Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctr
ic
al
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
3
,
June
2020
,
pp. 2
874~
2883
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
3
.
pp2874
-
28
83
2874
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Feasibi
lity anal
ysis of an
off
-
grid p
hotov
oltaic
-
b
atte
ry
e
ne
rgy s
ystem f
or a f
arm
facility
Da
mi
l
ola
El
iz
ab
e
th
B
abat
u
nde
1
, Ol
ub
ayo M
os
es B
abatunde
2
, Mi
che
al
U
z
oa
m
aka E
mez
ir
inw
une
3
,
Ihea
n
acho
He
nry Denwi
gwe
4
, Ta
iw
o
Em
m
an
uel
Okh
are
dia
5
, Ol
ad
el
e
Ju
li
us
Omo
d
ar
a
6
1,6
Depa
rtment
of
Chemical Engin
ee
ring
,
Cov
ena
n
t
Univer
si
t
y
,
Nig
eri
a
2,3,4,5
Depa
rtment
of
Elec
tr
ical El
e
ct
roni
c
Eng
ineer
ing,
Univ
ersity
o
f
La
gos,
Niger
ia
5
Oaks a
nd
Pear
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
Par
tne
rs,
Nig
eria
2
AB
-
OLUS
and
As
socia
te
s,
N
igeria
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
AB
STR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
24
, 201
9
Re
vised Dec
10
, 2
019
Accepte
d Dec
16
, 201
9
Rene
wabl
e
en
er
g
y
p
lay
s
a
ver
y
important
rol
e
in
the
improvem
ent
an
d
prom
oti
on
of
envi
ronm
ent
al
su
stai
nability
in
a
gric
ult
u
ral
-
r
elated
ac
ti
v
it
i
es
.
Thi
s
pape
r
eval
uat
e
s
th
e
t
ec
hn
o
-
ec
onom
ic
and
envi
ronm
ent
a
l
bene
fi
ts
of
depl
o
y
ing
pho
t
ovolt
aic
(PV
)
-
bat
t
er
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
in
a
l
ive
stock
far
m
house.
For
the
ene
rg
y
req
uire
m
ent
s
of
the
far
m
to
be
det
ermined
,
a
walkt
hrough
ene
rg
y
audit
is
c
onduct
ed
on
the
far
m
house.
The
far
m
sele
cte
d
for
thi
s
stud
y
is
loc
a
te
d
in
southern
Niger
ia.
T
he
Nati
on
al
R
en
ewa
ble
Ene
rg
y
La
bora
tor
y
’s
H
y
brid
Opt
imiz
at
ion
Mode
li
ng
for
El
e
ct
r
ic
Ren
ewa
ble
(HO
ME
R)
software
was
ada
pte
d
for
the
purpose
of
t
he
techno
-
e
cono
m
ic
ana
l
y
sis
.
It
i
s
found
tha
t
a
stand
al
one
PV
/b
at
t
er
y
-
power
ed
s
y
st
em
in
f
armhous
e
appl
i
ca
t
ions
has
highe
r
ec
onom
ic
via
bi
li
t
y
when
compare
d
to
it
s
die
sel
-
power
ed
count
erp
arts
in
te
rm
s of
tot
al
net
pre
sent cost
(TNPC).
A savi
ng
of
48%
is a
chi
eva
bl
e
over
the
TNPC
and
Cost
of
Ene
rg
y
with
ze
ro
emiss
i
ons.
Th
e
resul
ts
obta
ine
d
show
the
num
ero
us
bene
fit
s
of
rep
lacing
di
ese
l
gene
r
at
ors
with
ren
ewa
b
l
e
ene
rg
y
sour
ce
s s
uch
as
PV
-
ba
tt
er
y
s
y
st
ems
in
far
m
ing
appl
i
ca
t
ion
s.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ba
tt
ery
Em
issi
on
En
vironm
ental
su
sta
ina
bili
ty
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c
Re
new
a
ble e
ne
rg
y sy
ste
m
Tech
no
-
eco
no
m
ic
an
al
ysi
s
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Dam
i
lola El
iz
abeth
Ba
batu
nd
e,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f C
hem
ic
a
l Eng
i
neer
i
ng,
Cov
e
na
nt Univ
ersit
y,
PMB
1023, Ot
a, Og
un Stat
e,
Ni
ge
ria.
Em
a
il
: da
m
i
lola.ba
batu
nd
e
@
cov
e
na
ntunive
rsity
.ed
u.n
g
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Access
t
o
e
ne
rg
y
w
hich
is
cl
ean,
reli
able
an
d
a
fforda
bl
e
(es
pecial
ly
el
ect
rici
ty
)
is
essenti
al
to
the
su
sta
ina
bili
ty
of
m
od
er
n
ci
vili
zat
ion
[1,
2].
This
is
be
cause
acce
ss
to
ene
rg
y
is
vital
and
co
nnect
ed
t
o
m
any
of
the
m
ajo
r
op
portu
niti
es
an
d
c
hal
le
ng
es
ex
pe
rienced
acr
os
s
th
e
gl
ob
e
.
Acce
ss
to
cl
ean
e
ne
rg
y
is
essenti
al
to
the
creati
on
of
m
or
e
j
obs,
m
itigati
on
of
cl
i
m
ate
change
as
w
el
l
as
su
sta
inable
foo
d
pro
duct
ion
.
Access
to
a
dequat
e
an
d
cl
ean
energy
is
ther
efore
pa
ram
ou
nt
to
eco
no
m
ic
su
ccess
as
we
ll
as
po
sit
ive
hum
an
healt
h
out
pu
ts.
In
orde
r
to
ac
hieve
this
,
the
Un
it
ed
Nati
ons
has
em
ph
asi
ze
d
the
in
dis
pen
s
abili
ty
of
affo
r
dab
le
and
cl
ea
n
e
nergy
f
or
al
l
th
rough
it
em
7
on
the
su
sta
i
nab
l
e
dev
el
opm
ent
go
al
s
(SDG
)
[
3].
Wo
r
king
t
owar
ds
achievin
g
reli
able,
cl
ea
n
a
nd
afforda
ble
ene
r
gy
is
esse
ntial
because
it
ha
s
a
co
nn
e
ct
ion
with
al
l
oth
er
SDGs.
As
su
c
h,
co
nc
entrati
ng
on
w
idesp
read
acce
ss
to
energy,
energy
conser
vation,
ene
rg
y
eff
ic
ie
ncy
an
d
m
os
t
especial
ly
,
the
increase
d
pe
ne
trat
ion
of
r
ene
wab
le
e
nergy
in
the
global
en
erg
y
m
ix
wo
ul
d
ens
ure
sust
ai
nab
l
e
so
ci
et
ie
s and c
reate resil
ie
nce
to
e
nv
i
ronm
ental
ch
al
le
ng
es
s
uch as cli
m
at
e
change
[
4].
Currentl
y,
ab
out
1
bill
ion
pe
op
le
la
c
k
acce
ss
to
el
ect
r
ic
it
y
world
wide.
Re
sp
onsi
ble
f
or
m
or
e
than
50
%
of
t
his
popula
ti
on
is
Sub
-
Sa
ha
ran
Africa
(S
S
A
)
[5,
6].
Co
ns
e
qu
e
ntly
,
hom
e
s
and
business
es
ar
e
ty
pical
ly
face
d
with
unreli
able
el
ect
rici
t
y
serv
ic
es.
This
scena
rio
inflic
ts
sign
i
ficant
lim
it
a
tio
ns
on
com
m
erc
ia
l
ac
ti
viti
es,
deliver
y
of
public
ser
vices,
an
d
sta
ndar
d
of
li
ving.
Du
e
t
o
the
lo
w
el
ect
rificat
ion
rates
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Feasibili
ty
an
al
ysi
s o
f a
n
off
-
gr
id
ph
oto
v
oltaic
-
ba
tt
ery
e
ne
rg
y syste
m
…
(
Damilola
Eli
zabet
h Ba
batu
nde
)
2875
in
r
ur
al
c
omm
un
it
ie
s
in
Nige
ria,
m
any
businesses
l
ocated
in
r
ur
al
c
om
m
un
it
ie
s
are
fac
ed
with
a
dequate
energy
acce
ss
chall
eng
es
[7,
8].
For
the
al
le
via
ti
on
of
the
eff
ect
of
unreli
able
acce
ss
to
gr
i
d
-
c
onnect
e
d
el
ect
rici
ty
,
m
a
ny h
om
es and
bu
si
ness
re
sorts t
o
us
in
g
capti
ve
diesel
and gasoli
ne
ge
ne
rator
s
[9
]
.
This
m
et
ho
d
of
el
ect
ri
ficat
ion
has
m
any
chall
eng
e
s
ass
oc
ia
te
d
with
it
.
So
m
e
of
the
se
inclu
de
fl
uctu
at
ion
s
i
n
f
uel
pu
m
p
pr
ic
es,
incessa
nt
scarcit
y
of
f
uel
pr
oducts,
e
xposure
to
t
ox
i
c
f
um
es,
fi
re
outb
reak
s
,
wear
and
te
ar
[10
-
12]
,
et
c
.
Ap
a
rt
from
th
ese,
the
cost
of
energy
is
usual
ly
hig
he
r.
This
is
becau
s
e
the
cost
involve
d
in
ser
vicing
a
nd
m
ai
ntaining
th
i
s
form
of
el
ect
rici
ty
gen
era
ti
on
is
high
a
nd
co
ns
e
qu
e
nt
ly
no
t
pr
of
it
ab
le
for
m
any
bu
sines
s
owne
rs.
He
nce
, alte
rn
at
ive
s to
fossil
po
wer
e
d el
ect
rici
ty
g
en
erati
on is p
a
ra
m
ou
nt.
In
t
he
rece
nt
pa
st,
the
Ni
ger
i
an
go
vernm
ent
has
pled
ged
increase
d
i
nv
es
t
m
ents
int
o
the
agr
ic
ultur
a
l
sect
or
in
Ni
ge
ria
[13].
T
his
is
exp
ect
e
d
t
o
bo
os
t
the
G
ro
ss
D
om
est
ic
Product
(
GDP)
a
nd
c
reate
m
or
e
e
m
plo
ym
ent
oppo
rtu
niti
es
am
on
g
the
y
ou
t
hs
.
As
a
r
esult
of
this,
t
he
num
ber
of
e
ntre
prene
urs
ven
t
ur
i
ng
int
o
li
vestock
far
m
i
ng
is
on
the
i
nc
rease.
Li
vesto
ck
fa
rm
ing
requires
el
ect
rici
ty
fo
r
it
s
basic
daily
op
e
rati
on.
So
m
e
of
the
ene
r
gy
-
consum
ing
act
ivit
ie
s
on
a
li
vestock
fa
rm
include
wate
r
pum
pin
g,
li
gh
ti
ng,
re
fr
ig
erati
ng
,
and
oth
e
r
office
act
ivit
ie
s.
Trad
it
ion
al
ly
,
due
to
la
ck/inade
quat
e
el
ec
tric
ity
in
Niger
ia
,
li
vest
ock
far
m
s
are
ei
the
r
powe
red
by
ga
so
li
ne
or
die
sel
gen
e
rato
rs.
In
orde
r
to
a
vo
i
d
the
bott
le
necks
an
d
ne
gative
c
on
s
eq
uen
ce
s
exh
i
bited
by
this
m
eans
of
energy
pro
duc
ti
on
,
the
ad
opti
on
of
sm
al
l
-
scal
e
ren
e
wab
le
energy
te
ch
nolo
gies
m
us
t
be
ex
plored
.
S
om
e
of
these
te
ch
nolo
gies
incl
ud
e
P
ho
t
ovoltai
c
(PV),
wi
nd
tu
rbi
nes,
a
nd
biom
ass.
As
al
te
rn
at
ive
s
to
fo
ssil
-
fu
e
ll
ed
gen
e
rators,
researc
h
int
o
the
us
e
of
ren
e
wa
ble
ene
rg
y
te
ch
no
l
og
i
es
for
el
ect
rici
ty
pr
od
uctio
n
has
be
en
co
nducte
d
and
pr
ese
nte
d.
H
oweve
r,
t
he
m
ajo
rity
of
renewa
ble
energy
researc
h
effo
rts
in
SSA
ha
ve
on
ly
bein
g
directed
to
wards
m
ee
ti
ng
the
basic
energy
need
s
f
or
ho
us
e
hol
d
app
li
cat
io
ns
[
14
-
17]
.
So
m
e
of
these
researc
hes
ha
ve
al
s
o
been
e
xten
de
d
to
m
ee
ti
ng
th
e
energy
nee
ds
of
r
em
ote
te
le
com
base
sta
ti
ons
[
18
-
20
]
a
nd
r
ur
al
healt
hca
re
centres
[
6,
21
-
23
]
.
Lit
tl
e
rese
arch
ef
forts
ha
ve
been
exten
ded
to
po
wer
i
ng li
vestoc
k farm
ing
in
N
igeria.
The
ai
m
of
t
his
researc
h
is
to
el
ucidate
the
te
chn
ic
al
,
cost
and
e
nvir
on
m
ental
viabili
ty
and
eff
ect
i
ve
ness
of
re
placi
ng
c
aptive
diesel
a
nd
ga
so
li
ne
ge
ner
at
or
s
with
PV
facil
it
y.
This
st
ud
y,
th
eref
or
e
,
pr
ese
nts
the
te
chno
-
eco
nom
ic
and
en
vir
onm
ental
analysis
of
ad
opti
ng
a
PV
-
batte
r
y
ener
gy
syst
e
m
fo
r
powe
rin
g
a
ty
pical
re
m
ote
li
v
est
ock
far
m
hous
e
in
Ni
ger
ia
.
This
te
chnolo
gy
is
sel
ect
ed
du
e
t
o
it
s
m
od
ularit
y
and
te
c
hnologi
cal
m
at
ur
it
y
i
n
the
Ni
ger
ia
n
m
ark
et
.
The
resu
lt
s
of
the
se
analy
ses
w
ou
l
d
be
e
ff
ect
ive
in
form
ulati
ng
infor
m
ed
poli
cy
for est
ablishi
ng
off
-
gr
i
d
li
vest
oc
k farm
s acro
s
s N
ig
eria.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
The
m
et
ho
d
use
d
in
this
rese
arch
is
pr
e
sent
ed
in
this
sect
ion
as
sho
wn
i
n
Fig
ur
e
1.
Th
e
stud
y
was
carried
out
between
Se
ptem
b
er
20
17
an
d
M
ay
2018
in
a
ty
pical
rem
otely
locat
ed
li
vest
oc
k
f
arm
in
A
kin
ye
l
e
local
governm
ent
area
of
O
yo
Stat
e,
Nige
ria.
It
m
et
ho
d
entai
ls:
cal
culat
ion
of
daily
water
re
qu
i
re
m
ent,
determ
inati
on
of
total
dy
nam
ic
hea
d
(
TD
H)
f
or
pum
pin
g
of
water
,
est
i
m
at
ion
of
hydr
aulic
ene
rg
y
w
hich
i
s
require
d
daily
to
pum
p
the
w
at
er,
extra
ct
ion
of
a
vaila
ble
s
olar
ra
diati
on
of
t
he
sit
e
in
te
rm
s
of
h
ou
rs
per
day
and
cal
c
ulati
on
of
the
siz
e
of
P
V
m
od
ules
an
d
batt
eries
require
d
based
on
th
e
total
load
dem
and
.
The
te
ch
no
-
ec
onom
ic
analy
s
is
is
i
m
ple
m
ented
us
in
g
Hybri
d
O
pti
m
iz
ation
Mo
deling
for
Ele
ct
ric
Re
ne
wab
l
e
(HOMER
). T
he
d
et
ai
ls o
f
t
he m
et
ho
dolo
gy a
re
pr
ese
nted
in t
he
ne
xt s
ub
-
se
ct
ion
s
Figure
1. The
m
et
ho
dolo
gy a
pp
li
ed
for t
he
s
tud
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
28
74
-
2883
2876
2.1
.
W
alkthr
ough
e
nerg
y a
udit and
de
ter
mi
na
ti
on
of d
aily wa
ter re
q
uire
ment
Fr
om
the
aud
it
,
it
was
identif
ie
d
that
the
farm
ho
us
e
co
ns
is
ts
of
1
a
dm
inis
trat
ive
offic
e
and
3
r
oo
m
s
accom
m
od
at
ion
f
or
t
he
fa
rm
at
te
nd
ants
on
night
sh
ifts.
The
total
num
ber
of
bir
ds
is
5000
w
hile
the
fa
rm
br
ee
ds
25
0
go
at
s.
Ba
sed
on
these
inf
or
m
ation
,
the
daily
water
re
qu
i
re
m
ent
of
the
fa
rm
was
est
i
m
a
te
d
as
sh
ow
n
i
n
Ta
bl
e
1.
T
he
water
require
m
ents
act
ually
var
y
se
aso
nally
dep
e
ndin
g
on
the
we
at
her
c
onditi
on
s
(
wet
or
dry
).
M
or
e
water
is
us
e
d
durin
g
dr
y
we
at
her
c
onditi
on
s.
T
he
wate
r
re
qu
i
rem
ent
fo
r
t
he
case
st
ud
y
(
base
d
on
the
daily
re
cords
from
the
far
m
)
is
giv
e
n
in
Ta
ble
1.
Water
us
e
on
the
fa
rm
is
div
ided
into
t
hr
ee
par
ts;
the p
e
rs
onnel
on sit
e, t
he bir
ds an
d
the
goats
on the
far
m
.
Table
1
.
E
stim
at
ed
daily
wat
er r
e
quirem
ent o
f
the
far
m
S/N
Ite
m
Qu
an
tity
Esti
m
at
ed
wate
r
r
e
q
u
ire
m
en
t (
lit
re/da
y
)
1
Bird
s (chick
en
)
5000
1705
2
Go
ats
250
4732
3
Perso
n
n
el/ Visito
rs
8
1600
Total
8037
2.2
.
De
termin
at
i
on
of TD
H
The
T
DH
(m
e
asur
e
d
in
m
et
e
rs)
determ
ines
the
eff
ect
ive
pressu
re
at
w
hich
the
pu
m
p
m
us
t
op
erate
for
the
delive
r
y
of
water
.
It
con
sist
s
of
tw
o
par
ts;
the
ve
rtic
al
li
ft
and
the
total
fr
ic
t
ion
al
losses.
T
he
ve
rtic
al
li
ft
is
the
addi
ti
on
of
el
evat
ion
,
sta
nd
i
ng
water
le
vel
a
nd
drag
dow
n
par
am
et
ers.
The
f
rict
ion
al
loss
is
the
press
ur
e
th
at
is
require
d
to
ove
rco
m
e
the
fr
ic
ti
on
in
the
pip
es
to
t
he
poi
nt
of
disc
harge.
This
is
giv
e
n
as
(
1
)
:
=
+
(1)
wh
e
re
is
ver
ti
cal
li
ft
and
is t
otal fr
ic
ti
onal
l
os
ses
Step
3: dete
rm
inati
on
of
hydrauli
c ene
rg
y
re
qu
i
red dail
y:
Thi
s is
obta
ine
d by us
i
ng
(
2
)
.
=
×
×
×
(2)
B
ased
on
cal
c
ulati
on
s
us
i
ng
(1)
an
d
(
2),
a
0.7
hp
m
oto
r
is
need
e
d,
but
a
1
hp
m
oto
r
is
sel
ect
ed
beca
us
e
of
the
possi
bili
ty
of
getti
ng
the
0.7
hp
m
oto
r
in
the
m
ark
et
a
nd
beca
us
e
of
fu
t
ur
e
e
xpansi
on
on
the
fa
rm
.
This
i
s
equ
i
valent t
o 7
46
W.
2.3
.
De
termin
at
i
on
of ra
dia
t
ion data
The
locat
io
n
of
the stu
dy r
ecei
ves
a m
od
erate solar r
a
diance
of
a
pproxim
at
e
ly
6
.1
6 k
Wh
/m
2/d
ay
and
su
nshi
ne
hour
of
a
bout
6
hours
daily
.
Fi
gure
2
sho
ws
the
m
on
thly
irrad
ia
nce
a
nd
a
cl
ear
ness
ind
e
x
as
ob
ta
ine
d
f
ro
m
the
NA
S
A
w
ebsite
[24].
This
data
serv
e
s
as
m
e
t
ro
lo
gical
inp
ut
to
H
OMER
and
it
def
i
nes
the ope
rati
on
al
capacit
y o
f
the
PV p
a
nels.
Figure
2. Mo
nth
ly
g
lo
bal ir
ra
diance
on sit
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Feasibili
ty
an
al
ysi
s o
f a
n
off
-
gr
id
ph
oto
v
oltaic
-
ba
tt
ery
e
ne
rg
y syste
m
…
(
Damilola
Eli
zabet
h Ba
batu
nde
)
2877
2.4
.
Te
chn
o
-
e
conomi
c
analy
sis
The
analy
sis
that
is
us
ed
f
or
choosin
g
the
PV
-
batte
ry
co
nf
i
gurati
on
is
base
d
on
the
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
process
.
T
his
is
done
us
i
ng
t
he
N
at
ion
al
Re
new
a
ble
E
nerg
y
Laborato
ry’s
Hyb
rid
Op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
Mo
deling
f
or
Ele
ct
ric
Re
new
able
(HOME
R)
softwa
re.
HO
MER
a
des
ign
a
nd
opti
m
i
zat
ion
s
of
tw
ar
e
for
m
ic
ro
gr
i
ds
a
nd
distrib
uted
e
ne
rg
y
gen
e
rati
on
syst
e
m
s
dev
el
op
e
d
b
y
the
na
ti
on
al
re
ne
wa
ble
ene
r
gy
la
borat
or
y
(
NRE
L)
was
e
m
plo
ye
d
to
de
te
rm
ine
the
econom
ic
and
te
chn
ic
al
via
bili
ty
of
the
pro
pose
d
syst
e
m
[2
5].
It
has
the
c
apacit
y
to
stim
ulate
the
syst
e
m
beh
avio
ur
for
87
60
ho
ur
s
of
th
e
ye
ar
by
m
aki
ng
s
ure
the
sy
stem
ob
j
ect
i
ve
and
const
raints
a
re
sat
isfie
d.
It
co
m
par
es
the
co
s
t
of
dif
fer
e
nt
possible
c
onfi
gurati
on
s
an
d
ret
urns
t
he
syst
e
m
with
the lea
st TNPC as the
m
os
t vi
able. I
np
ut p
ar
a
m
et
ers
into the
so
ftwa
re ar
e g
ive
n
in Tab
le
2
. Th
e e
qu
at
io
n
use
d
for
c
om
pu
ti
ng
the size
of
t
he PV,
b
at
te
ry,
th
e TN
PC, a
nd the LC
OE
is
gi
ven in t
he ne
xt subsecti
ons.
Table
2.
Syst
em
co
m
po
nen
t
detai
ls [26]
Para
m
eter
des
cript
io
n
Valu
e
Para
m
eter
des
cript
io
n
Valu
e
PV
Battery
Rated
Cap
acity
1kW
Ratin
g
4
V,19
0
0
Ah
Dera
tin
g
Factor
80%
Ro
u
n
d
-
trip effi
cien
cy
85%
Cap
ital cos
t
$4
.
2
5
0
.0
0
Cap
ital cos
t
$
2
6
9
.0
0
Rep
lace
m
en
t cos
t
$4
.
200
Rep
lace
m
en
t cos
t
$260
Op
eration
al lif
e
2
0
y
ears
O & M
cos
t
$
5
/y
r
Grou
n
d
r
ef
lectance
20%
Op
eration
al lif
e
4
y
ears
Co
n
v
erter
Diesel
Rated
po
wer
1kW
Rated
po
wer
1
Kw
Ef
f
icien
cy
90%
Cap
ital cos
t
$280
Cap
ital cos
t
$
6
2
1
.8
0
Rep
lace
m
en
t cos
t
$280
Rep
lace
m
en
t cos
t
$569
O & M
cos
t
0
.5$
/h
r
O & M
cos
t
$
3
/y
r
Op
eration
al lif
e
1
5
0
0
0
h
o
u
rs
Op
eration
al lif
e
1
5
y
ears
Mini
m
u
m
lo
ad
r
ati
o
30%
2.4.1
.
PV
sy
s
te
m
The
e
nergy a
va
il
able for
t
he
PV
a
rr
ay
t
o deli
ver
at a
sp
e
ci
fic locat
io
n
is
giv
en
b
y
(
3)
[
27
]
.
Ep
v(
t)
=
H(
t)×
B×
s×
η
pv
(3)
wh
e
re:
H(
t)
is
hourl
y
inso
la
ti
on
(
kWh/
2
),
B
i
s
the
s
urface
a
rea
of
the
PV
m
od
ule
(
2
),
s
is
the
facto
r
of
pen
et
rati
on,
η
PV
is t
he
P
V pa
nel e
ff
ic
ie
ncy.
The
eff
ic
ie
ncy
of th
e PV ge
ne
rator is gi
ven as
[27
]
:
η
PV
=
η
r
η
cp
[
1−
a
(
T
d
−
T
dref
)]
(4)
wh
e
re
η
r
is
the
eff
ic
ie
ncy
of
the
re
fer
e
nce
m
od
ule,
η
cp
is
the
eff
ic
ie
ncy
f
or
powe
r
c
onditi
on
in
g,
a
is
the
te
m
per
at
ure
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
f
or
the
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
the
ge
ne
rator,
T
dref
is
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
t
he
ref
e
ren
ce
c
el
l
(℃),
T
d
is
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
t
he
cel
l
(℃
)
w
hi
ch
is
obta
ine
d
f
ro
m
the
te
m
p
eratur
e
of
the
s
urrou
nd
i
ng
T
s
(℃
)
and the
sun’
s radia
ti
on
(Ra)
a
s foll
ow
s:
T
d
=
T
s
+
(
NTO
C
−
20
800
)
Ra
(5)
2.4.2. B
atter
y cap
acit
y
HO
MER
us
es
(
6
)
to
calc
ulate
the
st
or
a
ge
ca
pacit
y of t
he b
at
te
ry
[28]
:
=
×
B
×
×
(6)
wh
e
re
DL,
,
,
Do
B
D,
an
d
a
re
the
dem
ands
of
th
e
loa
d,
days
of
batte
r
y
auto
no
m
y,
r
ound
-
tri
p
eff
ic
ie
ncy
of th
e b
at
te
ry,
de
pth
of b
at
te
ry
dis
charge a
nd the
syst
e
m
’s
no
m
i
nal volt
age
r
es
pecti
vely
.
2.4.3.
Ec
ono
mi
c a
n
aly
sis
a.
Total
n
et
prese
nt cost
(
T
NP
C
)
HO
MER
us
es
(
7
)
to
esti
m
a
te
the
T
otal Net P
resen
t C
os
t
(T
NP
C)
[
6]
.
=
(
,
)
(7)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
28
74
-
2883
2878
represe
nts
th
e
total
cost
obta
ined
an
nual
ly
,
represents
the
capit
al
rec
ov
e
ry
fact
or
,
represe
nts
the
interest
rat
e
(%
),
a
nd
is
the
li
feti
m
e
of
the
pro
j
ect
.
Fo
r
this
w
ork
,
the
inte
rest
ra
te
us
e
d
is
12%,
wh
il
e the
li
feti
m
e o
f
t
he pr
oje
ct
is 2
5
ye
ars
.
b.
Leveli
sed
cost
of ene
rg
y
(
LCOE
)
The
le
velise
d
c
os
t
of
e
ne
rg
y
(
C
O
E
)
is com
pu
te
d u
sing (
8)
[
6]
.
=
(8)
wh
e
re
Re
pr
es
ents
the
total
c
os
t
of
an
nual
e
le
ct
rici
ty
gen
er
at
ion
w
hile
is
the
total
el
ect
rici
ty
dem
and
m
et
b
y t
he
s
ource
of ele
ct
rici
ty
g
en
erati
on.
2.5.
C
onfigu
r
at
i
on
of the pr
oposed e
ner
gy sy
s
tem
The
syst
em
arr
ang
em
ent
fo
r
t
he
PV
on
ly
po
wer
e
d
syst
em
and
the
diesel
gen
e
rato
r
only
is
sh
own
in
Figure
3.
The
pro
po
se
d
ene
r
gy
syst
e
m
co
m
pr
ise
s
of
so
l
ar
pa
nel,
batte
r
ie
s,
conver
te
r,
charge
co
ntr
ollers
an
d
it
s
acce
sso
ries.
The
pri
m
ary
l
oad
is
at
ta
che
d
to
the
AC
bus
wh
il
e
the
pum
ping
m
achine
is
at
ta
ched
to
th
e
DC
bu
s
.
T
he
batte
ry
ser
ves
as
ba
ckup
st
or
a
ge
to
ens
ure
a
n
uninter
rupted
s
upply
of
powe
r
w
hile
the
c
onve
rte
r
ens
ur
es
e
nergy
flow
bet
wee
n
the
water
pu
m
p
and
PV
as
well
as
the
batte
ry
char
gi
ng.
T
he
te
chn
ic
al
and
econom
ic
detai
ls
of
the
pro
pose
d
PV
-
batte
r
y
energy
syst
em
are
pr
e
sent
ed
in
Table
2
.
These
i
nfor
m
at
ion
serv
e
s as i
nput
data f
or the
sof
tware.
(a)
(b)
Figure
3. Sc
he
m
at
ic
d
ia
gr
am
of sim
ulatio
ns
in HOMER
: (a
)
P
V on
ly
(b) d
ie
sel
o
nly
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Feasibili
ty
an
al
ysi
s o
f a
n
off
-
gr
id
ph
oto
v
oltaic
-
ba
tt
ery
e
ne
rg
y syste
m
…
(
Damilola
Eli
zabet
h Ba
batu
nde
)
2879
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
3.1. F
armh
ouse l
oad
pr
of
il
e
The
br
ea
kdow
n
of
el
ect
rici
ty
us
e
by
a
pp
li
a
nces
on
the
fa
rm
ho
us
e
(
apa
r
t
fr
om
water
pum
pin
g)
is
pr
ese
nted
in
T
able
3.
Fi
gure
s
4a
an
d
4b
present
t
he
l
oa
d
prof
il
es
of
t
he
far
m
(prim
ary
an
d
de
ferr
able)
.
The
total
pri
m
ary
daily
ener
gy
de
m
and
is
est
i
m
a
te
d
a
s
6.37Wh/
day
with
the
pea
k
dem
and
(0.
58kW)
occurri
ng
between
20
:
00
hours
a
nd
21:0
0
hours
a
nd
t
he
le
ast
(0.15
kW)
occ
urrin
g
bet
ween
08:0
0
-
09:0
0
hours
as
sho
w
n
in
Fi
gure
4a.
Furthe
rm
or
e,
accor
ding
t
o
F
igure
4b,
the
hi
gh
est
de
ferrab
le
energy
dem
and
is
at
tribu
te
d t
o
t
he
m
on
th of Ja
nuary a
nd Fe
bru
ary (a
bout
800W)
.
Table
3.
Power
r
at
in
gs
a
nd ho
ur
s
of
us
e
of
oth
er
equipm
ent
Load
Po
wer
Ratin
g
(
W
)
Ho
u
r/day
Nu
m
b
e
r
k
W
h
CFL
15
12
10
1
.8
Fan
65
15
2
1
.95
TV
150
6
1
0
.9
Ref
ig
irator
150
8
1
1
.2
Co
m
p
u
ter
65
8
1
0
.5
2
Total d
aily
de
m
an
d
(
k
W
h
)
6
.37
(a)
(b)
Figure
4. (a
)
P
r
i
m
ary dail
y l
oad
prof
il
e
(
b)
D
efer
rab
le
m
on
t
hly l
oad pr
of
il
e
3.2.
Ener
gy s
ys
te
m c
on
fi
gurati
on
HO
MER
im
pl
e
m
ented
an
ho
ur
ly
tim
e
serie
s
si
m
ulati
on
of
possible
ene
r
gy
syst
e
m
no
m
encl
at
ur
e.
The
ou
t
pu
t
f
r
om
this
incus:
annual
el
ect
rici
ty
pr
oducti
on,
com
ponent
siz
e,
econo
m
ic
(TN
PC,
LCOE)
,
and
t
he
qua
ntit
y
of
GHG
e
m
itted.
The
optim
al
con
fig
urat
ion
was
sel
ect
ed
base
d
on
the
le
ast
T
NP
C.
Table
4
pr
e
sen
ts
the
detai
ls
of
the
res
ults
ob
ta
ine
d.
T
he
be
st
energy
al
te
rn
at
ive
co
ns
ist
s
of
a
3kW
P
V
arr
ay
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
28
74
-
2883
2880
4
batte
ries,
a
nd
1k
W
c
on
vert
er
and
with
100%
re
new
a
bl
e
fr
act
io
n.
T
he
TNP
C
an
d
LCOE
f
or
t
he
diesel
gen
e
rato
r
-
only
op
ti
on
of
ge
ner
at
io
n
ove
r
the
li
fetim
e
o
f
the
pro
j
ect
a
re
highe
r
by
48
%
i
n
co
ntrast
to
the
PV
-
only
syst
e
m
.
The
resul
ts
of
the
em
is
sion
s
resu
lt
in
g
fr
om
the
us
e
of
the
diesel
ge
ner
at
or
are
giv
en
i
n
Table
4.
T
he
e
m
issi
on
quantifi
ed
inclu
de
car
bon
di
ox
i
de
(CO
2
),
carbo
n
m
on
oxide
(CO
),
un
bur
ne
d
hydroca
rbo
ns
(
UH
s
), pa
rtic
ul
at
e
m
at
te
rs
(PM
s),
s
u
lf
ur d
i
oxide
(SO
2
)
, Nit
roge
n ox
i
des (
NOx).
The
sta
ndal
on
e
“diesel
-
only
”
gen
e
rato
r
em
i
tt
ed
3897
kg
of
CO
2
an
nual
ly
wh
il
e
the
P
V
syst
em
did
no
t
ge
ner
at
e
a
ny
ai
r
poll
utan
ts
as
sho
wn
in
Table
4.
Pr
e
se
nted
i
n
Fi
gure
5
is
t
he
c
os
t
co
m
par
ison
for
t
he
t
w
o
energy
al
te
rn
at
ives.
T
he
ca
pital
cost
of
t
he
PV
-
batte
ry
e
ne
rg
y
syst
em
is
$144
48
w
hile
the
oth
e
r
c
os
ts
are
:
op
e
rati
ng
cost
-
$248,
T
NP
C
is
$17616,
an
d
L
COE
is
$0.53
5.
For
the
diesel
gen
e
rator,
the
init
ia
l
cost
is
$
591,
the
operati
ng
c
os
t
is
$237
0,
TNP
C
is
$4
1855,
an
d
LC
OE
is
0.
93
4.
T
he
cash
fl
ow
s
um
m
ary
with
regards
t
o
the
dif
fer
e
nt
c
os
t
com
ponen
t
s
for
the
pro
po
sed
syst
em
is
giv
e
n
in
Fig
ure
6.
It
sho
ws
t
hat
the
init
ia
l
capit
al
had
the
highes
t
NP
C
($14,50
0)
f
ollo
wed
by
rep
la
cem
ent
c
os
t
($5
000),
th
e
op
e
rati
on
c
ost
con
t
rib
ute
d
$100
0
wh
il
e
the
NP
C
of
the
sal
vag
e
cost
is
neg
at
ive.
Since
the
propose
d
syst
e
m
do
es
not
ha
ve
a
ca
ptive
gen
e
rato
r
,
the
value
for
the
NP
C
of
the
fu
el
is
zero.
Ba
sed
on
the
r
esult
pr
ese
nted
in
Table
5,
i
n
te
r
m
s
of
the
s
yst
e
m
com
po
ne
nts,
the
PV
ret
urn
e
d
the
highest
cost
($1
4,881).
This
is
fo
ll
owed
by
the
batte
ry
($
1,9
02),
wh
il
e
the con
ver
te
r h
ad
the
least
($
833).
Table
4.
Per
for
m
ance ev
al
uation o
f diese
l o
nl
y and
PV p
ow
ered sy
ste
m
co
nf
i
gurati
on
Techn
ical
Para
m
eter
Diesel g
en
erator
PV po
were
d
Un
it
P
V Panel siz
e
-
3
kW
Gen
erator
siz
e
1
-
Po
wer
ele
ctron
ic c
o
n
v
erter
size
0
.5
1
Batteries
-
4
No
Econ
o
m
i
c
Initial cap
ital
co
st
591
1
4
4
4
8
$
Op
erating
cos
t
2370
248
$
TNPC
4
1
8
5
5
1
7
6
1
6
$
LCOE
0
.93
4
0
.53
5
$
/k
W
h
Gree
n
h
o
u
se g
as E
m
i
ss
io
n
s
CO
2
3
.
897
-
k
g
/y
r
CO
9
.62
-
UHs
1
.07
-
PMs
0
.72
5
-
SO
2
7
.83
-
NOx
8
5
.8
-
Electr
i
city
pro
d
u
ctio
n
An
n
u
al elec
tricit
y
Prod
u
ctio
n
3
.
145
5
.
395
k
W
h
r/yr
ex
cess
electr
i
city
526
2
.
136
k
W
h
r/yr
Un
m
et
Load
0
0
.00
0
0
0
0
4
1
k
W
h
r/yr
Sh
o
rtage capacity
0
.00
5
4
3
0
.00
5
4
3
k
W
h
r/yr
Ren
ewable f
ractio
n
0
100
%
Figure
5. Eco
nom
ic
co
m
par
ison o
f diese
l
-
only
an
d PV
syst
e
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Feasibili
ty
an
al
ysi
s o
f a
n
off
-
gr
id
ph
oto
v
oltaic
-
ba
tt
ery
e
ne
rg
y syste
m
…
(
Damilola
Eli
zabet
h Ba
batu
nde
)
2881
Figure
6. Ca
sh
flo
w
s
umm
ary
Table
5.
B
reakdow
n of
TN
PC b
ase
d o
n
c
ompone
nts’
c
os
t
Ite
m
Cap
ital (
$
)
Rep
lace
m
en
t
($)
O&
M
($)
Salv
ag
e (
$
)
Total ($)
PV
12
.
750
3
.
976
384
-
2
.
228
14
.
881
Battery
1
.
076
800
256
-
230
1
.
902
Co
n
v
erter
622
259
0
-
48
833
Sy
ste
m
14
.
448
5
.
035
639
-
2
.
506
17
.
616
The
possi
bili
ty
of
re
placi
ng
di
esel
gen
erat
ors
with
a
PV
-
ba
tt
ery
syst
e
m
fo
r
el
ect
rici
ty
pr
oductio
n
on
a
far
m
ho
us
e
ha
s
be
en
e
xplor
ed
in
this
stu
dy
.
Re
su
lt
s
fr
om
the
analy
sis
sh
ow
that
the
PV
-
batte
ry
energ
y
syst
e
m
is
viable
with
hi
gh
e
r
init
ia
l
inv
est
m
ent
capit
al
bu
t
lowe
r
op
e
ra
ti
ng
co
st,
LC
OE,
a
nd
T
NPC
wh
e
n
com
par
ed
to
a
diesel
gen
e
rato
r.
A
n
em
issi
on
red
ucti
on
wa
s
al
so
achiev
e
d
by
rep
la
ci
ng
di
esel
gen
erat
or
with
PV
-
batte
ry
sys
tem
.
The
res
ul
ts
of
t
his
stu
dy
are
c
onsist
ent
with
t
he
ones
repo
rted
by
B
abatu
nd
e
et
al.
[21]
,
Ak
i
nyel
e
[28]
,
and
Oh
i
j
ea
gbon
et
al.
[
29
]
.
M
eanwhil
e,
A
kinbu
li
re
et
al.
[14]
,
Olat
om
iwa
et
al.
[30]
,
Ay
od
el
e
and Og
unj
uyig
be
[
19]
an
d A
da
ram
ola
et
a
l.
[
31
]
gav
e
a c
on
t
rar
y re
su
lt
by s
ta
ti
ng
that the
inclus
i
on of a
di
esel
gen
e
rato
r
wit
h
the
PV
-
batte
ry
syst
e
m
cou
ld
m
i
ti
gate
the
eff
ect
of
inte
r
m
ittency
of
s
ol
ar
rad
ia
ti
on
re
so
urce.
To
t
he
best
of
our
knowle
dge,
t
his
is
on
e
of
the
pionee
r
te
ch
no
-
ec
onom
ic
feasibil
ity
stud
ie
s
dire
ct
ed
a
t
adoptin
g
PV
-
ba
tt
ery
syst
e
m
fo
r
li
vestoc
k
fa
rm
s
in
Niger
ia
.
Fu
tu
re
resea
r
ch
effo
rt
s
cou
l
d
be
gea
re
d
to
wards
m
et
ho
ds
t
hat
are
flexi
ble
a
nd
c
os
t
-
e
ff
ect
i
ve
by
wh
ic
h
these
te
ch
nolog
ie
s
ca
n
be
sel
ect
ed
by
us
ers
.
Also
,
the
i
nclu
sion
bi
om
ass
and
wi
nd
tur
bi
ne
can
be
e
xplo
red
t
o
see
it
s
e
ff
ect
s
on
the
s
yst
e
m
con
fig
ur
at
ion
and
the
co
st
of
ene
r
gy.
Although
the
an
al
ysi
s
of
the
stud
y
is
case
-
s
pecific,
it
s
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
can
be
adopted
g
l
obal
ly
.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
stu
dy
el
uc
idate
s
the
te
chn
ic
al
,
ec
onom
ic
and
en
vir
onm
ental
viability
of
powe
rin
g
a
far
m
ho
use
with
a
PV
-
batte
ry
energy
syst
e
m
as
against
a
diese
l
gen
e
r
at
or
.
T
his
stu
dy
disco
ve
red
that
the
ad
op
ti
on
of
the
PV
-
batte
ry
for
powe
rin
g
a
poultry
far
m
is
te
chn
ic
al
ly
,
econom
ic
ally
and
e
nv
i
ronm
ental
ly
feasible
and
bette
r
tha
n
die
sel
only
.
It
sho
ws
t
hat
the
cos
t
of
ene
r
gy
w
hi
le
us
in
g
t
he
propose
d
e
ne
rg
y
sys
tem
is
lowe
r
a
nd
this,
in
tu
rn,
will
lower
t
he
energy
ex
pe
nd
it
ure.
T
his
will
con
se
que
ntly
increase
the
overall
pr
of
it
of
the
busi
ness
as
the
e
xp
e
ns
e
of
ene
r
gy
dec
re
ases.
Em
issi
ons
to
the
at
m
os
ph
e
re
a
re
al
s
o
el
i
m
inate
d.
T
hi
s
will
help
bu
si
ness
owne
rs
an
d
po
li
cym
aker
s
in
m
aking
a
n
in
f
or
m
ed
decisi
on
as
re
gards
th
e
dep
l
oym
ent
of
P
V
-
batte
ry ene
r
gy
syst
e
m
s f
or ag
r
ic
ultur
al
-
relat
ed pur
po
ses
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hors
than
k
the
Ma
na
gem
ents
of
Cov
e
na
nt
Un
i
ver
sit
y
an
d
th
e
Un
ive
rsity
of
La
gos
f
or
the
co
nduci
ve
en
vironm
ent
pro
vid
e
d
du
rin
g
the
c
onduct
of
this
re
sear
ch.
T
he
a
utho
rs
al
so
ack
no
wled
ge
the
te
chn
ic
al
and
fi
nanci
al
su
pp
or
t
gi
ven
by
AB
-
Olus
a
nd
ass
ociat
es
towa
rd
s
the
si
te
visit
s.
The
arti
cl
e
publica
ti
on sup
port
giv
e
n by
Cov
e
na
nt Univ
ersit
y i
s appr
ec
ia
te
d
by th
e a
uth
ors.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
28
74
-
2883
2882
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
B
aba
tund
e,
O.
M.,
Adedoj
a,
O
.
S.,
B
abatunde
,
D.
E.,
&
Den
wigwe,
I.
H.
,
“
Off‐grid
h
y
br
id
ren
ewa
bl
e
en
erg
y
s
y
stem
for
rura
l
hea
l
thcare
c
enters:
A
ca
se
stu
d
y
in
Niger
ia
,
”
Ene
rgy
S
ci
en
c
e
&
Engi
nee
ring,
vol
.
7,
no
.
3
,
pp.
676
-
693
,
20
19.
[2]
D.
E.
B
aba
tu
nd
e,
O.
M.
B
abat
unde,
T
.
O.
Aki
nbuli
re
,
and
P.
O.
Oluse
y
i,
“
Hy
brid
ene
rg
y
s
ystems
m
odel
with
the
inc
lusion
of
ene
rg
y
eff
i
ci
en
c
y
m
e
asure
s:
A
r
ura
l
appl
i
cation
per
spec
t
ive,”
Int
.
J
.
Ene
rgy
E
co
n.
Po
li
c
y
,
vol
.
8
,
no.
4
,
pp
.
310
-
3
23,
2018
.
[3]
C.
G.
Mon
y
ei,
K.
E.
H.
Jenkin
s,
S.
Viriri
,
and
A.
O.
Adewu
m
i,
“
Policy
disc
uss
ion
for
su
stai
nable
int
egr
ate
d
el
e
ct
ri
ci
t
y
exp
an
sion i
n
South
Afric
a
,
”
Ene
rg
y
Po
li
c
y
,
vol. 120, pp
.
132
–
143
,
2018
.
[4]
J.
E.
J
.
Stre
at
fe
ild,
“
Low
Elec
tr
icit
y
Suppl
y
in
Sub
-
Sahar
an
Afri
c
a:
Causes
,
Im
plica
t
ions,
and
Re
m
edi
es,
”
J.
In
t’l
Com.
Ec
on
.
,
pp.
1
-
16,
2018
.
[5]
C.
G.
Mon
y
ei
a
nd
A.
O.
Adewu
m
i,
“
Dem
and
Side
Mana
g
ement
pote
ntials
for
m
i
ti
gating
en
erg
y
pover
t
y
in
South
Afric
a,”
Ene
rgy
Pol
icy
,
vol
.
111
,
pp.
298
–
311,
20
17.
[6]
L.
Ol
at
om
iwa,
R.
Bla
n
cha
rd
,
S.
Mekhile
f,
a
nd
D.
Akin
y
e
l
e,
“
H
y
br
id
r
en
ewa
ble
ene
rg
y
suppl
y
for
rura
l
hea
l
thc
ar
e
fa
cilities:
An
appr
o
ach
to
qualit
y
h
ea
l
thc
ar
e
de
li
ver
y
,
”
Sustain.
En
ergy
Technol
.
Assess
ments
,
vol
.
30
,
pp.
121
–
138
,
20
18.
[7]
U.
Akpan,
M.
E
ss
ie
n,
and
S.
Isi
hak,
“
Th
e
impa
c
t
of
rur
al
el
ectrif
ic
a
ti
on
on
rura
l
m
ic
ro
-
ent
erp
r
ise
s
in
Niger
Del
ta
,
Niger
ia,”
Ene
rg
y
Sustain
.
De
v.
,
vol.
17
,
no
.
5
,
pp
.
504
–
509
,
2013
.
[8]
F.
F.
Nchuc
huw
e
and
K.
D.
Ade
juwon,
“
The
challe
ng
es
of
agr
ic
u
lt
ure
and
rur
al
d
eve
lopment
in
A
fric
a
:
th
e
c
ase
o
f
Niger
ia,”
Int
.
J
.
Ac
ad.
R
es.
Progress
.
Educ.
De
v.
,
vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 45
–
61,
2012.
[9]
M.
P.
Bli
m
po
and
M.
Cosgrove
-
Davie
s,
“
Ele
ct
ri
ci
t
y
Ac
ce
ss
in
Sub
-
Sahar
an
Afric
a:
Uptak
e
,
Rel
i
abi
l
ity
,
an
d
Com
ple
m
ent
ar
y
Fact
ors for
Ec
on
om
ic
Im
pac
t
,
”
W
orld
Bank
Pub
li
c
at
ions,
2019.
[10]
M.
S.
Adara
m
o
la
,
S.
S.
Paul,
a
nd
O.
M.
Oy
ew
ola
,
“
As
sessment
of
dec
ent
r
al
i
zed
h
y
brid
PV
solar
-
die
se
l
power
s
y
stem for appl
i
ca
t
ions i
n
Nor
th
ern
par
t
of
Niger
ia
,
”
Ene
rgy
Sust
ain.
De
v.
,
vo
l. 1
9,
pp
.
72
–
82
,
20
14.
[11]
S.
O.
O
y
ede
po,
“
Towa
rds
ac
hieving
ene
rg
y
fo
r
sus
ta
ina
bl
e
deve
lopment
in
Nige
ria
,
”
R
ene
w
.
Sustain.
ene
rgy
Re
v
.
,
vol.
34
,
pp
.
255
–
272,
2014
.
[12]
S.
O.
O
y
ede
po
,
“
Ene
rg
y
in
p
er
spec
ti
v
e
of
sus
ta
ina
b
le
dev
el
op
m
ent
in
Niger
ia,”
Sustain
.
Ene
r
gy
,
vol
.
1,
no.
2,
pp.
14
–
25
,
2013
.
[13]
B.
M.
Inusa,
P.
C.
Danie
l,
D.
F.
Da
y
ag
al,
and
N.
S.
Chiy
a,
“
Niger
ia
n
e
cono
m
ic
growth
and
rec
over
y
:
Rol
e
of
agr
ic
u
lt
ure
,
”
Int
J
E
con
Manag
S
ci
,
vol
.
7
,
no
.
2
,
pp.
1
-
5
,
2018
.
[14]
T.
O.
Akinbuli
r
e
,
P.
O.
Oluse
y
i,
and
O.
M.
Babat
unde,
“
Techno
-
e
conomic
and en
vironmenta
l eval
uat
ion
of
deman
d
side
m
ana
geme
nt
te
chn
iqu
es
fo
r
rura
l
elec
tri
fi
c
at
ion
in
Ib
ada
n
,
Niger
ia,”
Int
.
J
.
Ene
rgy
Env
iro
n.
Eng.
,
vol
.
5,
pp.
375
-
385
,
20
14.
[15]
M.
S.
Adara
m
ol
a,
“
Viability
of
grid
-
connect
ed
solar
PV
ene
rg
y
s
y
stem
in
Jos
,
Niger
ia,”
In
t.
J.
El
e
ct
r.
Power
Ene
rgy
S
yst.
,
vo
l
.
61
,
pp
.
64
–
69
,
2014.
[16]
D.
O.
Akin
y
ele
,
“
Distribut
ed
Photovolt
aic
Pow
er
Gene
rat
ion
for
Ene
rg
y
-
Poor
Hous
ehol
ds
:
The
Niger
i
a
n
Perspec
ti
v
e,”
20
13
IEEE PES Asia
-
Pacific
Pow
er
and
En
ergy
Eng
ine
ering
Confe
re
nce
(
APPEE
C)
2
013
,
2013
.
[17]
D.
Akin
y
e
le,
“
Anal
y
sis
of
pho
tovol
taic
m
ini
-
g
rid
s
y
s
te
m
s
for
remote
locati
ons
:
A
te
chno
-
e
con
om
ic
appr
oac
h
,
”
Int.
J. E
n
ergy
Res
.
,
vol
.
42
,
pp
.
1
363
-
1380,
2017
.
[18]
L.
J.
Ol
at
om
iwa
,
S.
Mekhilef,
a
nd
A.
S.
N.
Huda,
“
Optimal
siz
i
ng
of
h
y
br
id
en
erg
y
s
y
st
em
for
a
remote
t
elec
o
m
tower
:
A
ca
se
st
ud
y
in
Nig
eria,”
in
En
e
rgy
Con
ver
sion (
CENCON
)
,
2014
IEEE
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
,
201
4.
[19]
S.
O.
Ogunju
y
i
gbe
and
T
.
R.
A
y
odele,
“
T
ec
h
no
-
ec
onom
ic
an
aly
s
is
of
stand
-
al
one
h
y
br
id
en
erg
y
s
y
st
em
for
Niger
ia
n
tele
co
m
industr
y
,
”
Int. J
.
R
ene
w
.
En
erg
y
Techno
l.
,
vo
l.
7,
no
.
2
,
2016
.
[20]
M.
S.
Okundam
iy
a
,
J.
O.
Emagb
et
er
e,
and
E.
A
.
Ogujor,
“
As
sessment
of
ren
ewa
ble
en
erg
y
techn
olog
y
and
a
c
ase
of
sus
ta
ina
b
le e
n
erg
y
in
m
obil
e
telec
om
m
unic
atio
n
sec
tor
,
”
Sc
i. W
orld J
.
,
vo
l. 201
4,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
1
-
1
3,
2014
.
[21]
O.
Babatunde
,
D.
Akin
y
ele,
T
.
Akinbuli
r
e,
and
P.
Oluse
y
i
,
“
E
val
ua
ti
on
of
a
g
rid
-
inde
p
ende
nt
solar
photovo
lt
a
ic
s
y
stem for
p
rima
r
y
health
ce
n
tre
s
(PH
Cs) i
n
dev
eloping
coun
tri
es
,
”
R
ene
w
.
En
ergy
Foc
us
,
vol
.
24
,
pp.
16
-
27
,
2018
.
[22]
D.
E.
Ighra
vwe
,
B.
OM
,
O.
S.
Adedoja
,
and
T.
E.
Okha
red
i
a,
“
Eva
lua
t
ion
and
Sele
c
ti
on
of
Hy
brid
Rene
w
able
Ene
rg
y
S
y
stems
for
Hea
lt
hca
r
e
Cent
res
In
Rural
Area
s:
A
Te
chno
-
e
conomic
Approac
h,
”
in
2018
IEE
E
7th
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Ada
pti
v
e
Sc
ie
n
ce
&
Technol
ogy
(
ICAST)
,
2018.
[23]
L.
Olat
om
iwa
a
nd
S.
Mekhil
ef,
“
Te
chno
-
e
cono
m
ic
fea
sibil
ity
o
f
h
y
b
rid
r
ene
wa
ble
ene
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
for
rura
l
hea
lth
ce
ntr
e
(RHC):
The
wa
y
w
ard
for
qual
ity
healt
h
del
ive
r
y
,
”
in
2015
IEE
E
Confe
renc
e
on
Ene
rgy
Conve
rs
ion
,
CENCON 2015
,
2016.
[24]
NA
SA
,
“
N
AS
A
Surfac
e
m
e
te
oro
log
y
and
Solar
E
ner
g
y
-
Locat
ion
,
”
2018.
[25]
T.
La
m
ber
t
,
P.
Gilman,
a
nd
P.
Lilie
n
tha
l
,
“
Micropowe
r
S
ystem
Modeli
ng
with
Hom
er,”
in
In
te
gration
of
Al
te
rnat
ive
Sour
ce
s of
En
ergy
,
p
p.
379
–
418
,
200
6.
[26]
O.
M.
Babatund
e,
P.
O.
Oluse
y
i
,
T.
O.
Akinbul
ir
e,
H.
I
.
Denwig
we,
and
T
.
J.
Ak
in
-
Adeni
y
i
,
“
The
Role
of
Dem
a
nd
-
Side
Mana
geme
nt
in
Carbon
F
ootpri
nt
Reducti
on
in
Modern
Ene
rg
y
Serv
ices
for
Rural
Hea
lt
h
Cli
ni
cs,
”
in
Env
ironmenta
l Car
bon
Foot
pri
nts
,
E
lsevi
e
r, pp.
317
–
363,
2018.
[27]
D.
O.
Akin
y
e
le
and
R.
K.
Ra
y
udu
,
“
Com
pre
hensive
t
ec
hno
-
ec
onom
ic
and
envi
ronm
ent
a
l
i
m
pac
t
stud
y
o
f
a
loc
alised
phot
ovolt
aic
power
s
y
stem
(PP
S)
f
or
off
-
grid
com
m
unit
ie
s,”
En
ergy
Conve
rs
.
Manag.
,
vol.
124
,
pp.
266
–
279
,
20
16.
[28]
D.
Akin
y
e
le,
“
Te
chno
-
e
conomic
design
and
per
f
orm
anc
e
anal
y
s
i
s
of
nanogr
id
s
y
stems
for
house
holds
in
ene
rg
y
-
poor
village
s
,
”
S
ustain.
C
it
i
es
So
c.
,
vol
.
34
,
pp
.
3
35
–
357,
2017
.
[29]
O.
D.
Ohije
agb
on
and
O.
O.
Aja
y
i
,
“
Solar
reg
i
m
e
and
LVOE
of
PV
embedde
d
gene
ra
ti
on
s
y
s
te
m
s
in
Niger
ia,
”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Feasibili
ty
an
al
ysi
s o
f a
n
off
-
gr
id
ph
oto
v
oltaic
-
ba
tt
ery
e
ne
rg
y syste
m
…
(
Damilola
Eli
zabet
h Ba
batu
nde
)
2883
Re
new
.
Ene
rgy
,
vol.
78
,
no
.
C
,
p
p.
226
–
235
,
201
5.
[30]
L.
Ola
tomiwa,
S.
Mekhil
ef
,
A.
S.
N.
Huda,
a
nd
K.
Sanusi,
“
Te
chno
-
ec
onom
i
c
anal
y
sis
of
h
ybrid
PV
--
die
sel
--
bat
t
er
y
and
PV
--
wind
--
die
sel
--
b
at
t
er
y
power
s
y
stems
for
m
obil
e
BTS:
the
wa
y
forward
for
rur
al
d
eve
lopment
,
”
Ene
rgy
S
ci.
E
ng.
,
vol
.
3
,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
271
–
28
5
,
2015
.
[31]
M.
S.
Adara
m
ol
a,
M.
Age
li
n
-
Ch
aa
b,
and
S.
S.
Pa
ul,
“
Anal
y
s
is
of
h
y
brid
ene
rg
y
s
ystems
for
appl
icati
on
in
southern
Ghana
,
”
En
ergy
Conve
rs
.
Manag
.
,
vol. 88, pp. 28
4
–
295,
2014
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Damilol
a
Eli
z
a
beth
Bab
at
un
d
e
is
a
gra
duat
e
of
Chemica
l
En
gine
er
ing.
She
is
a
le
ct
ure
r
and
postgradua
t
e
student
at
Cov
enant
Univer
sit
y
.
Her
rese
arc
h
intere
st
includes
r
ene
wabl
e
energ
y
,
appl
i
ed
th
ermody
nami
cs,
che
m
ical
pro
ce
ss
ing, a
n
d
anal
y
tica
l
bio
c
hemistr
y
.
Ol
ub
ay
o
Bab
at
un
de
is
a
L
ec
tur
er
a
t
th
e
Univ
er
sit
y
of
La
gos,
Niger
i
a.
H
e
holds
a
Master
degr
ee
in
El
e
ct
ri
cal
En
gine
er
ing.
His
i
nte
rest
in
cl
udes
ren
ewa
bl
e
ene
rg
y
s
y
st
ems
,
ene
rg
y
eff
ic
i
ency
,
an
d
power
s
y
st
ems
pla
nning
.
Ih
eanacho
He
nry
Den
w
ig
w
e
h
olds
a
Ba
che
lor
of
Scie
n
ce
d
eg
ree
in
elec
t
rica
l
and
e
le
c
tronics
engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
the
Unive
rsit
y
o
f
L
agos,
Nig
eri
a
.
His
area
of
rese
ar
ch
spe
cia
li
z
at
ion
is
powe
r
s
y
stems
anal
y
s
is a
nd
ene
rg
y
m
an
age
m
ent
.
Mi
chea
l
U
z
oa
maka
Eme
z
ir
inw
un
e
is
a
reg
ist
ere
d
Engi
n
ee
r
with
a
Master
de
gre
e
in
El
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
El
e
ct
roni
c Engi
n
ee
ring
(Pow
er
s
ystems
).
He
is p
re
sently
do
ing
his
Ph.D.
in
the sam
e
fi
el
d
.
En
gr.
Okh
are
d
ia
Tai
w
o
Emm
anu
el
is
a
gr
adu
at
e
o
f
th
e
Unive
rsit
y
of
L
agos
where
h
e
obt
ai
ned
his
B.
Sc
(Com
pute
r
Eng
ineeri
ng
)
and
M.sc
(
Elec
tri
c
al
/
El
e
ct
roni
c
Engi
ne
eri
ng)
wi
t
h
spec
iali
za
t
ion
in
E
le
c
trica
l
Pow
er
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
.
En
gr.
Omodar
a
Ol
adel
e
Juliu
s
is
a
m
ember
o
f
the
N
ige
ri
an
S
oci
e
t
y
of
Engi
ne
ers
(MN
SE)
and
a
reg
ist
ere
d
En
gine
er
(COREN).
He
obt
ai
n
ed
Bac
he
lor
of
En
gine
er
ing
(B.
E
NG
)
in
Chemic
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
the
Univer
sit
y
of
Port
Har
co
urt,
Riv
ers
Stat
e
.
He
bagge
d
M
a
ster
of
Scie
n
ce
i
n
Chemica
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
from
the
Univer
sit
y
of
L
agos.
He
al
so
a
holde
r
of
Maste
r
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
degr
ee
in
Pe
troleum
Engi
nee
ri
n
g,
from
Covena
nt
Univer
sit
y
.
H
e
has
over
Fourtee
n
y
e
ar
s
work
expe
ri
ence
in
dif
fer
ent
bu
t
re
le
v
a
nt
fields.
His
work
expe
ri
ences
a
m
ongst
othe
rs
are
;
in
acade
m
ic
s,
in
the
area
of
qual
ity
con
trol
and assurance
in
pro
ce
ss
industr
y
,
pipe
li
n
e
&
well
he
ad
inspec
ti
on
an
d
m
ai
nte
nan
ce
in
oil
fi
el
d
and
g
as,
pa
int
fo
rm
ula
t
i
on,
produc
ti
on
a
nd
technolog
y
.
At
pre
sent
,
h
e
is
the
senior
t
ec
h
nologi
st
in
-
ch
ar
ge
of
Pilot
Pla
nt
/Unit
Oper
at
i
ons
La
bora
tor
y
of
the
Chemic
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng
D
ep
art
m
ent
,
Coven
a
nt
Univer
si
t
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.