t
he
d
a
t
a
co
l
l
ec
t
e
d
in
t
hi
s
stud
y
w
i
ll
no
t
b
e
u
se
d
fo
r
any
pur
pose
ot
he
r
tha
n
t
h
e
r
esea
rch
an
d
w
i
l
l
n
o
t
b
e
s
h
ar
ed
w
it
h
a
n
o
the
r
p
e
o
p
l
e
or
i
nsti
t
u
ti
on
s.
I
n
a
d
d
iti
o
n
,
p
a
rti
c
ip
an
ts
w
e
r
e
n
o
t
fo
rc
ed
t
o
p
a
rti
c
i
p
at
e
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
ea
rch
.
P
a
r
t
ic
ipa
t
i
on
in
t
he
s
t
u
d
y
w
as
r
ea
lize
d
o
n
a
vo
lun
t
ar
y bas
i
s
. P
a
r
ti
c
i
pa
n
t
s
com
p
le
te
d t
h
e
scale
s
i
n an
a
ve
r
a
g
e
of
3
0
m
i
n
u
te
s.
2.3.
Da
ta
a
na
ly
si
s
Be
fore
a
na
l
y
zi
ng
the
da
ta
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d
from
t
he
s
tu
d
y
,
the
sca
l
es
w
ere
n
u
m
b
e
r
ed
s
t
a
rt
i
n
g
fro
m
1.
T
he
n,
aft
e
r
c
o
din
g
,
t
h
e
da
ta
i
n
the
scale
s
w
er
e
tra
n
sfer
red
t
o
t
he
c
o
mput
e
r
e
nvi
ron
m
en
t
th
roug
h
M
i
c
r
o
s
oft
Ex
cel
.
Th
e
fo
llo
win
g
c
o
d
e
s
were
u
s
e
d
wh
ile
t
ransferr
i
n
g
the
item
s
of
t
he
s
c
a
l
e
t
o
t
he
c
omp
u
t
e
r
e
n
v
i
r
o
nme
n
t
:
"
m
a
le
–
1",
"fem
ale
–
2",
"1
st
g
r
a
d
e
–
1
"
,
"
2
nd
g
r
a
d
e
–
2
"
,
"
3
rd
g
r
a
d
e
–
3
"
,
a
n
d
"
4
th
g
r
a
d
e
–
4
"
.
T
h
e
a
n
s
w
e
r
s
g
i
v
e
n
t
o
"En
v
iro
n
me
n
t
a
l
I
de
nt
it
y
S
c
ale
"
w
er
e
code
d
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
"N
ot
t
rue
a
t
a
l
l
–
1
"
,
"
N
e
i
t
h
e
r
t
r
u
e
,
n
o
r
f
a
l
s
e
–
4
"
a
n
d
"Com
ple
t
e
l
y
T
r
ue
–
7
".
T
he
a
nsw
e
rs
g
i
v
e
n
t
o
"
E
n
v
ironm
e
n
ta
l
P
r
ob
l
e
m
s
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
S
c
a
l
e
"
w
e
r
e
c
o
d
e
d
a
s
"
I
do
n
'
t
agre
e –
1
"
,
"I'm
N
eutral
-
2
”an
d
“
I
A
gre
e
-
3
”.
I
nve
rse
c
o
d
i
n
g
(r
ecodi
n
g
)
w
a
s
perf
orme
d
f
o
r
som
e
i
t
e
ms
dur
in
g ana
l
y
s
is
.
The
raw
da
t
a
f
orms
p
repa
red
in
M
icros
o
ft
E
xce
l
pro
gra
m
h
ave
bee
n
conv
ert
e
d
in
t
o
d
at
a
se
t
by
u
si
ng
S
P
S
S
progra
m
.
D
a
ta
c
l
e
ani
n
g
proce
s
s
w
a
s
p
e
rform
ed
on
the
s
e
data
s
e
t
s
b
e
fore
s
t
a
tis
ti
c
a
l
e
va
lua
t
i
o
n
[3
4
]
.
In
th
i
s
r
es
pec
t
,
t
h
e
fau
l
ty
c
o
d
e
s
obs
erve
d
i
n
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
set
t
h
ro
ug
h
t
he
f
re
q
u
e
n
cy
t
a
b
l
e
s
ar
e
c
l
ear
ed
by
c
h
e
c
k
in
g
raw
data
form
s
. A
fter
da
t
a
pre
p
ara
tio
n,
S
P
S
S
22.
0 and
A
M
O
S
24 p
rogra
m
s w
e
re use
d for
data
a
na
lys
i
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISS
N
:
225
2-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
.
J.
Ev
al.
&
Res.
Ed
u
c
.
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
19: 2
71
-
2
79
27
4
I
n
t
he
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
of
t
he
d
a
t
a
co
lle
cted
i
n
t
h
e
st
u
dy,
f
ir
st
l
y
,
th
e
da
t
a
w
er
e
te
ste
d
f
or
nor
ma
l
d
i
st
r
i
bu
t
i
o
n
.
F
o
r
t
h
is
p
u
r
pose
,
s
k
e
wn
e
ss
a
n
d
ku
rt
osi
s
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
s
we
re
c
al
c
u
la
ted
f
r
o
m
the
da
ta
a
s
se
en
i
n
Ta
ble
2.
T
h
i
s
t
a
bl
e
re
v
eal
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
k
e
wn
ess
co
eff
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
sc
a
l
e
s
a
re
betw
ee
n
+1
a
nd
-
1.
A
ccor
d
in
g
l
y,
i
t
ca
n
be
s
a
i
d
tha
t
t
he
s
cor
e
s
c
onf
ir
m
nor
m
a
l
di
str
i
b
u
ti
o
n
[
35]
.
T
a
bl
e
2
.
Sk
e
w
n
es
s a
n
d
k
u
r
t
o
si
s co
ef
fi
ci
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e p
r
e-se
rvi
c
e
t
e
ach
ers’ d
at
a
S
c
a
l
es
S
k
e
wn
e
s
s
Ku
rto
s
is
M
ean
(
)
Me
di
a
n
M
od
E
nvir
onm
e
n
t
a
l
I
d
e
n
t
ity
Sc
ale
-
.
805
.
915
130.
41
133.
0
31.
0
E
nvir
onm
e
n
t
a
l
Proble
m
s
Be
h
a
viour
S
c
a
l
e
-
.
488
.
262
90.
77
92.
0
3.
0
Wh
ile
t
est
i
n
g
t
he
n
or
m
a
li
t
y
,
th
e
cl
ose
n
ess
of
m
ea
n,
m
edi
a
n
a
n
d
mod
e
i
s
a
l
s
o
c
ons
i
d
e
r
e
d
t
o
b
e
im
por
tan
t
.
I
f
the
s
e
val
u
es
a
r
e
c
l
o
se
t
o
eac
h
ot
he
r
,
i
t
can
b
e
s
a
i
d
t
h
a
t
t
he
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
of
t
he
d
a
t
a
i
s
n
ot
t
oo
fa
r
f
r
o
m
nor
ma
lit
y
[3
5]
.
Table
2
show
s
tha
t
t
he
se
v
a
l
ues
ar
e
c
l
o
s
e
to
e
ach
o
t
h
er
f
o
r
b
oth
scal
es.
Co
n
s
id
e
r
i
n
g
a
l
l
the
resu
lt
s, it w
a
s de
ci
ded t
h
a
t
t
he
re
s
ear
ch
d
ata ha
s n
o
rm
al
d
ist
r
ibu
t
io
n
.
3.
RESU
L
T
S
A
ND DIS
C
U
S
S
I
ON
3.
1.
Fin
d
in
gs
r
elat
e
d
t
o
e
n
viron
m
en
t
a
l
id
e
n
t
i
t
i
e
s
a
cc
ord
i
n
g
t
o
gen
d
e
r
I
n
t
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
i
t
w
a
s
p
l
a
n
ned
t
o
u
se
i
nd
e
p
en
de
nt
g
r
o
u
p
s
t
-
t
e
s
t
to
t
es
t
whe
t
h
e
r
scie
nc
e
tea
c
her
s
'
en
vi
r
o
n
m
en
t
a
l
i
d
ent
ity
d
if
f
e
red
si
gni
fi
c
a
n
t
ly
a
cc
o
r
di
ng
t
o
ge
n
d
er
,
h
o
weve
r
t-tes
t
w
as
n
o
t
p
erf
o
rme
d
b
e
c
a
u
se
ev
e
n
t
hou
gh
n
o
r
ma
l
d
i
st
r
i
bu
ti
on
o
f
th
e
d
a
t
a
a
ssu
mp
tio
n
w
a
s
me
t
,
t
he
h
o
m
ogene
i
t
y
of
v
a
r
ia
nc
es
a
ss
u
m
pt
i
o
n
w
a
s
no
t
sa
ti
sf
i
e
d.
T
he
a
ver
a
g
e
e
nv
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
al
i
de
nt
i
t
y
scor
e
s
o
f
p
re-se
r
vi
ce
teac
h
e
rs
acc
ord
i
n
g
t
o
ge
n
d
e
r
i
s
gi
ve
n
i
n
T
ab
le
3
.
Ta
bl
e
3
s
h
ow
s
t
h
at
f
em
a
l
e
pr
e-
ser
v
i
c
e
scie
nc
e
t
e
ach
ers’
e
n
v
i
ron
m
en
t
a
l
id
ent
ity
a
v
e
rag
e
sc
o
r
e
i
s
h
ig
he
r
tha
n
m
a
l
es,
but
t
his
dif
f
er
enc
e
i
s
no
t
stat
ist
i
cal
ly
s
ign
i
f
i
c
a
nt
.
Ta
bl
e
3
.
Pre
-
s
e
rv
i
c
e t
e
ach
e
r
s
’
e
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
i
d
e
n
t
ity
sco
re
s ac
c
o
r
d
ing
t
o
g
ende
r
G
r
oups
N
Ma
l
e
3
4
125.
59
Fe
m
a
le
181
131.
32
3.
2.
Fin
d
in
gs
r
elat
e
d
t
o
e
n
viron
m
en
t
a
l
id
e
n
t
i
t
i
e
s
a
cc
ord
i
n
g
t
o
grad
e
On
e-
way
A
N
OVA
test
w
as
u
s
e
d
to
a
n
a
ly
ze
w
h
eth
e
r
th
er
e
are
sig
n
if
i
can
t
di
ff
ere
n
ce
s
among
en
vi
ron
m
en
t
a
l
id
e
n
tit
y
sc
o
r
es
o
f
p
r
e
-
serv
i
c
e
t
e
ach
e
r
s
ac
co
rd
i
n
g
t
o
gr
ad
e.
F
ir
st
o
f
a
l
l,
nor
ma
lit
y
t
e
s
t
s
w
e
r
e
co
nd
u
c
t
e
d
a
cco
rdi
n
g
to
t
h
e
g
r
a
d
e
l
e
v
el
a
nd
i
t
was
f
oun
d
th
a
t
t
h
e
da
t
a
h
a
s
n
or
ma
l
distr
i
bu
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
en,
w
ith
i
n
th
e
o
n
e
-way
ANOVA
test,
Lev
e
n
e
t
est
was
p
e
r
f
o
r
med
a
n
d
“th
e
e
q
u
i
va
l
e
nce
of
t
he
v
ar
ia
nce
s
o
f
the
g
r
ou
ps”
w
a
s
t
e
s
t
e
d
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
a
n
t
p
v
a
l
u
e
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
>
0
.
0
5
.
A
c
c
or
di
n
g
l
y,
t
he
g
r
o
up
v
ar
ianc
es
s
e
e
m
to
b
e
e
qua
l
[
3
6].
The
re
sul
t
s
ob
t
a
ine
d
f
r
o
m
the
LS
D
t
e
st
a
r
e
g
ive
n
i
n
T
a
b
le
4
.
S
i
nce
p
>
0.
0
5
i
n
Tab
l
e
4,
i
t
w
a
s
c
onc
l
ude
d
tha
t
t
he
r
e
i
s
no
s
i
gn
if
i
c
a
n
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
ence
a
m
o
n
g
t
he
e
nv
i
r
on
me
nt
a
l
i
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
o
f
p
r
e-se
rv
i
c
e
t
each
e
r
s
a
ccor
d
i
n
g
to
g
r
a
de
.
Ta
b
l
e
4.
A
NOV
A
r
e
sul
t
s
of
p
r
e
-
s
er
vic
e
t
e
ache
r
s’
e
nvir
o
nme
n
t
a
l
i
de
nt
ity
a
cc
or
d
i
n
g
t
o
gr
a
d
e
Sourc
e
of
t
he
v
a
r
i
a
nce
S
u
m
of
s
qua
r
e
s
SD
M
e
a
n
o
f
Squa
r
e
s
F
p
Be
t
w
e
e
n
-group
1055.
3
6
9
3
351.
79
0
0.
997
0
.
395
Wit
h
in-
g
r
oup
7443
0.
612
2
11
352.
75
2
T
o
ta
l
7548
5.
981
2
14
3.
3.
Fin
d
in
gs
relat
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
b
e
h
avi
or
t
ow
ard
s
e
n
v
iron
men
t
a
c
c
ord
i
n
g
t
o
g
en
der
I
n
t
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
t
he
d
i
ffe
r
e
nt
i
a
ti
o
n
o
f
sc
i
e
nc
e
teac
her
s
'
be
h
a
v
io
r
to
wa
r
d
s
e
n
vi
ron
m
e
n
t
acc
o
r
di
ng
t
o
g
e
nd
e
r
w
a
s
a
na
l
y
z
e
d
by
i
nd
ep
end
e
n
t
g
r
o
up
t
-
t
e
st
.
F
i
r
s
t
o
f
a
ll
,
no
r
m
al
it
y
t
e
st
s
were
c
on
du
ct
ed
a
cc
o
r
d
i
ng
t
o
ge
n
d
er
a
nd
it
w
a
s
f
o
und
t
ha
t
t
h
e
da
ta
i
s n
o
r
m
ally
d
is
t
r
ib
ut
ed.
T
h
e
n
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
L
e
v
e
n
e
t
e
s
t
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
gr
oup
var
i
a
n
ce
s
of
m
ale
and
f
e
m
a
le
s
t
u
de
n
t
s
ar
e
e
qual.
T
he
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
giv
e
n
i
n
T
a
b
le
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
Eval & R
es E
d
u
c
.
IS
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
From
the
env
i
r
onm
e
n
t
a
l ide
n
t
i
ty
t
o
t
h
e
be
hav
io
r: T
h
e
stat
us of p
r
e
-
service
scie
n
c
e
t
e
ac
he
rs
(Esra
K
ı
z
ı
la
y)
27
5
Tab
l
e 5
.
T-t
e
s
t
re
su
lt
s o
f
p
re
-se
r
v
i
ce
t
ea
ch
ers’ b
eh
a
v
i
o
r t
o
war
ds e
nvir
onm
ent
acc
or
di
ng
t
o
gen
de
r
Groups
N
t
p
Ma
l
e
34
87.
82
-2
.0
25
0
.0
4
4
Fe
m
a
l
e
181
91.
33
Ta
b
l
e
5
s
how
s
tha
t
,
fem
a
le
s
tu
de
nt
s’
a
vera
ge
b
e
h
a
v
ior
t
o
w
a
rds
e
nv
i
r
o
n
m
e
nt
s
c
o
re
(
=
91.3
3
)
i
s
sign
ifica
n
tl
y
h
i
gher
t
h
a
n
m
ale
stu
d
e
n
ts
(
=
8
7.
82).
The
ef
fec
t
s
i
z
e
w
a
s
calc
u
l
a
t
e
d
as
d
=
0
.14,
i
nd
ica
t
i
n
g
tha
t
the im
pa
ct
o
f g
e
nder
o
n
the be
h
av
i
o
r tow
a
rds
envir
onm
en
t i
s
low
(
Gre
e
n
and S
a
lk
i
n
d,
20
0
5
;
c
ite
d
in [36
]).
3.4.
Fin
d
i
n
gs re
l
at
ed
to
th
e b
e
h
avior
tow
ar
d
s
e
n
v
iron
men
t
a
ccor
d
in
g
to grade
One
-
wa
y
A
N
OVA
test
w
as
u
sed
t
o
a
nal
y
ze
i
f
ther
e
ar
e
sig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
d
if
fere
nces
a
m
o
ng
t
he
b
ehaviors
of
p
re
-service
t
e
ache
r
s
tow
a
rd
s
en
vir
onm
en
t
a
l
pr
ob
l
e
ms
a
c
c
ord
i
n
g
to
g
ra
de.
F
i
rst
of
a
ll,
n
or
ma
l
i
ty
t
e
s
ts
w
e
r
e
c
o
ndu
c
t
ed
a
c
c
o
r
di
ng
t
o
t
h
e
gra
d
e
l
e
v
e
l
a
n
d
i
t
wa
s
f
oun
d
th
a
t
t
h
e
da
ta
h
a
s
n
orm
a
l
di
stri
bu
t
i
on.
T
hen,
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
o
n
e-
way
ANOV
A
t
e
st
,
Lev
e
n
e
t
est
was
p
e
rfo
rmed
a
nd
"
th
e
equi
va
l
e
nce
o
f
t
he
v
a
r
iance
s
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
ou
ps"
w
a
s
te
ste
d
[
3
6
]
.
The
r
e
sult
a
n
t
p
va
lue
w
a
s
fo
u
nd
t
o
b
e
>
0
.
05.
A
c
c
ordi
n
g
l
y,
t
he
g
ro
up
v
a
ria
n
ces
s
e
e
m
to
b
e
equa
l
[36].
The
results o
b
t
ai
ne
d by
LS
D
test ar
e
give
n
i
n Ta
ble
6.
The
cr
it
ica
l
v
a
l
ue
i
n
t
h
e
F
d
i
s
t
rib
u
tio
n
ta
bl
e
[3
7]
u
se
d
to
i
nt
e
r
p
r
e
t
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
F
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
6
i
s
appr
ox
im
ate
l
y
2.
65
.
T
h
e
F
va
lue
calc
u
la
te
d
in
t
he
s
t
u
d
y
w
as
f
ou
nd
t
o
b
e
s
i
g
nif
i
c
a
nt
b
ec
au
se
i
t
was
gre
a
t
e
r
t
h
an
t
hi
s
crit
i
cal
v
alu
e
.
In
a
dd
iti
o
n
,
p
v
a
l
u
e
w
as
a
l
s
o
si
gnif
i
ca
nt,
t
h
us
a
t
l
e
ast
t
w
o
of
t
he
g
ra
d
e
l
e
v
e
l
s
h
a
ve
a
sign
ifica
n
t
di
ff
ere
n
ce
in
t
e
r
ms
o
f
be
ha
vi
or
t
ow
a
r
ds
e
n
v
ir
o
n
me
nt
a
l
p
r
oble
m
s.
L
S
D
t
e
s
t
w
a
s
use
d
t
o
de
term
in
e
the
grade
l
e
ve
ls
w
h
o
se
d
iffe
re
nce
w
e
re
s
ig
ni
fica
nt
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
of
be
ha
vi
o
r
t
ow
ards
e
nv
i
r
onm
en
tal
pro
b
lem
s
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
i
s
t
e
s
t
;
I
t
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
w
e
r
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
dif
f
e
ren
c
e
s
b
et
we
en
f
res
h
ma
n
p
r
e
-
serv
i
ce
t
e
a
c
h
e
rs’
av
era
g
e
sco
r
e
o
f
b
eh
avi
o
r
to
wa
rd
s
e
nvi
ro
n
m
en
t
a
l
p
r
obl
ems
(
=
88
.45
)
a
nd
t
h
e
t
hi
rd
g
ra
d
e
(
=93.
7
3
)
an
d
fo
ur
th
g
r
a
de
(
=
92.3
3
)
pre
-
ser
v
i
c
e
tea
c
h
ers’
b
eha
v
i
or
s
cor
e
.
The
sam
e
s
itu
a
t
ion
w
a
s
o
b
s
e
rved
am
ong
t
h
e
se
c
o
n
d
g
rade
p
r
e
-se
r
vice
tea
c
h
er
s
(
=
8
8
.57)
a
n
d
th
ird
an
d
fo
ur
th
g
rade
p
r
e
-se
r
vice
tea
c
h
er
s.
T
he
resul
t
s sh
ow
ed
t
ha
t t
h
e be
ha
vi
oral
s
c
o
res
for
env
i
ro
nme
n
t
a
l
pro
blem
s w
e
re
h
i
g
he
r in
t
he
u
pper
gra
d
es.
Th
e
eff
ect
o
f
th
e
g
r
ad
e
on
t
he
b
eh
avi
o
rs
o
f
p
r
e
-
se
rv
i
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
t
o
w
a
rds
env
i
ro
nm
en
ta
l
pr
ob
l
e
ms
w
a
s
c
a
lcu
l
ate
d
w
ith
t
he
e
ta-
s
quare
d
c
o
eff
i
c
i
ent
(η2)
[
3
7
],
w
hic
h
w
a
s
fo
u
nd
to
b
e
η
2
=
0
.06.
A
ccor
d
i
n
g
to
t
h
i
s
resul
t
,
i
t
can
b
e
sa
id
t
hat t
h
e
effect
o
f the
gra
d
e
leve
l
i
s
m
o
de
rate
(
Gr
een
a
nd S
a
lki
n
d, 200
5; c
i
t
e
d
i
n [36]
).
Tabl
e 6.
AN
O
V
A
resul
t
s
of pre-ser
v
i
ce
t
e
a
c
h
ers’ b
eh
a
v
io
r
t
o
ward
s en
vi
ron
m
e
n
t
a
l
p
r
obl
e
m
s a
c
c
o
r
d
i
ng
to
g
r
a
d
e
S
our
c
e
o
f
th
e v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
Su
m
of
squa
re
s
SD
M
ean
o
f
Squa
r
e
s
F
p
G
r
ad
e
s
h
av
i
n
g
signific
a
nt
d
iffe
re
n
c
e
s
Bet
w
een
-
g
r
ou
p
117
2.
8
5
8
3
390.
9
5
3
4.
735
0
.
003
1-
3
1-
4
2-
3
2-
4
W
ithin-
g
r
ou
p
17420.
975
211
82.
56
4
T
o
ta
l
18593.
833
214
3.5.
Th
e
re
l
a
t
i
on
sh
ip
b
etwee
n
e
n
v
ir
on
me
n
t
al id
e
n
t
ities an
d b
e
h
avior
tow
a
r
d
s e
n
v
i
ro
nmenta
l
pr
o
b
l
e
m
s
I
n
t
he
s
t
u
d
y
,
Pe
arson
mom
e
n
t
p
ro
d
u
ct
c
orre
lat
i
on
c
o
e
fficie
n
t
w
a
s
ca
l
c
u
l
a
t
ed
i
n
ord
e
r
t
o
e
xa
mine
t
he
rela
tio
ns
hip
b
e
tw
e
e
n
pre-
service
sc
i
e
nce
tea
c
he
rs
'
e
nvir
onm
en
ta
l
i
d
e
n
tit
y
an
d
the
i
r
beha
v
i
ors
to
w
a
rds
env
i
ro
nm
en
tal
prob
le
ms.
The
corr
ela
t
i
o
n
coe
f
fic
i
e
n
t
w
a
s
foun
d
a
s
0.
42
0,
w
hi
c
h
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
s
a
moder
a
te
rela
tio
ns
hip
be
tw
ee
n t
h
e
varia
b
le
s
[3
8].
3.6.
R
e
gr
essi
o
n
r
elate
d
t
o en
viro
n
m
ent
a
l
id
e
n
tity
a
n
d
th
e
b
eh
avi
or t
ow
ard
s
e
n
v
i
r
on
me
n
t
al
p
r
o
b
l
ems
I
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
s
i
m
p
l
e
l
i
n
e
a
r
r
e
g
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
w
a
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
i
n
or
der
t
o
s
ee
w
h
e
t
he
r
t
h
e
env
i
ro
nm
en
tal
ide
n
tit
y
o
f
p
r
e
-se
r
vice
sc
i
e
nce
te
ache
r
s
w
a
s
a
si
g
n
i
fica
nt
p
r
e
dic
t
or
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
beha
v
i
ors
t
o
w
a
rds
env
i
ro
nm
en
tal
pr
o
b
l
e
ms.
F
i
rst
l
y,
t
he
n
orm
a
li
t
y
o
f
the
data
w
as
t
e
st
e
d
a
n
d
nor
ma
l
d
i
str
i
b
u
t
i
on
w
a
s
c
onf
i
r
me
d.
The
n
,
re
gression ana
l
ys
is wa
s
per
form
ed.
The
resul
t
s ar
e
g
i
ve
n
in Table 7.
Tab
l
e
7. Regr
e
ssion
ana
l
ys
is re
l
a
t
e
d
t
o e
n
vi
r
onme
n
ta
l
i
d
e
n
tit
y
a
n
d beha
v
i
or
tow
ards
en
vi
ron
m
ent
a
l
p
r
ob
l
e
ms
V
a
r
i
ab
l
e
B
S
t
a
n
d
ar
d
er
r
o
r
β
t
p
C
onst
a
nt
63.
583
4.
066
-
15.638
0
.
000
E
nvironm
e
n
t
a
l
Identit
y
.
208
.
031
0
.
420
6
.
7
56
0
.
000
R
=
0
.
420 R
2
=
0
.
176
F
(1-2
13)
=
45.
642 p=
0
.
000
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISS
N
:
225
2-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
.
J.
Ev
al.
&
Res.
Ed
u
c
.
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
19: 2
71
-
2
79
27
6
As
a
r
e
s
ult
o
f
s
imple
l
i
ne
ar
r
egre
ssio
n
an
aly
s
is
p
erform
ed
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
ne
h
ow
t
he
e
nv
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
ide
n
ti
t
y
p
red
i
c
t
s
t
h
e
be
h
a
v
i
or
o
f
pre-
se
rvice
scie
nce
tea
c
h
ers
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
e
n
vir
onm
en
ta
l
pr
o
b
le
ms,
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
nt
r
e
lat
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
w
as
f
ou
n
d
b
etw
e
e
n
t
he
se
t
wo
v
ar
ia
bles
(
R=
0
.
420
;
R
2
=
0
.
1
76
).
I
t
w
a
s
f
o
und
t
h
a
t
env
i
r
o
nme
n
t
a
l
ide
n
ti
t
y
i
s
a
s
i
gn
ifi
c
a
n
t
pre
d
ic
tor
of
p
r
e
-se
r
vice
sc
ie
nce
te
ac
her
s
’
beha
v
i
or
t
ow
a
r
ds
e
n
v
i
r
o
nm
enta
l
pr
o
b
le
ms
(F
(1
-
213)
=45.
6
4
2
;
p
<
0.
00
5)
.
R
2
v
al
ue
s
how
e
d
t
ha
t
1
8
%
of
t
he
c
h
a
nge
i
n
the
be
ha
vior
o
f
pr
e-
se
r
vice
te
ac
hers
tow
a
r
d
s
e
n
vir
o
nm
enta
l
pr
o
b
l
em
s
c
a
n
b
e
e
x
p
la
i
n
ed
b
y
e
n
v
i
r
o
nm
enta
l
i
d
e
n
t
ity.
T
h
e
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
a
n
ce
t
e
s
t
fo
r
the
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ta
l
i
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
s
h
o
w
e
d
tha
t
t
his
v
a
riab
le
w
as
a
s
ign
i
fic
a
n
t
pr
e
d
ic
tor
.
A
c
c
or
din
g
t
o
the
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
of
r
e
gr
e
s
sio
n
a
na
lysis,
t
he
r
egr
e
ssion
e
q
ua
ti
o
n
i
s
gi
ve
n
be
l
o
w
.
B
e
ha
v
i
or
t
ow
ar
ds
e
n
v
i
r
on
m
e
nta
l
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
=
(
0
.
2
0
8
x
E
nv
i
r
on
m
e
nta
l
i
de
n
tit
y)
+
6
3.
58
3
3.
7.
Pa
t
h a
n
a
ly
sis f
o
r the v
a
r
ia
b
l
es o
f
the rese
a
r
ch
P
r
evio
us
a
na
lys
i
s
i
n
t
he
s
tud
y
w
as
r
evi
e
w
e
d
bef
o
r
e
p
r
o
pos
ing
a
p
a
t
h
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
re
l
a
ti
o
n
sh
ip
b
et
we
e
n
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
es
.
T
h
en
,
t
h
e
d
i
a
g
r
am
w
a
s
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
d
and
te
ste
d
a
s
se
en
i
n
F
i
gur
e
1.
F
i
gur
e
1.
P
a
th dia
gram
of the
st
ud
y
The
pa
t
h
d
ia
gr
am
p
r
e
pa
r
e
d
and
test
ed
i
n
t
h
e
stu
dy
is
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
1.
I
n
the
pa
th
a
na
lys
i
s,
t
he
gr
ade o
f
pre-se
r
vice tea
c
h
er
s was transfor
me
d
i
n
t
o
a tw
o
-ca
t
eg
o
ry
r
e
p
re
se
n
t
ati
v
e
v
a
ri
abl
e
.
T
h
e
co
ef
fi
ci
en
t
s
o
f
c
onc
or
da
nc
e
fo
r
t
h
e
pat
h
d
i
a
gr
am
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
a
r
e
gi
v
e
n
i
n
Ta
ble
8.
Tab
l
e
8.
C
oef
f
i
c
ien
t
s
o
f
c
onc
or
dance
f
o
r
t
h
e
pat
h
d
iagr
am
C
o
ef
f
i
ci
e
n
t
s
o
f
c
o
n
c
orda
nc
e
P
r
e
d
ic
te
d
Va
lue
s
Li
m
i
t
V
a
lu
es
(
[
39]
,
s
.
185)
χ
2
/sd
2
.8
1
4
≤
5
C
F
I
0.
9
6
5
≥
0
.
90
G
F
I
0.
9
9
1
≥
0
.
90
R
M
SE
A
0.
0
9
2
≤
0
.
10
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
he
p
a
t
h
dia
g
r
a
m
and
the
c
o
e
f
fic
i
e
n
t
s
o
f
c
onc
or
da
n
ce
,
it
w
as
f
oun
d
th
a
t
t
h
e
p
at
h
pr
esen
ted
d
i
ag
r
a
m
has
hi
gh
a
dap
t
a
b
i
lit
y.
T
he
t
o
t
a
l
a
nd
d
i
r
ec
t
e
f
f
ect
v
al
u
e
s
b
e
t
w
een
t
h
e
v
ari
a
ble
s
a
re
gi
ve
n
i
n
T
a
b
le
9
.
Ta
b
l
e
9.
T
he
t
ota
l
a
n
d
d
ir
ect
e
ff
ec
t
va
l
u
es
f
or
t
he
d
i
a
gr
am
Var
i
ab
l
e
s
Gr
ad
e
En
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
a
l
I
d
e
n
ti
t
y
Be
h
a
vior
t
owa
r
ds
e
nvir
onm
e
n
t
a
l
pro
b
l
e
m
s
0.
202
0
.
401
Tab
l
e
9
show
s
tha
t
b
e
i
ng
in
3
rd
a
n
d
4
th
g
r
a
de
(
β
=
0.
2
02,
p
<
0.
05)
a
n
d
e
nv
ir
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
i
de
n
tit
y
(
β
=
0.
41,
p
<
0.
05)
p
r
e
d
i
ct
t
he
b
e
h
avi
o
r
tow
a
r
d
s
e
n
v
i
r
o
nm
en
tal
pr
o
b
l
em
s.
I
n
a
d
d
i
ti
on,
it
w
a
s
fo
u
nd
t
h
a
t
t
he
e
ff
ec
t
of
g
r
a
de
a
n
d
e
nv
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
al
i
de
n
tit
y
o
n
t
he
b
eha
v
i
o
r
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
en
v
i
r
on
me
nt
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
ems
i
s
d
i
r
e
c
t
.
In
t
his
research
,
en
viron
m
ental
i
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
of
p
r
e
-
s
er
vice
s
cie
n
c
e
t
ea
c
h
er
s
a
nd
t
h
eir
be
ha
vi
or
s
tow
a
r
d
s
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ta
l
pro
b
lem
s
w
er
e
exam
ine
d
a
cc
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
ge
nd
er
a
n
d
g
r
ade
.
A
p
a
t
h
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
w
a
s
de
vel
o
ped
b
y
e
v
al
ua
t
i
ng
t
h
e
r
e
lat
i
o
n
shi
p
b
e
t
w
een
t
he
v
a
r
ia
ble
s
.
I
n
the
s
t
u
d
y
,
i
t
w
as fo
u
n
d
tha
t
fem
a
le s
tude
nts' a
ver
a
ge e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
id
e
n
t
ity
s
co
re
w
a
s
h
igh
e
r
than
t
h
e
a
v
e
r
ag
e
sco
r
e
of
m
al
es.
T
h
i
s
g
en
d
e
r
di
ff
ere
n
ce
i
s
c
o
n
s
ist
e
n
t
w
ith
p
r
e
v
i
ou
s
s
t
ud
ies
o
n
t
he
s
ub
jec
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
Eval & R
es E
d
u
c
.
IS
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
From
the
env
i
r
onm
e
n
t
a
l ide
n
t
i
ty
t
o
t
h
e
be
hav
io
r: T
h
e
stat
us of p
r
e
-
service
scie
n
c
e
t
e
ac
he
rs
(Esra
K
ı
z
ı
la
y)
27
7
[1
1,
3
1,
4
0].
Ther
e
w
a
s
no
s
ig
ni
fica
n
t
d
i
f
fere
nce
be
tw
ee
n
pre-
s
e
r
vic
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
'
e
n
v
ir
onm
en
ta
l
i
d
ent
ity
ac
cord
in
g t
o
gr
a
de.
I
t
w
as
f
ou
nd
t
h
at
f
em
ale
st
u
d
en
ts’
a
v
era
g
e
scor
e
of
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
env
i
ro
nme
n
tal
pro
b
lem
s
w
as
sign
ifica
n
tl
y
h
i
g
h
e
r
t
ha
n
t
h
e
ave
r
age
sc
or
e
of
m
ale
s
.
In
a
s
tu
d
y
c
o
nd
uc
t
e
d
by
A
l
nıac
ı
k
[
4
1
],
e
nviro
n
m
ent-
frie
nd
ly
b
e
h
a
v
iors
o
f
uni
ver
s
ity
s
t
ude
n
t
s
w
e
r
e
e
xam
i
ne
d.
I
n
t
h
e
s
t
udy
,
i
t
w
as
c
on
c
l
ud
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
fe
ma
l
e
stude
n
t
s
'
e
nv
ironme
n
t-frie
ndl
y
beha
v
i
ors
w
e
re
s
ig
ni
fic
a
n
t
l
y
h
i
g
her
.
I
n
a
s
t
ud
y
c
o
nd
uc
ted
b
y
K
ı
s
og
l
u
,
Y
ildir
im
,
S
a
lm
an
a
nd
S
u
lun
[
4
2],
it
w
a
s
foun
d
t
h
a
t
f
e
m
a
l
e
pre
-
s
ervice
t
eac
hers'
ave
r
a
g
e
score
for
env
i
ro
nm
en
tal
pr
o
b
le
ms
w
as hig
he
r
t
h
a
n
the
a
ver
a
ge
s
core
o
f
m
a
l
es.
In
a
s
t
u
d
y
in
w
h
ich
pre-
se
rvice
tea
c
her
s
'
beha
v
i
ors
tow
a
rds
the
e
n
vir
onme
n
t
w
e
re
e
xa
mine
d,
i
t
w
a
s
c
onc
l
u
d
e
d
t
ha
t
t
h
e
ave
r
ag
e
scor
e
of
t
he
f
em
ale
stude
n
t
s
w
a
s highe
r
[4
3].
In
t
he
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
S
a
hi
n
a
nd
D
o
g
u
[4
4
],
it
w
a
s
fou
n
d
t
ha
t
fe
ma
l
e
p
r
e
-ser
vi
c
e
p
res
c
hoo
l
teac
hers
'
be
ha
vi
or
s
cor
e
s
re
la
ted
to
e
n
v
ir
onm
enta
l
prob
le
ms
w
e
r
e
si
g
n
i
f
i
can
tl
y
hi
gh
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
scores
o
f
ma
les.
S
i
m
il
a
r
r
e
s
ul
ts
w
ere
ob
tai
n
e
d
f
or
s
e
c
o
ndar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
stude
nts.
F
em
ale
st
ude
n
t
s'
e
n
v
i
ronm
en
ta
l
beha
vi
o
r
score
s
w
ere
foun
d
t
o
b
e
hi
g
h
er
[
4
5
].
F
e
m
a
l
e
st
u
d
en
ts
a
re
like
l
y
t
o
ha
v
e
h
ig
her
sc
ores
on
e
n
viro
n
m
enta
l
pro
b
lem
s
t
ha
n
ma
l
e
s
tu
de
nt
s,
b
eca
use
w
o
me
n
ar
e
mo
re
s
e
n
sit
i
v
e
t
o
t
h
e
env
i
ronme
n
t
an
d
give
m
o
r
e
impor
ta
nce
t
o
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
al
c
lea
n
l
i
ness
[
4
6
].
U
nl
ike
al
l
the
s
e
re
su
lts,
A
r
i
[4
7]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
m
ale
u
n
ive
r
sity
stude
n
t
s
'
e
nv
i
r
onme
n
t
a
l
be
ha
vi
or
s
core
s
w
e
re sig
ni
fica
n
t
ly
h
i
g
h
er
t
ha
n fem
a
le
s
tu
den
t
s
'
.
I
n
t
he
s
tu
dy,
i
t
w
a
s
f
oun
d
t
h
at
t
he
a
ver
a
g
e
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
sco
r
es
o
f
p
r
e
-
serv
i
c
e
sc
i
e
n
c
e
t
each
ers
wh
o
a
t
t
e
n
d
t
h
i
r
d
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
t
h
g
r
a
d
e
w
e
r
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
h
i
g
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
a
v
era
g
e
scor
es
o
f
the
f
i
r
s
t
a
nd
sec
o
n
d
gra
d
e
stude
n
t
s.
A
s
imilar
r
e
sul
t
w
a
s
r
e
v
eale
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
ud
y
of
K
ı
s
og
l
u
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
2
]
,
i
n
w
h
i
ch
i
t
wa
s
f
o
und
t
hat
th
e
ave
r
age
be
hav
i
or
s
c
o
res
of
t
h
e
f
o
u
rt
h-grade
pre
-
service
tea
c
her
s
w
e
re
s
i
g
nif
i
c
a
n
t
ly
h
igh
e
r
tha
n
t
hose
o
f
t
he
firs
t-gra
d
e.
T
h
e
p
r
oba
b
l
e
ca
use
of
t
h
i
s
s
i
t
u
ati
o
n
ma
y
be
t
he
e
n
v
i
r
onme
n
t
a
l
sc
i
e
nce
c
our
se
i
nc
l
ude
d
i
n
t
he
t
h
i
r
d
y
e
a
r
c
u
r
ri
cul
u
m
of
t
h
e
s
c
i
en
ce
e
d
u
cati
o
n
un
d
e
rg
radu
a
t
e
p
r
ogr
am
.
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
w
ho
t
a
ke
e
nvir
o
n
m
enta
l
course
s
a
t
t
he
uni
ve
rsity
e
x
h
i
b
it
mor
e
p
osi
t
i
v
e
be
ha
vi
ors
relat
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
e
nviro
nm
en
t
tha
n
s
t
u
den
t
s
w
h
o
do
n
o
t
atte
n
d
suc
h co
urse
s [4
8].
I
n
t
he
r
esea
rch,
a
m
ode
rate
r
elati
o
nsh
i
p
was
re
vealed
b
e
t
we
e
n
p
re-se
r
v
i
ce
s
ci
e
n
c
e
t
ea
ch
ers’
env
i
ro
nm
en
tal
ide
n
tit
y
a
n
d
the
i
r
be
h
a
v
i
ors
tow
a
rds
e
n
v
i
ronme
n
t
a
l
p
r
obl
e
m
s.
I
t
wa
s
fo
und
t
h
a
t
p
r
e
-
se
rv
i
ce
teac
hers
'
en
v
i
ronm
en
ta
l
i
d
en
t
i
t
y
i
s
a
sig
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
pr
edi
c
t
o
r
o
f
the
i
r
be
hav
i
or
t
ow
ards
e
nv
i
r
onm
en
tal
pro
b
lem
s
.
I
t
w
a
s
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
t
h
a
t
1
8
%
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
p
r
e
-
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s’
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
s
t
ow
ar
ds
e
n
v
i
r
onm
en
tal
pro
b
l
e
m
s
ca
n
be
e
xp
la
i
n
ed
b
y
t
h
eir
e
n
v
i
r
onm
en
ta
l
i
d
en
t
ity.
This
f
a
c
t
in
d
i
c
a
t
es
t
h
a
t
e
nvi
ro
nme
n
t
a
l
id
en
ti
ty
h
a
s
a
sign
ifica
n
t e
ffe
c
t
i
n s
h
a
p
i
n
g t
h
e be
ha
vi
ors relate
d
to e
n
v
i
ro
nm
enta
l pr
o
b
l
e
ms and it is p
r
oba
b
l
y d
u
e to
t
he fac
t
tha
t
t
he
e
n
v
i
ro
nm
ent
h
a
s
a
d
i
ffere
n
t
impor
ta
nce
in
t
he
T
urk
i
s
h
c
u
lture
a
nd
t
he
b
e
l
iefs
o
f
the
T
u
r
k
s.
I
nde
ed,
i
n
the
st
u
d
ie
s
c
o
n
duc
te
d by Tan
i
k
[
4
9]
a
n
d
Cla
yto
n
a
nd K
i
l
i
n
c [3
1]
,
i
t
w
as
f
o
und
t
h
a
t
th
e
en
vi
ron
m
ent
a
l
id
e
n
ti
ty
of
p
re
-service
t
e
a
c
h
ers
w
a
s
a
n
i
m
p
orta
n
t
p
r
e
dic
t
or
o
f
e
nvi
ronm
e
nt-friendly
be
haviors.
I
n
the
resear
ch,
it
was
f
oun
d
en
vi
ronme
n
t
a
l
id
e
n
ti
t
y
a
nd
a
tt
en
ding
3
rd
a
n
d
4
th
g
rade
o
f
scie
n
c
e
e
d
uc
a
t
io
n
p
r
ogram
p
re
dic
t
ed
t
he
beha
v
i
or
t
ow
ards e
n
v
iro
n
me
n
t
a
l
pr
o
b
l
em
s.
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
The
re
se
arc
h
r
e
v
eale
d
a
m
o
d
e
ra
t
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
betw
ee
n
pre-
servi
ce
s
c
i
en
ce
t
ea
c
h
ers'
e
n
v
i
r
on
m
e
n
t
a
l
ide
n
tit
y
a
n
d
th
eir
be
ha
vi
ors
t
o
w
a
rds
e
n
v
i
ro
nm
enta
l
pro
b
l
e
m
s.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
18
%
of
t
he
c
h
a
nge
i
n
the
be
hav
i
ors
of
p
re-se
r
vice
t
eac
hers
t
ow
a
r
d
s
e
nvir
o
nm
en
ta
l
pro
b
lem
s
c
a
n
be
e
xp
la
in
ed
b
y the
i
r e
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
ide
n
tit
y
.
REFE
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A
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ro
ject-b
ased
l
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a
rni
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the
g
a
p
?
T
u
r
ki
sh
studen
t
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and
pro
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irom
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tal
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i
ou
rs,
"
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l J
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f
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&
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s,
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p
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log
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v
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eep
eco
lo
g
y
f
or
t
he
21
st
cen
tury
,
"
B
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s
t
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n
:
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la
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t
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ess,
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s
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u
s
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iro
n
m
e
nt
al
c
om
m
uni
cati
o
n
and
th
e
cul
t
ural
poli
t
i
c
s
o
f
e
nv
ironm
ent
a
l
citizen
shi
p
,"
E
n
vi
ron
m
ent a
nd Plan
ni
ng
,
v
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l
.
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pp
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60
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Co
urte
n
a
y-Ha
ll,
P.,
&
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ge
rs,
L.
,
"
G
a
p
s
in
m
i
n
d
:
P
ro
ble
m
s
in
e
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
ta
l
e
d
uc
a
t
ion
kn
owle
dg
e
/
b
e
h
a
viou
r
m
o
d
e
lli
ng research
,"
En
viro
nm
en
t
a
l Edu
c
a
t
io
n
R
e
sea
r
ch
,
vol.
8(3),
pp
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9
7
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2002
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[5]
Cot
t
re
ll,
S
.
P
.
,
"
In
fluen
ce
of
s
ocio
dem
o
graph
i
cs
a
nd
en
vi
ronm
en
t
a
l
a
tt
itud
e
s
o
n
ge
n
e
ra
l
r
e
sp
on
sib
l
e
e
n
viro
nme
n
ta
l
beh
a
vi
or
a
m
o
n
g
recre
a
t
i
on
al
boa
ters,
"
E
n
vi
ronmen
t a
nd Beh
a
vi
or
, v
ol
.
3
5
(
3)
, pp
.
3
4
7
–
3
7
5
, 2
00
3.
[6]
Hu
ng
erfo
rd,
H.R.
a
n
d
V
ol
k
,
T
.L
.,
"
Chan
gin
g
l
earner
b
e
hav
i
or
t
hr
ou
gh
e
nv
iron
me
nta
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
,
"
T
h
e Jour
na
l
o
f
Environ
m
ent
a
l E
d
ucation
,
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p.
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Kol
l
m
u
ss,
A
.
,
&
A
gy
e
m
a
n
,
J.
,
"
M
ind
the
ga
p:
W
hy
d
o
p
e
op
le
a
c
t
e
nvi
ronm
e
n
t
a
l
l
y
and
w
h
at
a
re
t
he
b
arriers
t
o
p
ro-
env
i
ro
nm
ent
a
l
behav
i
or
?,"
En
viron
m
ent
a
l Ed
ucati
on Resea
r
ch
, vo
l
.
(
3),
pp
.
23
9–
2
6
0,
2
00
2.
[8]
Mo
ge
n
s
e
n
,
F.
,
&
Nie
l
se
n,
K
.,
"
S
tu
de
n
t
s’
k
no
wle
d
ge
a
b
o
u
t
e
n
viron
me
n
t
a
l
m
a
t
te
r
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
ir
b
e
l
ie
f
in
t
he
i
r
o
wn
acti
o
n pos
s
ib
ilit
ies -
a
Danish
s
tu
dy,"
Jo
ur
nal
of E
n
vir
onmen
ta
l Edu
c
ati
o
n
,
vo
l.
3
3
(
1
)
,
p
p
. 3
3–
35
,
2
0
01
.
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S
N
: 225
2-
882
2
Int.
J
.
Ev
al. & R
es. Educ.
Vol.
8, No. 2, June
2
0
19:
2
71
- 2
79
27
8
[9]
D.
Y
e
nck
e
n,
J
.
F
i
e
n,
v
e
H
.
S
y
k
es
(
Ed.
)
.,
"
Yo
un
g
peop
le
a
nd
th
e
en
v
i
ro
nm
en
t
:
T
he
i
m
p
l
i
catio
ns
f
or
env
i
ro
nm
ent
a
li
s
m
,"
Envi
ronme
n
t
,
educat
i
o
n
and soci
ety i
n
t
h
e As
i
a
-P
acific
(ss.
2
1
2
-
25
0).
Lon
d
on:
Ro
utle
dg
e
, 2
00
0
.
[10]
Wilk
e
,
R
.,
"
L
i
t
e
racy
m
od
el
d
evel
op
m
e
n
t
a
nd
f
r
amew
ork
,
"
R.
W
ilk
e
(
E
d
.)
,
Environmental Educa
t
ion
Lit
e
racy/
Needs
As
sessment Pr
oject
: As
sessing
Envi
ronm
ental Lite
r
a
cy
of
St
udents
and Envi
ronmental Education
Needs
of
T
e
ache
r
s
; Fin
a
l
Repo
rt fo
r 1
9
9
3
-1
995
(
s
s
.
5
-
6
)
.
S
t
e
v
e
n
s
P
o
i
n
t
,
W
I
:
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
W
i
s
c
o
n
s
i
n
–
S
t
e
v
e
n
s
P
o
in
t,
1
99
5.
[11]
Al
p
,
E
.
, Ertep
inar,
H.,
T
e
k
k
a
ya,
C., &
Y
i
l
maz,
A
., "
A
surv
ey
o
n
T
u
r
kis
h
e
lem
e
ntary s
c
ho
ol
s
t
uden
t
s
’
env
iro
n
m
e
n
t
al
f
r
ien
d
ly
b
e
h
avi
o
u
r
s an
d as
so
cia
t
ed
vari
a
bl
es",
Env
i
ro
nme
n
ta
l Edu
c
atio
n
Re
se
arc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
(2
),
p
p.
1
29
-14
3
, 2
00
8.
[12]
F
i
s
h
e
r
,
J
.
D
.
,
F
i
s
h
e
r
,
W
.
A
.
,
&
S
h
u
p
e
r
,
P
.
,
"
T
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
t
i
v
at
io
n-beh
a
vi
oral
s
k
i
ll
s
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
H
IV
p
reven
t
i
v
e
beh
a
vi
or,
"
R
.
DeCl
emen
te,
R.
C
rosb
y,
a
nd
M
.
K
egl
e
r
(Ed
.
),
Em
e
r
g
i
ng
th
eor
i
es
in
heal
th
pr
o
m
o
t
i
o
n
pr
acti
ce an
d
res
e
ar
c
h
(
ss.
2
1
-65
)
.
S
an
F
rancisco:
Wiley
ve
S
ons
,
2
009.
[13]
Jen
s
en
,
B.
,
"Kno
wl
edg
e
,
actio
n
an
d
pro
-
env
i
ro
n
m
ent
a
l
beh
a
vi
our
,
"
En
v
i
ro
nme
n
t
a
l Edu
c
at
io
n
Re
se
arc
h
,
vo
l
.
8
(3
),
pp
.
3
25-3
3
4
,
2
0
0
2.
[14]
Kemp
t
o
n
,
W
.
,
B
ost
e
r,
J
.S.
,
&
H
art
l
ey,
J
.
A.,
En
vir
onm
ent
a
l
va
lu
es in
American cul
t
u
r
e.
Cam
b
ri
dge:
MA,
M
I
T
Pre
s
s,
1
99
5.
[15]
S
c
hu
ltz,
P.
W
.
,
"
Inclu
s
i
o
n
wi
th
n
atu
r
e:
U
nders
ta
n
d
i
ng
hum
an
–n
a
t
ure
i
n
t
e
ractio
ns,"
P
.
S
c
hm
u
c
k
ve
P
.
W.
S
ch
u
l
tz
(Ed.)
,
T
h
e
ps
ychol
og
y of sust
a
i
n
a
bl
e
develo
p
m
e
nt
(
ss
.
61
–7
8).
Ne
w
York:
Kluwer,
20
02.
[16]
Clayton,
S
.,
"Envi
r
o
nmental
i
d
e
n
tity
:
A
concept
u
al
a
nd
a
n
oper
a
ti
ona
l
d
ef
i
n
ition
,
"
S.
C
layton
&
S
.
Opotow
(
Ed.)
,
Identity and the
Nat
u
ral Envi
ron
m
ent
(ss.
4
5
-
65
).
C
am
bri
dge,
M
A:
M
IT
P
res
s
,
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[17]
Clayto
n,
S
., & O
po
t
o
w,
S
.,
Identit
y
an
d the
natural
envi
ro
n
m
en
t
,
Lon
d
o
n
:
The
M
I
T
Pre
ss, 2
00
3.
[18]
Ni
sbe
t
,
E
.
K
.
,
Z
e
l
en
sk
i
,
J
.
M
.,
&
Mu
rp
hy
,
S.
A
.
,
"
T
h
e
n
a
t
u
re
r
e
la
te
dn
e
s
s
sc
a
l
e
:
l
in
king
i
n
d
i
vidu
a
l
s'
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
io
n
wi
th
nat
u
re
t
o
en
v
i
ro
nm
en
tal
con
cern
an
d
b
e
havi
or,
"
En
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t an
d Be
ha
v
i
o
r
,
vol
.
41
(5
),
7
15
-740
, 2
00
9.
[19]
Negev
,
M
.,
Sag
y
,
G.
,
Garb
,
Y.,
Sa
lzberg
,
A
.
,
&
T
a
l,
A
.,
"
E
v
a
l
u
a
ting
th
e
en
vi
ronm
en
tal
lit
eracy
o
f
Israel
i
elem
ent
a
ry
a
n
d
h
ig
h
scho
ol
st
udent
s,
"
T
h
e
J
o
ur
n
a
l of Enviro
nmen
ta
l E
d
u
c
a
t
ion,
3
9
(2), 3-20,
2
00
8.
[20]
Ozt
u
rk,
G.,
T
u
zu
n,
Ö
.,
&
T
ek
so
z,
G
.,
"Ex
p
lori
ng
env
i
ronment
a
l
l
it
eracy
t
hro
ugh
d
em
ograp
hi
c
vari
abl
e
s
”
,
El
ement
a
ry Education
Online
.
vol
.
12
(4),
p
p
.
926-9
3
7
,
2
0
1
3
.
[21]
Tek
s
oz,
G.,
S
a
hi
n,
E
.,
&
E
r
tepin
a
r,
H
.,
"
Çevre
oku
ryazarl
ı
ğı
,
ö
ğ
r
etm
e
n
aday
ları
v
e
s
ü
rd
ürülebili
r
bir
gelecek,"
Hacettepe Ünive
r
sites
i
E
ğ
itim Fakül
t
esi Dergis
i,
v
o
l
.
39
,
pp
. 3
07
-
3
20
,
2
0
1
0
.
[22]
Ert
e
n,
S
.,
"
O
kul
ö
nces
i
öğret
men
ad
ayl
a
rın
d
a
çev
re
d
ost
u
d
av
ran
ışları
n
a
r
aşt
ı
r
ılmas
ı,
"
Hacettepe Üni
v
ersi
tes
i
E
ğ
i
tim Fak
ü
l
t
es
i Dergisi
,
vol.
28,
p
p.
9
1-1
00,
2
0
0
5
.
[23]
T
i
k
k
a
,
P
.
M
.
,
K
u
i
t
u
n
e
n
,
M
.
T
.
,
&
T
y
n
y
s
,
S
.
M
.
,
"
E
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
onal
b
ackground
o
n
stud
ents’
attitude,
a
c
tivi
t
y
lev
e
ls,
an
d
kn
o
w
l
e
dg
e
co
ncern
i
ng
t
he
e
nvi
ronm
ent,
"
T
h
e Jou
r
na
l o
f
E
n
vi
ro
nmet
al
E
duca
t
i
o
n
,
vo
l.
3
1
(
3),
pp
.
1
2-19
,
2
0
0
0
.
[24]
Berb
erog
lu,
G.
,
&
To
su
no
g
l
u
C
.,
"Expl
o
ratory
a
n
d
c
onfirm
at
ory
f
act
or
a
naly
ses
of
a
n
en
vi
ro
nm
en
tal
attit
u
d
e
s
cale
(EA
S
)
f
o
r
T
u
rki
s
h un
iversity
s
t
u
dents
,
"
Jou
r
n
a
l of
En
vir
o
n
m
ent
a
l
Ed
uca
t
io
n
, v
ol
.
2
6
(
3), 40
-
4
4
, 19
9
5
.
[25]
Kai
s
er,
F.G.
,
Wölfing,
S
.,
&
Fu
hrer,
U.,
"Envi
r
onmental
attit
ud
e
and
ec
ol
ogi
cal
b
ehav
io
r,
"
J
o
ur
na
l o
f
En
viro
n
m
ent
a
l Ps
ychol
og
y
,
v
ol.
1
9
,
p
p.
1
-19
,
1
999.
[26]
New
hou
se,
N
.
,
"Im
p
l
i
cation
s
o
f
attit
ude
a
nd
b
ehavi
o
r
research
f
or
e
nviron
m
ental
co
ns
ervat
i
on,"
T
h
e Jou
r
n
a
l
of
Environ
m
ent
a
l E
d
ucation
,
vol.
22
(1
),
p
p.
2
6–
32
,
1991
.
[27]
S
a
m
a
,
E
.
,
"Öğ
r
etm
e
n
aday
larının
çev
re
s
o
r
un
ların
a
y
önelik
t
ut
u
m
lar
ı
,"
G
.
Ü. Ga
z
i
E
ğ
itim
Fakült
esi
Derg
i
s
i,
vo
l.
23
(2),
p
p.
9
9
-
110,
2
00
3.
[28]
Kah
y
aog
l
u
,
M
.
,
&
O
z
g
en,
N.,
"
A
n
in
ves
tig
ati
on
o
f
p
re
-s
ervi
ce
te
ach
ers’
a
tt
it
udes
to
w
a
rds
en
vi
ronm
en
tal
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
in
term
s
o
f
s
e
veral
vari
ables,
"
Jou
r
n
a
l of T
h
eo
retical
Ed
uca
t
i
onal
Scien
ce,
v
o
l.
5
(2
),
p
p.
1
71
-18
5
,
201
2.
[29]
Yi
l
m
az,
A
.,
Mo
r
gi
l,
I
.
, A
k
t
ug
, P
.,
& Go
bek
l
i
,
İ
.,
"
K
now
l
e
d
g
e of
t
he s
econd
ary s
c
h
o
o
l
and
univ
e
rsity
st
udents
on
t
h
e
env
i
ro
nm
ent,
e
n
v
iron
m
e
n
t
al
c
oncept
s
a
nd
p
rob
l
e
m
s
an
d
s
ugg
estio
n
s,"
Hacet
tepe
Uni
versity Journal
o
f
Education
,
vo
l.
22,
p
p
.
1
56
-162
,
2
00
2.
[30]
Johnson,
B
.
&
Christensen,
L
.
,
Nicel
, Nitel ve
Karm
a Ya
kla
ş
ı
mlar
(
A
.
Tü
rk
do
ğa
n
,
Ç
e
v
.).
An
ka
ra
:
Eğ
ite
n
Kitap, 2014.
[31]
Clay
ton
,
S
.,
&
K
i
l
i
n
c
,
A
.
,
"P
roen
vi
ro
nm
en
tal
con
cern
an
d
b
e
hav
i
or
i
n
Turkey
:
T
h
e
ro
le
o
f
n
a
ti
on
a
l
a
nd
environment
a
l
i
d
entity,
"
Psyeco
lo
gy,
vo
l
. 4(
3
)
, pp
. 3
11
-3
30
,
2
0
1
3
.
[32]
Gu
ven
,
E
.
,
&
A
yd
og
du,
M
.
,
"
D
evel
opm
en
t
of
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
al
p
ro
blem
s
b
e
h
a
vi
ou
r
scal
e
and
d
e
term
in
atio
n
o
f
teach
er
c
an
did
a
tes
’
b
ehav
iou
r
l
evel
s,"
Ul
uda
ğ
Ün
iv
e
r
s
i
te
s
i
E
ğ
it
i
m
F
a
kü
ltes
i
Der
g
i
s
i
,
v
o
l
.
25
(2),
2
012,
pp
.
5
73-5
8
9
,
2
0
1
2.
[33]
Fraen
ke
l
, J. R
.,
&
W
a
llen,
N
. E
. "
Ho
w to
d
esign
and
evaluate re
s
e
arch
in
edu
cati
o
n
,
"
M
c
G
r
awall
Hill
,
2
006
.
[34]
T
a
b
achni
ck,
B
. G.
,
&
F
i
d
ell
, L
. S
.
,
U
s
i
n
g
mu
lt
i
v
a
r
ia
te
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
.
Bo
s
t
on: A
ll
yn
a
n
d
Bacon,
2
0
0
7
.
[35]
Bu
yu
ko
z
t
urk
, S.
,
So
sy
al
b
i
l
i
m
l
e
r
i
ç
in
v
e
r
i
an
a
l
iz
i e
l
k
i
t
a
b
ı
(
12.
B
a
sk
ı
).
A
nk
ara
:
P
eg
em
A
kad
e
mi, 2
0
1
0
.
[36]
Can,
A
.
,
SP
S
S
il
e bi
li
msel
ar
a
ş
t
ı
rm
a
s
ü
r
ecind
e nicel ver
i a
nalizi
(2. Ba
sk
ı
)
.
An
kara:
Peg
e
m
Ak
adem
i,
2
0
14.
[37]
Bu
yu
ko
z
t
urk
,
S
.,
Cok
l
u
k
,
O.
&
K
o
k
lu,
N.,
Sosyal
b
iliml
e
r
i
ç
in istat
i
s
tik (
1
4
.
Bask
ı
)
.
An
kara:
P
e
gem
Ak
adem
i, 20
1
4
.
[38]
Sen
can, H.,
So
sy
a
l
ve d
a
vr
an
ı
ş
sa
l
ölçüm
l
er
de g
ü
v
e
n
i
li
r
l
ik ve g
eçerl
i
lik
.
A
n
k
a
ra:
S
e
çk
in
Y
ayı
n
c
ı
lı
k,
200
5.
[39]
Ozd
a
mar
,
K.,
E
ğ
itim, sa
ğ
l
ı
k ve
d
a
vr
an
ı
ş
b
i
li
m
l
er
inde ölçek v
e
tes
t
g
e
li
ş
ti
rm
e/
ya
p
ı
sal e
ş
itl
i
k
model
l
emesi.
Eskiş
e
hi
r:
Ni
san
Kitabev
i
,
20
16
.
[40]
Tu
ncer,
G.,
E
r
t
e
pı
nar,
H
.
,
T
ekk
a
ya,
C.
,
&
S
u
n
gur,
S.
,
"En
v
i
r
onm
ental
attitudes
o
f
y
oung
p
eople
in
T
urkey:
E
ff
ect
s
o
f
s
c
h
oo
l typ
e
a
nd
ge
n
de
r,"
Enviro
nm
ental Edu
c
at
io
n
R
e
sear
ch,
v
o
l.
11
, p
p.
21
5
-
23
3, 20
0
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
Eval & R
es E
d
u
c
.
IS
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
From
the
env
i
r
onm
e
n
t
a
l ide
n
t
i
ty
t
o
t
h
e
be
hav
io
r: T
h
e
stat
us of p
r
e
-
service
scie
n
c
e
t
e
ac
he
rs
(Esra
K
ı
z
ı
la
y)
27
9
[41]
Al
n
i
acik,
U
.,
"Çevreci
y
ö
n
eli
m
,
çevre
d
ost
u
d
avr
a
nı
ş
v
e
d
em
og
ra
fik
özellikler:
üni
versi
t
e
öğrencileri
ü
zerinde
b
ir
araşt
ı
rm
a
,
"
SÜ
İİ
BF So
sya
l
ve E
k
on
om
ik
A
r
a
ş
t
ı
rmal
a
r
Dergisi,
2010
.
[42]
Ki
so
g
l
u,
M.
,
Y
i
l
d
i
r
i
m
, T.
, S
al
man
,
M.
,
&
S
ul
un
,
A
.
, "I
n
v
e
st
i
g
at
ion
of b
ehavi
o
rs
t
oward
s
en
v
i
r
on
m
e
n
t
al
pro
bl
e
m
s
in
teach
er
c
and
i
da
t
e
s
w
h
o
will
g
ive
envi
ron
m
e
n
tal
ed
ucati
o
n
at
p
ri
m
a
ry
a
n
d
s
e
c
on
da
ry
s
c
hoo
ls
,"
Erzi
ncan
Üniversit
e
s
i
E
ğ
itim Fakül
t
es
i
Dergi
s
i
,
v
o
l.
18
(1
),
pp.
299
-31
8
,
20
1
6
.
[43]
Tim
ur,
S.
,
Y
i
lmaz,
S
.
&
Tim
u
r,
B
.
,
"
E
xami
n
i
ng
th
e
en
viro
nm
en
tal
b
eh
avio
rs
o
f
pre-serv
ice
t
each
er
s,
"
YYU J
o
ur
na
l
Of
Educat
ion
Fa
cult
y,
vo
l.
10
(1),
p
p
.
1
25-1
4
1
,
201
3.
[44]
S
a
hi
n,
H
.
G.,
&
D
ogu
,
S
.
,
"P
re-Serv
i
ce
pr
esc
h
ool
t
eachers’
a
tti
tu
des
an
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
ors
rel
a
t
e
d
to
e
nv
iro
n
m
e
nt
al
pro
b
l
e
ms,
"
El
em
en
tar
y
Ed
ucati
o
n
On
lin
e
,
v
o
l.
1
7
(
3),
20
18
.
[45]
Dem
i
rel,
R
.
,
"De
t
ermi
ni
ng
s
eco
nd
ary
s
t
u
d
ent
s
’
behav
i
o
r
t
oward
s
t
h
e
env
i
ron
m
ent
,
"
J
o
urn
a
l
o
f
Th
e
o
ry
an
d Pra
c
tic
e
in Educat
i
o
n
,
vol.
12
(4
),
p
p.
8
6
3
-87
8
,
201
6.
[46]
Un
lu
,
I.
&
M
etin
,
O.,
"El
e
m
e
nta
r
y
st
uden
t
’s
l
evel
s
o
f
r
eachi
n
g
the
v
a
lu
es
i
n
t
e
rm
s
of
g
ender
v
a
ri
abl
e
,"
Ah
i Ev
r
a
n
Üniversit
e
s
i
K
ı
r
ş
eh
ir
E
ğ
i
tim
Fak
ü
lt
es
i
Dergisi (
K
EF
A
D
)
, v
ol
.
1
7
(
2
), pp
.
6
9
7
-7
13
,
2
0
1
6
.
[47]
Ari
,
E
.,
"
To
i
nvest
ig
a
t
e
th
e
s
t
ru
ctu
r
al
e
qu
ation
m
o
d
e
l
of
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
ntal
t
hough
t
and
beh
a
v
i
o
r
o
f
univers
ity
st
udents
,"
In
te
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
Sc
ie
nc
e
,
vo
l.
40,
pp.
1
6
7
-181
,
2
01
5.
[48]
Gu
lt
ekin
,
M.
C
.,
"
An
i
nvesti
g
a
iıo
n
i
n
t
o
u
n
i
versi
t
y
stud
ent
s
'
en
v
i
ro
nm
en
t
a
l
sen
s
it
ivit
y:
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
of
M
ardi
n
Art
uklu
Un
i
v
ersit
y
,"
S
e
lcuk
Un
i
vers
i
t
y
Jou
r
na
l
o
f
So
cial a
nd T
echni
cal
Res
e
ar
c
h
es,
vol
.
14
, p
p.
17
2
-18
5
, 20
1
7
.
[49]
Tanik
,
N
.,
De
te
r
m
in
in
g the
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
id
e
n
ti
ty
a
n
d
proe
n
v
iro
n
me
ntal be
h
a
v
io
urs o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
c
ie
nc
e
te
ac
he
rs.
Un
pu
bli
s
h
e
d
M
a
s
t
er t
hes
e
s
.
E
rciyes
U
niv
e
rsity
,
2
0
12
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.