Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
5095
~
5106
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
6
.
pp5095
-
51
06
5095
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
A simpli
fied hyst
eresis cu
rrent co
ntrol for
cascad
ed
co
n
verter
fed switc
hed relu
ctanc
e mot
or
An
ur
adha
D
e
vi Tel
lap
at
i,
Ma
ll
igu
nta
Kiran
Kum
ar
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al a
nd
Ele
ct
roni
cs
Engi
n
eering,
Kone
ru
L
a
kshm
ai
ah
Educa
ti
onal Foundat
io
n,
Indi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
N
ov
17, 201
8
Re
vised Jul
5,
2019
Accepte
d
J
ul
17, 2
019
Sim
ple
constru
ct
ion
al
f
ea
tur
es
with
no
wind
ings
on
rotor
ci
rcu
it
and
robustness
m
ake
sw
it
che
d
rel
uc
t
anc
e
m
otor
(SRM
)
a
m
o
st
used
m
otors
in
industri
al
app
lic
at
ions.
Peak
m
otor
volt
age
r
ating
depe
nds
on
the
rat
ed
volt
ag
e
of
th
e
power
sw
it
che
s.
In
conve
n
ti
on
al
as
y
m
m
et
r
ical
conve
rt
er
drivi
ng
SR
M,
volt
ag
e
rat
ing
of
the
m
otor
dep
ends
on
rat
in
g
of
power
el
e
ct
roni
c
sw
it
c
hes
in
conve
rte
r
.
Dem
and
to
ris
e
the
m
otor
rat
i
ng
insists
to
put
pre
ss
ure
on
conve
rt
er
sw
it
ch
ing
components
which
result
s
in
inc
rea
se
d
sw
it
chi
ng
losses.
A
ca
sca
d
ed
co
nver
te
r
topo
log
y
for
SR
M
red
uce
s
the
rating
of
sw
i
tc
hing
co
m
ponent
s
as
compare
d
to
conv
ent
ion
al
conv
erters
for
SR
M.
Thi
s
pape
r
pr
ese
nts
a
c
asc
ad
ed
conve
rt
er
fed
SR
M
drive
with
red
uced
sw
it
chi
ng
losses
.
Th
e
pap
er
pr
e
sents
a
sim
pli
fi
e
d
h
y
st
ere
sis
cu
rr
ent
con
trol
(HCC)
for
ca
sc
ade
d
co
nver
t
er
fed
SR
M.
Sim
pli
f
ie
d
HCC
control
m
et
hod
red
uce
s
sw
it
chi
n
g
losses
as
H
C
C
is
appl
ie
d
to
onl
y
one
br
idge
of
ca
sca
de
d
conve
rt
er.
Thou
gh
the
per
form
a
nce
of
th
e
SR
M
remai
ns
sam
e
wi
th
c
asc
ad
ed
conve
rt
er
fed
SR
M
with
HCC
appl
i
ed
to
onl
y
one
bridge
or
to
two
bridge
s
and
with
conven
ti
onal
as
y
m
m
e
tri
c
al
conve
rt
er,
the
sw
itching
losses
ar
e
red
uce
d
to
a
gr
ea
t
extent
when
HCC
appl
ie
d
to
one
bridge
of
ca
sca
ded
conve
rt
er
fed
S
RM.
Perform
anc
e
of
SR
M
is
i
ll
ustrated
with
conve
nt
ional
as
y
m
m
et
rical
co
nver
te
r
f
ed
SR
M
and
is
compare
d
to
ca
sca
d
e
d
c
onver
t
er
while
HCC a
pp
lied
to
on
l
y
on
e
br
idge
and
app
li
ed
to
two
br
idge
s o
f
ca
sc
aded
conve
rt
er.
Prop
osed
work
is
sim
ula
te
d
using
MA
TL
AB/S
IM
ULINK
and
result
s a
r
e
pr
ese
nte
d.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Bridg
e
Ca
scaded co
nv
erter
Hyste
resis c
urr
ent contr
ol
Sw
it
che
d reluc
ta
nce
m
oto
r
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Anurad
ha De
vi Tell
apati
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
&
El
ect
ronics E
ng
i
neer
i
ng,
Kone
ru Lak
shm
ai
ah
Ed
ucati
on
al
Fou
nd
at
io
n,
Vaddes
war
am
,
G
un
t
ur, AP
–
522502,
In
dia.
Em
a
il
: anu
ra
dhadev
i.ee
e@
gma
il
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Sw
it
che
d
Re
lu
ct
ance
Mot
or
s
(S
RM
)
ha
ve
inh
e
ren
t
a
dvan
ta
ges
s
uc
h
as
si
m
ple
structu
r
e
with
no
n
windin
g
c
on
st
r
uction
in
ro
t
or
side,
a
nd
has
a
high
tole
ran
ce
s,
r
obus
t
ness,
l
ow
c
os
t
with
no
pe
rm
anen
t
m
agn
et
in
the
structu
re
,
and
possi
ble
op
e
rati
on
in
hig
h
te
m
per
at
ur
e
s
or
in
intense
tem
per
at
ur
e
va
riat
ion
s.
T
he
tor
que
pro
du
ct
io
n
in
s
witc
hed
relu
ct
ance
m
oto
r
c
om
es
fr
om
the
te
nd
e
ncy
of
t
he
ro
t
or
pole
s
to
al
ign
with
the
excit
ed
sta
tor
pole
s.
W
it
hout
a
ny
i
ns
ta
ll
at
ion
of
PM
m
at
erial
or
windin
g
on
i
ts
ro
t
or,
th
e
S
R
m
oto
r
dri
ve
s
en
joy
the
higher
c
os
t
-
e
ff
ect
ive
ne
ss
and
wide
-
sp
ee
d
operati
on
range,
as
com
par
ed
w
it
h
it
s
cou
nte
rp
a
rts.
To
be
s
pecific
,
unli
ke
the
in
du
ct
io
n
a
nd
P
M
m
oto
r
dri
ve
s,
SR
m
oto
r
dr
i
ves
can
reli
eve
the
m
echan
ic
al
pro
blem
s caus
ed by t
he
ce
ntr
ipeta
l for
ces a
t
high
-
s
pee
d op
e
rati
on [1
-
5
].
The
SR
m
oto
r
dr
i
ves
co
ns
ist
of
the
doubly
sal
ie
nt
structu
re
;
it
s
reluctance
of
the
m
agn
et
ic
flux
pat
h
var
ie
s
al
ong
th
e
sta
tor
-
r
otor
posit
ion.
T
he
t
orq
ue
ca
n
t
hen
be
pro
du
ce
d
ba
sed
on
the
‘m
ini
m
u
m
reluct
ance’
ru
le
,
i.e
.
the
r
ot
or
pole
has
the
te
nd
e
ncy
to
al
ign
with
t
he
excit
ed
sta
tor
po
le
s
uc
h
that
the
rel
uctance
of
the m
agn
et
ic
f
lux can
b
e
m
ini
m
iz
ed.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
5095
-
5106
5096
In
ge
ner
al
,
t
he
la
rg
er
the
nu
m
ber
of
r
otor
pol
es,
the
l
ow
e
r
t
he
op
e
rati
ng
s
peed
in
the
gi
ve
n
op
e
rati
ng
fr
e
qu
e
ncy.
The
refor
e
,
the
SR
m
oto
r
dri
ves
w
it
h
a
la
r
ger
num
ber
of
r
otor
po
le
s
,
e.
g.
the
three
-
phase
12/
8
-
pol
e
and
the
fou
r
-
phase
16
/
12
-
po
l
e
struct
ur
es
,
ar
e
m
or
e
pr
e
fer
a
ble
f
or
lo
w
-
s
pe
ed
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns,
s
uch
as
the
direct
-
dr
i
ve HEV
sys
tem
[
6
-
10
].
Thr
ee
-
ph
ase
6/
4
pole
SRM
is
show
n
in
Fig
ur
e
1
a
nd
t
he
op
e
rati
ng
pri
nc
iple
is
show
n
in
Fig
ur
e
2.
To
pro
du
ce
a
n
el
ect
ro
m
agnet
ic
torque,
a
uni
-
pola
r
rec
ta
ngular
a
rm
atu
re
c
urre
nt
shou
l
d
be
in
j
ect
ed
i
n
accor
da
nce
with
the
sta
t
us
of
the
sel
f
-
i
nduc
ta
nce
with
co
nductio
n
a
ng
le
c
=
2
–
1.
S
RM
is
dr
i
ven
with
conve
rter
[
11
-
13
]
f
or
phase
s
witc
hing
ope
ra
ti
on
.
C
onve
ntion
al
asy
m
m
e
tric
al
structur
e
c
onve
rter
f
or
S
RM
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gure
3
is
rate
d
hi
gh
for
dri
vi
ng
high
po
wer
SR
M.
Ca
scaded
S
RM
top
ol
og
y
r
edu
ce
s
the
stre
ss
on
ind
ivi
du
al
po
wer
sem
ic
on
duct
or
switc
h
in
-
tu
rn
re
duci
ng
the
s
witc
hi
ng
losses
.
A
doptio
n
of
ca
scade
d
conve
rter
to
po
l
og
y
m
et
ho
d
to the
m
edium
vo
lt
age
m
oto
r
dri
ve
by
us
i
ng
ca
scade
d
inv
e
rter
s
(CINV)
m
et
ho
d
is
help
fu
l
in
reducin
g
in
div
id
ua
l
switc
h
rati
ngs
of
co
nverte
r.
CI
NV
t
opol
og
y
em
plo
ys
I
GBT
swit
ch
f
or
it
s
app
li
cat
io
ns
a
nd th
us cost
of i
nv
e
rter is
r
e
duced.
This
pa
per
pre
sents
a
casca
de
d
co
nverter
f
ed
SRM
dri
ve
with
re
du
ce
d
s
witc
hing
losse
s.
The
paper
pr
ese
nts
a
sim
plifie
d
hyste
re
sis
curre
nt
co
ntr
ol
(
HCC)
f
or
ca
scade
d
c
onve
rter
fe
d
S
RM
.
Sim
plified
HCC
con
t
ro
l
m
et
ho
d
reduces
switc
hing
losses
as H
CC
is
app
li
e
d
to
only
one
bri
dge
of
casca
de
d
co
nverter
.
T
hough
the
perform
ance
of
th
e
SRM
r
e
m
ai
ns
sam
e
with
casca
de
d
conve
rter
fed
SRM
with
HC
C
ap
plied
t
o
only
one
br
i
dg
e
or
t
o
tw
o
bri
dges
a
nd
with
co
nventio
nal
asy
m
m
et
ri
cal
conver
te
r
,
the
switc
hi
ng
losses
a
re
re
duced
t
o
a
gr
eat
exte
nt
wh
e
n
HCC
ap
plied
to
on
e
bri
dge
of
casca
ded
c
onve
rter
fed
SRM
.
Per
f
or
m
ance
of
S
RM
i
s
il
lustrate
d
with
conven
ti
onal
asym
m
e
tric
al
c
onve
rter
fe
d
SRM
and
is
com
par
ed
to
casca
ded
c
on
ve
rter
wh
il
e
HCC
ap
plied
to
only
one
bri
dge
an
d
a
ppli
ed
to
tw
o
br
idg
es
of
casca
ded
c
onve
rter
.
Propose
d
w
ork
is
si
m
ulate
d
us
i
ng MA
TLAB/S
I
MULI
NK an
d resu
lt
s a
re
pr
es
ented.
Figure
1. Th
re
e
-
P
hase
6/4
SR
M
Figure
2. O
perat
ing
pr
i
nciple
of SRM
Figure
3. Co
nventional
asy
m
m
et
rical
stru
ct
ur
e
con
ver
te
r
for SRM
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A sim
plif
ie
d
hy
ste
resis curre
nt
co
ntr
ol for
casc
aded
convert
er fed swit
che
d …
(
An
ur
ad
ha
Devi Tell
apati
)
5097
2.
CASC
A
DED CO
NV
E
RTER F
OR SR
M
Asym
m
et
rical
conve
rter
fe
d
SRM
ta
kes
vo
l
ta
ge
stress
eq
ua
l
to
the
DC
source
feed
i
ng
th
e
conver
te
r.
Each
of
the
tw
o
switc
hes
in
one
phase
of
as
ymm
et
rical
co
nv
e
rter
is
stres
sed
to
volt
age
le
vel
equ
al
to
the
DC
so
urce
fee
ding
the
conve
rter
.
This
phe
nom
eno
n
i
ns
ist
s
for
highe
r
in
su
la
ti
on
le
vel
and
c
os
t
inc
re
ases
as
a
res
ult.
Also
,
high
stress
in
creases
t
he
s
w
it
ching
loss
in
co
nv
e
rter
.
T
hus,
resea
rch
ha
s
bee
n
a
n
i
nteres
t
to
reduce
st
ress
a
cro
ss
the
po
we
r
s
witc
hes
i
n
c
onve
rter
dr
i
ving
SRM
.
I
GBT
and
MO
SFET
are
the
tw
o
s
w
it
ches
us
e
d
m
os
tl
y
i
n
dif
fe
ren
t
el
ect
rical
conve
rters
f
or
dif
fe
ren
t
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
.
Gen
e
rall
y
IG
BT
’s
fi
nd
their
app
li
cat
io
n
in
l
ow
operati
ng
f
reque
ncy
with
h
ig
h
vo
lt
age
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
w
hil
e
MOSF
ET
fin
d
thei
r
a
pp
li
cat
ion
i
n
high
operati
ng
fr
eq
ue
ncy
with
low
vo
lt
a
ge
app
li
cat
io
n.
Conve
ntion
al
c
onve
rters
f
or
S
RM
are
of
hi
gh
rated
and n
ee
d hig
h rate
d
s
witc
hes
for
c
onve
rter
operati
on
w
hich
incr
ease
s the
s
witc
h
lo
sses.
Propose
d SR
M casc
ad
e
d
c
onve
rte
r
Ca
scaded
co
nv
e
rter
t
opol
og
y
c
onsist
s
of
one
m
ai
n
co
n
ver
te
r
and
au
xili
ary
co
nv
e
rter
.
Tw
o
conve
rter
s
are
casca
ded
and
the
out
pu
t
is
fed
from
co
m
bin
ed
casca
de
d
struct
ur
e.
A
s
sh
own
in
Fi
gure
4,
on
e
phase
of
c
ascade
d
in
ver
t
er
co
ns
ist
s
of
two
H
-
B
rid
ges
casca
de
d
a
nd
the
ou
t
pu
t
of
the
phase
f
or
ph
a
se
excit
at
ion
of
SRM
is
fed
fr
om
co
m
bin
ed
casca
ded
str
uctu
re
topolo
gy
.
On
ly
on
e
ph
a
se
ex
plana
ti
on
is
il
lustrate
d
as
one
phase
ope
r
at
ion
re
plica
te
s
the
op
e
r
at
io
n
of
rem
ai
nin
g
othe
r
phases
of
SRM
as
they
are
ind
e
pende
nt
in
operati
on.
Lo
ad
vo
lt
age
is
dep
e
ndent
on
the
outp
ut
of
each
casca
de
d
co
nv
e
rter
of
SRM
.
A
casca
de
d
st
ru
ct
ur
al
casca
ded
co
nverte
r
for
SRM
im
presses
on
ly
half
the
volt
age
of
loa
d
ac
ro
ss
pow
e
r
s
witc
h.
Th
us,
i
n
case
of
us
in
g
sam
e
rated
vo
lt
age
s
witc
hi
ng
de
vice
wit
h
the
co
nventi
on
al
ci
rcu
it
,
t
he
load
vo
lt
age
b
e
com
es twice
. Fi
gur
e 5
re
pr
ese
nts
on
e
-
ph
ase
r
e
presentat
ion o
f
C
ascade
d
c
onvert
er.
Figure
6
s
how
s
the
operati
onal
m
od
es
of
pro
p
os
e
d
ca
sc
aded
c
on
ver
te
r
f
or
SRM
.
T
he
volt
age
at
ph
a
se
wi
nd
i
ng
of
SRM
in
diff
e
re
nt
oper
at
ing
m
od
es
of
casca
ded
co
nv
e
rter
is
re
presented
in
Ta
ble
1
.
In
this
c
onte
xt
,
only
the
pha
se
op
e
rati
on
of
phase
-
A
is
e
xp
la
ine
d
a
nd
t
he
sam
e
m
od
es
of
operati
on
s
are
app
li
cable
f
or
oth
e
r
tw
o
phas
es
al
so
.
Th
e
op
erati
on
al
m
od
e
s
of
casca
de
d
inv
e
rter
giv
e
s
out
fi
ve
le
vel
outp
ut.
Mod
e
I
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
Fi
gure
6
(
a)
giv
es
out
th
e
volt
age
of
+
Vd
c
.
I
n
m
od
e
I
,
switc
he
s
Sa
1
–
Sa
2
–
S
b1
an
d
S
b2
are
tur
ne
d
O
N.
The
cu
rr
e
nt
fl
ow
s
from
so
urce
throu
gh
t
he
cur
ren
t
pat
h
a
s
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ur
e
6
(
a
)
hi
gh
li
gh
te
d
path
a
ddin
g
th
e two v
oltage s
ources.
In this
case al
l t
he dio
des
as
in OFF
sta
te
. Mo
de
II
of
ca
scade
d
c
onve
rter
op
e
rati
on
yi
el
ds
ou
t
pu
t
of
V
dc
/2.
I
n
m
od
e
I
I,
the
s
witc
hes
Sa1
–
Sa
2
an
d
S
b2
a
re
tu
rned
O
N
wh
il
e
s
witc
h
Sb1
is
OF
F.
C
urren
t
pat
h
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
6
(
b).
This
m
od
e
of
op
e
ra
ti
on
does
not
involve
the
lo
wer
DC
so
ur
ce.
Mo
de
I
II
is
re
pr
e
sente
d
in
F
i
gure
6
(
c
)
a
nd
only
the
uppe
r
br
id
ge
s
witc
hes
Sa1
an
d
Sa
2
are
O
N
wh
il
e
oth
e
r
switc
hes
are
inact
ive.
T
he
cu
rr
e
nt
flo
ws
f
ro
m
upper
DC
source
a
nd
enter
s
lo
wer
DC
source
i
n
opposit
e
directi
on cance
ll
ing
o
ut the ne
t vo
lt
age and
thu
s t
he
m
od
e
-
I
II
g
i
ves
out zer
o
outp
ut v
olta
ge
acro
ss loa
d.
Mod
e
IV
an
d
m
od
e
V
op
e
rates
to
giv
e
out
ne
gati
ve
vo
lt
age
pre
sence
ac
ross
l
oad
an
d
t
he
re
sp
ect
ive
c
urre
nt
pat
hs
are
sho
wn
i
n
Figure
6
(
d)
a
nd
Fig
ur
e
6
(
e
)
res
pecti
vely
.
By
turn
i
ng
ON
res
pecti
ve
switc
hes
a
nd
diode
op
e
rati
ons, ne
ga
ti
ve
volt
age is
i
m
pr
esse
d
acr
os
s l
oad.
Figure
4.
Ca
sc
aded co
nverte
r
f
e
d
SRM
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
5095
-
5106
5098
Fi
gure
5. O
ne ph
a
se
re
presen
ta
ti
on
of c
as
ca
ded co
nverter
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Figure
6.
Mo
de
s of
op
e
rati
on
of casca
ded co
nv
e
rter
In
c
onve
ntion
a
l
asym
m
et
rical
ty
pe
of
co
nv
e
rter
f
or
SRM
,
the
vo
lt
age
ac
ro
ss
eac
h
swit
ch
will
be
the
eq
ual
to
t
ot
al
vo
lt
age
s
ou
rce
val
ue.
If
200V
is
a
pp
li
e
d
as
input
DC
so
urce
volt
age
,
each
switc
h
bear
s
the
vo
lt
age
str
ess
of
20
0V
a
nd
the
ins
ulati
on
a
nd
rati
ng
of
switc
h
shoul
d
be
pro
portion
al
to
volt
ag
e
stress
acro
s
s
switc
h
a
nd
t
hus
inc
reas
ing
th
e
str
ess
a
nd
c
os
t.
B
ut
th
e
casca
de
d
in
ve
rter
to
polo
gy
exh
i
bits
the
str
ess
of
100V
acr
os
s
e
ach
switc
h
due
to
conver
te
r
topolo
gy.
I
n
ca
scade
d
co
nv
e
rt
er
topolo
gy,
ha
lf
the
vo
lt
a
ge
s
tress
i
s
reduce
d
a
nd th
us
t
he
rati
ng
of
the s
witc
h
a
nd
ins
ulati
on
re
duces
reducin
g
t
he
lo
sses a
nd c
os
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A sim
plif
ie
d
hy
ste
resis curre
nt
co
ntr
ol for
casc
aded
convert
er fed swit
che
d …
(
An
ur
ad
ha
Devi Tell
apati
)
5099
Table
1.
M
od
e
s
of casca
de
d
c
onve
rter
with
volt
age le
vels
Mod
e of
Operation
Switch
es ON
Vo
ltag
e L
ev
el a
cro
ss
load
Mod
e I
Sa1
,
Sa2
,
Sb
1
,
Sb
2
+ Vdc
Mod
e I
I
Sa1
,
Sa2
,
Sb
2
+ Vdc/2
Mod
e I
I
I
Sa1
,
Sa2
0
Mod
e I
V
Sb
1
-
Vd
c/2
Mod
e V
Nil
-
Vd
c
3.
PROP
OSE
D SIMPLI
FIED
C
O
NTR
OL
OF
CA
S
C
ADE
D
C
ONVE
R
TE
R
a.
Clos
ed
-
lo
op h
ys
tere
sis curr
ent
c
ontrol
f
or
co
n
venti
onal
a
s
ymme
trical
co
n
ver
ter
Figure
7
il
lustr
at
es
the
cl
ose
d
-
lo
op
sp
ee
d
c
ontr
ol
of
c
onve
ntion
al
a
sym
metri
cal
Convert
er
f
or
SRM
.
Sp
ee
d
co
ntr
ol
is
achieve
d
th
rough
the
i
nfor
m
at
ion
recei
ved
from
ro
tor
posit
ion
sig
nal
rec
ei
ver
a
nd
t
he
a
ct
ual
sp
ee
d
is
al
so
f
ed
bac
k
to
t
he
input
f
or
pr
ec
ise
sp
eed
c
ontrol
in
cl
os
ed
-
l
oop
s
pee
d
co
nt
ro
l.
Actual
spe
ed
of
the roto
r
is se
nse
d
a
nd is c
ompare
d
t
o
the
r
e
f
eren
ce
sp
ee
d v
al
ue
to
give
out t
he
er
ror
i
n
s
pe
ed.
The
e
rror
valu
e
is
fed
to
P
I
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
t
o
yi
el
d
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
the
c
urre
nt
sign
al
.
The
an
gu
la
r
vel
ocity
of
t
he rot
or
sen
sed fr
om
h
al
l sens
or
s is
u
se
d
t
o ob
ta
in
curre
nt
sh
a
pe
w
he
n p
assed
t
hro
ugh r
otor
po
sit
io
n
si
gn
al
receiver
.
Cu
rr
e
nt
sh
a
pe
signa
l
is
m
ult
ipli
ed
to
cu
rr
e
nt
m
agn
it
ud
e
sig
nal
obta
ined
from
PI
con
t
ro
ll
er
ou
t
put
to
ob
ta
in
ref
e
rence
cur
re
nt
si
gn
al
.
Re
fer
ence
current
is
com
par
e
d
with
the
act
ual
cur
re
nt
fr
om
sta
tor
currents
and
the
er
r
or
sign
al
is
sent
to
hyste
resis
curr
ent
con
tr
oller.
Hyste
resis
curr
ent
con
tr
oller
(
HCC)
pro
duce
s
gate
pu
lse
s
t
o
al
l
the
six
powe
r
switc
hes
in
as
ymm
et
rical
con
ve
rter
t
o
exc
it
e
the
ph
as
e
windin
gs
of
S
RM
.
Cl
os
ed
-
l
oop
s
peed co
ntr
ol st
rategy y
ie
lds
be
tt
er and precis
e co
ntr
ol of S
R
M.
b.
Clos
ed
-
lo
op
c
on
t
rol
of
c
as
c
ad
ed
c
onver
te
r
(h
ystere
sis
c
urrent
c
ontro
l
ap
pli
ed
t
o
b
ot
h
upper
and
lowe
r bridge
s)
Figure
8
il
lust
rates
the
c
lose
d
-
l
oop
s
peed
con
t
ro
l
of
cas
caded
c
onve
rt
er
w
her
e
hyste
resis
cu
rr
e
nt
con
t
ro
l
pro
du
ces
gate
pulse
s
to
powe
r
s
witc
hes
of
ca
scade
d
c
onve
r
te
r.
T
he
hyste
resis
c
urren
t
con
t
ro
l
gen
e
rates
gate
pulse
s
to
al
l
the
twel
ve
swi
tc
hes
of
casca
ded
co
nverter
.
Ca
scade
d
c
o
nverter
is
a
cas
cad
e
d
connecti
on
of
two
bri
dges:
the
uppe
r
bri
dge
an
d
the
lo
wer
br
id
ge.
E
ach
bri
dge
co
ns
ist
s
of
si
x
s
witc
he
s
form
ing
Sa1 to
Sa6 up
per b
rid
ge
a
nd S
b1 to Sb
6
lo
we
r br
id
ge.
F
igure
7.
Cl
os
e
d
-
l
oop hyst
eres
is curre
nt contr
ol for co
nventi
on
al
a
sym
m
et
r
ic
al
co
nverte
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
5095
-
5106
5100
F
igure
8.
Cl
os
e
d
-
l
oop
c
ontrol
of cascade
d
c
onve
rter
HCC a
pp
li
ed
to b
oth t
he bri
dg
es
Actual
spe
ed
of
the
r
otor
is
se
ns
e
d
an
d
is
co
m
par
ed
to
the
r
efere
nce
s
peed
value
to g
ive o
ut
the
e
rro
r
in
sp
eed
.
The
e
rror
val
ue
is
fed
to
PI
co
ntr
oller
to
yi
el
d
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
the
c
urren
t
sig
nal.
The
an
gula
r
ve
locit
y
of
t
he rot
or
sen
sed fr
om
h
al
l sens
or
s is
u
se
d
t
o ob
ta
in
curre
nt
sh
a
pe
w
he
n p
assed
t
hro
ugh r
otor
po
sit
io
n
si
gn
al
receiver
.
Cu
rr
e
nt
sh
a
pe
signa
l
is
m
ult
ipli
ed
to
cu
rr
e
nt
m
agn
it
ud
e
sig
n
al
obta
ined
from
PI
con
t
ro
ll
er
ou
t
put
to
ob
ta
in
ref
e
rence
cur
re
nt
sig
na
l.
Re
fer
ence
current
is
com
par
e
d
with
the
act
ual
cur
re
nt
fr
om
sta
tor
currents
and the e
rro
r
si
gn
al
is
sen
t t
o hyst
eresis c
urr
ent contr
oller
(
HCC).
The
outp
ut
of
hyste
resis
co
ntro
l
is
fe
d
to
al
l
the
twel
ve
sw
it
ches
(both
up
per
an
d
lo
wer
br
i
dg
es
)
of
casca
de
d
c
onve
rter.
With
t
he
casca
de
d
str
uc
ture
of
casca
de
d
c
onver
te
r,
t
he
vo
lt
age
stre
ss
acr
os
s
eac
h
switc
h
reduces
by
hal
f
the
qua
ntit
y
wh
e
n
c
om
par
ed
to
the
c
onve
ntion
al
asy
m
m
et
rical
conver
t
e
r.
W
it
h
HCC
dr
i
ving
al
l
the
switc
he
s
(both
up
per
br
i
dg
e
a
nd
lo
wer
br
i
dge)
of
casca
de
d
c
onver
te
r
,
al
l
the
twel
ve
s
witc
he
s
ar
e
tur
ned
-
O
N
a
nd
OF
F
m
ulti
ple
tim
es.
W
it
h
thi
s
ph
e
nom
eno
n
of
tu
r
ning
O
N
and
O
FF
m
ultip
le
tim
es,
swit
chi
ng
losses i
ncr
ease
s.
T
his leads
to
d
e
velo
pm
ent o
f
sim
plifie
d
H
CC
f
or casca
de
d
c
onve
rter.
c.
Clos
ed
-
lo
op
c
on
t
rol
of
cas
caded
c
onver
ter
(hyster
esi
s
current
c
ontr
ol
ap
pli
ed
to
onl
y
up
p
er
bridge
alone)
Figure
9
il
lust
rates
the
cl
os
e
d
-
l
oop
s
peed
con
t
ro
l
of
cas
caded
c
onve
rt
er
w
her
e
hyste
resis
c
urre
nt
con
t
ro
l
pro
duc
es
gate
pu
lse
s
to
on
ly
powe
r
switc
hes
of
up
per
br
id
ge
of
c
ascade
d
co
nv
e
rter.
Act
ual
spe
ed
of
the r
ot
or
is sense
d
an
d
is com
par
e
d
to the ref
eren
ce s
pee
d
va
lue to g
ive
ou
t t
he
err
or in sp
eed.
T
he
er
ror val
ue
is
fed
to
P
I
c
ontr
oller
to
yi
el
d
m
agn
it
ude
of
the
c
urre
nt
sig
nal.
T
he
an
gula
r
velocit
y
of
t
he
ro
t
or
sen
sed
from
hall
sens
or
s
is
us
e
d
to
ob
ta
in
current
s
ha
pe
wh
e
n
passe
d
t
hro
ugh
r
otor
posit
ion
si
gnal
r
ecei
ver
.
C
urre
nt
sh
a
pe
sign
al
is
m
ultip
li
ed
t
o
c
urrent
m
agn
it
ud
e
si
gn
al
obta
ine
d
f
ro
m
PI
c
ontr
oller
outp
ut
t
o
obta
in
ref
e
rence
cu
rr
e
nt
sign
al
.
Re
fe
re
nc
e
cur
re
nt
is
com
par
ed
with
t
he
act
ual
curre
nt
from
stato
r
currents
a
nd
th
e
err
or
sig
nal
is
sent
to h
yst
ere
sis c
urren
t c
ontr
oller (HCC
)
.
HCC
ge
ner
at
e
d
gate
pulse
s
a
re
fe
d
on
ly
to
uppe
r
bri
dge
(
six)
powe
r
swi
tc
hes
al
one
a
nd
the
l
ow
e
r
br
i
dg
e
(
six
)
po
wer
s
witc
hes
a
re
dr
i
ve
n
by
current
s
hap
e
si
gn
al
s
ob
ta
ine
d
fr
om
po
sit
ion
sens
or
.
With
r
espect
to
their
s
witc
hi
ng
ti
m
es,
up
pe
r
bri
dge
(si
x)
switc
he
s
ar
e
tur
ne
d
O
N
an
d
OF
F
m
ulti
ple
tim
es
since
they
are
dr
i
ven
f
ro
m
H
CC
wh
il
e
l
ower
br
id
ge
(si
x)
switc
hes
rem
ai
n
co
ntin
uousl
y
in
O
N
sta
te
or
OF
F
sta
te
over
a
per
i
od
of
ti
m
e.
This
m
eth
od
of
t
rig
geri
ng
s
witc
hes
r
edu
ce
s
ove
rall
switc
hing
lo
s
ses
due
to
O
N
an
d
OF
F
con
diti
ons.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A sim
plif
ie
d
hy
ste
resis curre
nt
co
ntr
ol for
casc
aded
convert
er fed swit
che
d …
(
An
ur
ad
ha
Devi Tell
apati
)
5101
Figure
9.
Cl
os
e
d
-
l
oop
c
ontrol
of cascade
d
c
onve
rter
HCC a
pp
li
ed
to o
nly
on
e
(u
pp
e
r) bri
dg
e
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND A
N
ALYSIS
a.
Perfo
r
ma
nce
analysis
of c
onven
tio
na
l
asy
mmetri
cal c
onverter
f
ed
S
R
M
Figure
10
sho
ws
the
sta
tor
c
urren
t,
tor
que
and
sp
ee
d
of
a
sy
m
m
e
tric
al
c
onve
rter
fe
d
S
RM
.
Stat
or
of
SRM
dr
a
ws
20A
pea
k
c
urre
nts
f
r
om
the
conve
rter
for
th
e
excit
at
ion
of
phase
windin
gs
.
To
r
qu
e
co
ntain
s
rip
ples. S
RM
r
un
s
at c
on
sta
nt 2000RPM as
s
how
n
in
f
i
gure.
Figure
10.
Per
f
or
m
ance ch
a
ra
ct
erist
ic
s o
f a
s
ymm
et
rical
co
nv
e
rter
fe
d
SR
M
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
5095
-
5106
5102
Figure
11
il
lust
rates
the
volt
ag
e
stress
acr
os
s
on
e
s
witc
h
of
c
ascade
d
c
onve
rter,
phase
out
pu
t
volt
age
of
casc
ade
d
c
onve
rter.
Zo
om
-
in
view
of v
olt
age
stress
acr
oss
switc
h
a
nd
phase vo
lt
age
is
show
n.
Each
s
witc
h
is
subj
ect
e
d
t
o
vo
l
ta
ge
stres
s
of
20
0V
an
d
t
he
phase
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
is
200V
peak.
T
he
s
witc
hing
patte
r
n
with
resp
ect
to
sta
to
r
curre
nt
is
sh
own
in
Fi
gure
11.
wh
e
n
the
phase
is
excit
ed,
each
switc
h
is
stressed
up
t
o
20
0V
giv
in
g
ou
t
pha
se
vo
lt
age
of
200V
(
peak
va
lue)
in
casca
de
d
c
onve
rter.
I
n
this
case,
wh
e
n
SRM
is
dr
iv
e
n
by asym
m
et
ric
al
co
nve
rter,
ea
ch
s
witc
h
is
str
essed u
p
to
pha
se volt
age
valu
e.
Figure
11.
V
oltage ac
ro
s
s s
witc
h,
phase
volt
age a
nd curre
nts
(
to
SRM) i
n
c
ascade
d
c
onvert
er
b.
Sub
sec
tion
p
erfo
rm
an
ce
analysis
of
c
asc
ad
ed
co
nv
er
t
er
fed
SRM
(
HCC
dri
ving
bo
t
h
u
pper
and
lowe
r bridge
s)
Figure
12
s
hows
the
sta
to
r
current,
t
orqu
e
and
s
pee
d
of
c
ascade
d
co
nve
rter
fe
d
SRM
.
Stat
or
of
SRM
dr
a
ws
20A
pe
ak
cu
rr
e
nts
f
rom
the
conver
te
r
f
or
the
e
xcita
ti
on
of
phase
windin
gs
.
T
orq
ue
c
onta
ins
ri
pp
le
s
.
SRM
runs
at
const
ant
20
00RPM
as
show
n
in
fig
ur
e
.
C
losed
-
lo
op
op
erati
on
m
akes
m
achine
to
r
un
at
const
ant s
peed.
Figure
12.
Per
f
or
m
ance ch
a
ra
ct
erist
ic
s o
f c
a
scade
d
c
onver
t
er f
e
d SRM
(H
CC
dr
i
ving
bo
t
h uppe
r
a
nd
lowe
r br
i
dg
e
s)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A sim
plif
ie
d
hy
ste
resis curre
nt
co
ntr
ol for
casc
aded
convert
er fed swit
che
d …
(
An
ur
ad
ha
Devi Tell
apati
)
5103
Figure
13
il
lust
rates
the
volt
ag
e
stress
acr
os
s
on
e
s
witc
h
(up
per
bri
dge)
of
casca
de
d
c
onve
rter,
phase
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
of
casca
de
d
co
nv
e
rter.
Sw
it
c
hing
pe
rio
ds
f
or
resp
e
ct
ive
phase
e
xcita
ti
on
(phase
e
xcita
ti
on)
is
al
so
ind
ic
at
ed
in
figure.
Volt
age
stress
ac
ro
ss
one
switc
h
(lo
wer
br
i
dge)
of
casca
de
d
co
nv
e
rter
i
s
al
so
ind
ic
at
ed
in
Figure
13.
Ea
ch
switc
h
(both
uppe
r
a
nd
lo
wer
bri
dge)
is
sub
je
ct
ed
to
volt
ag
e
stress
of
100V
a
nd
the
ph
a
se
outp
ut
vo
lt
ag
e
is
20
0V
pea
k.
When
the
phase
is
excit
ed,
each
switc
h
is
stres
s
ed
up
to
100V
giv
in
g
ou
t
phase
vo
lt
a
ge
of
200V
(
pe
ak
value
)
in
ca
scade
d
co
nv
e
rter.
I
n
this
case,
wh
e
n
SRM
is
dr
i
ven
by
casca
ded
conve
rter,
eac
h
switc
h
is st
res
sed
up
to only
half
th
e
am
ou
nt
of
phase v
olt
age v
al
ue.
Zo
om
-
in
view
of volt
age
stress
acr
os
s
upp
e
r
br
id
ge
a
nd
lo
wer
br
i
dg
e
switc
h
is
sho
wn
i
n
Fig
ure
14
s
howi
ng
vo
lt
age
stress
of
100V
acro
s
s
eac
h
s
witc
h.
When
HCC
dri
ves
both
uppe
r
a
nd
lowe
r
s
witc
he
s
of
c
onver
te
r,
bo
t
h
uppe
r
br
i
dg
e
switc
hes
an
d
lowe
r
br
i
dg
e
switc
hes
are
t
urne
d
ON
an
d
OF
F
m
ulti
ple
tim
es
per
cy
cl
e.
This
i
nc
reases
the sw
it
chi
ng
l
os
ses in c
onve
r
te
r.
Tho
ugh vol
ta
ge
stress is r
edu
ce
d,
switc
hi
ng
lo
sses inc
r
eases d
ue
to m
ulti
ple
tur
n ON
an
d O
FF’
s
.
Figure
13.
V
oltage ac
ro
s
s
uppe
r
s
witc
h,
phas
e volt
age, cu
rrents (t
o
SRM
) a
nd volt
age
acro
s
s
lo
wer s
witc
h
in
casca
ded co
nverter
Figure
14.
Z
oo
m
-
in v
ie
w of
volt
age stre
ss ac
ro
ss
up
per b
rid
ge
a
nd lo
wer b
rid
ge
s
witc
h
c.
Perfo
r
ma
nce
analysis
of c
asc
ad
ed
conver
t
er fed
S
RM (
HCC dri
ving
on
ly
upper
br
idge)
Figure
15
s
hows
the
sta
to
r
current,
t
orqu
e
and
s
pee
d
of
c
ascade
d
co
nve
rter
fe
d
SRM
.
Stat
or
of
SRM
dr
a
ws
20A
pe
ak
cu
rr
e
nts
f
rom
the
conver
te
r
f
or
the
e
xcita
ti
on
of
phase
windin
gs
.
T
orqu
e
c
onta
ins
ri
pp
le
s
.
SRM
runs
at
const
ant
20
00RPM
as
show
n
in
fig
ur
e
.
C
lo
sed
-
lo
op
op
erati
on
m
akes
m
achine
to
r
un
at
const
ant s
peed.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
5095
-
5106
5104
Figure
15.
Per
f
or
m
ance ch
a
ra
ct
erist
ic
s o
f c
a
scade
d
c
onver
t
er f
e
d SRM
(H
CC
d
ri
ving
on
l
y uppe
r br
id
ge
)
Figure
16
il
lust
rates
the
volt
ag
e
stress
acr
os
s
on
e
s
witc
h
(up
per
bri
dge)
of
casca
de
d
c
onv
erter,
phase
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
of
casca
de
d
co
nv
e
rter. Swit
ch
ing
per
io
ds
for
r
especti
ve p
ha
se excit
at
ion
(
s
ta
tor
cu
rr
e
nt)
i
s also
ind
ic
at
ed
i
n
fig
ur
e
.
V
oltage
stress
ac
ro
s
s
on
e
switc
h
(lo
we
r
br
i
dg
e
)
of
casc
aded
co
nverter
is
al
so
i
nd
ic
at
ed
i
n
Figure
16.
Eac
h
sw
it
ch
(
both
upper
an
d
lo
wer
bri
dge
)
is
su
bject
e
d
to
volt
age
stress
of
100V
an
d
th
e
ph
ase
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
is
200V
peak.
Wh
e
n
t
he
phas
e
is
excit
ed,
ea
ch
s
witc
h
is
str
essed
up
to
10
0V
gi
ving
out
ph
a
se
vo
lt
age o
f
20
0V
(p
ea
k
val
ue)
in
casca
ded
co
nv
e
rter.
In
this
case,
wh
e
n
SR
M
is
dr
iven
by
casca
ded
c
onve
rter,
each s
witc
h
is
stressed
up t
o on
ly
half
t
he
a
m
ou
nt of
ph
as
e volt
age
value
.
Zo
om
-
in
view
of
vo
lt
age
st
re
ss
acro
s
s
uppe
r
br
i
dge
an
d
lo
wer
br
id
ge
s
witc
h
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ur
e
17
sh
owin
g
volt
age
stress
of
100V
acr
os
s
ea
ch
switc
h.
When
HCC
dr
i
ve
s
on
ly
upper
s
witc
hes
of
conver
te
r
,
m
ul
ti
ple
tur
n
ON
an
d
O
FF
pe
r
cy
cl
e
are
o
bse
rv
e
d
in only
u
ppe
r
s
witc
h
w
hile
lo
wer
swit
ch
c
onti
nuously
tur
ns
ON
or
OF
F
w
hich
is
cl
early
ind
ic
at
ed
in
Figure
17.
T
hi
s
ph
e
nom
eno
n
decr
eases
t
he
swi
tc
hing
los
ses
in
conve
rter
wh
e
n
c
om
par
ed
t
o HCC
drivi
ng both b
rid
ges.
Th
ough
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
ch
aracte
risti
cs
rem
ai
ns
sa
m
e
in
com
par
ing
as
ymm
et
rical
an
d
casca
de
d
conve
rter
(in
two
m
od
es)
,
switc
hing
losse
s
(turn
O
N
an
d
OF
F
)
are
re
du
ce
d
in
case
wh
e
n
HCC
dri
ve
s
on
ly
uppe
r
s
witc
hes
of
c
onve
rter.
Fi
gure
18
il
lustrate
s
diff
e
ren
ce
of
analy
sis
with
casca
de
d
an
d
conve
ntion
al
c
onve
rter
in
ba
r
represe
ntati
on.
B
ar
re
prese
ntati
on
of
s
witc
hing
(T
urn
O
N
&
O
FF)
lo
s
ses
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 19.
Figure
16.
V
oltage ac
ro
s
s
uppe
r
s
witc
h,
p
has
e volt
age, cu
rrents (t
o
SRM
)
and volt
age
acr
os
s l
ow
e
r
s
witc
h
in
casca
ded
conve
rter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.