I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l
o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
,
p
p
.
1
7
0
1
~
1
7
1
0
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v8
i
3
.
p
p
1
7
0
1
-
1710
1701
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e
.
co
m/
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JE
C
E
A Coo
pera
tive Ca
che Ma
na
g
e
m
en
t
Sche
m
e
for IE
EE
8
0
2
.15
.4
b
a
sed
Wireless
Se
nso
r Net
w
o
rk
s
P
iy
us
h Cha
ra
n
1
,
T
a
h
s
in U
s
m
a
n
i
2
,
Ra
j
ee
v
P
a
ulu
s
3
,
Sy
ed
H
a
s
a
n Sa
ee
d
4
1,
2,
4
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
I
n
t
e
g
ra
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
L
u
c
k
n
o
w
,
In
d
ia
3
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
S
a
m
Hig
g
in
b
o
tt
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ag
ri
c
u
lt
u
re
,
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
A
ll
a
h
a
b
a
d
,
I
n
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Oct
3
,
2
0
1
7
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
an
1
,
2
0
1
8
A
cc
ep
ted
J
an
8
,
2
0
1
8
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
(
W
S
Ns
)
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
IEE
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
M
A
C
a
n
d
P
HY
lay
e
r
sta
n
d
a
rd
s
is
a
re
c
e
n
t
tr
e
n
d
i
n
t
h
e
m
a
rk
e
t.
It
h
a
s
g
a
in
e
d
tr
e
m
e
n
d
o
u
s
a
tt
e
n
ti
o
n
d
u
e
to
it
s
lo
w
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
c
h
a
r
a
c
teristics
a
n
d
lo
w
d
a
ta
ra
tes
.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r,
f
o
r
larg
e
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
m
in
im
izin
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
is
stil
l
a
n
issu
e
b
e
c
a
u
se
o
f
th
e
d
isse
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
larg
e
o
v
e
rh
e
a
d
s
th
ro
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
n
e
tw
o
rk
.
T
h
is
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
c
a
n
b
e
re
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
in
c
o
r
p
o
ra
ti
n
g
a
n
o
v
e
l
c
o
o
p
e
ra
t
iv
e
c
a
c
h
in
g
sc
h
e
m
e
to
m
in
i
m
ize
o
v
e
rh
e
a
d
s
a
n
d
to
se
rv
e
d
a
ta
w
it
h
m
in
i
m
a
l
late
n
c
y
a
n
d
th
e
re
b
y
re
d
u
c
e
th
e
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
e
x
p
lo
re
s
th
e
p
o
ss
ib
il
it
ies
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
e
n
e
rg
y
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
b
y
in
c
o
rp
o
ra
ti
n
g
a
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
c
a
c
h
in
g
stra
teg
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
A
O
DV
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
c
ac
h
i
n
g
E
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
W
SNs
Z
i
g
B
ee
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
P
iy
u
s
h
C
h
ar
an
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ics a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
I
n
teg
r
al
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
,
L
u
c
k
n
o
w
,
P
.
O.
B
as
-
Ha,
Dasau
li,
K
u
r
s
i
R
o
ad
,
L
u
ck
n
o
w
-
2
2
6
0
2
6
,
Uttar
P
r
ad
esh
,
I
n
d
ia.
E
m
ail:
p
i
y
u
s
h
@
i
u
l.a
c.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
W
ith
t
h
e
tr
e
m
e
n
d
o
u
s
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
t
h
e
W
ir
eles
s
P
er
s
o
n
al
A
r
ea
Net
w
o
r
k
s
(
W
P
A
N
s
)
,
t
h
e
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
h
as
b
ee
n
lo
o
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
n
e
w
av
en
u
e
s
to
en
ab
le
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
to
b
e
ex
ten
d
ed
to
n
e
w
er
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
e
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
W
ir
eless
Sen
s
o
r
Netw
o
r
k
b
ased
o
n
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
/
Z
i
g
B
ee
Dev
ice
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
1
7
0
1
–
1710
1702
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
o
f
th
e
T
o
tal
L
i
n
k
C
o
s
t
ca
n
lead
to
an
ef
f
ic
ien
t
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
esi
g
n
[
1
]
w
h
er
e
i
n
P
o
w
er
C
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
Qu
alit
y
o
f
Ser
v
ice
(
Qo
S)
ar
e
th
e
t
w
o
m
aj
o
r
attr
ib
u
tes
t
h
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
f
o
r
w
h
ic
h
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
m
u
s
t
f
o
cu
s
o
n
b
o
th
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
h
ig
h
r
o
u
ti
n
g
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
.
Z
i
g
B
ee
is
a
lo
w
r
ate
-
w
ir
el
ess
p
er
s
o
n
al
ar
ea
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
L
R
-
W
P
AN)
d
ev
ice
b
ased
o
n
th
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
s
t
u
d
y
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
in
s
u
c
h
d
ev
ice
s
ar
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
a
n
d
r
ec
ep
tio
n
o
f
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
s
ag
g
r
eg
ated
to
th
e
Si
n
k
No
d
e,
o
v
er
h
ea
r
i
n
g
,
id
le
lis
te
n
i
n
g
o
f
m
o
tes,
co
llis
io
n
s
a
n
d
p
ac
k
et
o
v
er
h
ea
d
s
(
m
u
l
tip
le
p
ac
k
ets
g
e
n
er
ated
d
u
e
to
u
n
ica
s
t o
r
m
u
lti
ca
s
t)
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Nar
o
tta
m
C
h
a
n
d
[
2
]
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
t
h
e
s
i
n
k
w
i
th
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
a
b
ig
c
h
alle
n
g
e
i
n
d
esi
g
n
in
g
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
u
b
iq
u
ito
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
C
a
ch
in
g
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
w
a
y
s
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
th
e
c
ac
h
e
s
izes
i
n
th
e
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
h
av
e
w
it
n
es
s
ed
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t in
cr
ea
s
e
in
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
2.
CO
O
P
E
RAT
I
VE
DATA C
A
CH
I
NG
I
n
W
ir
eless
Se
n
s
o
r
Net
w
o
r
k
s
,
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
C
ac
h
i
n
g
h
e
lp
s
n
o
d
es
to
s
h
ar
e
a
n
d
co
o
r
d
in
ate
ca
ch
ed
d
ata
to
lo
w
er
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
/
lin
k
co
s
t
an
d
to
ex
p
lo
it
t
h
e
a
g
g
r
e
g
ate
ca
ch
e
s
p
ac
e
o
f
co
o
p
er
atin
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
A
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
is
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
w
it
h
a
f
la
s
h
m
e
m
o
r
y
t
h
at
ca
ch
es
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
ac
ce
s
s
ed
d
ata
ite
m
s
.
T
h
e
d
ata
ca
ch
ed
in
t
h
e
f
las
h
m
e
m
o
r
y
s
atis
f
ies
th
e
n
o
d
es
o
w
n
r
eq
u
e
s
t
b
u
t
al
s
o
ca
ter
s
th
e
d
ata
r
eq
u
ests
p
ass
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
it
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
er
n
o
d
es.
W
h
e
n
a
d
ata
m
i
s
s
is
e
n
co
u
n
ter
ed
th
e
n
o
d
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ea
r
ch
es
th
e
d
ata
i
n
its
zo
n
e
/cl
u
s
ter
b
ef
o
r
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
r
eq
u
e
s
t
to
th
e
n
ex
t
n
o
d
e
th
at
lies
o
n
a
p
a
th
to
w
ar
d
s
t
h
e
d
at
a
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ca
ch
e
ad
m
is
s
io
n
co
n
tr
o
l
(
C
AC
)
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
cr
iter
ia
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
in
k
n
o
d
e
an
d
g
i
v
es
h
i
g
h
p
r
io
r
it
y
to
th
e
n
o
d
es
n
ea
r
to
t
h
e
s
in
k
.
C
ac
h
in
g
p
la
y
s
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
r
o
le
in
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
a
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
(
SN)
to
s
in
k
b
y
ca
ch
i
n
g
t
h
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
o
r
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
ac
ce
s
s
ed
d
ata.
C
ac
h
i
n
g
i
s
a
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
as
ter
d
ata
ac
ce
s
s
i
n
an
y
co
m
p
u
t
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
W
ith
t
h
e
d
is
co
v
er
y
o
f
ca
c
h
e
t
h
e
ac
ce
s
s
i
b
ilit
y
o
f
d
ata
h
as
b
ee
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
as
it
s
to
r
es
d
ata
to
b
e
n
ee
d
ed
in
f
u
tu
r
e
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
r
etr
iev
ed
s
i
m
u
l
tan
eo
u
s
l
y
w
it
h
th
e
r
eq
u
e
s
t
to
ac
ce
s
s
.
C
ac
h
in
g
[
8
]
h
a
s
m
ad
e
its
i
m
p
ac
t
in
th
e
W
ir
ele
s
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
al
s
o
.
P
r
o
v
id
in
g
co
n
s
tan
t
d
ata
to
t
h
e
s
in
k
w
i
th
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
co
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ce
is
a
m
aj
o
r
task
i
n
ex
ec
u
tin
g
ex
ten
s
i
v
e
s
ca
le
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
A
g
r
ea
t
d
ea
l
o
f
r
esear
ch
in
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
o
u
ti
n
g
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
,
d
a
ta
co
m
p
r
es
s
io
n
[
7
]
an
d
in
-
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
ata
a
g
g
r
e
g
ati
o
n
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
in
W
SNs
a
m
id
late
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
ef
f
icie
n
t
d
ata
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
h
a
s
b
ee
n
tr
ied
to
s
o
lv
e
to
ce
r
tain
e
x
ten
t
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
C
ac
h
in
g
i
n
W
ir
eles
s
Sen
s
o
r
Net
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
a
l
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
o
f
ca
ch
in
g
c
an
lead
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
tr
af
f
ic
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
d
ata
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
3.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
A
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
ch
e
m
es
r
elate
d
to
ca
ch
in
g
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
.
J
in
b
ao
L
i
et
al
[
9
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
ca
ch
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e
f
o
r
th
e
m
u
lti
-
s
i
n
k
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
wo
r
k
f
o
r
m
s
a
s
et
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
tr
ee
s
f
o
r
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
in
k
.
A
co
m
m
o
n
s
u
b
tr
ee
is
f
o
r
m
ed
o
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
s
et
s
o
f
tr
ee
s
an
d
th
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
s
u
b
tr
ee
is
s
elec
ted
a
s
th
e
d
ata
ca
ch
i
n
g
n
o
d
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
s
t o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
J
.
Xu
et
al
[
1
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
w
aitin
g
ca
c
h
e
s
c
h
e
m
e
w
h
ic
h
an
ticip
ates
f
o
r
th
e
d
ata
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
cl
u
s
te
r
to
b
ec
o
m
e
a
v
ailab
le
w
it
h
i
n
a
th
r
es
h
o
ld
an
d
th
e
n
a
g
g
r
e
g
ati
n
g
i
t
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
lo
w
er
cl
u
s
ter
a
n
d
s
en
d
i
n
g
it
to
t
h
e
s
i
n
k
later
,
t
h
u
s
r
ed
u
c
in
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
tr
av
elli
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
M
d
.
A
.
R
ah
m
a
n
et
al
[
1
1
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ca
ch
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
b
y
n
eg
o
ti
atin
g
d
ata
b
et
w
ee
n
b
ase
s
ta
tio
n
an
d
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
ex
p
ec
ta
n
c
y
o
f
d
ata
ch
an
g
e
an
d
d
ata
v
a
n
i
s
h
i
n
g
.
A
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
ca
ch
in
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
T
.
P
.
Sh
ar
m
a
et
al
[
1
2
]
w
h
ic
h
ex
p
lo
its
co
o
p
er
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
S
Ns
in
a
d
e
f
in
ed
r
eg
io
n
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
it
s
o
w
n
lo
ca
l
s
to
r
ag
e,
a
n
o
d
e
u
s
e
s
s
to
r
ag
es
o
f
n
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
clu
s
ter
s
ar
o
u
n
d
it
to
f
o
r
m
lar
g
er
ca
ch
e
s
to
r
ag
e
k
n
o
wn
as
C
u
m
u
lati
v
e
C
ac
h
e.
I
n
th
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
a
to
k
en
b
ased
ca
ch
e
ad
m
is
s
io
n
co
n
tr
o
l (
C
A
C
)
s
c
h
e
m
e
is
d
ev
is
ed
w
h
er
e
a
n
o
d
e
h
o
ld
i
n
g
th
e
to
k
e
n
c
an
ca
c
h
e
o
r
r
ep
lace
d
ata
ite
m
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
is
th
at
m
o
r
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
et
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
s
is
g
e
n
er
ated
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
&
r
o
tate
t
h
e
to
k
e
n
.
T
h
en
la
ter
N.
Di
m
o
k
a
s
e
t
a
l
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
h
av
e
id
en
t
if
ied
v
ar
io
u
s
tar
g
e
ts
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
b
e
o
p
tim
ized
s
u
ch
a
s
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
a
cc
ess
late
n
c
y
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
p
ies
o
f
d
ata
ite
m
s
to
b
e
p
lace
d
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
Di
s
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
s
c
h
e
m
es
is
th
at
n
o
d
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
(
NI
)
in
d
ex
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
o
f
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
n
o
d
e.
So
,
o
v
er
h
ea
d
to
f
in
d
NI
f
o
r
all
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
e
n
er
g
y
w
h
ic
h
i
n
t
u
r
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
li
f
eti
m
e
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
P
.
Ku
m
ar
an
d
N.
C
h
a
u
h
a
n
e
t
al
[
1
5
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
o
v
el
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
ca
ch
in
g
d
ata
in
MA
NE
T
s
i
n
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
d
ata
o
f
th
e
leav
in
g
n
o
d
e
is
ca
ch
ed
.
I
n
th
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
all
n
o
d
es
leav
i
n
g
a
p
ar
tic
u
lar
zo
n
e
w
il
l
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
a
“L
E
A
VE
”
m
ess
a
g
e
to
all
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
is
to
b
e
ca
ch
ed
is
d
ec
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
C
o
o
p
era
tive
C
a
ch
e
Ma
n
a
g
e
men
t S
ch
eme
fo
r
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
b
a
s
ed
W
S
N
s
(
P
iyu
s
h
C
h
a
r
a
n
)
1703
Z
o
n
e
Ma
n
ag
er
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
C
ac
h
i
n
g
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
T
a
b
le
(
C
I
T
)
o
f
th
e
leav
in
g
n
o
d
e.
T
h
ey
also
ex
p
lain
ed
th
at
a
g
o
o
d
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
ca
ch
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t te
c
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
MA
NE
T
s
s
h
o
u
ld
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
is
s
u
e
s
:
a.
A
C
ac
h
e
Di
s
co
v
er
y
al
g
o
r
ith
m
t
h
at
m
a
y
b
e
e
f
f
icie
n
t
e
n
o
u
g
h
to
f
etch
an
d
d
eli
v
er
r
eq
u
e
s
ted
d
ata
ite
m
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
es.
b.
A
C
ac
h
e
A
d
m
is
s
io
n
C
o
n
tr
o
l
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
th
at
is
a
b
le
to
d
ec
id
e
w
h
ic
h
d
ata
i
te
m
s
ca
n
b
e
ca
ch
ed
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
u
s
e.
I
n
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
ca
ch
in
g
t
h
is
d
ec
is
io
n
i
s
tak
e
n
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
ca
ch
in
g
n
o
d
e
b
u
t a
ls
o
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
o
th
er
n
o
d
es.
c.
T
h
er
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
a
ca
ch
e
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
al
g
o
r
ith
m
to
r
ep
lace
t
h
e
ca
c
h
ed
d
ata
ite
m
s
w
h
en
t
h
e
ca
ch
i
n
g
s
p
ac
e
is
n
o
t e
n
o
u
g
h
to
ca
ch
e
t
h
e
n
e
w
o
n
e
s
.
d.
A
ca
c
h
e
co
n
s
is
ten
c
y
al
g
o
r
ith
m
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
ca
ch
ed
d
ata
ite
m
s
ar
e
u
p
d
ated
b
ased
o
n
t
h
ei
r
T
i
m
e
-
to
-
L
i
v
e
(
T
T
L
)
v
alu
e.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
eq
u
is
i
tes
f
o
r
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
C
ac
h
e
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
4.
SYST
E
M
E
NVIRO
NM
E
NT
W
e
co
n
s
id
er
a
W
ir
eless
Sen
s
o
r
Net
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
Se
n
s
o
r
No
d
es
(
SNs
)
th
at
ar
e
b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
/Z
ig
B
ee
d
ev
i
ce
s
an
d
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
s
en
s
in
g
p
h
y
s
ical
d
ata
w
h
ile
i
n
ter
ac
tin
g
w
it
h
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
th
e
s
e
n
et
wo
r
k
s
ar
e
cla
s
s
i
f
ied
a
s
o
p
er
atin
g
i
n
ei
th
er
a)
P
u
s
h
Mo
d
e,
o
r
b
)
P
u
ll
Mo
d
e.
I
n
p
u
s
h
m
o
d
e,
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
a
r
e
s
en
s
i
n
g
d
ata
all
t
h
e
ti
m
e
a
n
d
o
n
ce
th
e
d
ata
i
s
ag
g
r
e
g
ated
it
i
s
p
u
s
h
ed
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
Sin
k
n
o
d
e
o
r
th
e
P
A
N
C
o
o
r
d
in
ato
r
w
h
ic
h
later
i
s
r
es
p
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
ta
k
i
n
g
C
o
n
tr
o
l
d
ec
is
io
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
s
u
ch
a
s
y
s
te
m
,
ea
c
h
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
its
el
f
is
a
So
u
r
ce
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
W
h
er
ea
s
,
in
p
u
ll
m
o
d
e
th
e
d
ata
is
s
en
s
ed
o
n
l
y
w
h
en
t
h
e
R
eq
u
ester
/
Si
n
k
n
o
d
e
ex
p
r
ess
es
an
in
ter
e
s
t
f
o
r
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
ata
at
an
i
n
s
ta
n
t.
T
h
u
s
w
e
s
ee
t
h
at
C
ac
h
in
g
m
a
y
n
o
t b
e
m
u
ch
h
elp
f
u
l i
n
P
u
s
h
Mo
d
e
b
ec
au
s
e
all
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
s
en
s
i
n
g
d
ata
a
n
d
all
th
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es
ar
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
ad
h
o
c
o
n
d
e
m
a
n
d
d
is
tan
ce
v
ec
to
r
(
A
ODV)
i
s
o
n
e
s
u
ch
o
n
d
e
m
an
d
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
at
m
ak
e
s
all
th
e
n
o
d
es
to
w
o
r
k
i
n
P
u
ll
Mo
d
e
in
w
h
ich
all
r
o
u
te
s
ar
e
d
is
co
v
er
ed
o
n
l
y
w
h
e
n
n
ee
d
ed
an
d
ar
e
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
as
lo
n
g
as
th
e
y
ar
e
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
[
1
6
]
.
A
d
ata
r
eq
u
est
in
itiated
b
y
a
s
in
k
is
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
h
o
p
-
by
-
h
o
p
alo
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
ath
a
l
o
n
g
w
it
h
a
b
ea
co
n
s
ig
n
al
u
n
t
il
it
r
ea
ch
es
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
th
en
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
d
s
b
ac
k
th
e
r
eq
u
e
s
ted
d
ata.
T
h
e
b
e
ac
o
n
s
ig
n
al
m
a
k
es
all
th
e
r
ad
io
s
in
it
s
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
ath
to
w
ak
e
-
u
p
an
d
ac
k
n
o
w
l
ed
g
e
th
e
r
eq
u
es
t
m
ad
e
b
y
t
h
e
Sin
k
/C
o
o
r
d
in
ato
r
.
C
ac
h
i
n
g
in
s
u
ch
a
s
y
s
te
m
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
et
o
v
er
h
ea
d
s
in
r
eq
u
e
s
ti
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
e
s
an
d
th
e
d
ata
av
a
ilab
ilit
y
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
.
W
SN
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
w
h
ic
h
co
m
p
r
is
es
o
f
li
m
ited
ca
ch
e
s
to
r
ag
e
e.
g
.
f
o
r
m
u
lt
i
m
ed
ia
d
ata,
th
en
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
ca
ch
in
g
m
a
y
also
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
s
h
ar
in
g
t
h
e
ca
ch
ed
d
ata
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es.
Si
n
ce
W
SNs
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
o
f
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
n
o
d
es
co
m
m
u
n
icati
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
m
n
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
a
n
te
n
n
as
w
i
th
th
e
s
a
m
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
a
n
g
e.
T
h
u
s
,
a
W
SN
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
t
y
p
icall
y
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
a
g
r
ap
h
G=
(
S,
E
)
w
h
er
e
S
is
t
h
e
s
et
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
SN
1
,
SN
2
,
….
,
an
d
is
th
e
s
e
t
o
f
li
n
k
s
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
ex
is
te
n
ce
o
f
a
li
n
k
(
SN
i
,
SN
j
)
E
also
m
ea
n
s
(
SN
j
,
SN
i
)
E
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
if
a
lin
k
ex
is
t
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
e
„
i
‟
an
d
„
j
‟
th
e
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
ex
is
t
s
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
es
„
j
‟
a
n
d
„
i
‟
.
Als
o
n
o
d
es
SN
i
an
d
SN
j
ar
e
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
ea
ch
o
th
er
,
an
d
ar
e
ca
lled
o
n
e
-
h
o
p
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
et
o
f
o
n
e
-
h
o
p
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
o
f
a
n
o
d
e
SN
i
i
s
d
en
o
ted
b
y
S
an
d
f
o
r
m
s
a
zo
n
e.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
o
f
n
o
d
es a
n
d
th
eir
o
n
e
-
h
o
p
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
f
o
r
m
s
a
w
ir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
wo
r
k
.
Fo
l
lo
w
i
n
g
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
h
a
v
e
a
ls
o
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
in
t
h
i
s
S
y
s
te
m
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t:
1)
T
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
lin
k
s
b
etw
ee
n
Se
n
s
o
r
No
d
es
ar
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al,
an
d
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
co
m
m
u
n
icate
v
ia
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
1
7
0
1
–
1710
1704
2)
T
h
e
W
SN
is
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
i.
e.
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
ca
p
ab
i
liti
es
ar
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
f
o
r
all
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
3)
E
ac
h
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
is
a
w
ar
e
o
f
i
ts
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
co
o
r
d
in
ates (
x
,
y
)
u
s
i
n
g
s
o
m
e
lo
ca
liza
tio
n
m
e
th
o
d
.
4)
Sin
ce
w
e
ass
u
m
e
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
li
m
ited
ca
ch
e
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
o
n
ce
th
e
ca
ch
e
s
p
ac
e
o
f
a
n
o
d
e
is
f
u
ll
th
e
n
th
e
n
o
d
e
w
ill
s
el
ec
t so
m
e
d
ata
ite
m
s
to
r
e
m
o
v
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ca
c
h
e,
w
h
e
n
it h
a
s
to
ca
ch
e
n
e
w
d
ata.
5)
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
zo
n
e
w
il
l
m
a
in
tai
n
a
T
ab
le
o
f
C
ac
h
e
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
en
o
ted
as
T
C
I
.
T
h
is
T
C
I
w
il
l
co
n
tai
n
n
elem
e
n
ts
w
h
er
e
n
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
d
ata
item
s
.
T
h
er
e
w
ill
b
e
f
o
u
r
en
tr
i
es
r
elate
d
to
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
w
h
ic
h
w
il
l b
e
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
a.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
en
tr
y
i
s
d
.
a
va
il
th
at
s
h
o
w
s
w
h
et
h
er
d
is
lo
ca
ll
y
ca
c
h
ed
at
n
o
d
e
X
.
T
h
is
is
b
in
ar
y
t
y
p
e
v
al
u
e
an
d
is
TRUE
i
f
d
ata
is
lo
ca
ll
y
av
ailab
le.
b.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
en
tr
y
is
d
.
n
eig
h
n
o
d
e
an
d
s
h
o
w
s
w
h
ic
h
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
e
h
as c
ac
h
ed
d
.
c.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
en
tr
y
i
s
d
.
a
co
u
n
t
w
h
ich
is
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
co
u
n
t
h
o
w
m
an
y
ti
m
es
d
i
s
ca
ch
ed
b
y
n
eig
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
es o
f
n
o
d
e
X
af
te
r
d
is
ca
ch
ed
b
y
n
o
d
e
X
.
d.
T
h
e
f
in
al
e
n
tr
y
i
s
d
.
ttl
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
TT
L
(
ti
m
e
-
to
-
li
v
e)
v
al
u
e
t
h
at
af
ter
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
ti
m
e
d
i
s
e
x
p
ir
ed
.
T
h
is
v
alu
e
i
s
as
s
ig
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
d
ata
s
er
v
er
.
T
h
e
en
tr
ies o
f
T
C
I
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
E
n
tr
ies o
f
th
e
T
ab
le
o
f
C
ac
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
(
T
C
I
)
S
l
.
N
o
.
En
t
r
y
N
a
me
M
e
a
n
i
n
g
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
V
a
l
u
e
1
d
.
a
v
a
i
l
sh
o
w
s
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
d
i
s l
o
c
a
l
l
y
c
a
c
h
e
d
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
e
st
i
n
g
n
o
d
e
F
A
L
S
E
2
d
.
n
e
i
g
h
n
o
d
e
sh
o
w
s
w
h
i
c
h
n
e
i
g
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
e
h
a
s
c
a
c
h
e
d
d
n
u
l
l
3
d
.
a
c
o
u
n
t
sh
o
w
s h
o
w
man
y
t
i
me
s
d
i
s
c
a
c
h
e
d
b
y
n
e
i
g
h
b
o
r
s
n
o
d
e
o
f
n
o
d
e
A
a
f
t
e
r
d
i
s c
a
c
h
e
d
b
y
n
o
d
e
A
z
e
r
o
4
d
.
t
t
l
sh
o
w
s a
f
t
e
r
h
o
w
mu
c
h
t
i
me
d
is
e
x
p
i
r
e
d
.
a
ssi
g
n
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
se
r
v
e
r
6)
B
ef
o
r
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
eq
u
est
f
o
r
d
ata
to
a
n
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
o
n
e
h
o
p
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
i
n
it
s
r
o
u
te
p
ath
,
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
w
il
l
ch
ec
k
if
it
co
n
tai
n
s
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
ata
in
its
lo
ca
l
ca
ch
e
an
d
if
it
h
a
s
th
e
d
ata
th
e
n
it
w
il
l
s
en
d
d
ir
ec
tl
y
an
d
s
to
p
th
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
el
s
e
it
w
i
ll
f
o
r
w
ar
d
t
h
e
r
eq
u
est
to
th
e
o
n
e
h
o
p
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
th
at
i
t k
n
o
w
s
h
a
s
ca
c
h
ed
th
e
d
ata
ite
m
.
5.
CACH
I
N
G
I
N
CO
O
P
E
RAT
I
VE
Z
O
NE
S (
CC
Z
)
C
ac
h
i
n
g
i
n
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
Z
o
n
e
s
(
C
C
Z
)
is
a
n
ad
ap
tiv
e
tech
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
d
ata
r
etr
iev
al
in
W
SN
s
b
ased
o
n
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
.
I
n
C
C
Z
ca
ch
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e,
it i
s
b
en
e
f
icial
f
o
r
th
e
S
N
to
s
h
ar
e
ca
ch
ed
d
ata
w
ith
its
o
n
e
h
o
p
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
lo
ca
ted
in
th
e
zo
n
e.
SNs
th
at
ar
e
p
ar
t
o
f
a
zo
n
e
o
f
a
g
iv
en
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
m
s
a
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
ca
c
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
th
a
t
p
ar
ticu
lar
n
o
d
e
s
in
ce
th
e
lin
k
co
s
t
o
r
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
w
i
th
t
h
e
m
i
s
lo
w
b
o
th
in
ter
m
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
d
ata
ex
c
h
an
g
e.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
o
f
C
C
Z
ca
ch
i
n
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
f
o
r
a
d
ata
r
e
q
u
est.
Fo
r
ea
ch
r
eq
u
est,
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
f
o
u
r
Scen
ar
io
s
h
o
ld
s
:
a.
Scen
ar
io
1
:
A
L
o
ca
l
h
it
is
s
ai
d
to
h
av
e
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
w
h
e
n
a
co
p
y
o
f
t
h
e
r
eq
u
e
s
ted
d
ata
ite
m
is
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
ca
ch
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e.
I
f
th
e
d
ata
ite
m
i
s
v
alid
,
it
i
s
u
s
ed
to
s
er
v
e
t
h
e
q
u
er
y
a
n
d
n
o
f
u
r
th
er
co
o
p
er
atio
n
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
b.
Scen
ar
io
2
:
A
Z
o
n
e
h
it
is
s
aid
to
h
a
v
e
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ested
d
ata
ite
m
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
in
t
h
e
ca
c
h
e
o
f
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
o
n
e
-
h
o
p
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
o
f
th
e
r
eq
u
ester
.
Me
s
s
ag
e
e
x
ch
a
n
g
e
w
it
h
in
t
h
e
ter
r
ito
r
y
o
f
th
e
r
eq
u
e
s
ti
n
g
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
(
lo
ca
l z
o
n
e)
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ca
c
h
e
d
is
co
v
e
r
y
.
c.
Scen
ar
io
3
:
A
R
e
m
o
te
h
it
is
s
a
id
to
h
av
e
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
d
ata
is
f
o
u
n
d
w
it
h
a
n
o
d
e
b
elo
n
g
i
n
g
to
a
zo
n
e
o
th
er
th
a
n
th
e
lo
ca
l z
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ester
alo
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
ath
to
th
e
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
.
d.
Scen
ar
io
4
:
A
Glo
b
al
h
it
is
s
a
id
to
h
av
e
e
n
co
u
n
ter
ed
w
h
e
n
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es
co
u
ld
h
a
v
e
h
elp
ed
th
e
n
th
e
r
eq
u
est
ed
d
atu
m
i
s
s
er
v
ed
b
y
t
h
e
d
ata
ce
n
ter
o
r
th
e
So
u
r
ce
N
o
d
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
C
o
o
p
era
tive
C
a
ch
e
Ma
n
a
g
e
men
t S
ch
eme
fo
r
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
b
a
s
ed
W
S
N
s
(
P
iyu
s
h
C
h
a
r
a
n
)
1705
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
A
t
y
p
ica
l d
ata
r
eq
u
est b
ein
g
ad
m
i
n
is
ter
ed
b
y
t
h
e
C
C
Z
P
r
o
to
co
l
5
.
1
.
Ca
che
dis
co
v
er
y
pro
ce
s
s
C
ac
h
i
n
g
i
n
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
Z
o
n
e
s
(
C
C
Z
)
u
s
e
s
a
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
C
ac
h
e
Di
s
co
v
er
y
w
h
er
e
in
th
e
n
o
d
e
w
h
ic
h
h
a
s
ca
c
h
ed
th
e
r
eq
u
e
s
t
ed
d
atu
m
i
s
lo
ca
ted
.
On
ce
a
d
ata
r
eq
u
est
is
in
i
tiated
b
y
a
s
in
k
n
o
d
e
o
r
P
A
N
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
,
it
f
ir
s
t
s
ea
r
ch
e
s
t
h
e
d
ata
in
its
o
w
n
ca
c
h
e.
I
f
t
h
e
d
ata
is
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
ca
ch
e
th
e
n
its
d
.
a
va
il
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e„
1
‟
o
r
T
R
UE
.
T
h
en
t
h
e
d
ata
is
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
R
e
q
u
ester
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
.
Su
c
h
t
y
p
e
o
f
d
at
a
r
etr
iev
al
is
ca
l
led
a
L
o
ca
l
h
it.
I
f
a
lo
ca
l
ca
ch
e
m
i
s
s
i
s
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
t
h
en
th
e
r
eq
u
e
s
t
i
s
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
ed
to
o
n
e
h
o
p
n
eig
h
b
o
r
o
f
t
h
e
R
eq
u
e
s
ter
o
r
th
e
lo
ca
l
zo
n
e
o
f
th
e
r
eq
u
este
r
.
I
n
ca
s
e
t
h
e
zo
n
e
ca
ch
e
is
al
s
o
m
i
s
s
ed
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
r
eq
u
est
f
o
r
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
ata
i
s
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
to
w
ar
d
s
t
h
e
So
u
r
ce
No
d
e
an
d
if
t
h
e
d
ata
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
w
h
i
le
r
o
u
ti
n
g
in
an
y
cl
u
s
ter
as
in
d
icat
ed
b
y
t
h
e
C
C
Z
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
it
w
ill
b
e
r
etu
r
n
ed
to
th
e
r
eq
u
es
ter
,
s
u
c
h
t
y
p
e
o
f
r
etr
iev
al
is
ca
lled
a
r
e
m
o
te
h
it.
Ot
h
er
w
is
e
th
e
d
ata
i
s
f
e
tch
ed
a
n
d
r
etu
r
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e,
w
h
ich
is
ca
lled
a
Glo
b
a
l
h
it.
5
.
2
.
Ca
che
a
d
m
is
s
io
n c
o
ntr
o
l
T
h
e
C
ac
h
e
A
d
m
is
s
io
n
C
o
n
tr
o
l
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
m
a
k
i
n
g
a
d
ec
is
io
n
o
f
w
h
e
th
er
to
ca
c
h
e
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
ata
ite
m
at
a
Se
n
s
o
r
No
d
e
o
r
n
o
t.
A
n
ef
f
icie
n
t
ca
c
h
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
e
n
s
u
r
es
ca
ch
i
n
g
a
d
a
ta
ite
m
n
ea
r
to
t
h
e
Sin
k
No
d
e/P
AN
C
o
o
r
d
in
ato
r
o
r
th
e
R
eq
u
es
ter
s
o
t
h
at
it
is
ea
s
il
y
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le.
So
,
C
ac
h
in
g
also
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
Dis
ta
n
ce
Fu
n
ctio
n
o
f
a
n
o
d
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
R
eq
u
ester
,
w
h
ic
h
is
ca
l
cu
lated
as:
(
1
)
W
h
er
e,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
Di
s
tan
ce
Fu
n
ctio
n
o
f
a
n
o
d
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
R
eq
u
ester
/S
in
k
is
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
R
eq
u
es
ter
/Si
n
k
is
t
h
e
Net
w
o
r
k
Size
o
r
to
tal
n
o
.
o
f
No
d
es in
t
h
e
Net
w
o
r
k
A
p
ar
tic
u
lar
d
ata
ite
m
ca
ch
ed
is
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
Di
s
tan
ce
Fu
n
ctio
n
.
I
f
th
e
>
Th
r
esh
o
ld
,
th
e
n
t
h
e
d
ata
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ca
ch
ed
in
th
at
p
ar
ticu
lar
n
o
d
e.
I
f
t
h
e
<
Th
r
esh
o
ld
,
th
en
t
h
e
d
ata
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
ca
ch
ed
.
T
o
av
o
id
m
u
ltip
le
ca
c
h
ed
d
ata
ite
m
s
a
ti
m
e
w
i
n
d
o
w
co
n
ce
p
t
i
s
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
w
h
ic
h
w
i
ll
n
o
t
c
ac
h
e
t
h
e
d
ata
i
f
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
h
a
s
ca
ch
ed
v
al
u
e
in
t
h
e
ti
m
e
w
i
n
d
o
w
t
w
.
W
h
en
a
d
ata
p
ass
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
o
d
e
is
ca
ch
ed
in
t
h
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
1
7
0
1
–
1710
1706
p
ar
ticu
lar
n
o
d
e
th
en
i
t
s
ets
ca
ch
e_
tag
=1
in
t
h
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
an
d
th
e
f
ield
d
.
n
eig
h
n
o
d
e
w
ill
ch
an
g
e
its
v
al
u
e
to
th
e
No
d
e
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
t
h
e
ca
ch
e
d
n
o
d
e.
5
.
3
.
Ca
che
co
ns
is
t
ency
T
h
e
C
ac
h
e
C
o
n
s
i
s
te
n
c
y
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
at
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
s
er
v
ed
w
it
h
v
al
id
an
d
f
r
e
s
h
d
at
a
an
d
n
o
ex
p
ir
ed
d
ata
is
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
r
eq
u
ests
.
T
w
o
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
ca
ch
e
co
n
s
i
s
ten
c
y
m
o
d
els
ar
e
th
e
w
ea
k
co
n
s
is
ten
c
y
an
d
t
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
s
is
ten
c
y
m
o
d
els.
Si
n
ce
W
SNs
ar
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
m
u
ltih
o
p
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
li
m
ited
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
s
o
t
h
e
w
ea
k
co
n
s
i
s
ten
c
y
m
o
d
el
i
s
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
.
T
h
e
C
C
Z
ca
c
h
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
es
a
s
i
m
p
le
w
ea
k
co
n
s
i
s
ten
c
y
m
o
d
el
b
ase
o
n
t
h
e
T
i
m
e
-
to
-
L
i
v
e
(
T
T
L
)
,
in
wh
ich
a
SN
a
ca
c
h
e
co
p
y
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
i
f
its
T
T
L
h
as
n
o
t
ex
p
ir
ed
.
On
ce
th
e
T
T
L
o
f
a
d
atu
m
e
x
p
ir
es,
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
co
n
s
id
er
s
f
o
r
th
e
r
ep
lace
m
e
n
t o
f
t
h
e
ca
ch
ed
d
at
a.
W
h
en
a
f
r
es
h
co
p
y
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
e
d
ata
p
ass
e
s
b
y
a
Sen
s
o
r
N
o
d
e,
th
e
SN
u
p
d
ates
its
T
T
L
an
d
a
ca
ch
ed
d
ata
item
is
r
e
f
r
esh
ed
.
5
.
4
.
Ca
che
re
pla
ce
m
ent
po
licy
T
h
e
C
C
Z
i
s
a
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
ca
ch
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
t
h
at
e
n
ab
les
d
ata
r
ep
lace
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
ca
ch
e
o
n
ce
t
h
e
T
T
L
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
d
ata
ex
p
ir
es.
Hen
ce
w
e
r
ea
ch
to
a
co
n
clu
s
i
o
n
th
at
th
e
C
ac
h
e
R
ep
lace
m
e
n
t
Facto
r
f
o
r
a
d
ata
ite
m
d
i
at
a
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
N
i
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
t
h
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
:
a.
P
o
p
u
lar
ity
(
)
:
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
d
ata
ite
m
,
d
i
b
ein
g
ac
ce
s
s
e
d
b
y
a
h
o
s
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
P
o
p
u
lar
it
y
o
f
th
at
d
ata,
w
h
ic
h
is
co
m
p
u
ted
a
s
:
∑
(
2
)
b.
W
h
er
e,
d
.
a
co
u
n
t
i
is
th
e
m
e
an
ac
ce
s
s
co
u
n
t o
f
a
d
ata
ite
m
d
i
b
ein
g
ac
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
a
h
o
s
t n
o
d
e.
c.
Dis
ta
n
ce
:
is
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ca
c
h
i
n
g
n
o
d
e
N
i
a
n
d
th
e
R
eq
u
ester
/
Sin
k
No
d
e
an
d
i
s
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
s
b
et
w
ee
n
R
eq
u
ester
No
d
e
an
d
th
e
ca
ch
i
n
g
n
o
d
e
.
d.
C
o
n
s
is
te
n
c
y
:
So
m
eti
m
es
th
e
c
ac
h
ed
d
ata
is
n
o
t
ac
ce
s
s
ed
at
all
b
y
t
h
e
r
eq
u
e
s
ter
i
n
s
u
c
h
a
ca
s
e
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
th
e
co
n
s
i
s
te
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
e
T
i
m
e
-
to
-
L
i
v
e
v
alu
e
o
f
a
d
ata
ite
m
is
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
.
W
h
en
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
a
d
ata
is
ex
p
ir
ed
th
e
d
ata
it
e
m
w
ill b
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
ac
h
e.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
attr
ib
u
te
s
t
h
e
C
ac
h
e
R
ep
lace
m
e
n
t
Facto
r
f
o
r
a
d
ata
item
d
i
is
co
m
p
u
ted
as
:
(
3
)
T
h
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
v
alu
e
is
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
is
th
e
u
til
it
y
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
d
ata
i
te
m
d
i
to
b
e
k
ep
t
in
th
e
ca
ch
e.
T
h
e
ca
ch
e
w
il
l g
et
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
w
it
h
f
r
es
h
d
ata
o
n
ce
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
d
ata
d
i
is
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
least.
T
h
e
C
C
Z
al
g
o
r
ith
m
u
s
es a
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
r
e
m
o
v
es
a
ca
ch
ed
d
ata
item
,
d
i
h
av
i
n
g
lea
s
t
u
n
ti
l
f
r
ee
ca
ch
e
s
p
ac
e
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t
en
o
u
g
h
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
f
r
es
h
d
ata
th
at
is
r
ea
d
y
to
b
e
ca
ch
ed
.
6.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
A
ND
ANA
L
YSI
S
6
.
1
.
Si
m
ula
t
io
n
m
o
del
T
h
e
Sim
u
lat
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
C
Z
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
NS
-
2
(
v
er
s
io
n
2
.
3
2
)
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
s
ed
is
A
OD
V
[
1
]
,
[
16
]
-
[
1
9
]
t
o
r
o
u
te
th
e
d
ata
tr
af
f
ic
in
t
h
e
W
ir
eless
Se
n
s
o
r
Net
w
o
r
k
b
ased
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
MA
C
a
n
d
P
HY
p
r
o
to
co
l a
n
d
th
e
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el
as
t
h
e
r
ad
io
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
is
1
6
,
d
ep
lo
y
ed
i
n
a
s
e
n
s
o
r
f
ield
r
e
g
io
n
o
f
1
0
0
*
1
0
0
m
2
.
T
h
e
w
i
r
eless
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
is
2
5
0
k
b
p
s
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
r
b
its
o
f
d
ata
th
at
ca
n
b
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
in
a
ti
m
e
p
er
io
d
,
n
o
r
m
all
y
i
n
o
n
e
s
ec
o
n
d
.
W
e
h
av
e
s
i
m
u
lated
AODV
w
it
h
C
C
Z
ca
c
h
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
in
t
w
o
a
n
al
y
tical
m
o
d
els
wh
er
e
i
n
w
e
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
n
o
d
es
to
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
ST
AR
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
an
d
in
th
e
o
t
h
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
el;
th
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
a
Gr
id
.
I
n
Star
(
C
lu
s
ter
b
ased
)
n
e
t
wo
r
k
,
1
6
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
b
ased
o
n
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
P
HY
s
tan
d
ar
d
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
all
F
u
ll
Fu
n
ctio
n
d
e
v
ices
(
F
FDs
)
a
n
d
a
r
e
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
w
ith
a
f
i
x
e
d
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
ca
c
h
e
m
e
m
o
r
y
to
s
to
r
e
th
e
s
e
n
s
ed
d
ata
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
I
n
Gr
id
b
ased
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
s
i
x
tee
n
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
p
lace
d
eq
u
id
is
tan
t
i
n
a
n
ar
ea
o
f
1
0
0
m
*
1
0
0
m
,
an
d
all
d
ev
ices
ar
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
P
HY
an
d
MA
C
co
m
p
lia
n
t,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
A
ll
d
ev
i
ce
s
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
s
o
m
e
f
ix
ed
a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
ca
ch
e
to
s
to
r
e
an
d
u
p
d
ate
it
w
ith
f
r
esh
d
ata.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
C
o
o
p
era
tive
C
a
ch
e
Ma
n
a
g
e
men
t S
ch
eme
fo
r
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
b
a
s
ed
W
S
N
s
(
P
iyu
s
h
C
h
a
r
a
n
)
1707
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Star
b
ased
Net
w
o
r
k
Mo
d
el
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Gr
id
b
ased
Netw
o
r
k
Mo
d
el
T
ab
le
2
.
R
ad
io
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
En
e
r
g
y
D
i
ssi
p
a
t
e
d
T
r
a
n
smit
P
o
w
e
r
3
1
mW
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
P
o
w
e
r
3
5
mW
I
d
l
e
P
o
w
e
r
3
0
mW
T
ab
le
3
.
Sim
u
latio
n
P
ar
am
e
ter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
D
e
f
a
u
l
t
V
a
l
u
e
R
a
n
g
e
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
N
o
d
e
s
1
0
0
1
~
1
0
0
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
D
a
t
a
I
t
e
ms
5
0
0
P
a
y
l
o
a
d
S
i
z
e
6
4
b
y
t
e
s
P
H
Y
a
n
d
M
A
C
L
a
y
e
r
I
EEE8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
2
.
4
G
H
z
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
(
k
b
p
s)
2
5
0
W
a
i
t
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
(
t
w
)
10s
T
TL
3
0
0
s
1
0
0
~
3
0
0
s
C
a
c
h
e
S
i
z
e
(
K
B
)
8
0
0
2
0
0
~
1
4
0
0
T
r
a
f
f
i
c
Ty
p
e
C
B
R
R
o
u
t
i
n
g
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
A
O
D
V
B
e
a
c
o
n
O
r
d
e
r
3
S
u
p
e
r
f
r
a
me
O
r
d
e
r
2
I
n
g
en
er
al
th
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
b
ased
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
ca
n
b
e
i
n
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
ese
m
o
d
es:
I
d
le,
T
r
an
s
m
it
Mo
d
e,
o
r
R
ec
eiv
e
Mo
d
e.
I
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
w
e
s
et
t
h
e
B
O=
3
an
d
t
h
e
SO=2
,
f
o
r
w
h
ich
th
e
Du
t
y
C
y
cle
co
m
es
o
u
t
t
o
b
e:
Du
t
y
c
y
c
le=
2
-
(BO
-
S
O)
=
2
-
(3
-
2)
=
2
-
1
=
2
-
1
=
=
0
.
5
o
r
5
0
%.
A
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
w
it
h
v
er
y
lo
w
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
g
o
es to
s
leep
m
o
d
e
u
n
til a
b
ea
co
n
s
ig
n
al
ar
r
iv
e
s
ag
ai
n
to
w
a
k
e
u
p
th
e
r
ad
io
.
T
h
e
d
ata
ite
m
s
ar
e
u
p
d
ated
at
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
er
v
es
th
e
r
eq
u
es
ts
o
n
F
ir
s
t
-
C
o
m
e
-
First
-
Ser
v
e
(
FC
FS
)
B
asis
.
O
n
ce
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
en
d
s
t
h
e
d
ata
ite
m
t
o
a
s
in
k
n
o
d
e
th
e
T
T
L
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
d
ata
is
al
s
o
p
ig
g
y
b
ac
k
ed
alo
n
g
w
it
h
it
to
th
e
r
eq
u
ester
/s
in
k
.
A
s
s
o
o
n
as
t
h
e
T
T
L
ex
p
ir
es,
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
h
as
to
u
p
d
ate
its
ca
ch
e
s
p
ac
e
w
it
h
n
e
w
r
e
f
r
esh
ed
d
ata
eith
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
r
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
n
o
d
es
(
w
h
ic
h
h
av
e
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
th
e
d
ata
in
its
ca
c
h
e)
b
ef
o
r
e
s
er
v
in
g
th
e
q
u
er
y
.
T
h
e
r
ad
io
p
ar
am
eter
s
a
n
d
th
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
2
an
d
T
a
b
le
3
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
6
.
2
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
m
et
rics
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
t
h
r
ee
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ic
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
e
v
alu
a
t
ed
:
Av
er
ag
e
Q
u
er
y
L
aten
c
y
(
)
:
T
h
e
q
u
er
y
late
n
c
y
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
ti
m
e
in
ter
v
al
b
et
w
ee
n
a
q
u
er
y
s
en
t
b
y
a
r
eq
u
ester
a
n
d
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
ac
k
b
y
th
e
r
eq
u
ester
/
s
in
k
.
T
h
e
a
v
e
r
ag
e
q
u
er
y
late
n
c
y
is
th
e
q
u
er
y
late
n
c
y
a
v
er
ag
ed
o
v
er
all
th
e
g
e
n
er
ated
q
u
er
ies.
B
y
te
Hi
t
R
atio
:
T
h
e
b
y
te
h
it
r
atio
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
r
atio
o
f
to
tal
b
y
te
s
o
f
d
ata
r
etr
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
ca
ch
e
to
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
eq
u
ested
d
ata
b
y
te
s
b
y
t
h
e
s
in
k
/r
eq
u
e
s
ter
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
b
y
te
h
it
r
atio
in
cl
u
d
e
s
b
y
te
s
r
etr
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
a
lo
ca
l
h
i
t
k
n
o
w
n
as
a
L
o
ca
l
B
y
te
Hi
t
;
b
y
te
s
r
etr
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
a
zo
n
e
h
i
t
k
n
o
w
n
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
1
7
0
1
–
1710
1708
a
Z
o
n
e
B
y
te
Hit
an
d
th
e
b
y
tes
r
etr
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
a
r
em
o
te
h
it
k
n
o
w
n
as
a
R
e
m
o
te
B
y
te
Hit
.
I
t
is
to
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
b
y
te
s
r
etr
iev
e
d
f
r
o
m
a
Glo
b
al
h
it
is
a
f
r
e
s
h
l
y
s
e
n
s
ed
d
ata
an
d
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
etr
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ca
ch
e.
T
o
tal
E
n
er
g
y
C
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
:
T
h
e
to
tal
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
is
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
ea
c
h
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
/Z
ig
B
ee
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
d
u
r
in
g
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
r
ec
ep
tio
n
an
d
s
leep
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
u
n
it o
f
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
m
W
h
.
(
4
)
6
.
3
.
Resul
t
s
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
v
ar
y
in
g
ca
ch
e
s
izes
o
n
t
h
e
Av
er
ag
e
Q
u
er
y
L
aten
c
y
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
an
al
y
tical
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
els
t
h
at
is
Star
/
C
l
u
s
ter
co
n
n
ec
te
d
Net
w
o
r
k
an
d
th
e
Gr
id
B
a
s
ed
Net
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
ev
ea
l
s
th
at
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
q
u
er
y
la
ten
c
y
(
)
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
w
it
h
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
C
ac
h
e
S
ize
as
m
o
r
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
eq
u
e
s
ts
i
s
s
a
tis
f
ied
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
m
o
r
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
ata
item
s
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
lo
ca
l
ca
ch
e
as
t
h
e
ca
ch
e
s
ize
i
n
cr
ea
s
es.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
q
u
er
y
late
n
c
y
in
th
e
Gr
id
/P
ee
r
-
to
-
P
ee
r
C
o
n
n
ec
ted
Net
w
o
r
k
is
less
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
Star
/C
l
u
s
ter
B
ased
Net
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
u
s
,
o
n
an
all
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
C
C
Z
ca
c
h
i
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
n
Gr
id
C
o
n
n
ec
ted
Net
w
o
r
k
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
a
n
t
h
e
Star
C
o
n
n
ec
ted
Net
w
o
r
k
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Av
er
ag
e
q
u
er
y
laten
c
y
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t c
ac
h
e
s
ize
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
B
y
te
h
it r
atio
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t c
ac
h
e
s
iz
e
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
v
ar
y
i
n
g
C
ac
h
e
Size
o
n
th
e
B
y
te
Hit
R
atio
.
B
o
th
t
h
e
s
c
h
e
m
es
t
h
at
ar
e
Star
C
o
n
n
ec
ted
Net
w
o
r
k
an
d
th
e
Gr
id
C
o
n
n
ec
ted
Net
w
o
r
k
ex
h
ib
it
b
etter
b
y
te
h
it
r
atio
w
i
th
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ca
ch
e
s
ize.
W
h
en
t
h
e
ca
ch
e
s
ize
is
s
m
all
t
h
en
d
ata
is
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
m
o
r
e
b
y
zo
n
e
h
it
an
d
r
e
m
o
te
h
it
b
u
t
as
s
o
o
n
as
w
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
ca
c
h
e
s
ize
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
y
lo
ca
l
h
its
b
ec
o
m
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t.
T
h
is
i
s
b
ec
au
s
e
m
o
r
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ata
ite
m
s
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
ca
ch
e
as
th
e
ca
ch
e
g
ets
lar
g
er
.
T
h
e
lo
ca
l
b
y
te
h
it
r
atio
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
w
i
th
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ca
ch
e
s
ize
b
ec
au
s
e
w
i
th
lar
g
er
ca
ch
e
s
to
r
ag
e
m
o
r
e
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
ca
ch
ed
lo
ca
ll
y
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt
s
th
e
B
y
te
Hi
t
R
atio
o
f
Gr
id
C
o
n
n
ec
ted
Net
w
o
r
k
is
b
etter
th
an
th
at
o
f
th
e
S
tar
/C
lu
s
ter
C
o
n
n
ec
te
d
Net
w
o
r
k
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
to
tal
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
y
n
o
d
es
i
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
Star
(C
lu
s
ter
)
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
a
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
b
y
th
e
n
o
d
es
i
s
ev
alu
ated
w
h
en
o
n
l
y
A
O
DV
is
e
v
alu
a
ted
an
d
also
f
o
r
th
e
ev
alu
a
tio
n
o
f
A
O
DV
p
r
o
to
co
l w
i
th
C
C
Z
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
ca
ch
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
I
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
8
(
a)
,
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
ata
r
ate
th
a
t
is
p
ac
k
et
s
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
n
n
o
d
es
i
s
ev
alu
a
ted
w
h
e
n
th
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
is
co
n
d
u
cted
w
ith
AODV
a
n
d
F
ig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
esti
m
ates
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
wh
e
n
t
h
e
AODV
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
co
m
b
i
n
ed
w
i
th
t
h
e
C
C
Z
ca
c
h
in
g
alg
o
r
it
h
m
.
So
w
e
s
ee
th
at
w
h
en
d
ata
r
ate
is
5
p
ac
k
ets
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
th
en
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
y
n
o
d
es
is
les
s
w
h
en
AODV
is
co
m
b
i
n
ed
w
it
h
th
e
ca
ch
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
; it
i
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
d
ata
is
r
etr
iev
e
d
b
y
th
e
r
eq
u
ester
f
r
o
m
a
n
ea
r
b
y
ca
ch
in
g
n
o
d
e.
Fo
r
a
Star
/C
l
u
s
ter
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
b
y
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
o
n
l
y
A
O
D
V
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
as
3
.
1
9
m
W
h
.
An
d
w
h
e
n
A
O
DV
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
u
s
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
C
C
Z
ca
c
h
in
g
alg
o
r
it
h
m
t
h
e
n
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
is
2
.
4
3
m
W
h
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
C
o
o
p
era
tive
C
a
ch
e
Ma
n
a
g
e
men
t S
ch
eme
fo
r
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
b
a
s
ed
W
S
N
s
(
P
iyu
s
h
C
h
a
r
a
n
)
1709
Fo
r
a
Gr
id
Netw
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
y
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
o
n
l
y
AODV
r
o
u
ti
n
g
alg
o
r
it
h
m
w
a
s
2
.
1
3
m
W
h
.
An
d
w
h
en
A
O
DV
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
u
s
ed
w
it
h
th
e
C
C
Z
ca
c
h
i
n
g
alg
o
r
it
h
m
t
h
en
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
s
1
.
9
2
m
W
h
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
. (
a
)
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
in
s
tar
/clu
s
ter
n
et
w
o
r
k
, (
b
)
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
i
n
g
r
id
n
et
w
o
r
k
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
t
w
o
an
al
y
tica
l
m
o
d
els
in
w
h
ich
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
o
r
g
an
ized
a
s
cl
u
s
ter
(
s
tar
)
a
n
d
g
r
id
(
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
)
b
ased
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
an
al
y
ze
d
in
b
ea
co
n
-
e
n
ab
led
m
o
d
e
in
w
h
ich
t
h
e
B
ea
co
n
Or
d
er
is
3
an
d
th
e
Su
p
er
f
r
a
m
e
Or
d
er
is
2
.
T
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
f
o
r
s
u
c
h
a
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
5
0
%
an
d
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
w
o
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
el
s
ar
e
ev
al
u
ate
d
w
it
h
A
ODV
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
alo
n
g
w
it
h
a
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
C
ac
h
i
n
g
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
k
n
o
w
n
as
th
e
C
ac
h
i
n
g
in
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
Z
o
n
e
s
(
C
C
Z
)
.
T
h
is
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
ca
ch
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
ef
f
ic
ien
t
d
ata
d
is
s
e
m
in
a
tio
n
a
n
d
q
u
er
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
A
n
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
ca
ch
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
s
c
h
e
m
e
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
o
f
ca
ch
e
d
is
co
v
er
y
,
ca
ch
e
ad
m
is
s
io
n
co
n
t
r
o
l,
ca
ch
e
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
p
o
lic
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
T
T
L
b
ased
ca
ch
e
co
n
s
is
te
n
c
y
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
C
C
Z
alg
o
r
it
h
m
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
a
t a
q
u
er
y
i
s
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
ea
r
est ca
c
h
e
o
r
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Si
m
u
la
tio
n
r
e
s
u
l
ts
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
th
e
C
C
Z
ca
ch
i
n
g
s
ch
e
m
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
in
g
r
i
d
b
ased
o
r
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
el
th
an
th
e
clu
s
ter
b
ased
o
r
s
tar
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
el.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Ch
a
ra
n
P
,
Us
m
a
n
i
T
,
P
a
u
lu
s
R
a
n
d
S
a
e
e
d
S
H,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
A
OD
V
P
ro
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Q
o
S
i
n
IEE
E
8
0
2
.
1
5
.
4
Ba
se
d
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
Us
in
g
Qu
a
lNe
t
S
i
m
u
lato
r”
,
W
ire
les
s
S
e
n
so
r Ne
two
rk
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
166
-
1
7
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
Ch
a
n
d
N,
“
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
Da
ta
C
a
c
h
in
g
in
W
S
N”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
,
El
e
c
tric
a
l,
Au
to
ma
ti
o
n
,
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
8
7
-
2
9
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
]
A
T
rip
a
th
i
,
P
G
u
p
ta,
A
d
it
y
a
T
riv
e
d
i
a
n
d
Ra
h
u
l
Ka
la,
“
W
irele
s
s
S
e
n
so
r
No
d
e
P
lac
e
m
e
n
t
Us
in
g
H
y
b
rid
G
e
n
e
ti
c
P
r
o
g
ra
m
m
in
g
a
n
d
G
e
n
e
ti
c
A
l
g
o
rit
h
m
s”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
telli
g
e
n
t
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
v
o
l.
7
,
no
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
3
-
8
3
,
2
0
1
1
.
[4
]
A
A
b
b
a
si
a
n
d
M
Yo
u
n
is,
“
A
S
u
rv
e
y
o
n
Clu
ste
rin
g
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
fo
r
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
”
,
ACM
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
ter
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
1
4
-
1
5
,
p
p
.
2
8
2
6
-
2
8
4
1
,
2
0
0
7
.
[5
]
T
P
S
h
a
rm
a
,
R.
Jo
sh
i
a
n
d
M
M
isr
a
,
“
Du
a
l
Ra
d
io
Ba
se
d
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
Ca
c
h
in
g
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
”
,
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ne
t
wo
rk
in
g
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
0
8
.
[6
]
E
F
a
so
l
o
,
M
R
o
ss
i,
J
W
id
m
e
r
a
n
d
M
Z
o
rz
i,
“
In
-
Ne
tw
o
rk
Ag
g
r
e
g
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s:
A
S
u
rv
e
y
”
,
IEE
E
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
0
-
8
7
,
2
0
0
7
.
[7
]
N
Kim
u
ra
a
n
d
S
L
a
ti
f
i,
“
A
S
u
rv
e
y
o
n
Da
ta
Co
m
p
re
ss
io
n
in
W
irel
e
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
:
C
o
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
t
in
g
, v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
8
-
1
3
,
2
0
0
5
.
[8
]
HB
Ja
n
g
,
A
Ka
sh
i
f
,
M
P
a
rk
,
a
n
d
S
W
Ch
u
n
g
,
“
Re
li
a
b
le
Ca
c
h
e
M
e
m
o
r
y
De
si
g
n
f
o
r
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s”
,
3
rd
In
te
rn
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
n
v
e
rg
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Hy
b
ri
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
, v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
6
5
1
-
6
5
6
,
2
0
0
8
.
[9
]
J
L
i,
S
L
i
a
n
d
J
Zh
u
,
“
Da
ta
Ca
c
h
in
g
Ba
se
d
Qu
e
ries
in
M
u
lt
i
-
S
i
n
k
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
Ad
-
h
o
c
a
n
d
S
e
n
so
r Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,
p
p
.
9
-
1
6
,
2
0
0
9.
[1
0
]
J
Xu
,
K
L
i,
Y
S
h
e
n
a
n
d
J
L
iu
,
“
A
n
En
e
rg
y
-
E
ff
icie
n
t
W
a
it
in
g
Ca
c
h
in
g
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
”
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Em
b
e
d
d
e
d
a
n
d
Ub
i
q
u
it
o
u
s Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
3
2
3
-
3
2
9
,
2
0
0
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
1
7
0
1
–
1710
1710
[1
1
]
M
d
A
Ra
h
m
a
n
a
n
d
S
Hu
ss
a
in
,
“
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
C
a
c
h
in
g
in
W
irele
s
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
s W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s
,
v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
4
3
-
4
7
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
2
]
T
P
S
h
a
rm
a
,
RC
Jo
sh
i,
M
a
n
o
j
M
isra
,
“
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
Ca
c
h
in
g
f
o
r
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
w
irel
e
ss
s
e
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s”
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Ne
two
rk
s a
n
d
Distrib
u
ted
S
y
stme
s
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
3
]
N
Di
m
o
k
a
s,
D
Ka
tsa
ro
s,
L
T
a
s
siu
las
a
n
d
Y
M
a
n
o
lo
p
o
u
lo
s,
“
Hig
h
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
,
L
o
w
Co
m
p
lex
it
y
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
Ca
c
h
in
g
f
o
r
W
irele
s
s
S
e
n
so
r
N
e
tw
o
rk
s
”
,
S
p
rin
g
e
r
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
W
ire
les
s
Ne
two
rk
s
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
1
7
-
7
3
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
4
]
N
Di
m
o
k
a
s,
D
Ka
tsa
ro
s
a
n
d
Y
M
a
n
o
l
o
p
o
u
l
o
s,
“
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
Ca
c
h
in
g
in
W
irele
ss
M
u
lt
im
e
d
ia
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s”
,
S
p
rin
g
e
r Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
o
b
il
e
Ne
tw
o
rk
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
p
p
.
3
3
7
-
3
5
6
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
5
]
P
Ku
m
a
r,
N
Ch
a
u
h
a
n
,
L
K
Aw
a
sth
i,
Na
ro
tt
a
m
Ch
a
n
d
,
“
P
ro
a
c
ti
v
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
r
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
Ca
c
h
in
g
in
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
h
o
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
Iss
u
e
s
, v
o
l.
7
,
Iss
u
e
3
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
2
1
-
2
7
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
6
]
Ch
a
ra
n
P
,
Us
m
a
n
i
T
a
n
d
S
a
e
e
d
S
H,
“
A
Co
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
S
tu
d
y
o
f
V
a
rio
u
s
o
n
De
m
a
n
d
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
to
c
o
ls
f
o
r
M
A
NE
T
s”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
, v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
2
,
2
0
1
5
[1
7
]
CE
P
e
rk
in
s
&
EM
R
o
y
e
r,
“
A
d
h
o
c
o
n
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
d
istan
c
e
v
e
c
to
r
ro
u
ti
n
g
”
,
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
IEE
E
w
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
mo
b
il
e
c
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
sy
ste
ms
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
p
p
.
9
0
-
1
0
0
,
1
9
9
9
.
[1
8
]
S
A
sh
o
k
Ku
m
a
r,
E
S
u
re
sh
Ba
b
u
,
C
Na
g
a
ra
ju
,
A
P
e
d
a
G
o
p
i,
“
A
n
E
m
p
iri
c
a
l
Crit
iq
u
e
o
f
On
-
D
e
m
a
n
d
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
ls
a
g
a
in
st
Ru
sh
in
g
A
tt
a
c
k
in
M
AN
ET
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
t
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
2
-
1
1
1
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
9
]
De
n
g
y
u
a
n
X
u
,
S
h
ix
u
n
W
u
,
Be
n
n
i
u
Zh
a
n
g
,
X
ia
o
q
i
n
Qi
n
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
Ba
lan
c
e
AO
DV
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
o
f
W
S
N
in
A
g
ricu
lt
u
re
M
o
n
i
to
ri
n
g
”
,
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
(
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Co
m
p
u
t
in
g
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
)
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
8
1
1
-
8
1
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
R
S
Pi
y
u
sh
Cha
r
a
n
is
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
A
ss
istan
t
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
o
f
I
n
teg
ra
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
L
u
c
k
n
o
w
.
He
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
B.
Tec
h
.
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
&
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
2
0
1
0
a
n
d
re
c
e
iv
e
d
M
.
T
e
c
h
.
D
e
g
re
e
in
W
irele
s
s
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
f
ro
m
th
e
D
e
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
&
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
2
0
1
2
f
ro
m
S
a
m
Hig
g
in
b
o
t
to
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ag
ricu
lt
u
re
,
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
(S
HU
AT
S
),
A
ll
a
h
a
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia.
He
is
a
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E,
US
A
,
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
A
CM
,
US
A
a
n
d
L
i
f
e
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IS
T
E,
In
d
ia.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
in
g
P
h
.
D.
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
In
teg
ra
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
is
f
o
c
u
se
d
o
n
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
rs
a
n
d
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
-
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
V
A
N
ET
s.
E
-
m
a
il
:
p
i
y
u
sh
@iu
l.
a
c
.
i
n
Ta
h
si
n
Us
m
a
n
i
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
in
In
teg
ra
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
.
He
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
B.
Te
c
h
.
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
&
T
e
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
g
.
in
1
9
7
3
f
o
ll
o
w
e
d
b
y
a
M
.
T
e
c
h
.
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
1
9
7
5
.
He
re
ti
re
d
a
s
Ex
e
c
u
ti
v
e
Dir
e
c
to
r
o
f
I
T
I,
L
td
.
(G
o
v
t.
o
f
In
d
ia
Co
rp
o
ra
te
S
e
c
to
r)
in
Ja
n
u
a
ry
,
2
0
1
1
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
A
ll
a
h
a
b
a
d
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
in
2
0
1
2
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
is
f
o
c
u
se
d
o
n
S
o
lar
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
u
ti
li
sa
ti
o
n
o
f
S
o
lar
E
n
e
rg
y
,
S
o
lar
P
a
n
e
ls,
S
o
lar
S
y
st
e
m
s,
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
c
ircu
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
s,
W
irel
e
ss
S
e
n
so
rs an
d
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
-
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s.
E
-
m
a
il
:
tu
s
m
a
n
i@iu
l.
a
c
.
in
Ra
je
e
v
Pa
u
l
u
s
is
w
o
r
k
in
g
a
s
a
A
s
st.
P
ro
f
.
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
&
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
S
HU
AT
S
,
A
ll
a
h
a
b
a
d
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
M
.
T
e
c
h
.
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
&
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
M
o
ti
lal
Ne
h
ru
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
In
stit
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
A
ll
a
h
a
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia
a
n
d
re
c
e
iv
e
d
P
h
.
D.
De
g
re
e
f
ro
m
th
e
D
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
&
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
o
f
S
a
m
Hig
g
in
b
o
t
to
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
A
g
ricu
lt
u
re
,
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
A
ll
a
h
a
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
is
f
o
c
u
se
d
o
n
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
rs
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
Ne
tw
o
rk
s.
E
-
m
a
il
:
ra
jee
v
.
p
a
u
lu
s@
sh
iats.e
d
u
.
in
S
y
e
d
H
a
s
a
n
S
a
e
e
d
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
&
He
a
d
o
f
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
&
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
a
t
In
teg
r
a
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
He
d
id
h
is
B.
T
e
c
h
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Zak
ir
Hu
ss
a
in
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
c
a
m
p
u
s
c
o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
A
li
g
a
rh
M
u
slim
Un
iv
e
rsity
(
A
M
U),
A
li
g
a
rh
,
Uttar
P
ra
d
e
sh
in
y
e
a
r
1
9
9
2
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
P
h
D
f
ro
m
In
te
g
ra
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Lu
c
k
n
o
w
in
y
e
a
r
2
0
1
0
.
His
re
se
a
r
c
h
is
f
o
c
u
se
d
o
n
S
e
n
so
rs
a
n
d
T
ra
n
sd
u
c
e
rs,
El
e
c
tro
n
ic circ
u
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s,
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
rs an
d
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
-
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s.
E
-
m
a
il
:
ss
a
e
e
d
@iu
l.
a
c
.
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.