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l J
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f
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lect
rica
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Co
m
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r
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ee
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(
I
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)
Vo
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6
,
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.
6
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Decem
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er
201
6
,
p
p
.
270
8
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I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
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0
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1
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5
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ttp
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n
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ex
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p
h
p
/I
JE
C
E
O
pti
ca
l Inter
co
nn
ect
Wa
v
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uide
in
Electron
ic
Circui
t
Siti
Sa
ra
h B
inti
M
d Sa
lla
h
1
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Sa
w
a
l H
a
m
id M
d Ali
2
,
Nurj
uli
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na
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inti
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uh
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.
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s
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t
(F
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iv
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rsiti
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g
sa
a
n
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a
lay
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,
M
a
la
y
si
a
3
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
M
icro
e
lec
tro
n
ic E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
M
a
lay
si
a
P
e
rli
s
,
M
a
lay
sia
4
In
stit
u
te
o
f
M
icro
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Na
n
o
e
lec
tro
n
ics
(IM
EN),
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
la
y
sia
5
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
M
u
lt
im
e
d
ia Un
iv
e
rsity
(C
y
b
e
rja
y
a
)
,
M
a
la
y
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Au
g
4
,
2
0
1
6
R
ev
i
s
ed
Oct
1
9
,
2
0
1
6
A
cc
ep
ted
No
v
2
,
2
0
1
6
T
h
e
in
c
re
a
sin
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
in
sili
c
o
n
n
a
n
o
-
p
h
o
to
n
ics
h
a
s
e
n
c
o
u
ra
g
e
d
m
a
n
y
re
se
a
rc
h
e
rs
to
p
u
t
m
o
re
e
ff
o
rts
to
e
x
p
lo
re
th
e
f
e
a
sib
il
it
y
o
f
u
sin
g
o
p
ti
c
s
in
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
m
e
d
iu
m
in
o
rd
e
r
to
re
p
lac
e
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ts
(EI
s).
In
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
,
we
p
ro
p
o
se
d
a
S
OI
-
b
a
se
d
w
a
v
e
g
u
id
e
in
th
e
o
p
ti
c
a
l
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
t
(OI)
li
n
k
a
t
a
n
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
1
5
5
0
n
m
to
w
o
rk
a
s
a
n
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
p
a
th
in
a
c
ircu
i
t.
T
h
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
th
e
OI
li
n
k
w
a
s
tes
ted
u
sin
g
a
tw
o
-
sta
g
e
CE
a
m
p
li
f
ier
to
w
o
rk
a
s
th
e
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
p
a
th
f
ro
m
th
e
1
st
sta
g
e
to
th
e
2
n
d
sta
g
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier.
In
term
o
f
o
p
ti
c
a
l
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
s,
th
e
o
p
ti
c
a
l
w
a
v
e
g
u
id
e
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
d
to
a
c
h
iev
e
a
sin
g
le
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
f
o
r
a
T
E
m
o
d
e
a
n
d
f
u
lf
il
l
th
e
re
c
e
iv
e
r
se
n
siti
v
it
y
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
.
W
h
il
e
,
i
n
term
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
a
tw
o
-
sta
g
e
CE
a
m
p
li
f
ier
is
a
b
le
to
p
ro
d
u
c
e
a
h
ig
h
g
a
in
,
a
w
id
e
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
a
n
d
h
ig
h
sle
w
ra
te.
T
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
im
p
lem
e
n
tat
io
n
o
f
th
e
OIs
w
a
v
e
g
u
id
e
is
s
u
c
c
e
s
f
u
ll
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
t
w
o
-
sta
g
e
CE
a
m
p
li
f
ier
a
s
we
ll
a
s
th
e
a
n
a
lo
g
e
lec
tro
n
ic circ
u
it
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
E
lectr
ical
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
Op
tical
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
Op
tical
w
a
v
e
g
u
id
e
T
w
o
-
s
ta
g
e
C
E
a
m
p
lifie
r
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
6
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sit
i Sar
ah
B
i
n
ti M
d
Salla
h
,
Sa
w
al
Ha
m
id
Md
A
li,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
B
u
ild
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
(
FK
A
B
)
,
Un
i
v
er
s
iti Ke
b
a
n
g
s
aa
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
B
an
g
i
-
4
3
6
0
0
,
Selan
g
o
r
,
Ma
lay
s
ia.
E
m
ail:
s
itis
ar
a
h
.
m
d
s
allah
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
,
s
a
w
al
@
u
k
m
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
te
g
ra
t
ed
cir
cu
it
(
I
C
)
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
c
o
n
n
ec
t
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
s
a
n
d
o
th
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
n
a
ch
ip
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
al
co
p
p
er
in
te
r
co
n
n
ec
ts
d
e
g
r
ad
es
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tiall
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
ca
lin
g
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
in
th
e
C
o
m
p
le
m
e
n
tr
ar
y
Me
ta
l
Ox
id
e
Se
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
(
C
MO
S)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
2
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
I
n
ter
n
at
io
n
al
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
R
o
ad
m
ap
s
f
o
r
Se
m
i
co
n
d
u
cto
r
(
I
T
R
S),
th
e
cir
cu
its
to
b
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ed
in
t
h
e
n
an
o
m
eter
s
ca
le
w
i
ll
c
o
n
tain
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
a
b
il
lio
n
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
s
[
3
]
an
d
ca
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ts
[
4
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
o
p
tical
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
s
(
OI
s
)
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
e
r
ed
as
an
alter
n
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
in
te
r
co
n
n
ec
ts
(
E
I
s
)
[
5
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
ilico
n
n
a
n
o
-
p
h
o
to
n
ics
is
a
k
e
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
r
ea
lizin
g
th
at
s
u
c
h
o
p
tica
l
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ca
n
b
e
f
ab
r
icate
d
w
i
th
Si
C
MO
S
co
m
p
atib
le
d
ev
ic
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
OI
lin
k
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
EIs
is
ab
le
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
h
ig
h
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
d
en
s
it
y
,
m
i
n
i
m
izin
g
lo
w
er
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
as
w
ell
as d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t d
ela
y
s
a
n
d
n
o
is
e
[
7
-
11
]
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
OI
w
as
in
tr
o
d
u
c
ed
b
y
Go
o
d
m
a
n
i
n
1
9
8
4
[1
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
b
a
s
ic
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
OI
lin
k
o
n
a
v
er
y
lar
g
e
s
ca
l
e
in
teg
r
ated
(
VL
SI)
elec
tr
o
n
ic
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
OI
ar
e
o
f
f
-
ch
ip
C
W
s
o
u
r
ce
,
m
o
d
u
lato
r
,
an
o
p
tical
w
a
v
e
g
u
id
e
a
n
d
a
p
h
o
to
d
etec
to
r
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
a
m
o
u
s
w
a
v
eg
u
id
e
m
ater
ial
ar
e
P
o
ly
m
er
[1
3
]
,
Sil
ico
n
-
on
-
I
n
s
u
lato
r
(
SOI
)
[1
4
]
an
d
I
n
d
iu
m
Galli
u
m
A
r
s
en
id
e
P
h
o
s
p
h
id
e
(
I
n
GaA
s
P
)
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
OI
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
in
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
s
y
s
te
m
,
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ices,
as
w
ell
as
o
t
h
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
cir
cu
it
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Op
tica
l I
n
terco
n
n
ec
t W
a
ve
g
u
i
d
e
in
E
lectro
n
ic
C
ir
cu
it
(
S
iti S
a
r
a
h
B
in
ti Md
S
a
lla
h
)
2709
Fig
u
r
e
1.
B
lo
ck
Di
ag
r
a
m
o
f
O
I
lin
k
[
1
2
]
I
n
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
SOI
-
b
ased
w
av
eg
u
id
e
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
o
n
t
h
e
OI
lin
k
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
-
s
p
ee
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
1
5
5
0
n
m
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
er
aim
s
to
ev
al
u
ate
b
o
th
th
e
elec
tr
ical
an
d
o
p
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
ea
ch
d
e
v
ice
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
th
e
OI
lin
k
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ca
n
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
an
elec
tr
ical
p
ar
t
s
u
ch
as
an
elec
tr
o
n
ic
cir
cu
it;
a
t
w
o
-
s
ta
g
e
C
E
a
m
p
li
f
ier
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
o
p
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
ca
n
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
i
n
t
h
e
o
p
tical
p
ar
ts
s
u
ch
as th
e
C
W
s
o
u
r
ce
,
m
o
d
u
lato
r
,
o
p
tical
w
av
e
g
u
id
e
an
d
p
h
o
to
d
etec
to
r
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
tep
s
i
n
t
h
is
m
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
gy
;
f
ir
s
t,
i
s
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
f
SOI
w
av
e
g
u
id
e
a
n
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
is
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
atio
n
o
f
th
e
SOI
w
a
v
e
g
u
id
e
in
th
e
OI
li
n
k
u
s
i
n
g
a
t
w
o
-
s
tag
e
C
E
a
m
p
lifie
r
cir
cu
it.
2
.
1
.
Si
m
ula
t
io
n o
f
t
he
O
I
Wa
v
eg
uid
e
A
s
i
m
p
le
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
a
lar
g
e
r
ib
w
a
v
e
g
u
id
e
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
SM
C
o
u
tp
u
t
i
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
So
r
e
f
et.
al
.
[
1
5
]
[
1
6
]
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
b
tain
a
lo
w
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
lo
s
s
an
d
d
elay
.
T
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
is
a
s
f
o
l
lo
w
s
:
2
)
(
1
3
.
0
r
r
H
W
(
1
)
Fo
r
1
5
.
0
r
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
r
is
t
h
e
r
atio
o
f
a
s
lab
h
eig
h
t
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
r
ib
h
e
ig
h
t
,
an
d
W
/H
is
th
e
r
atio
o
f
a
w
a
v
eg
u
id
e
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
r
ib
h
ei
g
h
t.
T
h
e
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
w
av
e
g
u
id
es
in
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
is
li
m
ited
to
th
e
s
h
a
llo
w
etc
h
ed
r
ib
s
as
p
er
E
q
u
atio
n
(
2
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
p
r
esen
ts
a
la
y
o
u
t
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
a
lar
g
e
r
ib
w
av
e
g
u
id
e
an
d
(
b
)
p
r
esen
ts
a
SMC
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
t
h
e
SOI
w
av
e
g
u
id
e.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2.
(
a)
L
a
y
o
u
t
C
r
o
s
s
Se
c
tio
n
o
f
SOI
W
av
e
g
u
id
e
an
d
(
b
)
SMC
Ou
t
p
u
t o
f
S
OI
W
av
e
g
u
id
e
T
h
e
SOI
w
a
v
eg
u
id
e
w
as
d
es
ig
n
ed
an
d
s
i
m
u
lated
i
n
an
O
p
tiB
P
M
v
er
s
io
n
9
.
T
h
e
m
ate
r
ial
o
f
th
e
w
a
v
e
g
u
id
e
co
r
e
w
a
s
s
ilico
n
(
Si)
w
it
h
a
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
i
n
d
ex
,
n
Si=3
.
4
7
7
,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
w
a
v
eg
u
id
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
w
as
s
ilico
n
d
io
x
id
e
(
SiO2
)
w
it
h
n
SiO2
=1
.
4
4
4
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
in
d
e
x
(
n
eff
)
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
th
i
s
SOI
w
a
v
e
g
u
id
e
w
as 3
.
3
0
8
[1
7
].
A
mp
l
i
f
i
e
r
C
W
S
o
u
r
c
e
M
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
W
a
v
e
g
u
i
d
e
P
h
o
t
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
D
r
i
v
e
r
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
er
201
6
:
2
7
0
8
–
2
7
1
5
2710
2
.
2
.
O
I
L
ink
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
ch
e
m
atic
cir
cu
it
o
f
th
e
t
w
o
-
s
ta
g
e
C
E
a
m
p
li
f
ier
w
it
h
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
t
io
n
o
f
SOI
w
a
v
e
g
u
id
e
i
n
t
h
e
OI
li
n
k
.
T
h
e
len
g
th
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
tical
w
av
e
g
u
id
e
w
a
s
s
et
to
1
0
0
0
0
µm
.
R
e
f
er
r
in
g
to
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
elec
tr
ical
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
1
s
t
s
tag
e
a
m
p
l
if
ier
o
u
tp
u
t
w
a
s
co
n
v
er
ted
to
an
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
al
u
s
i
n
g
a
Ma
c
h
-
Z
eh
n
d
er
m
o
d
u
lato
r
a
n
d
w
as
tr
an
s
m
i
tte
d
in
an
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
al
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
o
p
tical
w
av
e
g
u
id
e.
T
h
en
th
e
p
h
o
to
d
etec
to
r
d
etec
ted
th
e
s
ig
n
al
a
n
d
w
a
s
co
n
v
e
r
ted
b
ac
k
to
th
e
elec
tr
ical
s
ig
n
a
l.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
el
ec
tr
ical
s
ig
n
al
is
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
of
th
e
1
s
t s
tag
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
an
d
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
i
g
n
al
o
f
2
n
d
s
ta
g
e
am
p
li
f
ier
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
OI
L
i
n
k
in
t
h
e
T
w
o
-
Stag
e
C
E
Am
p
l
i
f
ie
r
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
OI
lin
k
i
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
-
s
tag
e
C
E
a
m
p
lif
ier
h
as
b
ee
n
d
esi
g
n
ed
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
la
ted
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
SP
I
C
E
to
o
l.
Du
r
i
n
g
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
,
th
e
o
p
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
w
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
th
e
o
p
tical
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
w
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
th
e
elec
t
r
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t,
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
l
y
.
3
.
1
.
O
ptic
a
l P
er
f
o
rm
a
nces
T
h
e
o
p
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
w
as
t
h
e
li
n
e
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
p
r
o
f
ile,
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
an
d
d
elay
in
t
h
e
o
p
tical
w
a
v
eg
u
id
e,
p
o
w
er
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
in
OI
li
n
k
,
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
er
s
e
n
s
i
tiv
it
y
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
d
etec
to
r
.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
w
av
ele
n
g
t
h
w
a
s
s
et
to
1
5
5
0
n
m
an
d
d
ata
b
it r
ates
w
er
e
eq
u
al
to
1
0
Gb
p
s
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
L
ine B
a
nd
w
idth o
f
t
he
Sp
ec
t
ru
m
P
ro
f
ile
Fig
u
r
es
4
(
a
)
an
d
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
C
W
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
m
o
d
u
lato
r
w
it
h
th
r
e
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
lev
el
s
,
-
3
d
B
,
-
10dB
,
an
d
-
2
0
d
B
lev
el.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
(
a)
C
W
So
u
r
ce
Sp
ec
tr
u
m
P
r
o
f
ile
a
n
d
(
b
)
MZ
Mo
d
u
lato
r
Sp
ec
tr
u
m
P
r
o
f
ile
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Op
tica
l I
n
terco
n
n
ec
t W
a
ve
g
u
i
d
e
in
E
lectro
n
ic
C
ir
cu
it
(
S
iti S
a
r
a
h
B
in
ti Md
S
a
lla
h
)
2711
T
h
e
lin
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
f
o
r
th
e
C
W
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
M
Z
m
o
d
u
lato
r
w
as
tab
u
la
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
lated
s
i
g
n
al
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
M
Z
m
o
d
u
lato
r
h
a
s
a
w
i
d
er
lin
e
w
id
th
f
o
r
all
le
v
el
s
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
C
W
So
u
r
ce
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
L
i
n
e
B
w
id
t
h
f
o
r
C
W
S
o
u
r
ce
an
d
MZ
M
o
d
u
lato
r
C
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
L
i
n
e
W
i
d
t
h
(
n
m)
-
3
d
B
l
e
v
e
l
-
1
0
d
B
l
e
v
e
l
-
2
0
d
B
l
e
v
e
l
C
W
S
o
u
r
c
e
0
.
0
0
0
4
0
.
0
0
2
0
.
0
0
8
M
Z
mo
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
0
.
0
0
0
8
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
4
3
.
1
.
2
.
P
o
w
er
l
o
s
s
in
t
he
O
ptic
a
l Wa
v
eg
uid
e
a
nd
P
o
w
er
Deg
ra
d
a
t
io
n in
t
he
O
I
L
in
k
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
lat
o
r
an
d
o
p
tical
w
a
v
e
g
u
id
e
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lat
ed
v
ia
E
q
u
atio
n
(
3
)
an
d
(
4
)
:
)
(
)
m
od(
(
m
od
)
out
pu
t
P
out
pu
t
P
l
os
s
P
CW
(
3
)
)
m
od
(
)
(
)
(
ou
t
p
ut
P
ou
t
p
ut
w
av
e
gu
i
de
P
w
av
e
gu
i
de
l
o
s
s
P
(
4
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
OI
lin
k
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
f
o
r
C
W
So
u
r
ce
w
a
s
3
4
.
0
3
4
d
B
m
,
M
Z
m
o
d
u
la
to
r
w
a
s
2
.
9
5
2
d
B
m
,
SOI
w
a
v
eg
u
id
e
w
as
0
.
8
2
0
d
B
m
an
d
P
I
N
p
h
o
to
d
etec
to
r
w
a
s
1
9
.
8
5
7
d
B
m
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
to
tal
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
u
s
i
n
g
SOI
w
a
v
e
g
u
id
e
w
a
s
2
.
1
3
2
d
B
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
P
o
w
er
D
eg
r
ad
a
tio
n
i
n
OI
l
in
k
3
.
1
.
3
.
Dela
y
in O
ptic
a
l Wa
v
eg
uid
e
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t d
ela
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
o
p
tical
w
av
e
g
u
id
e
is
e
x
p
r
ess
e
d
v
ia
E
q
u
atio
n
(
5
)
:
c
L
e
f
f
n
wg
t
(
5
)
w
h
er
e
n
eff
is
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
in
d
ex
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
e
in
t
h
e
w
av
e
g
u
i
d
e
m
ed
i
u
m
,
L
is
th
e
le
n
g
th
o
f
th
e
w
av
e
g
u
id
e
an
d
c
is
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
li
g
h
t in
v
ac
u
u
m
.
Fo
r
r
is
eq
u
al
to
0
.
5
µm
,
t
h
e
d
elay
i
s
1
0
.
8
p
s
[1
8
].
3
.
1
.
4
.
Rec
eiv
er
Sens
it
iv
it
y
o
f
t
he
P
ho
t
o
det
ec
t
o
r
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
d
etec
to
r
u
s
ed
is
a
P
I
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8708
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
er
201
6
:
2
7
0
8
–
2
7
1
5
2714
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
OI
li
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k
i
n
t
h
e
an
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t
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s
h
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t
d
is
tan
ce
ap
p
licat
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n
s
an
d
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n
e
o
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th
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b
est s
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l
u
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s
f
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f
u
t
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VL
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in
ter
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s
.
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,
s
u
p
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is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
g
r
an
t D
P
P
-
2015
-
059.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
.
G
.
Ku
m
a
r,
Y.
Ag
ra
wa
l,
a
n
d
R.
Ch
a
n
d
e
l.
Ca
rb
o
n
Na
n
o
tu
b
e
I
n
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ts
−
A
P
ro
m
isin
g
S
o
l
u
ti
o
n
f
o
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V
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Circu
it
s.
IET
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J
o
u
rn
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l
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f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
2
0
1
6
;
5
7
(2
)
:
46
-
6.
[2
]
J.H.
Co
ll
e
t,
F
.
Ca
ig
n
e
t,
F
.
S
e
ll
a
y
e
,
a
n
d
D.
L
it
a
ize
.
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
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e
Co
n
stra
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ts
f
o
r
On
c
h
ip
Op
ti
c
a
l
In
ter
c
o
n
n
e
c
ts.
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
e
lec
ted
T
o
p
ics
in
Q
u
a
n
tu
m E
lec
tro
n
ics
.
2
0
1
3
;
9
:
4
2
5
–
4
3
2
.
[3
]
D.
Du
n
g
g
a
l,
G
.
S
in
g
h
a
n
d
M
.
K
a
u
r.
A
Un
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f
ied
Co
d
e
x
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m
e
fo
r
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talk
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in
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.
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0
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3
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[5
]
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Qia
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2
0
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0
:
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9
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2
.
[6
]
J.
F
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ta,
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Nish
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A
.
G
o
m
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B.
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me
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[8
]
G
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0
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9
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1
.
[9
]
G
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Ch
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y
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p
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0
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J.
Ch
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Ba
m
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P
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4
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[1
1
]
P
.
K.
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2
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6
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3
]
K.
Nie
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k
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K.
J.
W
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2
0
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9
2
–
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.
[1
4
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M
.
K.S
.
S
.
S
a
in
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ll
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p
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.
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0
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1
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1
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5
]
H.
Hu
a
n
g
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L
iu
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Qi,
a
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V.
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6
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[1
6
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J.
L
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,
D.
F
u
rn
iss,
A
.
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S
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4
;
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[1
7
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S
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Re
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m
p
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8
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a
l
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P
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e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
P
u
tra
M
a
lay
sia
(UP
M
)
in
1
9
9
8
a
n
d
M
.
S
c
M
icro
e
l
e
c
tro
n
ic
S
y
ste
m
De
sig
n
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
o
u
th
a
m
p
to
n
,
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
in
2
0
0
4
.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
a
P
h
.
D
in
A
n
a
lo
g
M
ix
e
d
S
ig
n
a
l
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
o
u
th
a
m
p
to
n
,
UK
in
2
0
0
9
.
His
sp
e
c
ialize
d
f
ield
a
re
in
a
n
a
lo
g
m
i
x
e
d
sig
n
a
l
d
e
sig
n
,
V
L
S
I
in
teg
ra
ted
c
ircu
it
d
e
sig
n
,
F
P
GA
d
e
sig
n
,
A
S
IC
a
n
d
S
o
C
De
sig
n
a
n
d
W
e
a
r
a
b
le De
v
ice
.
P.
S
u
sth
ith
a
M
e
n
o
n
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
B.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
la
y
sia
(UK
M
)
in
1
9
9
9
a
n
d
t
h
e
M
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
o
p
t
o
e
lec
tro
n
ics
f
ro
m
UK
M
in
2
0
0
5
.
S
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
a
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
w
it
h
d
isti
n
c
ti
o
n
in
Op
to
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Na
n
o
p
h
o
t
o
n
i
c
s
f
ro
m
th
e
In
stit
u
te
o
f
M
icro
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Na
n
o
e
lec
tro
n
ics
(IM
EN),
UK
M
i
n
2
0
0
8
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
se
n
io
r
re
se
a
rc
h
f
e
ll
o
w
a
t
IM
EN
a
n
d
h
e
r
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
h
o
to
n
ic
o
p
ti
c
a
l
w
a
v
e
g
u
id
e
s,
su
rf
a
c
e
p
las
m
o
n
re
so
n
a
n
c
e
(S
P
R),
o
p
to
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
f
ib
e
r
b
a
se
d
se
n
s
o
rs,
w
h
ich
a
re
a
ll
g
e
a
r
e
d
to
w
a
rd
s
b
io
-
se
n
si
n
g
.
Nu
r
j
u
li
a
n
a
B
in
ti
J
u
h
a
r
i
o
b
tain
e
d
h
e
r
B.
S
c
a
n
d
M
.
S
c
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
a
la
y
a
(UM)
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
p
h
y
sic
s
d
e
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
y
e
a
rs
2
0
0
3
a
n
d
2
0
0
7
.
S
h
e
o
b
tai
n
e
d
a
P
h
D
d
e
g
re
e
in
M
icro
e
lec
tro
n
ics
f
ro
m
th
e
In
stit
u
te
o
f
M
icro
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Na
n
o
e
lec
tro
n
ics
(IM
EN),
UK
M
in
2
0
1
6
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
M
a
lay
sia
P
e
rli
s
(Un
iM
A
P
)
a
n
d
h
e
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
re
v
o
lv
e
a
ro
u
n
d
t
h
e
d
e
sig
n
,
f
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
a
ss
iv
e
d
e
v
ice
s
in
su
b
-
m
icro
n
le
v
e
l
S
OI
b
a
s
e
d
A
rra
y
e
d
W
a
v
e
g
u
id
e
G
ra
ti
n
g
(
AWG)
fo
r
th
e
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
in
CW
DM
s
y
ste
m
.
M
d
.
S
h
a
b
i
u
l
I
sla
m
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
S
c
.
in
A
p
p
li
e
d
P
h
y
sic
s
&
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
in
1
9
8
5
a
n
d
th
e
M
.
S
c
.
o
n
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
M
icro
p
r
o
c
e
ss
o
r
in
A
p
p
li
e
d
P
h
y
sic
s
&
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
in
1
9
8
6
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
o
f
Ra
jsh
a
h
i,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
.
He
o
b
tai
n
e
d
a
P
h
.
D
.
o
n
V
L
S
I
De
sig
n
(
Dig
it
a
l)
in
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
M
a
la
y
sia
M
u
lt
ime
d
ia
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
(M
M
U)
in
2
0
0
8
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
se
n
io
r
re
se
a
rc
h
fe
ll
o
w
a
t
In
stit
u
te o
f
M
icro
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
&
Na
n
o
e
lec
tro
n
ics
(IM
EN)
a
n
d
h
is
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts a
re
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
M
icr
o
/Na
n
o
S
y
ste
m
De
sig
n
,
V
L
S
I
De
sig
n
,
E
n
e
rg
y
Ha
rv
e
stin
g
f
o
r
Ultra
-
L
o
w
-
P
o
w
e
r
(UL
P
)
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
De
v
ice
s
a
n
d
D
S
P
Ha
rd
w
a
r
e
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
n
F
P
G
A
u
sin
g
V
HD
L
/V
e
ril
o
g
/
DFL
Lan
g
u
a
g
e
.
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