Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
N
o.
5
,
Octo
be
r
2020
,
pp.
4982
~
4991
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
5
.
pp
4982
-
49
91
4982
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
An imp
roved sm
ooth
-
wind
owe
d
wi
gner
-
vil
le
dist
ributi
on
analysis
for volt
age va
riation sign
al
M
us
tafa
Man
ap
1
,
Abdul
Rahim Ab
dull
ah
2
,
S
rete
Nik
olovski
3
,
T
ole
S
uti
kno
4
,
M
oh
d
Hatt
a Jopri
5
1,5
Facul
t
y
of Electrical a
nd
Elec
t
ronic
Engi
ne
eri
n
g
Technol
og
y
,
U
nive
rsiti T
ekni
ka
l
Mal
a
y
s
ia Mel
a
ka,
Ma
lay
si
a
2
Facul
t
y
of Elect
ric
a
l
Eng
ineeri
n
g,
Univer
si
ti T
ek
nika
l
Malay
si
a M
el
aka,
Ma
lay
si
a
3
Pow
er
S
y
stem
Depa
rtment, Facult
y
of
Elec
tri
c
al E
ngin
ee
ring
,
U
nive
rsit
y
of
Os
ijek,
Cro
atia
4
Depa
rm
ent
of
E
le
c
tri
c
al E
ngin
eering,
Univ
ersitas Ahm
ad
Dahla
n
,
Indone
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
r 25
, 201
9
Re
vised
A
pr 17
,
2020
Accepte
d
Apr 25
, 202
0
Thi
s
pape
r
out
li
nes
rese
ar
ch
conduc
t
ed
using
bil
ine
ar
t
ime
-
fre
que
n
c
y
distri
buti
on
(TF
D),
a
sm
ooth
-
wi
ndowed
wigner
-
vil
le
distr
ibut
ion
(SWW
VD
)
used
to
r
epr
ese
nt
ti
m
e
-
v
ar
y
ing
signal
s
in
t
ime
-
fre
quen
c
y
r
ep
rese
ntation
(TFR).
Good
tim
e
and
fre
quen
c
y
r
esolut
ions
off
er
superior
i
t
y
in
SWW
VD
to
ana
l
y
z
e
voltage
var
ia
t
ion
signa
ls
tha
t
cons
ist
of
var
ia
t
ions
in
m
agni
tude
.
The
sepa
r
abl
e
k
ern
el
par
amete
rs
are
esti
m
ated
from
the
signal
in
orde
r
to
ge
t
an
ac
cu
rate
TFR.
The
TFR
for
var
ious
k
ern
el
par
amete
rs
is
c
om
par
ed
b
y
a
set
of
per
form
anc
e
m
ea
sures.
The
evalua
t
ion
show
s
tha
t
diffe
ren
t
ker
ne
l
sett
ings
are
r
equ
ire
d
for
diff
ere
nt
signal
par
ame
ters
.
Veri
ficati
on
of
the
TFD
tha
t
op
era
t
ed
at
opti
m
al
k
ern
el
par
amet
ers
is
the
n
condu
cted.
SW
WVD
exhi
bit
s
a
good
per
form
anc
e
of
TFR
wh
ic
h
gives
high
pea
k
-
to
-
si
de
lobe
r
at
i
o
(PS
LR)
and
s
igna
l
-
to
-
cro
ss
-
term
s
rat
io
(SC
R)
ac
compani
e
d
b
y
low
m
ai
n
-
lobe
width
(M
LW)
and
ab
solute
per
ce
nt
ag
e
err
or
(AP
E).
Thi
s
prove
d
tha
t
the
t
ec
hn
iq
ue
is
appr
opria
t
e
for
volt
age
va
ria
ti
on
signa
l
an
aly
s
is
and
it
ess
ent
ial
for
dev
el
opm
ent
in an a
dvanc
ed
embedd
ed
s
y
s
te
m
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Kernel
par
am
et
ers
Sm
oo
th
-
windowed
w
i
gn
e
r
-
vill
e
distrib
ution
Vo
lt
age
v
a
riat
ion si
gnal
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Mustafa Ma
na
p
,
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
an
d
Ele
ct
ronic E
ng
i
neeri
ng
Tech
nolo
gy
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knikal M
al
ay
sia
Mel
aka (UTe
M)
,
Jal
an Han
g
T
ua
h
Jay
a,
76
100 D
ur
ia
n
T
ungg
al
, Mel
aka,
Ma
la
ysi
a
Em
a
il
:
m
us
ta
fa
@u
te
m
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Vo
lt
age
var
ia
ti
on
c
om
pr
ise
s
of
vo
lt
a
ge
sag,
s
well
and
inter
r
up
ti
on
an
d
is
ge
ner
al
ly
char
ac
te
rized
by
it
s
m
agn
it
ude
and
durati
on.
Vo
lt
age
sa
g
can
be
de
fine
d
as
the
red
uc
ti
on
of
root
m
ean
sq
ua
re
(
rm
s)
vo
lt
ag
e
betwee
n
10%
and
90%
of
th
e
no
m
inal
vo
lt
age
[1
,
2]
.
The
durati
on
of
volt
age
sag
is
usual
ly
a
half
cy
cl
e
to
1
m
inu
te
of
ti
m
e.
Me
anwhil
e,
the
de
finiti
on
of
vo
lt
age
s
well
can
be
de
scribe
d
as
a
n
increase
of
11
0
to
180
%
in
rm
s
of
t
he
no
m
inal
vo
lt
a
ge
f
or
the
dur
at
ion
of
0.5
c
yc
le
s
to
a
m
inu
te
[3
,
4]
.
In
te
rrup
ti
on
is
de
f
ined
a
s
the
com
plete
loss o
r
de
crease
s
to
le
ss
tha
n
0.1 pu
of
sup
ply
volt
age f
or
a
pe
rio
d
no
t
e
xcee
ding 1
m
inu
te
[5
-
7]
.
Althou
gh
inter
ruptio
ns
are
m
or
e seve
re
tha
n
volt
age
sa
g
an
d
s
well
,
the f
in
ancial
losses due
to volt
age
s
ag
a
nd
swell
are
com
par
at
ively
the
la
rg
est
[
8,
9]
.
This
ex
plain
s
wh
y
the
inc
reasin
g
co
nce
r
n
re
gardin
g
volt
age
var
ia
ti
on
becom
e
on
e
of
t
he
m
os
t
pr
essing
issues
that
res
ulted
in
l
os
ses
of
up
t
o
m
illi
on
doll
ars
[
10]
.
Fo
r
these
reas
ons,
t
he
a
naly
sis
of
volt
age
va
riat
ion
becam
e
a
vital
co
ncern
to
t
he
in
dustrie
s
w
hich
ope
rate
in
a com
petit
ive b
us
i
ness en
vir
on
m
ent
[
11, 12]
.
Ti
m
e
-
fr
eq
ue
nc
y
distribu
ti
ons
(TFDs)
a
re
cuse
d
to
re
present
the
sig
na
l
in
j
oi
nt
ti
m
e
-
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
represe
ntati
on
s
(TFR)
[
15,
14]
.
A
com
m
on
li
near
TFD
is
a
sh
or
t
-
ti
m
e
Four
ie
r
tra
nsfo
rm
(S
TFT
)
[15,
16]
.
This
te
ch
nique
us
es
a
fixe
d
analy
sis
wind
ow
[17
-
19]
.
It
s
m
ai
n
disadvantage
is
the
com
pr
om
ise
between
fr
e
qu
e
ncy an
d
tim
e
reso
luti
on
[20,
21]
.
The b
il
inear TFD di
sp
la
ys a bett
er d
ist
ribu
ti
on
c
om
par
e to
li
near
TFD
as
it
of
fer
s
a
high
res
olu
ti
on
in
both
fr
e
quency
a
nd
ti
m
e
do
m
ai
ns
[22
,
23
]
.
Howe
ve
r,
t
he
existe
nc
e
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
An
i
mp
r
ove
d
s
mooth
-
wi
ndow
ed
wi
gner
-
vi
ll
e
distri
buti
on ana
ly
sis
…
(
Mu
stafa M
anap
)
4983
cro
ss
-
te
rm
s
m
ake
this
te
c
hniqu
e
dif
ficult
t
o
inte
rpret
the
true
sig
nal
ch
aracte
risti
cs.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
i
n
order
t
o
rem
ov
e
the
c
ro
ss
-
te
rm
s
,
al
l
ty
pes
of
sig
nals
ca
nnot
use
the
sam
e
kernel
set
ti
ng
[
24
]
.
As
a
resu
lt
,
it
is n
ecessa
ry t
o
ide
ntify t
he
optim
al
an
d
t
he best
kernel pa
r
a
m
et
er f
or
em
plo
yi
ng
t
he
T
F
D.
An
im
pr
ovem
ent
of
S
W
WVD
analy
sis
is
pr
ese
nted
i
n
this
pa
per
f
or
a
vo
lt
age
va
ri
at
ion
sig
nal.
These
a
re
m
ade
up
of
a
se
pa
rab
le
kernel,
w
it
h
the
pa
ram
e
te
rs
of
S
W
WVD
est
im
a
te
d
ba
sed
on
t
he
ti
m
e
-
la
g
sign
al
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs.
Ke
r
nel
par
am
et
ers
can
inclu
de
preser
ved
a
uto
te
rm
s
in
a
ddit
ion
to
the
rem
ov
al
of
cro
ss
te
rm
s.
To
m
ea
su
re t
he
accu
ra
cy
o
f
res
ulti
ng
TFR, a
pe
rform
ance
ver
ific
a
ti
on
is
m
easur
ed
base
d on
t
he M
L
W,
PSLR,
SCR
and
AP
E
.
2.
THE
SIG
NAL
MO
DEL
Due
t
o
create
s
ign
al
s
f
or
a
nal
ysi
s,
so
m
e
par
a
m
et
ers
of
eac
h
sig
nal
are
int
rod
uced
a
nd
al
lowe
d
to
be
change
d
ra
ndom
ly
su
ch
as
t
he
m
agn
it
ud
e,
fr
eq
ue
ncy,
st
arti
ng
ti
m
e,
and
durati
on
of
the
volt
age
va
riat
ion
sign
al
[25]
. T
he
volt
age
var
ia
ti
on
c
om
pr
ise
s
o
f
a c
om
plex
expo
nen
ti
al
sig
na
l wh
ic
h
is
e
xp
resse
d
, as
K
k
k
k
k
t
f
j
vv
t
t
A
e
t
x
1
1
2
)
(
)
(
0
(1)
w
he
re
by
the
si
gn
al
c
om
po
ne
nt
seq
ue
nce
,
k
,
sign
al
c
om
po
nen
t
am
plit
ud
e
,
A
k
,
f
unda
m
ental
fr
eq
ue
ncy
,
f
0
,
of
the sig
nal,
t
is
the tim
e, a b
ox
functi
on
,
(
t
)
of the si
gn
al
an
d
the
num
ber
of the
sig
nal c
om
po
nen
t
,
K
[
26]
.
Fo
r
this r
e
sear
ch
, t
he
sig
nal
m
od
el
p
aram
eter
s b
a
sed o
n
I
E
EE Std
. 1159 (
2009)
a
nd
f
0
is set
at 50
Hz.
T
he v
oltage
v
a
riat
ion
c
om
pr
ise
s
of th
ree si
gnal
co
m
po
ne
n
ts
and
K
is set
at
3.
-
Sw
el
l:
A2 =
1.2
,
A
1
=
A
3
=
1
;
t1 =
100
m
s
and
t2 =
14
0
m
s
-
Sag:
A1 =
A3
= 1
,
A2 =
0.8;
t1 =
100
m
s
a
nd t2
=
14
0
m
s
-
In
te
r
r
up
ti
on:
A
2
=
0, A
1
=
A3
=1; t1 =
10
0
m
s and t
2
=
140
m
s
3.
THE
BIL
INE
AR TIME
-
FR
EQUEN
C
Y D
ISTRIB
UTIO
NS
The bil
inear
term
can
be
e
xpr
essed
as
[
27]
:
d
f
j
t
K
t
G
f
t
P
x
t
x
)
2
e
x
p
(
)
,
(
)
,
(
)
,
(
)
(
(2)
w
he
r
e
G
(
t
,
)
k
no
w
n
a
s
t
he
k
e
r
ne
l
of
t
im
e
-
la
g
w
i
t
h
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
f
u
nc
t
i
on
f
or
e
a
c
h
T
F
D
.
T
he
s
i
gn
a
l
of
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
,
x
(
t
)
of
bi
l
i
ne
ar
pr
o
du
c
t
,
K
x
(
t
,
)
,
a
nd
t
he
t
w
i
t
h
a
s
t
e
r
i
s
k
re
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
t
he
s
i
gn
a
l
s
t
im
e
c
on
v
ol
ut
i
on
.
T
he
bi
l
i
ne
a
r
pr
o
du
c
t
i
s
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
a
s
:
)
2
/
(
)
2
/
(
)
,
(
t
x
t
x
t
K
x
(3)
4.
THE
SMOOT
H
-
WI
N
DOWE
D
WI
GNE
R
-
VILLE
DIS
T
RIBUTI
ON
The
S
WW
V
D
has
a
se
par
a
ble
ke
rn
el
an
d
t
he
m
ai
n
ben
e
fit
is
to
re
du
ce
the
ef
fects
of
the
cro
ss
-
te
rm
s
or
inter
fer
e
nce
s
an
d
t
o
ac
qu
ir
e
high
ti
m
e
-
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
reso
l
ution
[
28]
. T
he
se
par
a
ble
kernel
is
ex
pr
esse
d
a
s
:
)
(
)
(
)
,
(
w
t
H
t
G
(4)
w
he
re
he
tim
e
s
m
oo
th
(
H
(t)
),
sm
oo
th
f
un
ct
ion
(TS)
,
a
nd
t
he
la
g
wi
ndow
f
un
ct
i
on
(
w
(τ)
)
.
The
S
WW
V
D
functi
on
ca
n b
e
w
ritt
en
as
:
d
f
w
t
K
t
H
f
t
P
x
t
x
S
W
W
V
D
)
2
e
x
p
(
)
(
)
,
(
*
)
(
)
,
(
)
(
,
(5)
This
re
searc
h
us
e
the
Ham
m
ing
wi
ndow
as
the
la
g
-
wi
ndow
a
nd
t
he
TS
f
unct
io
n,
H
(
t
)
will
us
e
raised
-
cosi
ne p
ulse. T
he ham
m
ing
w
i
ndow
and the
raised
-
cosine
pulse a
r
e d
e
fine
d
as
[
29]
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
5
,
Oct
ob
e
r 2
020
:
49
82
-
49
91
4984
e
l
s
e
w
h
e
r
e
0
c
o
s
64
.
0
54
.
0
)
(
g
g
g
T
T
T
w
(6)
e
l
s
e
w
h
e
r
e
0
0
)
/
c
o
s
(
1
)
(
sm
sm
T
t
T
t
t
H
(7)
T
he
w
(
)
ha
s
a
c
ut
-
of
f
l
a
g
a
t
=
T
g
a
nd
r
e
s
ul
t
i
ng
t
he
D
op
pl
e
r
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
t
i
on
in
H
(
t
)
,
ba
s
e
d
o
n
t
he
F
ou
r
i
e
r
tra
ns
f
or
m
a
c
c
or
di
ng
l
y
t
o
t
im
e
i
s
:
)
2
/
1
(
))
2
/
1
(
s
i
n
(
2
1
)
2
/
1
(
))
2
/
1
(
s
i
n
(
2
1
)
s
i
n
(
)
(
sm
sm
sm
sm
sm
sm
T
T
T
T
T
T
h
(8)
T
he
c
ut
-
off Do
pp
le
r
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
for
low
-
pas
s
filt
er in
t
he Dopp
le
r do
m
ai
n
is:
=
3
2
⁄
(9)
5.
KERN
EL
AN
ALYSIS I
N
T
IME
-
L
AG RE
PRESENT
AT
ION
T
he
s
i
gn
a
l
p
r
o
du
c
t
of
bi
l
i
ne
a
r
pr
od
uc
t
i
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
e
d
i
n
t
he
t
im
e
-
l
a
g
do
m
ai
n.
T
he
pr
o
du
c
t
of
bi
l
i
ne
a
r
c
om
pr
i
s
e
s
of
a
ut
o
-
t
e
r
m
s
a
nd
c
r
os
s
-
t
e
r
m
s
.
Th
e
bi
l
i
ne
a
r
pr
o
du
c
t
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
a
s
:
)
,
(
)
,
(
)
,
(
,
,
t
K
t
K
t
K
cr
o
s
s
x
auto
x
x
(10)
T
he
a
ut
o
-
t
e
r
m
s
a
r
e
c
e
nt
e
r
e
d
a
t
=
0
a
n
d
c
o
nc
e
nt
r
a
t
e
d
a
l
on
gs
i
de
t
he
t
im
e
a
xi
s
of
t
he
t
im
e
-
l
a
g
re
pr
ese
nt
at
ion
.
M
e
a
nw
hi
l
e
,
t
he
c
r
os
s
-
t
e
rm
s
a
r
e
po
s
i
t
i
on
e
d
a
w
a
y
f
r
om
t
he
a
xi
s
.
I
t
i
s
im
por
t
a
nt
t
o
c
ho
os
e
a
pp
r
o
pr
i
a
t
e
ke
r
ne
l
pa
r
a
m
et
e
r
s
w
hi
c
h
w
i
l
l
r
e
t
a
i
n
th
e
a
ut
o
-
t
e
r
m
s
w
hi
l
e
a
t
t
he
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
s
up
pr
e
s
s
i
ng
t
he
c
r
os
s
-
t
e
rm
s
.
T
he
s
e
pa
r
a
bl
e
ke
r
ne
l
of
S
W
W
V
D
c
on
s
i
s
t
of
t
he
l
a
g
w
i
nd
ow
a
n
d
T
S
f
un
c
t
i
on
a
s
d
e
f
i
ne
d
i
n
(
6)
a
nd
(
7
)
,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
ly
.
T
he
D
op
pl
e
r
-
f
r
e
qu
e
nc
y
e
xi
s
t
i
ng
i
n
c
r
os
s
-
t
e
r
m
s
a
nd
r
e
m
ov
e
d
by
t
he
T
S
f
u
nc
t
i
on
.
F
u
r
t
he
r
m
or
e
,
t
he
l
a
g
w
i
nd
ow
w
i
l
l
s
up
pr
e
s
s
e
s
a
ny
c
r
os
s
-
t
e
r
m
s
t
ha
t
a
w
a
y
of
t
he
l
a
g
a
xi
s
o
r
i
gi
n
.
T
he
t
i
m
e
-
l
a
g
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
t
i
on
i
s
de
pe
nd
s
o
n
t
he
s
i
gn
a
l
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
st
i
c
s
,
t
a
ke
no
t
e
t
ha
t
no
s
i
ng
l
e
ke
r
ne
l
s
e
t
t
i
ng
t
ha
t
c
a
n
be
ut
i
l
iz
e
d
f
or
a
l
l
s
i
gn
a
l
s
.
5
.1
.
The
bil
inear
p
rodu
c
t of v
olt
ag
e
varia
tio
n
signa
l
Eq
uation
(
1)
e
xpresse
d
the
volt
age
var
ia
ti
on
sig
nal
a
nd
it
has
a
va
riat
ion
of
t
he
r
oot
m
ean
squar
e
(RMS)
va
lue
of
the
nom
inal
vo
lt
age
[8]
.
T
he
auto
-
te
rm
s
a
nd
c
ross
-
te
rm
s
of
this
sig
nal
are
disti
nguis
he
d
by
su
bst
it
uting
t
he
(
1)
i
nto
(
3)
,
r
e
sp
ect
ively
and
expresse
d
as:
)
,
(
)
,
(
,
0
2
3
1
2
,
t
K
e
A
t
K
k
k
k
f
j
k
vv
a
u
t
o
(11)
3
1
2
3
1
,
)
,
(
)
,
(
,
0
l
k
k
f
j
l
l
k
vv
c
r
o
s
s
t
K
e
A
A
t
K
l
k
(12)
w
he
re
by
the
sign
al
c
om
po
ne
nts
seq
ue
nce
r
epr
ese
nted
as
k
and
l
.
A
k
a
nd
A
l
are
the
am
plit
ud
e
of
the
sign
a
l
com
po
ne
nts,
f
0
is
the
sig
nal
f
undam
ental
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
.
T
he
box
f
un
ct
io
n,
(
t
)
is
a
bili
near
pro
du
ct
a
nd
c
an
be
wr
it
te
n
as
:
)
2
/
(
)
2
/
(
)
,
(
,
l
l
k
k
t
t
t
t
t
K
l
k
(13)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
An
i
mp
r
ove
d
s
mooth
-
wi
ndow
ed
wi
gner
-
vi
ll
e
distri
buti
on ana
ly
sis
…
(
Mu
stafa M
anap
)
4985
Fr
om
(11)
an
d
(12
),
it
is
dete
ct
ed
that
th
e
cr
os
s
-
te
rm
s
are
locat
ed
el
se
w
he
re
w
he
reas
t
he
auto
-
te
rm
s
centere
d
at
=
0
a
nd
al
ongsi
de
the tim
e axis an
d are
. T
his is
shown i
n
Fi
gu
re
1.
Fig
ure
1
.
Th
e
vo
lt
age
v
a
riat
ion si
gnal
bili
near
product
(d
e
ns
el
y d
otted
re
gion a
re
cr
os
s
-
te
rm
s
wh
ereas
t
he
aut
o
-
te
rm
s
are
gr
ee
n
highl
igh
te
d)
Fo
r
e
xam
ple, au
to
-
te
rm
at
k=
1
a
nd
l=
1
, t
he
bili
near
pro
duc
t
is
wr
it
te
n
as:
)
,
2
/
(
)
,
2
/
(
1
2
2
1
,
1
,
1
1
1
t
t
K
e
A
t
t
K
f
j
vv
auto
(14)
T
h
i
s
a
u
t
o
-
t
e
r
m
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
a
t
o
f
t
h
e
l
a
g
a
x
i
s
o
r
i
g
i
n
t
=
t
1
/
2
.
I
t
c
om
p
r
i
s
e
s
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
l
a
g
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
c
om
p
o
n
e
n
t
a
t
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
=
f
0
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
l
y
,
f
o
r
t
h
e
a
u
t
o
-
t
e
r
m
a
t
l=
2
a
n
d
k=
2
.
I
t
c
a
n
b
e
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
a
s
:
)
,
2
/
)
(
(
)
,
2
/
)
(
(
2
1
2
2
2
1
,
2
,
2
0
2
t
t
t
K
e
A
t
t
t
K
f
j
vv
a
u
t
o
(15)
Wh
e
n
k=
1
a
nd
l=
2
of
t
he
c
ross
-
te
rm
s,
at
=
t
2
/2
a
nd
t
=
(
t
2
+
2
t
1
)/
4.
T
he
interact
io
n
between
first
a
nd
sec
on
d
sign
al
c
om
po
ne
nts
kn
own
as
the
cr
os
s
-
te
rm
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
on
ly
a
com
pone
nt
of
a
sin
gle
la
g
-
f
re
qu
e
ncy
exist
at
f
=
f
0
. I
t
can
b
e
w
ritt
en
as:
)
2
/
,
4
/
)
2
(
(
)
2
/
,
4
/
)
2
(
(
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
,
2
,
1
0
t
t
t
t
K
e
A
A
t
t
t
t
K
f
j
vv
cr
o
s
s
(16)
Du
e
to
s
upre
ss
the
cross
-
t
erm
s
and
to
pr
e
se
rv
e
the
auto
-
te
rm
s,
t
he
la
g
-
wind
ow
co
ver
al
l
the au
t
o
-
te
rm
s
and rem
ov
e t
he
cr
os
s
-
te
rm
s a
s m
uch
as it ca
n.
The
w
i
dth
of lag
-
wi
ndow,
T
g
,
ca
n be
def
i
ned as:
≤
|
2
−
1
|
(17)
F
i
gu
r
e
2
sho
w
s
t
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
ut
i
l
iz
i
ng
t
he
li
m
it
i
s
t
ha
t
t
he
c
r
os
s
-
t
e
r
m
s
a
t
l
=
2,
k
=
1,
a
nd
l
=
3,
k
=
2
a
r
e
pr
e
s
e
r
ve
d
a
s
t
he
y
a
r
e
i
n
l
i
ne
t
o
t
he
a
ut
o
-
t
e
r
m
s
.
B
y
us
i
ng
s
m
a
ll
e
r
T
g
,
t
he
r
em
a
i
ni
ng
c
r
os
s
-
t
e
rm
s
ca
n
be
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
5
,
Oct
ob
e
r 2
020
:
49
82
-
49
91
4986
r
em
ov
e
d.
H
ow
e
ve
r
t
hi
s
c
on
d
i
t
i
on
w
i
l
l
r
e
du
c
e
t
he
a
ut
o
-
t
e
r
m
s
c
on
c
e
nt
r
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
t
he
f
r
e
qu
e
nc
y
r
e
s
ol
ut
i
on
.
T
he
im
pa
c
t
of
t
hi
s
s
e
t
t
i
ng
w
i
l
l
be
e
xp
l
a
i
ne
d
i
n
t
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
c
ha
pt
e
r
.
T
he
D
op
pl
e
r
-
f
r
e
qu
e
nc
y
do
e
s
no
t
e
xi
s
t
i
n
th
e
c
r
os
s
-
t
e
r
m
s
,
t
hu
s
t
he
c
r
os
s
-
t
e
rm
s
s
up
pr
e
s
s
i
on
c
a
n
be
ob
t
a
i
ne
d
us
i
ng
t
he
T
S
f
un
c
t
i
on
.
T
he
T
F
D
t
h
a
t
us
e
d
a
n
im
pul
s
e
f
un
c
t
i
on
a
nd
l
a
g
w
i
nd
ow
in
T
S
f
un
c
t
i
on
kn
o
w
n
a
s
w
i
nd
ow
e
d
Wi
gn
e
r
-
V
i
l
l
e
di
s
t
r
i
bu
t
i
on
(
W
W
V
D
)
.
T
he
W
W
V
D
c
a
n
be
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
a
s
:
d
e
w
t
K
f
t
f
j
z
wwvd
z
2
,
)
(
)
,
(
)
,
(
(19)
wh
e
re
by
w
(
τ
)
i
s the la
g win
dow.
Fig
ure
2
.
Per
f
orm
ance
m
easurem
ents u
se
d
of
the a
naly
sis
5
.
2
.
Kernel
p
aram
eters
T
he
ke
r
ne
l
pa
r
am
et
e
r
s
l
im
it
at
i
on
(
T
sm,min
)
a
r
e
de
f
i
ne
d
i
n
e
qu
a
t
i
on
(
18
)
a
nd
t
a
bu
l
a
t
e
s
in
T
a
bl
e
1
.
T
he
s
m
al
l
e
st
of
l
a
g
-
w
i
n
do
w
w
i
dt
h,
T
g,min
,
a
nd
t
he
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
of
T
S
f
u
nc
t
io
n,
T
sm,min
,
a
r
e
de
f
i
ne
d
i
n
e
q
u
a
t
i
on
(
6)
a
nd
(
7)
,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
ly
.
T
hu
s
,
t
he
s
a
t
i
s
f
a
c
t
or
y
s
up
p
r
e
s
s
i
on
o
f
c
r
os
s
-
t
e
r
m
s
w
i
t
h
m
i
ni
m
al
bi
a
s
f
or
a
ut
o
-
t
e
rm
s
i
s
ob
t
a
i
ne
d
us
i
n
g
t
he
s
e
pa
r
am
et
e
r
s
.
T
hi
s
s
e
t
ti
ng
a
l
s
o
r
e
d
uc
e
t
he
c
om
pu
t
a
t
i
on
a
l
c
om
pl
ex
i
t
y
a
nd
am
ount
of
m
em
or
y
r
e
qu
i
r
e
d
f
o
r
t
he
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
.
Table
1.
T
he
ke
rn
el
par
am
et
ers
li
m
it
u
ti
li
zi
n
g
S
W
WVD
S
i
gn
a
l
T
g, min
(
m
s)
T
sm, min
(
m
s)
S
ag
10
0
I
nt
e
r
r
u
pt
i
on
10
0
S
w
e
l
l
10
0
6.
PERFO
R
MANC
E
ME
ASU
REME
NTS
O
F KER
NEL P
ARA
METE
R
S
A
ve
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
of
S
W
W
V
D
i
s
ob
t
a
i
ne
d
by
a
pp
l
y
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
t
e
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
si
g
na
l
-
to
-
c
r
os
s
-
t
e
rm
s
r
a
ti
o
(
S
C
R
)
,
m
a
i
n
-
l
ob
e
w
i
dt
h
(
M
L
W
)
,
pe
a
k
-
to
-
s
i
de
l
ob
e
r
a
t
i
o
(
P
S
L
R
)
,
a
nd
a
b
s
ol
ut
e
pe
r
c
e
nt
a
ge
e
r
r
o
r
(
A
P
E
)
.
T
he
s
e
t
e
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
a
r
e
us
e
d
t
o
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
t
he
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
,
r
e
s
ol
ut
i
on
,
m
i
ni
m
iz
a
ti
on
o
f
i
nt
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
a
nd
c
on
c
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on
of
t
he
T
F
R
[
2
9]
.
A
s
s
h
ow
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
2,
d
ue
t
o
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
t
he
M
L
W
a
n
d
P
S
L
R
,
t
he
po
w
e
r
s
pe
c
t
r
um
i
s
r
eq
ui
r
e
d
a
n
d
i
t
c
a
n
be
a
c
qu
i
r
e
d
f
r
om
t
he
T
FR
f
r
e
qu
e
nc
y
m
a
r
gi
na
l
.
F
ur
t
he
r
m
or
e
,
t
he
w
i
dt
h
o
f
M
L
W
i
s
3
dB
a
nd
i
t
i
s
be
l
ow
t
he
po
w
e
r
s
pe
c
t
r
um
pe
a
k
.
M
e
a
nw
hi
l
e
,
t
he
po
w
e
r
r
a
t
i
on
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
pe
a
k
a
n
d
t
he
hi
gh
e
s
t
s
i
de
-
l
ob
e
kn
ow
n
a
s
P
S
L
R
.
T
o
ob
t
a
i
n
a
go
od
r
e
s
ol
ut
i
on
of
f
r
e
q
ue
nc
y
,
t
he
M
L
W
m
us
t
be
l
ow
w
he
r
e
a
s
t
o
r
e
s
ol
ve
va
r
i
o
us
s
i
gn
a
l
s
i
z
e
,
t
he
P
S
L
R
m
us
t
be
hi
gh
a
s
p
os
s
i
bl
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
An
i
mp
r
ove
d
s
mooth
-
wi
ndow
ed
wi
gner
-
vi
ll
e
distri
buti
on ana
ly
sis
…
(
Mu
stafa M
anap
)
4987
T
h
e
r
a
t
i
o
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
t
o
t
h
e
c
r
o
s
s
-
t
e
r
m
s
p
o
w
e
r
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
S
C
R
a
n
d
t
h
e
u
n
i
t
i
s
d
B
.
N
o
t
e
t
h
a
t
,
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
S
C
R
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
t
h
e
c
r
o
s
s
-
t
e
r
m
s
s
u
p
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
T
F
R
.
T
h
e
S
C
R
i
s
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
a
s
[30]
:
p
o
w
e
r
t
e
r
m
s
c
r
o
s
s
p
o
w
e
r
s
i
g
n
a
l
l
o
g
10
S
C
R
(20)
B
e
s
i
d
e
s
AP
E is
also
us
e
d
to
m
easur
e
the a
ccu
racy o
f
the
TF
R.
The
APE
is
wr
it
te
n
as:
%
100
A
P
E
x
x
x
x
i
m
i
(21)
w
he
re
by
x
m
is
a
m
easur
ed
val
ue
a
nd
x
i
is
t
he
act
ual
val
ue.
The
l
ow
e
r
value
of
AP
E
des
ign
at
es
the
hi
gher
of
m
easur
em
ent
accuracy
.
N
ote
t
hat
,
to
get
opti
m
u
m
TFD
ke
r
nel
,
it
is
c
om
pu
lso
ry
to
ha
ve
high
P
SLR
a
nd
SCR
wh
e
reas t
he
M
L
W
m
us
t be l
owest
as
possibl
e.
7.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
7
.
1
.
Vo
l
tage
vari
ati
on
si
gnal a
nal
ys
is
usin
g
S
WWV
D
T
h
e
e
x
a
m
pl
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
g
n
a
l
a
n
d
t
h
e
T
F
R
s
u
t
i
l
i
z
i
n
g
S
W
W
V
D
a
t
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
k
e
r
n
e
l
a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
t
o
5
.
T
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
i
n
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
d
om
a
i
n
w
h
e
r
e
a
s
t
h
e
pl
o
t
o
f
c
o
n
t
o
u
r
s
h
o
w
s
i
t
s
T
F
R
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
i
o
n
s
i
g
n
a
l
i
n
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
do
m
a
i
n
a
n
d
i
t
s
T
F
R
a
t
T
g
=
1
0
m
s
a
n
d
T
sm
=
0
m
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
g
o
e
s
t
o
z
e
r
o
w
i
t
h
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
4
0
m
s
a
t
10
0
m
s
.
T
h
e
c
on
t
o
u
r
p
l
o
t
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
t
o
z
e
r
o
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
1
0
0
a
n
d
1
4
0
m
s
.
D
u
r
i
n
g
c
o
n
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
a
n
d
k
e
r
n
e
l
,
t
h
e
T
F
D
s
s
h
i
f
t
s
i
n
d
u
c
e
s
om
e
d
e
l
a
y
s
t
o
t
h
e
T
F
R
s
i
n
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
d
om
a
i
n
c
om
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
.
Figure
3. The
TFR o
f
i
nterru
ption sig
nal at
T
g
= 10 m
s and
T
sm
= 0
m
s
util
iz
ing
S
W
WVD
Figure
4
s
how
s
the
w
well
sign
al
in
the
ti
m
e
do
m
a
in
and
it
s
TFR
at
T
g
=10
m
s
an
d
T
sm
=
0
m
s
util
iz
ing
S
WWVD.
The
si
gn
a
l
m
agn
it
ud
e
in
crease
f
ro
m
the
norm
al
vo
lt
age
(
1.0
pu)
to
1.2
pu
sta
rtin
g
at
100
m
s
fo
r
a
du
rati
on
of
40
m
s.
T
he
c
onto
ur
pl
ot
shows
that,
t
he
powe
r
of
th
e
sig
nal
in
c
rea
ses
be
twee
n
100
a
nd
140
m
s.
Fig
ur
e
5
sho
ws
a
s
ag
si
gn
al
i
n
t
he
tim
e
do
m
ai
n
an
d
it
s
T
FR
at
T
g
=1
0
m
s
and
T
sm
=
0
m
s.
The
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
t
he
sig
nal
m
ome
ntaril
y
decre
a
ses
with
durati
on
of
40
m
s
fr
om
1.
0
t
o
0.8
pu
at
10
0
m
s
.
The
con
t
our plot s
hows
that t
he p
ower
of the
sig
na
l decreas
es
be
tween
100 an
d 140 m
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
5
,
Oct
ob
e
r 2
020
:
49
82
-
49
91
4988
Figure
4
.
Th
e
TFR o
f
s
well
s
ign
al
at T
g
=
10 m
s an
d T
sm
= 0
m
s
util
iz
ing
S
WW
V
D
Figure
5.
The
s
ag
si
gn
al
T
FR
at
T
g
= 10 m
s an
d T
sm
= 0
m
s
util
iz
ing
S
W
W
VD
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
An
i
mp
r
ove
d
s
mooth
-
wi
ndow
ed
wi
gner
-
vi
ll
e
distri
buti
on ana
ly
sis
…
(
Mu
stafa M
anap
)
4989
7
.
2
.
Perfo
r
ma
nce
eva
lu
ati
on o
f smo
ot
h
-
w
ind
ow
ed
w
igner
-
vi
ll
e d
istri
but
i
on
T
a
b
l
e
2
t
a
b
u
l
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
S
W
W
V
D
w
i
t
h
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
k
e
r
n
e
l
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
o
f
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
.
T
h
e
s
h
a
d
e
d
r
e
g
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
t
a
b
l
e
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
t
h
a
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
n
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
T
F
R
f
o
r
a
l
l
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
.
A
s
t
a
bu
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
2
,
T
g
=
1
0
m
s
a
n
d
T
s
m
=
0
m
s
a
r
e
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
k
e
r
n
e
l
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
f
o
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
g
n
a
l
.
T
o
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
t
he
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
k
e
r
n
e
l
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
,
t
h
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
d
o
n
e
a
t
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
T
sm
w
i
t
h
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
T
g
a
n
d
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
,
w
h
e
r
e
a
s
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
T
g
w
i
t
h
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
T
sm
.
Figure
6
pr
ese
nts
that
the
ML
W
is
sm
a
l
le
st
value
w
he
n
op
tim
a
l
T
sm
and
T
g
is
set
hi
gh
.
T
his
co
nd
it
io
n
pro
vid
es
hi
gh
e
r
TFR
fr
e
quen
cy
reso
luti
on
.
Yet,
res
ulti
ng
a
decr
ease
s
of
t
he
cro
ss
-
te
r
m
s
su
ppressi
on
an
d
the
SCR
va
lue
is
sm
all
du
e
t
o
high
T
g
w
herea
s
ad
diti
on
al
adj
ace
nt
c
ro
s
s
-
te
rm
s
exist
in
the
bili
near
pro
du
ct
.
No
te
d
that
,
th
e
lower
A
PE
pro
vid
es
hi
gh
accuracy
of
th
e
m
easur
em
en
t.
T
he
f
0
is
se
t
at
50
Hz
an
d
du
e
t
o
include
the
m
i
nim
u
m
o
f
one
-
cy
cl
e fund
am
ental
sig
nal
,
the
m
ini
m
u
m
T
g
m
us
t
be
set
at
10m
s
.
T
able
2
.
T
able
s
ty
le
s
Vo
ltag
e variation
sig
n
al
Kernel Pa
ra
m
eters
Perf
o
r
m
an
ce
m
eas
u
re
m
en
ts
Swell
Sag
Interrup
tio
n
T
g
= 10
m
s
T
sm
=
0
m
s
ML
W
(Hz)
PSLR (
d
B)
SCR
(
d
B)
APE
(%)
25
6
1
5
.53
1
5
.64
1
0
.20
8
3
25
6
1
5
.53
1
7
.79
9
0
.62
5
25
6
1
5
.53
5
5
.44
6
0
.62
5
T
g
= 40
m
s
T
sm
=
0
m
s
ML
W
(Hz)
PSLR (
d
B)
SCR
(
d
B)
APE
(%)
6
.25
6
1
5
.642
8
.94
6
2
1
.45
8
3
6
.25
6
1
5
.642
1
1
.21
6
1
.87
5
6
.25
6
1
5
.642
4
8
.90
3
1
.04
1
7
T
g
= 10
m
s
T
sm
=1
.57
8
m
s
ML
W
(Hz)
PSLR (
d
B)
SCR
(
d
B)
APE
(%)
25
2
1
8
.09
1
3
.49
1
3
.12
5
25
2
1
6
.68
1
5
.03
8
1
2
.70
8
25
1
9
8
.78
3
5
.10
7
100
T
g
= 15
m
s
T
sm
=1
.57
8
m
s
ML
W
(Hz)
PSLR (
d
B)
SCR
(
d
B)
APE
(%)
1
3
.33
3
1
3
0
.99
1
1
.75
1
6
9
.79
1
1
3
.33
3
1
3
0
.68
1
3
.29
7
1
1
7
.08
1
3
.33
3
1
2
7
.89
3
3
.51
4
100
T
g
= 20
m
s
T
sm
=6
.67
m
s
ML
W
(Hz)
PSLR (
d
B)
SCR
(
d
B)
APE
(%)
1
2
.5
2
2
9
.98
9
.85
8
1
1
4
.58
3
1
2
.5
2
2
8
.53
1
1
.48
5
2
9
.37
5
1
2
.5
2
1
0
.04
3
1
.37
1
100
T
g
= 40
m
s
T
sm
=6
.67
m
s
ML
W
(Hz)
PSLR (
d
B)
SCR
(
d
B)
APE
(%)
6
.25
1
2
0
.03
6
.72
2
1
2
0
.41
6
6
.25
1
0
0
.92
8
.41
2
1
3
5
.41
7
6
.25
8
1
.31
5
2
8
.70
1
100
T
g
= 20
m
s
T
sm
= 7.5
m
s
ML
W
(Hz)
PSLR (
d
B)
SCR
(
d
B)
APE
(%)
1
2
.5
2
2
9
.97
9
.80
7
3
1
6
.66
6
1
2
.5
2
2
8
.53
1
1
.43
9
3
1
.66
7
1
2
.5
2
0
9
.88
3
1
.28
9
100
T
g
= 40
m
s
T
sm
= 7.5
m
s
ML
W
(Hz)
PSLR (
d
B)
SCR
(
d
B)
APE
(%)
6
.25
1
2
2
.91
6
.65
6
8
2
1
.45
8
6
.25
1
0
2
.56
8
.35
5
1
3
6
.66
7
6
.25
1
1
1
.22
2
8
.60
0
100
Figure
6. The
TFR
pe
rfo
rm
a
nce
with
var
i
ous
kernel
par
a
m
et
ers
for
the
swell
sig
nal when
APE,
ML
W,
SCR
,
and
PS
LR o
ptim
al
T
sm
with vario
us
T
g
util
iz
ing
S
WW
V
D
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
5
,
Oct
ob
e
r 2
020
:
49
82
-
49
91
4990
Figure
7
s
how
s
that
the
SCR
and
ML
W
a
re
const
ant
w
he
n
the
opti
m
a
l
T
g
and
T
sm
is
set
higher
t
han
the
opti
m
a
l
value
.
It
desig
na
te
s
that
the
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
res
olu
t
ion
a
nd
c
r
os
s
-
te
rm
s
su
pp
re
ss
rem
ai
n
un
cha
nge
d
wh
e
n
T
sm
is
set
higher
tha
n
it
s
op
ti
m
al
value.
Howe
ver
,
t
he
higher
AP
E
s
hows
t
hat
the
T
FR
tim
e
reso
luti
on
is
low.
As
pr
e
se
nts
in
Ta
ble
2,
at
T
g
=
10m
s
and
T
sm
=
0
m
s
are
the
opti
m
al
ker
nel
para
m
et
ers.
Furth
erm
or
e,
there
is
no
im
pr
ovem
ent
in
th
e
cr
os
s
-
te
rm
s
su
pp
ressio
n
e
ve
n
t
hough
us
e
d t
he
TS
f
unct
io
n
as
the
zer
o
D
oppler
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
exis
t
in
al
l
cro
ss
-
t
erm
s
.
Be
sides,
the
tim
e
reso
luti
on
is
re
du
ce
wh
e
n
highe
r
T
sm
is
set
.
Ther
ef
or
e
,
the SCR i
s l
ow and
AP
E
is h
i
gh whe
n
the
T
sm
is set
h
i
gh
e
r
f
ro
m
it
s o
ptim
al
value
.
Figure
7.
The
TFR pe
rfo
rm
a
nce
with
var
i
ous
kernel
par
a
m
et
ers
for
the
swell
sig
nal when
AP
E,
ML
W,
SCR
,
and PS
LR o
ptim
al
T
g
with
va
rio
us
T
sm
util
iz
ing
S
WW
V
D
8.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
S
W
WVD
pro
vid
es
good
reso
l
ution
in
ti
m
e
and
fr
e
que
ncy.
T
he
m
ai
n
obj
ect
ive
to
ha
ve
op
ti
m
a
l
kernel
is
to
s
uppress
c
ro
s
s
-
te
rm
s
and
to
pr
ese
r
ve
a
uto
-
te
rm
s
of
the
bili
near
pro
duct
.I
n
orde
r
t
o
ver
i
fy
the
optim
al
ker
nel,
ver
ific
at
i
on
of
perf
or
m
ance
m
easur
em
ent
su
ch
as
PSLR,
SCR
,
ML
W
,
a
nd
A
PE
are
perform
ed.
Th
e
op
ti
m
al
ker
ne
l
par
am
et
ers
m
us
t
hav
e
high
PSLR
a
nd
S
CR
,
wh
il
e
the
ML
W
an
d
APE
m
us
t
low.
From
this
researc
h,
it
is
no
te
d
that
the
op
ti
m
al
ker
nel
for
volt
age
vari
at
ion
sig
nal,
the
opti
m
a
l
kernel
are
T
g
= 10m
s an
d
T
sm
= 0 m
s
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGME
NT
The
a
uthors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
th
ank
t
he
Ce
nter
for
Ro
bo
ti
cs
and
Ind
us
tria
l
Au
t
om
ation
of
Excell
ence
(CeR
IA),
Fac
ulty
of
Ele
ct
rical
&
Ele
ct
r
onic
En
gi
neer
i
ng
Tech
nolo
gy
of
U
niv
er
sit
i
Tekn
i
kal
M
al
ay
sia
Me
la
ka
(
UTe
M) and
A
DS
P
Lab fo
r
t
his r
es
earch
. T
heir
s
uppo
rt is grat
ef
ul
ly
ackn
owle
dged.
REFERE
NCE
S
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Jopri,
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R.
Abdulla
h,
T.
Sutikno,
M.
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p,
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Ghani,
and
M.
R.
Yus
off,
“
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rit
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ie
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c
at
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m
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t J
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om
p
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Sutikno,
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A
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