Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
4096
~
4103
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v8
i
6
.
pp
4096
-
41
03
4096
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Res
p
ons
e of
P
oly
crystalli
ne
S
olar
C
ell
O
ut
pu
ts to
V
isibl
e
S
pectrum
and other
L
i
gh
t
S
ourc
es
-
a
C
ase
S
tud
y
Ay
m
an Y
. Al
-
Ra
w
as
hde
h
1
,
Omar
A
lb
arbarawi
2
,
Gh
az
i Qar
yout
i
3
1,2
Depa
rt
m
ent of
Elec
tr
ical Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Al
-
B
al
qa
Applie
d
Univer
sit
y
,
Jordan
3
Depa
rtment of
Mec
hat
ron
ic
s
En
gine
er
i
ng,
Al
-
Ba
lqa
Appl
ie
d
Uni
ver
sit
y
,
Jordan
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Des
23
, 201
7
Re
vised
Jun
2
,
201
8
Accepte
d
J
un
25
, 201
8
In
thi
s
ca
se
stud
y
,
two
pol
y
cr
y
st
al
li
n
e
solar
m
od
ule
s
were
inst
al
l
ed
outdoors
(irr
adiate
d
b
y
su
nli
ght)
and
indo
ors
(irr
adi
a
te
d
b
y
ar
ti
fi
cial
l
ight
s
).
The
sol
ar
ce
l
ls
in
both
ca
s
es
were
insta
l
le
d
using
diffe
ren
t
col
or
filters
that
al
lowed
th
e
passage
of
c
ert
a
i
n
li
g
ht
fr
eque
n
cies.
The
amount
of
ene
rg
y
produ
ce
d
b
y
e
ac
h
m
odule
were
m
ea
sured
and
co
m
par
ed
to
a
ref
ere
nc
e
m
odule
with
no
filte
r
.
The
resul
ts
indicated
th
e
var
ia
b
le
response
of
p
ol
y
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
solar
c
el
ls
to
nat
ura
l
and
ar
ti
fi
ci
a
l
li
ght
sourc
es
,
bei
ng
m
ore
res
ponsive
in
both
ca
ses
to
red
band
col
or
as
coul
d
be
deduc
ed
f
rom
the
ir
%
cur
ren
t
output
s
(7
2.
5
%
sunlight
rad
iation;
84.
38
%
art
ificial
li
gh
t
source
s).
Othe
r
col
ors,
inc
luding
y
ellow,
gre
en,
or
ange
a
nd
viol
et
aff
ord
ed
acce
pt
able
output
s.
Th
e
resu
lt
s
indi
c
at
e
d
tha
t
el
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
o
utput
s
of
indoor
solar
c
el
ls
de
cr
ea
sed
when
colored
filters
were
used
,
but
r
ed
fi
lt
er
in
gen
e
ral
aff
orde
d
th
e
m
axi
m
um
output
s,
for
both
the
art
i
ficiall
y
r
a
dia
t
ed
indoor
and
nat
ura
lly
r
adi
a
te
d
outdoor
sola
r
ce
ll
s.
Th
e
ca
se
stud
y
suggests
the
poss
ibl
e
complementa
r
y
adva
nta
g
e
of
u
sing
indoor
m
ounte
d
solar
ce
ll
s
for
the
produc
ti
on
of
el
ectricit
y
dur
ing
art
ifici
al
il
lumination p
eriod of
th
e
d
a
y
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Ar
ti
fici
al
r
a
diati
on
Ind
oor
s
olar
c
e
ll
s
Po
ly
cryst
al
li
ne
so
la
r
cell
s
So
la
r
r
a
diati
on
Visible
r
a
diati
on
s
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Aym
an
Y.
Al
-
Ra
washde
h
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng,
Al
-
Ba
lqa
A
pp
l
ie
d
U
niv
e
rsity
,
P.O. Bo
x:
15008,
Amm
an
11
134,
Jor
dan
.
Em
a
il
:
dr
.aym
an.rawas
hdeh
@b
a
u.
e
du.
j
o
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Fo
ssil
fu
el
s,
inclu
ding
c
oal,
petr
oleum
an
d
natu
ral
ga
s
are
the
m
ai
n
so
urces
of
e
nergy,
bu
t
t
hese
resou
rces
are
li
m
it
ed.
Ther
e
f
or
e
,
the
re
is
a
r
equ
i
rem
ent
of
alt
ern
at
ive
e
ne
rg
y
s
ources
t
o
pro
vid
e u
s
cl
ea
n,
lo
w
cost
an
d
re
ne
w
able
ene
rg
y.
Li
gh
t
in g
en
eral,
reg
a
rd
le
ss o
f
it
s
so
urce
(
natu
r
al
or
arti
fici
al
)
is
a
m
ai
n
pr
omi
sing
so
urce
of
rene
wab
le
e
nergy
wh
ic
h
can
be
c
onve
rted
int
o
e
le
ct
rical
ener
gy
by
so
la
r
pa
ne
ls
with
lo
w
c
oast.
I
n
add
it
io
n,
this
so
urce
of
e
nergy
has
m
ini
m
al
ecolog
ic
al
im
pact
causing
no
po
ll
ut
ion.
More
ov
e
r,
th
e
low
m
ai
ntenan
ce
c
oast
an
d
lo
ng
l
ife
durati
on
of
the
so
la
r
cel
ls
m
akes
them
desirab
le
f
or
use
by
ordi
nar
y
people
and hom
eow
ne
rs.
So
la
r
cel
l
pa
ne
ls
are
us
e
d
t
o
conve
rt
so
la
r
li
gh
t
ene
rg
y
i
nt
o
el
ect
rical
one
[
1]
,
[
2].
T
he
first
s
olar
pan
el
s
,
base
d
on
po
ly
cryst
al
li
ne
sil
ic
on
(
known
al
so
as
poly
sil
ic
on
(
p
-
S
i)),
we
re
intr
oduce
d
to
the
m
ark
et
in
19
81.
T
hese
so
la
r
pa
nels
di
d
not
r
eq
uire
t
he
Cz
oc
hral
sk
i
process
.
T
his
ty
pe
of
s
olar
ce
ll
s
is
known
to
ha
ve
m
any
adv
a
ntages.
I
n
ad
diti
on
of
their
sim
ple
low
c
os
t
m
anu
fact
ur
i
ng
process
[
3],
poly
cryst
al
li
ne
so
la
r
cel
l
pan
el
s
a
re
kn
own
for
their
l
ow
heat
tole
rance
[4
]
as
com
par
ed
t
o
ot
her
t
ypes.
Mo
reove
r,
this
ty
p
e
is
known
for
their
m
ixe
d
PV
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
in
doors
an
d
outd
oors
wit
h
an
ef
fici
enc
y
of
about
13
-
14
%
as
com
par
ed
to
oth
e
r
ty
pes [
5].
Du
e
to
t
he
ad
van
ta
ges
of
th
e
po
ly
cryst
al
li
ne
so
la
r
cel
l
pa
nels,
the
cu
rrent
stud
y
wa
s
desig
ne
d
to
inv
est
igate
thei
r
res
pons
e
to
vi
sible
sp
ect
r
um
and
oth
e
r
li
gh
t
so
urces
(
nat
ural
and
arti
fici
al
).
T
he
pe
rfor
m
ance
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Resp
onse
of P
olycryst
alli
ne So
l
ar
Cel
l O
ut
pu
ts
to
Visi
ble
.
..
(
Aym
an Y
. Al
-
Raw
ashd
e
h)
4097
of
the
poly
crys
ta
ll
ine
so
la
r
cel
ls
is
analy
zed
by
cal
culat
ing
the
ou
t
pu
t
po
w
er
in
the
pr
ese
nce
an
d
abse
nc
e
of
colo
red
filt
ers.
Lit
eratur
e
surv
ey
rev
eal
s
that
the
perform
ance
of
s
olar
cel
ls
is
de
pe
ndent
on
ou
t
puts
to
vi
sible
sp
ect
r
um
and
oth
e
r
li
gh
t
sou
rces
[
6].
H
ow
e
ver,
since
in
door
li
ght
lam
ps
gen
e
rate
co
pious
am
ou
nts
of
visible
rad
ia
ti
on
s
pec
trum
that
coul
d
be
be
nef
ic
i
al
fo
r
the
pro
du
ct
io
n
of
el
e
ct
rici
ty
,
the
current
in
vestig
at
ion
descr
i
bes
the
possible
ad
va
nt
age
of
indo
or
m
ou
nting
of
poly
cryst
al
li
ne
so
la
r
cel
ls
to
use
arti
fici
al
li
g
htn
in
g
for
the
pr
oduct
ion
of ele
ct
rici
ty
[
7].
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1.
Mathem
ati
cal
D
escri
p
tion
The
the
or
y
of
the
photo
el
ec
tric
eff
ect
expl
ai
ns
the
exp
e
rim
ental
ob
ser
vations
of
the
e
m
issi
on
of
el
ect
ro
ns
from
a
giv
e
n
m
et
a
l.
W
he
re
Ein
ste
in
desc
ribe
d
the
phot
oelect
ric
eff
ect
by
usi
ng
a
form
ula
that
relat
es
the
m
axi
m
u
m
kin
et
ic
energy
(
m
a
x
K
)
of
t
he
photo
el
ect
r
ons
to
the
fr
e
quen
cy
of
t
he
ab
sor
bed
ph
otons
(
ƒ)
and
t
he
thres
hold
f
re
qu
e
ncy
(
0
f
),
wh
e
re
(
0
f
)
is
a
certai
n
m
ini
m
u
m
fr
equ
e
nc
y
of
incide
nt
rad
ia
ti
on
belo
w
wh
ic
h no ph
oto
el
ect
rons
a
re
e
m
itted.
The
m
axi
m
u
m
kin
et
ic
energy
of
the
em
itted
photo
el
ect
r
on
dep
e
nds
on
the
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
of
the
incide
nt
li
gh
t,
it
m
us
t
be
above
the
t
hresh
old
f
re
qu
e
nc
y,
bu
t
it
is
in
dep
e
ndent
fro
m
the
intensit
y
of
th
e
incide
nt
li
gh
t
on
the
s
urface
of
a
m
et
al
.
The
rate
of
t
he
m
a
gn
it
ude
of
the
photo
el
ect
ric
c
urren
t
is
directl
y
propo
rtion
al
to
th
e
intensit
y of t
he
incide
nt li
ght
m
a
x
K
=
)
(
0
f
f
h
or
m
a
x
K
=
E
,
(
1)
Wh
e
re
/
hc
hf
E
, and
0
0
/
hc
hf
.
h
-
Pla
nc
k’
s
co
ns
ta
nt
=
6.6
26×1
0
-
34
j
oule
s.
E
-
E
ne
rg
y
of
the
a
bs
or
bed
phot
on
s
,
with
f
re
qu
e
ncy
(
0
f
)
or
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
(
),
and
the
(
)
w
ork
f
un
ct
io
n
of
the
su
r
face
with
thres
hold
fr
eq
ue
ncy
(
0
f
)
or
th
reshol
d
wav
el
e
ng
t
h (
0
)
e
K
q
W
V
/
/
0
m
a
x
(2)
T
hus
,
0
m
a
x
eV
K
(3)
The
m
axi
m
u
m
kin
et
ic
ene
r
gy
(
m
a
x
K
)
of
t
he
ph
oto
el
ect
r
on
s
-
with
c
harge
(e
)
-
ca
n
be
determ
ined
from
the
stop
pi
ng
pote
ntial
(
0
V
).
Wh
en
c
harg
e
(e)
is
giv
en
in
cou
l
om
bs
,
t
he
energy
will
be
cal
culat
ed
in
j
oule
s.
Wh
e
n
charge
(e
)
is
giv
en
in
el
em
ent
ary
charges,
th
e
energy
will
be
cal
culat
ed
in
el
ect
ro
n
volt
s.
Each
el
ect
ro
n
pa
ssin
g
th
r
ough
t
he
c
ircuit
is
ca
rr
yi
ng
a
ver
y
sm
all
am
ou
nt
of
e
ne
rg
y.
H
oweve
r
,
by
colle
ct
ive
effor
t
,
el
ect
ro
ns
ca
n
t
ran
s
port
a
tre
m
end
ous
am
ou
nt
of
e
nergy.
The
am
ou
nt
of
e
nergy
tra
ns
f
err
e
d
by
a
n
el
ect
rical
ci
rcu
it
de
pend
s
on
t
he
qua
ntit
y
of
el
ect
ro
ns
a
nd
t
he
en
er
gy
carrie
d
by
each
el
ect
ron.
The
el
ect
r
om
a
gn
et
i
c
sp
ect
r
um
can
be
cl
assifi
ed
a
nd
a
rr
a
ng
e
d
in
resp
ect
to
their
var
i
ous
wa
ve
le
ng
th
s/fre
que
ncies.
Table
1
sh
ows
this
sp
ect
ru
m
,
wh
ic
h
c
on
sist
s
of
al
l
the
ty
pe
s
of
el
ect
r
om
a
gn
et
ic
rad
ia
ti
on
f
r
om
the
fr
e
q
ue
ncy
of
ultr
aviolet
(UV)
rays,
vis
ible
sp
ect
r
um
,
to
Infr
a
red
ra
ys.
The
di
ff
e
re
nt
wa
velen
gths
of
the
visibl
e
li
gh
t
are
sho
wn
in
Table
1.
Table
1.
T
he
E
le
ct
ro
m
agn
et
ic
Sp
ect
ru
m
Co
lo
r
W
av
elen
g
th
(n
m
)
Frequ
en
cy
Ph
o
to
n
energy
(eV
)
% o
f
su
n
lig
h
t
Ultravio
let
10
-
380
8
0
0
T
Hz to 3
0
PH
z
3
.3
-
124
46%
Vio
let
380
-
4
5
0
668
-
7
8
9
T
Hz
2
.75
-
3
.26
7%
Blu
e
450
-
4
9
5
606
-
6
6
8
T
Hz
2
.50
-
2
.75
Gree
n
495
-
5
7
0
526
-
6
0
6
T
Hz
2
.17
-
2
.50
Yello
w
570
-
5
9
0
508
-
5
2
6
T
Hz
2
.10
-
2
.17
Orang
e
590
-
6
2
0
484
-
5
0
8
T
Hz
2
.00
-
2
.10
Red
620
-
7
5
0
400
-
4
8
4
T
Hz
1
.65
-
2
.00
Inf
rar
ed
r
a
y
s
750
-
1
0
0
0
,000
4
3
0
T
Hz
–
3
0
0
GHz
1
.24
×
10
-
3
-
1
.75
47
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4096
-
4103
4098
2.2.
Materials
and
M
e
thods
The
el
ect
rical
sp
eci
ficat
io
ns
of
t
he
seve
n
-
poly
cryst
al
li
ne
sil
ic
on
so
la
r
cel
ls
us
ed
i
n
the
c
urren
t
st
udy
are
li
ste
d
in
Ta
ble
2.
The
e
xp
erim
ent
was
pe
rfor
m
ed
unde
r
cl
ear
sk
y
with
ou
t
cl
ou
ds
.
Th
e
cel
ls
wer
e
a
djust
ed
for
op
ti
m
u
m
us
e
an
d
we
re
ti
lt
ed
e
ver
y
one
hour
to
trace
t
he
s
unli
gh
t
an
d
ac
hieve
m
axi
m
u
m
exp
osure
dur
i
ng
the
day
a
nd
ac
cordin
g
to
t
he
proce
dure
desc
ribe
d
in
the
li
te
ratur
e
[
7].
Me
asur
em
ents
of
so
la
r
i
r
ra
dianc
e
and
el
ect
rical
par
a
m
et
ers
wer
e
r
ecorde
d
us
i
ng
a
so
la
r
powe
r
m
et
er
(d
igit
al
Am
per
e
m
e
te
r,
a
protracto
r,
dig
it
al
vo
lt
m
et
er,
Lux
m
et
er,
wattm
e
te
r,
therm
om
e
t
er,
resist
or
(
0.2
5
ohm
4
watt
).
Each
so
la
r
cel
l
was
m
ou
nted
on
a
woo
den cu
be.
Table
2.
Ele
ct
r
ic
al
Sp
eci
ficat
ion
s
of t
he
P
olyc
rys
ta
ll
ine Sil
ic
on S
olar
Ce
ll
s
156x
156
m
m
Mod
el
SPM0
50
-
P
and the
Ex
per
i
m
ental
Par
am
e
te
rs
of t
he
S
ola
r
Mo
dule
Em
plo
ye
d
f
or
Po
ly
c
rysta
ll
ine So
la
r
Cel
ls
0.5V 2
.0A,
1W
at
t
Pol
y
cr
y
st
al
l
ine sil
ic
on
solar
c
el
ls
156
x
156
m
m
Model
SP
M050
-
P
Num
ber
of
cells
36
(4
×
9)
Dim
ensions
(mm)
760
×
668
×
35
W
ei
ght
(kg)
6.
5
Max
Pow
er
m
P
（
W
）
50
Max
Pow
er
Volt
age
m
V
(V)
18.
8
Max
Pow
er
Curr
ent
m
I
(A)
2.
65
Open
-
Circ
ui
t
Vo
lt
ag
e
OC
V
(V)
21.
3
Short
-
Circ
uit Cu
rre
nt
SC
I
(A)
2.
84
Cel
l
Eff
i
cienc
y
（
%
）
13.
2
Fo
r
determ
ining
th
e
ef
fect
of
us
i
ng
arti
fici
a
l
li
gh
t
s
ources
on
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
s
of
s
olar
cel
ls,
inca
ndescen
t
lam
p
(10
0W)
an
d
L
ED
la
m
p
(1
2
and
15
W)
w
ere
m
ou
nted
a
t
con
sta
nt
distance
f
ro
m
the
so
la
r
cel
ls
an
d
the
el
ect
rical
par
am
et
ers
wer
e
m
easur
e
d.
T
he
e
xp
e
rim
ent
was
rep
eat
ed
with
the
us
e
of
diff
e
ren
t
filt
ers
a
nd
the
%
current
outp
ut
was det
erm
ined
acc
ordin
g
t
o equ
at
io
n (
4)
.
% Cu
rr
e
nt
O
ut
pu
t=
(F
i
lt
er Cur
ren
t/
N
o Fi
lt
er
Current)×
100
%.
(4)
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
3.1.
Effect
of s
unli
gh
t
on
th
e s
ol
ar
cel
l o
utput
s
This
e
xp
e
rim
e
nt
wa
s
perform
ed
on
the
cl
ea
r
sk
y
of
J
un
e
,
13
th
,
2017,
i
n
A
m
m
an
ci
ty
.
M
easur
em
ents
wer
e
rec
orde
d
ever
y
one
ho
ur.
The
res
ults
cl
early
ind
ic
at
ed
the
eff
ect
of
s
un
li
ght
fr
e
que
ncy
on
the
res
pons
e
of
t
he
s
olar
cel
ls
[8
]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
inten
sit
y
of
ra
diati
on
di
d
no
t
a
ff
ect
the
outp
ut
res
ponse
of
the
i
nv
est
i
ga
te
d
so
la
r
cel
ls.
Re
su
lt
s
f
or
the
outp
uts
of
t
he
s
olar
cel
ls
duri
ng
this
st
ud
y
are
s
umm
arized
in
Ta
ble
3
a
nd
are
represe
nted
gr
aph
ic
al
ly
in
F
igure
1.
As
s
ho
wn
i
n
Table
3,
the
highest
out
pu
t
rea
dings
of
sh
ort
ci
rcu
it
currents
wer
e
rec
orde
d
at
m
idd
ay
,
the
m
ax
i
m
u
m
cur
r
ent
inc
reased
li
near
ly
wit
h
inc
reasin
g
li
ght
in
te
ns
it
y.
The
vo
lt
age
decr
ease
d wit
h i
ncr
easi
ng tem
per
at
ur
e,
p
a
rtic
ularly
at m
idd
ay
.
Table
3.
So
la
r
Ce
ll
Ou
tp
uts
duri
ng a
S
unny
Da
y
Ti
m
e
Vo
ltag
e
(V)
Cu
rr
en
t
(
m
A)
Ligh
tin
g
inten
sity
(Klux
)
Te
m
p
e
rature
(°
C)
6
:0
0
AM
6
.98
1
1
.00
3762
13
7
:0
0
AM
7
.41
1
5
.61
4881
13
8
:0
0
AM
7
.44
2
9
.89
1334
27
9
:0
0
AM
7
.43
4
8
.00
2
5
7
2
6
27
1
0
:0
0
AM
7
.35
6
0
.00
8
5
7
4
5
27
1
1
:0
0
AM
7
.33
6
9
.00
8
5
7
4
5
33
1
2
:0
0
PM
7
.22
7
5
.00
8
5
7
4
5
33
1
:0
0
PM
7
.20
7
4
.00
8
5
7
4
5
33
2
:0
0
PM
7
.18
7
1
.00
8
5
7
4
5
36
3
:0
0
PM
7
.19
6
2
.00
8
5
7
4
5
37
4
:0
0
PM
7
.18
4
9
.00
8746
37
5
:0
0
PM
7
.16
3
4
.00
6008
34
6
:0
0
PM
7
.05
1
8
.00
3734
34
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Resp
onse
of P
olycryst
alli
ne So
l
ar
Cel
l O
ut
pu
ts
to
Visi
ble
.
..
(
Aym
an Y
. Al
-
Raw
ashd
e
h)
4099
Figure
1. The
li
gh
t i
nte
ns
it
y,
current,
volt
ag
e an
d
te
m
per
at
ur
e
outp
uts
3.2.
The ef
fect o
f
d
ifferen
t an
gles of incidence
of
su
nli
gh
t
thro
ug
h
out
th
e
day
on
a
s
ol
ar
ce
ll
In
a
n
at
tem
pt
t
o
determ
ine
the
eff
ect
of
t
he
ang
le
of
incid
e
nce
of
sunli
ght
on
the
ef
fici
ency
of
th
e
po
ly
cryst
al
li
ne
so
la
r
cel
ls
[
9],
the
a
s
sem
bli
es
sho
wn
in
F
igure
2
,
where
us
e
d
at
th
e
ti
m
e
that
afford
ed
the
m
axi
m
u
m
cur
r
ent
outp
ut
(12:
00
o’
cl
ock),
w
hen
t
he
li
gh
t
in
ci
den
t
an
gle
is
perpe
nd
ic
ular
to
the
so
la
r
cel
l.
The
so
la
r
cel
ls
were m
ou
nted o
n woo
den cu
bes
at
d
iffe
re
nt ang
le
s.
Figure
2. Mo
unti
ng the
so
la
r c
el
l at
d
iffe
ren
t
angles
on
t
o
a
woo
den b
l
ock
.
The
ou
t
pu
ts
of
the
poly
cryst
al
li
ne
so
la
r
cel
ls
as
a
f
un
ct
io
n
of
t
he
li
gh
t
in
ci
den
t
an
gle
ar
e
li
ste
d
i
n
Table
4.
T
he re
su
lt
s r
e
vealed t
hat the s
olar
ce
ll
m
ou
nted
p
e
r
pendicula
r
to
the s
un
li
ght
had excell
ent
ou
t
puts i
n
te
rm
s
of
volt
age
a
nd
cu
rr
e
nt,
as
s
hown
in
F
igure
3.
Howe
ver,
these
outp
uts
decli
ned
as
the
a
ng
le
redu
ces
to
zero.
A
gain,
th
e
ob
ta
ine
d
res
ults
wer
e
in
to
ta
l
agr
eem
ent
with
those
li
st
ed
in
the
li
te
ratur
e
[
10
]
,
[
11]
wh
ic
h
su
ggest
s
the
use
of
a
so
la
r
tracke
r
syst
em
to
ob
ta
i
ning
th
e
m
axi
m
u
m
ef
fici
ency
a
nd
powe
r
outp
uts
of
the
e
m
plo
ye
d
s
olar
p
a
nel [1
2].
Table
4.
T
he
E
xp
e
rim
ental
O
utputs (
V, I
and P)
of the
Po
l
yc
rysta
ll
ine Sol
ar Cell
s Modu
le
Mea
su
re
d
as
a
F
unct
ion o
f
Li
gh
t
I
ncide
nt
A
ng
le
Ligh
t incid
en
t ang
le
Vo
ltag
e (
V)
Cu
rr
en
t
(
m
A)
Po
wer
(
W
at
t)
90°
7
.50
5
0
.00
0
.37
5
0
75°
7
.37
4
0
.50
0
.29
8
5
60°
7
.17
4
0
.00
0
.28
6
8
45°
7
.00
3
9
.00
0
.27
3
0
30°
6
.62
3
8
.50
0
.25
4
8
15°
6
.25
3
8
.00
0
.23
7
5
0°
5
.87
3
7
.62
0
.22
0
8
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4096
-
4103
4100
Figure
3.
The
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
a
t diff
e
re
nt angl
es of inci
den
c
e
of s
olar ray
s
a
t diff
e
re
nt angl
es
3.3.
Li
gh
t C
olo
r E
ff
ec
ts on the
S
ola
r
Cell
Ou
t
put
s
Sem
ic
on
duct
ors
fr
om
wh
ic
h
s
olar
cel
ls
are
m
ade
respond
to
li
gh
t
bands
on
thei
r
energy
gap
s.
T
her
e
is
no
sin
gle
se
m
ic
on
duct
or
th
at
has
an
e
nerg
y
gap
de
sig
ned
for
res
pondin
g
to
the
fu
ll
ra
nge
of
sun
li
ght,
fro
m
the
in
fr
a
red
th
r
ough
visible
li
gh
t
an
d
t
he
high
e
nergy
ultrav
iolet
rad
ia
ti
on.
He
nce,
one
of
the
m
ajor
a
dvances
in
this
area
is
to
desi
gn
a
f
ull
sp
ect
r
um
se
m
i
cond
ucto
r
su
it
able
for
s
olar
c
el
l
app
li
cat
ion
s
.
Since
the
a
va
il
able
cel
ls
respond
di
ff
ere
ntly
to
di
ff
e
ren
t
c
olo
r
s,
the
cu
rr
e
nt
inve
sti
gation
was
d
esi
gne
d
to
in
vestigat
e
w
hic
h
col
or
cou
l
d
m
os
tl
y
aff
ect
t
he
el
ec
tric
al
ou
t
pu
ts
of
the
poly
cryst
al
li
ne
so
la
r
c
el
ls.
Colo
red
f
il
te
rs
(inclu
di
ng
red,
or
a
nge,
ye
ll
ow,
g
ree
n,
blu
e
and
vio
le
t
filt
ers,
as
s
hown
in
Figure
4
wer
e
us
ed
[13
]
.
The
proce
dure
was
desig
ne
d
to
m
easur
e
the
s
ho
rt
-
ci
rc
uit
curre
nts
an
d
th
e
open
-
ci
rc
uit
volt
ages
of
the
c
el
ls.
The
s
olar
cel
ls
ou
t
pu
ts
we
re
a
lso
dete
rm
ined
in
the
a
bs
e
nc
e
of
the
c
olore
d
filt
er
a
nd
w
ere
use
d
t
o
m
easur
e
the
%
current
ou
t
pu
t acc
ordi
ng to
e
quat
io
n 4 [1
4]. Res
ults
are s
u
m
m
arized in
Ta
ble 5.
Figure
4.
P
olyc
rys
ta
ll
ine so
la
r
cell
w
it
h fil
te
rs
Table
5.
E
ffec
t o
f
Col
or
-
filt
e
r on Ce
ll
Outp
ut U
sin
g S
unli
gh
t
Filter
W
av
e leng
th
(
n
m
)
Cu
rr
en
t (
m
A)
Vo
ltag
e
(
V)
Po
wer
(
W
)
% Cu
rr
en
t ou
tp
u
t
Red
625
-
7
8
0
3
6
.25
7
.10
2
5
.70
7
2
.50
Orang
e
455
-
4
9
5
1
5
.71
6
.65
1
0
.45
3
1
.40
Yello
w
595
-
6
2
5
2
7
.22
7
.05
1
9
.19
5
4
.44
Gree
n
575
-
5
9
5
3
3
.93
7
.09
2
4
.09
6
7
.86
Blu
e
495
-
5
7
5
1
5
.2
6
.3
9
.60
3
0
.40
Vio
let
390
-
4
5
5
2
2
.39
6
.80
1
5
.23
4
4
.78
W
ith
o
u
t f
ilter
390
-
7
8
0
5
0
.00
7
.51
3
7
.55
1
0
0
.00
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Resp
onse
of P
olycryst
alli
ne So
l
ar
Cel
l O
ut
pu
ts
to
Visi
ble
.
..
(
Aym
an Y
. Al
-
Raw
ashd
e
h)
4101
Figure
5
.
The
ou
t
pu
t
of
Vo
lt
a
ge,
C
urre
nt and
powe
r of
so
l
ar m
od
ule
us
in
g fil
te
rs
with
s
un
li
ght
The
us
e
of
filt
ers
res
ulted
i
n
lowe
rin
g
the
m
odule
po
wer
as
com
par
ed
to
it
s
powe
r
in
the
abse
nce
of
the
filt
ers.
Re
d
colo
r
,
in
par
t
ic
ular,
af
for
de
d
highe
r
cu
rr
e
nt
and
volt
age
ou
tp
uts
as
co
m
par
ed
to
the
ou
t
pu
ts
ob
ta
ine
d
by
ot
her
c
olors.
Th
e
ou
t
pu
ts
obta
ined
with
ye
ll
ow,
gree
n
an
d
vio
le
t
filt
ers
wer
e
al
s
o
inte
resti
ng.
Bl
ue
col
or
e
d
filt
er
ha
d
t
he
le
ast
eff
ect
on
the
so
la
r
cel
ls
outp
uts
a
ffo
rd
i
ng
m
ini
m
a
l
cu
rr
e
nt
ou
t
puts
a
s
com
par
ed
t
o other col
or
s
(on
l
y 30% c
urren
t
ou
t
pu
t
)
[
15]
.
So
la
r
ra
diati
on
s
with
wa
veleng
t
hs
of
390
nm
to
780
nm
(v
iolet
to
re
d)
strike
the
m
at
erial
with
enou
gh
ene
rg
y
to
li
ber
at
e
el
e
ct
rons
f
r
om
th
ei
r
wea
k
bond
s
an
d
create
a
n
el
ect
ric
cu
rrent.
T
he
re
su
lt
s
of
the
curr
ent
st
ud
y
a
s
show
n
i
n
Ta
ble
5
cl
ea
rly
ind
ic
at
ed
that
wh
e
n
filt
ers
w
ere
use
d,
the
P
V
pa
nel
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
was
re
du
ce
d
com
par
ed
to
the
case
witho
ut
f
il
te
rs.
The
generate
d
cu
rr
e
nt
increase
d
w
he
n
filt
ers
cor
res
pondin
g
to
lo
ng
w
a
veleng
t
h
filt
ers
were
us
e
d.
T
he
st
udy
res
ults
re
ve
al
ed
that
usi
ng co
lo
red
f
il
te
rs
resu
lt
ed
in
a g
e
ner
al
reducti
on
in
t
he
perf
or
m
ance
of
s
olar
pa
nels
,
a
s
c
ou
l
d
be
de
du
ce
d
from
Figure
5
.
Howe
ver,
co
ve
rin
g
the
P
V
pan
el
s
w
it
h t
he
r
e
d
c
olo
r
e
d fil
te
r
pro
duced
th
e h
ig
hest
read
i
ng of t
he vo
lt
a
ge,
c
urre
nt and
pow
e
r [16]
.
4.
EFFE
CT
OF
AR
TIFI
CI
A
L
LIGHT
SOURCES
O
N
POLY
C
R
YS
TALL
I
NE
SOLAR
CELL
S
OUTP
UTS
4.1.
Effec
t
of
Li
ght
Source
(la
mps)
on
P
V/
s
ola
r
Cell
Module,
an
d
t
he
volt
ag
e
an
d
current
out
pu
ts
fro
m
a s
o
lar P
an
el
The
cu
rr
e
nt
stud
y
ai
m
ed
at
inv
est
igati
ng
the
us
e
of
indo
or
arti
fici
al
li
gh
t
lam
ps
as
a
n
irra
diance
so
urce
for
the
so
la
r
cel
ls.
T
he
s
olar
cel
ls
wer
e
m
ounted
at
con
sta
nt
di
sta
nces
f
ro
m
the
em
plo
ye
d
li
gh
t
so
urces
.
The
exp
e
rim
ent
was
perf
or
m
ed
in
da
r
k
c
onditi
ons
us
in
g
an
i
nc
and
e
scent
li
ght
bulb
(10
0
W)
a
nd
LED
la
m
s
(1
5
and
12
W)
f
or
irra
diati
ng
the
so
la
r
pa
ne
l.
Re
su
lt
s
are
pr
ese
nted
in
T
able
6
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
6
(
a
)
an
d
(
b
)
.
Table
6.
E
ffec
t o
f
Di
ff
e
ren
t
P
ow
e
r
Lam
p
on
t
he
P
olyc
rysta
ll
ine So
la
r
Ce
ll
s Outp
uts a
t Fi
x
ed
D
ist
a
nce
from
the Ligh
t
Sour
ce
Ty
p
e of
la
m
p
(W
at
t)
Ligh
t inten
sity
(L
u
m
en
)
Distan
ce between
l
a
m
p
and
p
o
ly
cry
stall
in
e
so
lar
cells
(
c
m
)
Vo
ltag
e (
V)
Cu
rr
en
t
(
m
A
)
Po
wer
(W)
Incan
d
escen
t
(10
0
w)
150
2
5
5
.24
0
.12
2
0
.64
LED
(15
w)
620
25
7
.46
0
.22
1
.64
1
2
LED
(12
w)
400
25
7
.23
0
.12
0
.87
(a)
Figure
6
.
O
t
her source
s
of
ra
diati
on
: (a
)
T
h
e a
ssem
bly used
for m
easur
em
en
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4096
-
4103
4102
(b)
Figure
6
.
O
t
her source
s
of
ra
diati
on
: (
b
)
cell
outp
uts the
poly
cryst
al
li
ne
so
la
r
cel
ls o
utputs
4.2.
Li
gh
t C
olo
r
E
ff
ec
ts on the
S
ola
r
Cell
Ou
t
put
irr
ad
i
at
ed
wi
th
artific
ial
li
gh
t
source
s
The
e
xp
e
rim
e
nt
was
desig
ne
d
to
in
vestig
at
e
the
eff
ect
of
c
olored
filt
ers
on
the
i
ndoor
ir
rad
ia
te
d
po
ly
cryst
al
li
ne
so
la
r
cel
ls,
us
ing
desk
i
ncandesce
nt
Lam
p
(5
W),
first
a
nd
the
n
us
i
ng
a
com
p
act
fluo
re
scent
bu
l
bs
(L
ED
,
15
an
d
12
W.
,
r
especti
vely
).
T
he
dif
fer
e
nt
la
m
ps
wer
e
placed
at
a
con
sta
nt
distance
f
r
om
the
po
ly
cryst
al
li
ne
so
la
r
cell
s.
T
he
outp
ut r
es
ults
are
li
ste
d
i
n
T
able 7.
Table
7.
E
ffec
t o
f
Col
or
-
filt
er
on
Ce
ll
Outp
ut U
sin
g a Li
ght
B
ulb
Filter
W
av
e leng
th
(
n
m
)
Cu
rr
en
t (
m
A)
Vo
ltag
e (
V)
Po
wer
(
W
at
t)
% cu
rr
en
t ou
tp
u
t
Red
625
-
7
8
0
0
.54
4
.90
2
.64
6
8
4
.38
Orang
e
595
-
6
2
5
0
.42
4
.50
1
.89
0
6
5
.63
Yello
w
575
-
5
9
5
0
.48
4
.69
2
.25
1
7
5
.00
Gree
n
495
-
5
7
5
0
.49
4
.76
2
.33
2
7
6
.56
Blu
e
455
-
4
9
5
0
.32
4
.25
1
.36
1
5
0
.00
Vio
let
390
-
4
5
5
0
.44
4
.66
2
.05
0
6
8
.75
W
ith
o
u
t f
ilter
390
-
7
8
0
0
.64
5
.10
3
.26
4
1
0
0
.00
Ag
ai
n,
t
he
filt
ers
reduce
d
t
he
so
la
r
cel
l
outpu
ts
a
s
c
om
par
ed
to
the
m
odul
es
with
ou
t
the
c
olore
d
filt
ers
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ur
e
7
.
Howe
ver,
des
pi
te
that
arti
ficiall
y
irrad
ia
te
d
m
od
ule
with
colo
red
filt
ers
s
howe
d
si
m
il
ar
resp
on
se
the
s
unli
gh
t
irra
diate
d
filt
ered
m
od
ule,
it
was
no
ti
ce
d
th
at
the
arti
fici
al
ly
irrad
ia
te
d
fi
lt
ered
m
od
ule
had
gr
eat
er
current
a
nd
vo
lt
age
ou
t
pu
ts
[
17]
.
In
gen
e
ral,
the
%
cur
re
nt
outp
ut
s
of
the
arti
fici
al
l
y
irrad
ia
te
d
filt
er
ed
m
od
ules
we
re
m
or
e
tha
n
50
%
f
or
al
l
c
ol
or
es
em
plo
ye
d.
Partic
ularly
,
t
he
red
filt
er
af
f
orde
d
the
m
axi
m
u
m
%
outp
ut
(abo
ut
84
%
c
urrent
ou
tp
ut)
w
hile
the
blue
filt
er
afforde
d
the
le
ast
%
current
ou
t
pu
t
(50
%
) [18]
.
Figure
7. Va
riat
ion
of Volt
age
, Curre
nt a
nd pow
e
r o
utput o
f a
so
la
r
m
od
ule
us
in
g fil
te
rs
an
d
a li
ght
bu
l
b
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Resp
onse
of P
olycryst
alli
ne So
l
ar
Cel
l O
ut
pu
ts
to
Visi
ble
.
..
(
Aym
an Y
. Al
-
Raw
ashd
e
h)
4103
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
re
su
lt
s
of
the
cu
rr
e
nt
stu
dy
revea
le
d
th
at
,
in
Jorda
n,
t
he
m
axi
m
u
m
s
olar
cel
l
outp
ut
s
cou
l
d
be
gaine
d
duri
ng
m
idd
ay
,
with
const
ant
an
d
hi
gh
outp
uts
ex
pandin
g
a
per
i
od
of
six
ho
urs
durin
g
m
idd
ay
,
bu
t
sti
ll
oth
er
early
and
la
te
tim
es
of
s
un
e
xp
os
ure
yi
el
ded
good
outp
uts.
The
res
ults
cl
early
ind
ic
at
ed
that
m
ou
nting
t
he
s
olar
cel
ls
pe
rpend
ic
ular
to
sun
ra
diati
ons
wi
ll
aff
ord
t
he
be
st
ou
t
pu
ts.
A
ddit
ion
al
ly
,
our
resu
lt
s
wer
e
in
total
agr
eem
ent
with
the
tho
se
obt
ai
ned
by
S
udha
kar
et
al
(2
01
3)
[
16]
confir
m
ing
t
hat
the
us
e
of
filt
ers
re
du
c
ed
the
powe
r,
c
urren
t
a
nd
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
of
cryst
al
li
ne
sol
ar
cel
ls
as
c
om
par
ed
to
s
ol
ar
cel
ls
without
filt
ers.
Howev
e
r,
gre
at
er
a
m
ou
nt
of
cur
re
nt
was
obta
ined
wh
e
n
photov
oltai
c
cel
ls
wer
e
irradi
at
ed
with li
ght o
f
l
onge
r wa
velen
gth
s, e
sp
eci
al
ly
wh
e
n p
os
it
ion
e
d per
pe
nd
ic
ular
to
the
rad
ia
ti
on s
ource.
Howe
ver,
this
case
stud
y
inve
sti
gated
the
possible
use
of
indoor
arti
fici
al
ly
irrad
ia
te
d
s
olar
cel
ls
,
with
a
nd
with
ou
t
c
olore
d
fi
lt
ers,
ai
m
ing
to
m
ake
us
e
of
these
ra
diati
on
sou
rces
f
or
the
pro
duct
ion
of
el
ect
rici
ty
in
sh
a
dy
areas
and
durin
g
the
per
io
ds
w
he
re
m
os
t
inh
abita
nts
us
e
el
ect
rici
ty
fo
r
indo
or
enlighte
ning.
This
per
i
od
on
the
a
ve
rag
e
c
ou
l
d
e
xpan
d
t
o
a
m
ini
m
u
m
of
6
ho
ur
s
a
day
.
T
his
stu
dy
re
vealed
that
ex
po
si
ng
so
la
r
cel
ls
to
L
ED
la
m
ps
at
25
cm
apar
t
afforde
d
go
od
%
current
outp
uts.
Des
pite
that
the
%
ou
t
pu
ts
dec
rea
sed
wh
e
n
t
he
so
la
r
cel
ls
were
co
ver
e
d
with
colo
re
d
filt
ers
,
the
st
udy
in
di
cat
ed
that
re
d
colo
r
had the
best %
ou
t
pu
ts
in
te
rm
s of c
urren
t a
nd
vo
lt
age
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
B
aghe
r
A.
M
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
T
y
pes
of
Solar
C
el
ls
and
A
ppli
c
at
ion
,
”
Ame
rican
Journal
o
f
Optic
s
and
Pho
t
onic
s
,
vo
l
/i
ss
ue:
3(5),
pp
.
94
-
113
,
2015.
[2]
S
.
Sharm
a
,
et
a
l.
,
“
Solar
Ce
ll
s:
I
n
Resea
r
ch
an
d
Applic
a
ti
ons
-
A
Revi
ew
,
”
S
ci
en
tific
Re
search
,
vo
l
/i
ss
ue:
6(12)
,
p
p.
1145
-
1155,
201
5.
[3]
F
.
Outfe
rdine,
et
al.
,
“
Feasibility
of
Subs
ti
tu
ti
on
of
the
Co
nvent
ion
al
Stre
et
Li
gh
ti
ng
Instal
l
at
ion
b
y
th
e
Photovolt
aic
Ca
se
Stud
y
on
a
Munici
palit
y
in
Agadir
in
Mo
roc
co
,
”
Int
ernat
ional
Journal
o
f
Elec
tri
cal
and
Computer
Engi
n
ee
ring (
IJE
C
E)
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
7(5), p
p.
2287
-
2299
,
2
017.
[4]
Dube
y
S
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
Te
m
per
a
ture
Depe
ndent
Phot
ovolt
aic
(PV
)
E
ffic
i
ency
and
I
ts
Eff
e
ct
on
PV
Producti
on
in
the
W
orld:
A Re
v
iew
,
”
En
ergy
Proc
edi
a
,
vol
.
33
,
pp
.
311
-
321,
2013.
[5]
Mohanta
P.
R
.
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
Revi
ew
on
Solar
Photov
olt
aics
and
Roof
Top
Applic
atio
n
of
It
,
”
Inte
rnat
ional
Journal
of
Adv
anc
ed Re
sea
rch
in
S
cienc
e
,
E
ngine
ering
and
Technol
ogy
,
vo
l. 2, pp. 2394
-
244
4,
2015
.
[6]
A
.
Pradha
n
and
B
.
Panda,
“
Expe
riment
al
Anal
y
s
is
of
Factors
Affec
ti
ng
t
he
Pow
er
Output
of
the
PV
Module
,
”
Int
ernati
onal Journal of
E
le
c
tric
al
and
Computer
Eng
i
nee
ring
,
vol
/
issue:
7(6)
,
pp
.
3190
-
3197.
2017
.
[7]
G
.
Apos
tol
ou,
et
al.
,
“
Com
par
ison
of
the
indoor
per
form
anc
e
of
12
comm
erc
ia
l
PV
produc
ts
b
y
a
sim
ple
m
odel
,
”
Ene
rgy
sc
ie
n
ce
&
E
ngine
ering
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
4(1)
,
p
p.
69
-
85
,
2016
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[8]
B
.
Purw
ah
y
udi,
et
al
.
,
“
SC
NN
Based
E
le
c
trica
l
Charact
e
ristics
of
Solar
Photov
olt
aic
C
el
l
Mode
,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
Elec
t
rical
and
Computer
Eng
ine
ering
(
IJE
CE)
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
7(6)
,
pp
.
319
8
-
3206,
2017
.
[9]
Rana
S.,
“
A
St
ud
y
on
Autom
at
ic
Dual
Axis
S
ola
r
Tracke
r
S
y
stem
using
555
Ti
m
er
,
”
Int
ernat
ional
Journal
of
Sci
en
ti
fic
&
Technol
ogy Re
searc
h
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
1(4)
,
pp
.
77
-
85
,
201
3.
[10]
G.
Seibe
r
t,
“
Solar
c
el
l
output
as
a
fun
ct
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Te
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