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ital
d
ev
ices
co
m
p
e
titi
v
e
o
n
t
h
e
r
ela
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
m
ar
k
et
[
4
]
-
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
MP
-
b
ased
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
is
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
an
d
t
h
en
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cin
g
f
o
r
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
e
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
s
it
u
atio
n
s
,
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
i
m
m
ed
iate
l
y
p
r
ec
ed
in
g
t
h
e
e
m
er
g
en
c
y
a
n
d
d
u
r
in
g
it.
D
ig
i
tal
r
ela
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
ev
ice
s
e
n
ab
le
tr
an
s
m
it
tin
g
all
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
ab
o
u
t
th
eir
s
tate
to
r
e
m
o
te
d
is
p
atch
o
p
er
ato
r
s
tatio
n
s
o
v
er
s
p
ec
ial
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
ch
an
n
el
s
as
w
el
l
as
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ets
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
s
etti
n
g
s
u
s
i
n
g
a
co
n
n
ec
ted
co
m
p
u
ter
.
Mo
d
er
n
MP
-
b
ased
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
ev
ice
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
s
e
n
s
it
iv
e
th
a
t
t
h
eir
elec
t
r
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
.
B
esid
es,
o
n
e
s
m
all
-
s
ized
d
ig
ital
r
ela
y
ca
n
r
ep
lace
a
w
h
o
le
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
ele
ctr
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
r
ela
y
s
.
T
h
is
is
esp
ec
iall
y
tr
u
e
f
o
r
co
m
p
l
ex
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
r
e
m
o
te
o
n
e
s
.
All
t
h
is
,
to
g
et
h
er
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
m
a
k
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
r
ed
u
ce
d
am
a
g
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
p
o
w
er
i
n
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
.
2.
SPECI
AL
F
E
AT
URE
S
O
F
SI
G
NA
L
CO
NVE
RSI
O
N
I
N
M
P
-
B
ASE
D
P
RO
T
E
C
T
I
O
NS
Mo
s
t
MP
-
b
ased
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
h
av
e
o
n
l
y
a
n
alo
g
in
p
u
ts
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
cir
cu
i
ts
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Sig
n
al
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
o
tecte
d
cir
cu
it
is
r
e
ce
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
f
ilter
o
r
d
ir
ec
tl
y
f
r
o
m
p
r
i
m
ar
y
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
m
o
s
t
l
y
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
(
C
T
)
(
o
w
i
n
g
to
w
h
ich
MP
-
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
a
v
e
s
o
m
e
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
)
.
An
alo
g
s
i
g
n
a
ls
a
r
e
co
n
v
er
ted
to
d
ig
ital
o
n
es
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
a
n
a
n
alo
g
/d
i
g
ita
l
co
n
v
er
ter
(
A
D
C
)
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le
p
o
in
t
o
f
t
h
e
w
h
o
le
MP
-
b
a
s
ed
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
te
m
a
s
i
t
c
an
d
is
to
r
t
o
r
b
lo
ck
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tr
a
n
s
m
it
ted
b
y
C
T
o
r
o
th
er
p
r
im
ar
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
.
A
t
p
r
ese
n
t,
th
er
e
ar
e
h
u
n
d
r
ed
s
o
f
m
o
d
els
o
f
MP
-
b
ased
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
ev
ices
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
d
o
ze
n
s
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics
m
ar
k
et.
A
l
m
o
s
t e
v
er
y
t
y
p
e
o
f
MP
-
b
ased
p
r
o
tectio
n
u
n
its
h
a
s
its
o
w
n
en
clo
s
u
r
e
th
a
t
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
tl
y
d
i
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
e
n
cl
o
s
u
r
es
o
f
an
o
th
er
t
y
p
e.
W
h
at
r
e
m
ai
n
s
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
is
o
n
l
y
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
an
d
t
y
p
e
o
f
b
asic
s
tan
d
ar
d
u
n
it
s
en
ab
li
n
g
h
i
g
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
MP
-
b
a
s
ed
p
r
o
tectio
n
an
d
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
a
n
alo
g
-
to
-
d
ig
i
t
al
s
i
g
n
al
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
p
r
i
n
cip
l
e,
o
n
e
ca
n
d
i
s
ti
n
g
u
is
h
t
h
r
ee
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
d
iag
r
a
m
s
o
f
MP
-
b
ased
r
ela
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
I
E
Ds
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
o
f
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
e
n
t
er
p
r
is
es
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
[3
]
-
[
5
]
,
[
9
]
-
[
1
1
]
.
1
–
an
alo
g
/d
ig
ital c
o
n
v
er
ter
(
A
D
C
)
; 2
–
ce
n
tr
al
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
; 3
–
R
A
M
-
t
y
p
e
m
e
m
o
r
y
u
n
i
t; 4
–
Har
d
Dis
k
-
t
y
p
e
R
OM
; 5
–
f
le
s
h
-
m
e
m
o
r
y
-
t
y
p
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ab
le
m
e
m
o
r
y
d
ev
ices; 6
–
Wi
-
f
i a
n
d
E
th
er
n
et
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
s
ig
n
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
ev
ice
; 7
–
lo
g
ical
in
p
u
t
s
/o
u
tp
u
ts
; 8
–
d
i
g
ital/a
n
alo
g
co
n
v
er
ter
(
D
A
C
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Stru
ct
u
r
al
d
iag
r
a
m
s
o
f
s
i
g
n
al
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
in
MP
-
b
ased
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
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I
n
t J
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&
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8
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No
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3
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2
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8
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4
9
8
–
1512
1500
Sin
ce
MP
-
b
ased
p
r
o
tectio
n
u
n
it
s
ar
e
m
u
lti
f
u
n
c
tio
n
al
(
ac
t
as
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
ev
ices
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
)
,
ADC
ca
n
h
a
v
e
s
e
v
er
al
d
o
ze
n
s
o
f
co
n
n
ec
te
d
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
to
a
h
ig
h
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
C
T
s
)
th
at
ta
k
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
r
o
tectio
n
k
i
n
d
w
it
h
f
u
r
t
h
er
an
alo
g
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
i
n
ADC
a
n
d
its
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
f
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
to
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
MP
-
b
ased
d
ev
ice.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
w
id
el
y
s
p
r
ea
d
d
esig
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
MP
-
b
ased
p
r
o
tec
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
is
t
h
e
v
ar
ian
t
w
h
er
e
A
DC
u
n
i
t
i
s
a
n
i
n
te
g
r
al
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
ela
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
I
E
D
a
n
d
m
ak
e
s
a
s
i
n
g
le
wh
o
le
w
it
h
it
(
h
av
in
g
a
s
i
n
g
le
en
c
lo
s
u
r
e)
,
F
ig
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
.
W
ith
s
u
c
h
a
v
er
s
io
n
,
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
e
x
ter
n
a
l
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
r
ad
iati
o
n
o
n
cu
r
r
en
t
cir
cu
its
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
l
ea
d
to
d
is
to
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
C
T
b
y
ADC
u
n
it
an
d
,
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
to
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
te
m
m
al
f
u
n
ct
io
n
.
P
lacin
g
A
DC
i
n
d
ir
ec
t
p
r
o
x
im
it
y
to
p
r
im
ar
y
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
C
T
)
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
,
m
a
k
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
p
r
ev
en
t
C
T
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
id
e
v
o
lta
g
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
in
c
ase
o
f
ac
cid
en
tal
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t c
ir
c
u
it
s
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
a
n
e
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
p
er
ac
tio
n
s
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
n
el.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
u
s
e
o
f
a
n
ex
te
n
d
ed
d
ig
ital
ch
an
n
el
(
w
h
ich
i
s
m
o
s
t
o
f
te
n
r
ep
r
esen
t
ed
b
y
a
co
ax
ial
ca
b
le
o
r
s
h
ield
ed
t
w
is
ted
p
air
)
in
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
o
f
lar
g
e
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
e
n
ter
p
r
is
es
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
ee
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
as
p
r
o
tectio
n
ag
ain
s
t
m
ec
h
an
ica
l
d
a
m
a
g
e
o
f
th
e
d
ig
ita
l c
o
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
ch
a
n
n
el
ca
n
n
o
t b
e
en
ab
led
.
D
o
u
b
le
-
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
cir
cu
itr
y
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
c
)
)
u
s
es
A
D
C
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
d
ig
ita
l
s
ig
n
al
co
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
b
ac
k
to
an
alo
g
o
n
e
f
o
r
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
ev
ices
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
/an
alo
g
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
DA
C
)
.
Su
c
h
cir
cu
itrie
s
b
ec
a
m
e
w
id
e
s
p
r
ea
d
at
en
ter
p
r
is
es
w
it
h
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
k
i
n
d
s
o
f
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
ev
ices
in
u
s
e.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
ai
m
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
d
o
u
b
le
-
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
cir
cu
itr
y
i
s
to
e
n
ab
le
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
o
f
p
r
e
-
e
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
e
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
an
al
y
s
is
)
,
e
v
en
if
t
h
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
th
a
t
o
p
er
ated
is
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
e
ch
an
ica
l
t
y
p
e.
T
h
e
ma
i
n
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
o
f
th
i
s
s
y
s
te
m
is
its
h
ig
h
co
s
t c
a
u
s
ed
b
y
s
i
m
u
ltan
eo
u
s
u
s
e
o
f
D
AC
an
d
A
D
C
u
n
it
s
.
I
n
d
esig
n
ter
m
s
,
MP
-
b
ased
r
ela
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
u
n
i
ts
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
s
et
o
f
p
lan
ar
p
r
in
ted
cir
cu
it
b
o
ar
d
s
th
at
ar
e
ass
e
m
b
led
lik
e
a
P
C
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
m
o
t
h
er
b
o
ar
d
,
w
it
h
co
n
n
e
cto
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
w
h
o
le
s
et
o
f
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
b
o
a
r
d
s
,
o
n
th
e
en
clo
s
u
r
e
b
o
tto
m
o
r
s
id
e
w
all.
Su
c
h
a
cir
c
u
it
b
o
ar
d
also
co
n
tain
s
a
s
y
s
te
m
b
u
s
u
s
ed
as
a
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
lin
k
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
MP
-
b
ased
u
n
it c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
.
An
MP
-
b
ased
p
r
o
tectio
n
u
n
it,
b
y
all
m
ea
n
s
,
co
n
ta
in
s
th
e
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
u
n
its
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
)
:
a.
A
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
-
co
n
tai
n
i
n
g
b
o
ar
d
;
b.
A
b
o
ar
d
en
ab
lin
g
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es th
at
ta
k
e
p
lace
in
m
e
m
o
r
y
o
f
v
o
latile
an
d
n
o
n
-
v
o
l
atile
t
y
p
es;
c.
A
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
s
ig
n
a
ls
u
s
in
g
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
s
;
d.
A
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
lo
g
ical
i
n
p
u
ts
/o
u
t
p
u
ts
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
m
p
-
b
ased
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
e
s
;
e.
Ou
tp
u
ts
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l sig
n
a
l
f
o
r
r
ela
y
s
u
n
d
er
co
n
tr
o
l.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
m
an
y
s
p
ec
ialis
t
s
[
1
]
,
[
11
]
-
[
2
2
]
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
ar
e
i
m
p
o
s
ed
o
n
q
u
alit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
r
ec
ei
v
ed
b
y
MP
-
b
ased
p
r
o
tectio
n
r
ela
y
s
.
T
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t c
o
n
tai
n
n
o
is
e,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
s
ta
y
o
n
l
y
w
ith
i
n
its
ce
r
tain
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
a
n
g
e.
Dig
ital
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
th
a
t
tr
an
s
m
it
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
ADC
u
n
i
t
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tl
y
f
r
o
m
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
v
er
ter
s
b
u
t
f
r
o
m
f
i
lter
s
o
r
d
ig
ital
f
ilter
s
h
a
v
e
a
g
r
ea
t
ad
v
an
tag
e.
U
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
latte
r
en
ab
les
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
n
eg
at
iv
e
i
m
p
ac
t o
f
p
o
w
er
f
u
l e
l
ec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
s
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
I
n
s
o
m
e
p
u
b
lica
tio
n
s
[1
]
,
[
3
]
-
[
1
4
]
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
i
s
m
ad
e
t
h
at
f
o
r
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
r
elay
s
it
i
s
d
esira
b
le
“
to
u
s
e
m
o
r
e
p
er
f
ec
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
tr
an
s
d
u
ce
r
s
th
a
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
”.
A
n
e
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
s
u
ch
c
u
r
r
en
t
tr
an
s
d
u
ce
r
is
th
e
R
o
g
o
w
s
k
i
co
il
[
1
]
-
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
ca
s
e
th
er
e
i
s
n
o
n
ee
d
f
o
r
an
in
te
g
r
ati
n
g
f
il
ter
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
lized
in
th
e
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
as a
d
ed
icate
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
3.
DIGIT
AL
F
I
L
T
E
R
B
AS
I
C
S
T
h
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
d
ig
ital
f
ilter
s
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
o
o
n
af
ter
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
co
m
p
u
ter
s
[
2
2
]
an
d
w
a
s
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
to
co
u
r
s
e
b
o
o
k
s
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Dig
ital
f
ilter
s
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
r
ec
u
r
s
iv
e
an
d
n
o
n
-
r
ec
u
r
s
i
v
e
o
n
es
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
A
n
o
n
-
r
ec
u
r
s
i
v
e
f
i
lter
s
u
m
s
u
p
a
ce
r
tain
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
in
p
u
t
v
al
u
e
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
i
ts
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
w
il
l
h
av
e
a
n
u
m
er
ato
r
o
n
l
y
.
I
n
a
r
ea
l
d
e
v
ice
t
h
e
d
ela
y
li
n
e
h
as
a
f
i
n
ite
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ele
m
e
n
ts
,
s
o
t
h
e
i
m
p
u
l
s
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
w
ill
al
s
o
b
e
f
in
i
te.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
n
o
n
-
r
ec
u
r
s
i
v
e
f
il
te
r
s
also
h
av
e
a
n
o
t
h
er
n
a
m
e
–
f
ilter
s
w
i
th
f
i
n
ite
i
m
p
u
l
s
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(
FIR
f
ilter
s
)
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
p
u
t
v
alu
e
s
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
ig
n
al
is
ca
lled
th
e
o
r
d
er
of
a
f
ilter
.
A
r
ec
u
r
s
iv
e
f
ilter
s
u
m
s
u
p
a
ce
r
tain
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
v
alu
e
s
an
d
,
in
th
e
g
en
er
al
ca
s
e,
an
o
t
h
er
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
v
al
u
es.
I
n
t
h
is
ca
s
e
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
w
il
l
h
av
e
b
o
th
n
u
m
er
ato
r
an
d
d
en
o
m
i
n
a
to
r
.
Div
is
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
m
er
ato
r
p
o
l
y
n
o
m
ial
b
y
d
e
n
o
m
in
at
o
r
p
o
l
y
n
o
m
ial
y
ield
s
a
n
in
f
i
n
ite
s
er
ies
o
f
ter
m
s
,
s
o
th
e
p
u
l
s
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
f
ilter
is
i
n
f
in
ite.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
r
ec
u
r
s
iv
e
f
il
ter
s
also
h
a
v
e
a
n
o
th
er
n
a
m
e
–
f
ilter
s
w
it
h
in
f
i
n
ite
i
m
p
u
l
s
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(
I
I
R
f
ilter
s
)
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
th
is
ar
tic
le
o
n
l
y
I
I
R
-
f
ilter
s
w
i
ll
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
d
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
“
d
ig
ital
f
ilter
s
”.
Fo
r
a
g
iv
e
n
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s
u
c
h
f
ilter
s
ar
e
s
i
m
p
ler
th
an
FI
R
-
f
ilter
s
as
t
h
e
latter
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
m
u
c
h
lar
g
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ela
y
a
n
d
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
ele
m
e
n
ts
[
2
7
]
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
in
[
2
8
]
is
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
to
o
b
tain
th
e
d
e
s
ir
ab
le
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
o
m
e
ti
m
e
s
o
n
e
n
ee
d
s
FIR
-
f
ilter
s
o
f
a
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
o
r
d
er
(
s
ev
er
al
h
u
n
d
r
ed
o
r
th
o
u
s
a
n
d
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J
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&
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o
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SS
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tio
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fo
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o
p
r
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ce
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s
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tectio
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R
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Den
is
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S
o
lo
ve
v)
1501
T
w
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
f
ilter
s
y
n
t
h
esi
s
ar
e
k
n
o
w
n
:
d
ir
ec
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
an
d
m
et
h
o
d
s
b
ased
o
n
u
s
e
o
f
an
alo
g
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e.
I
n
[
2
9
]
is
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
a
m
o
n
g
a
n
alo
g
i
n
te
g
r
atin
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ilter
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r
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er
ties
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a
s
th
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d
o
r
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er
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a
v
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n
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t
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A
l
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s
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o
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r
ac
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n
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f
f
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t d
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ate
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o
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tr
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ts
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n
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h
e
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ts
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er
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ite
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o
n
ab
le
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o
o
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e
t
h
e
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o
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q
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d
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.
T
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la
r
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izatio
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2
T
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T
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in
ter
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o
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ita
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a
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s
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e
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ical
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e
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in
g
to
its
an
alo
g
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
t.
4.
ANALY
SI
S O
F
DI
G
I
T
AL
F
I
L
T
E
R
S F
O
R
M
I
CRO
P
RO
CE
SS
O
R
RE
L
AYS
4
.
1
.
M
e
t
ho
ds
o
f
s
y
nthesizing
a
dig
it
a
l f
ilte
r
Du
r
in
g
elab
o
r
atio
n
o
f
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
th
is
ar
ticle
1
2
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
s
y
n
t
h
esizi
n
g
a
d
i
g
ital
f
ilter
b
a
s
in
g
o
n
it
s
an
alo
g
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
(
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
e
r
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
f
i
lter
)
w
er
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
in
c
l
u
d
e
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
:
a.
Me
th
o
d
w
i
th
s
tan
d
ar
d
z
-
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
a
s
d
escr
ib
ed
in
[
2
4
]
,
[
3
0
]
;
b.
Me
th
o
d
w
i
th
m
atc
h
ed
z
-
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
a
s
d
escr
ib
ed
in
[
3
0
]
;
c.
A
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
m
e
th
o
d
s
w
it
h
b
ili
n
ea
r
z
-
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
I
t
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
at
eq
u
al
q
u
an
tizatio
n
p
er
io
d
T
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
er
r
o
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
ilter
s
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
ized
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
t
w
o
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
lar
g
er
t
h
an
t
h
o
s
e
o
f
f
ilter
s
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
ized
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
las
t
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
i
s
s
h
o
r
tco
m
i
n
g
is
e
x
p
lai
n
ed
b
y
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
o
f
id
en
tical
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
es
s
h
if
ted
b
y
д
.
T
h
e
last
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
m
et
h
o
d
s
d
o
es n
o
t h
a
v
e
s
u
c
h
a
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
.
I
f
a
b
ilin
ea
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
m
e
th
o
d
is
u
s
ed
ea
ch
ter
m
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
er
ato
r
an
d
th
e
d
en
o
m
i
n
ato
r
o
f
in
itial
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ct
io
n
(
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
an
alo
g
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e)
is
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
n
s
,
w
h
er
e
n
is
t
h
e
f
il
t
er
o
r
d
e
r
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e
n
e
g
ati
v
e
p
o
w
er
s
o
f
s
w
il
l
o
cc
u
r
b
o
th
i
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
e
r
ato
r
an
d
th
e
d
e
n
o
m
i
n
ato
r
.
T
h
en
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
u
b
s
t
itu
t
io
n
is
m
ad
e:
1
1
11
,
e
x
p
(
)
1
2
1
Tz
s
z
s
T
z
z
(
1
)
o
r
2
2
sT
z
s
th
T
,
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
s
-
1
i
s
L
ap
lace
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
o
f
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
,
z
-
1
is
L
ap
lace
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
o
f
d
ela
y
b
y
q
u
a
n
tiza
tio
n
p
er
io
d
T
,
an
d
z
–
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
o
f
L
a
u
r
en
t
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
[
30
]
(
n
o
w
t
h
i
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
i
s
ca
lled
“
z
-
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
”)
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
t
h
a
t
eq
u
atio
n
(
1
)
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
n
u
m
er
ical
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
b
y
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
tr
ap
ez
o
id
s
.
Su
b
s
tit
u
ti
n
g
sj
an
d
sj
zz
in
(
2
)
w
ill
y
ield
:
2
ta
n
2
T
z
T
or
2
a
r
c
ta
n
2
T
z
T
,
(
3
)
w
h
er
e
ω
is
t
h
e
a
n
g
u
lar
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
an
a
lo
g
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e,
an
d
z
is
t
h
e
a
n
g
u
lar
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
g
ital
f
ilter
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
-
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ic
b
ec
o
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
f
la
tten
ed
w
it
h
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
an
g
u
lar
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
z
.
A
t
N
y
q
u
is
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
[
23
]
,
[
30
]
th
at
is
eq
u
al
to
T
(
t
w
o
ti
m
e
s
s
m
alle
r
th
an
t
h
e
q
u
an
tizat
io
n
an
g
u
lar
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
)
th
i
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ic
r
ea
ch
e
s
th
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
t
h
e
an
a
lo
g
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
at
in
f
in
ite
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ω
.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
aliasin
g
in
th
is
ca
s
e;
h
o
wev
er
an
o
th
er
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
ar
is
es
d
u
e
to
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
f
r
eq
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e
n
c
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s
ca
l
e.
I
n
t
h
e
lo
w
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
o
m
ai
n
w
h
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n
ω
is
m
u
c
h
s
m
a
ller
t
h
an
N
y
q
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i
s
t
f
r
eq
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n
c
y
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h
e
ar
c
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e
n
t
is
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p
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im
a
tel
y
eq
u
a
l
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m
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s
o
ω
z
≈
ω
.
I
n
th
is
ca
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e
th
e
f
r
eq
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y
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e
s
p
o
n
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e
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
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d
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eq
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a
v
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ap
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tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
d
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ib
ed
as
s
-
n
w
as
al
s
o
lo
w
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h
er
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o
r
e
th
er
e
ap
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e
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s
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u
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licatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
i
g
h
t
ter
m
o
f
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
.
I
n
s
tead
,
o
th
er
(
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
le
x
)
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
s
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
n
u
m
er
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
in
te
g
r
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n
w
er
e
u
s
ed
.
4
.
2
.
Use o
f
bo
x
er
-
t
ha
ler
m
et
ho
d
a
nd
z
-
t
ra
ns
f
o
r
m
Am
o
n
g
s
u
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
k
n
o
w
n
o
n
e
is
B
o
x
er
-
T
h
aler
m
e
th
o
d
[
33
]
.
I
n
[
2
8
]
is
g
iv
en
a
tab
le
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
i
n
te
g
r
ato
r
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
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n
s
ac
co
r
d
in
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to
t
h
i
s
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
o
r
d
er
s
u
p
to
f
i
v
e
in
cl
u
s
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v
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I
n
[
34
]
,
[
35
]
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
tu
d
y
o
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er
d
ig
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teg
r
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r
s
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
c
tio
n
2
1
2
W
s
s
in
u
s
i
n
g
b
ilin
ea
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
2
Hz
in
,
B
o
x
er
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T
h
a
ler
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
2
Hz
i
n
B
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,
an
d
R
ag
az
zin
i
-
B
er
g
e
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
[
36
]
2
Hz
i
n
R
B
:
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
0
1
4
(
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(
)
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(
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.
2
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2
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1
2
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z
H
z
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z
in
in
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in
R
B
z
z
z
(
5
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J
u
d
g
in
g
b
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th
e
f
r
eq
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n
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r
esp
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n
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eq
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en
c
y
r
a
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e
w
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h
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ce
p
tab
le
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
A
t
an
a
llo
w
ab
le
er
r
o
r
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f
1
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u
p
p
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ilin
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r
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r
th
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r
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T
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tr
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s
f
o
r
m
t
h
is
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ac
to
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is
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o
5
i.e
.
it
is
3
.
5
tim
e
s
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ig
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er
th
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f
o
r
R
ag
az
zi
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i
-
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er
g
en
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
.
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h
er
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
latter
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
is
n
o
t c
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i
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ed
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el
o
w
.
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o
o
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tain
th
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y
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te
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u
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ctio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ig
ital
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
f
il
ter
let
u
s
u
s
e
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
[
2
2
]
.
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g
th
e
p
lu
s
s
i
g
n
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
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Dig
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[
22
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[
2
8
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,
[
37
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-
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3
9
]
.
T
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[
30
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T
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I
SS
N
:
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8
8
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I
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&
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1
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(
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(b
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2
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u
r
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2
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e
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e
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ativ
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o
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n
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e
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[
40
]
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43
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,
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s
o
th
at
t
h
e
N
y
q
u
is
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
i
s
at
least
t
h
r
ee
ti
m
es
h
ig
h
er
th
an
t
h
e
an
g
u
lar
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
-
o
r
d
er
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
i
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
to
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e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
Hen
ce
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
ca
lcu
latio
n
f
o
r
m
u
la
ca
n
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e
d
er
iv
ed
:
1
1
1
,
1
3
3
3
m
a
x
m
a
x
m
a
x
1
Т
Т
Т
n
n
n
(
1
6
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w
h
er
e
m
a
x
n
is
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
o
r
d
er
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As
in
d
icate
d
i
n
[
24
]
,
[
30
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,
[
44
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,
m
a
x
n
=
4
0
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T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
co
n
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itio
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u
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et.
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ad
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r
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r
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t
u
d
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n
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th
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n
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l
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ar
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itio
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er
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elativ
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4
.
4
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Co
m
pa
riso
n o
f
f
re
qu
ency
re
s
po
ns
e
s
o
f
a
na
lo
g
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nd
dig
it
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l f
ilte
rs
L
et
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s
co
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
f
t
h
e
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alo
g
p
r
o
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ty
p
e
a
n
d
th
e
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ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
d
i
g
ital
f
ilter
.
T
o
o
b
tain
th
e
f
r
eq
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en
c
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
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ic
o
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th
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a
n
alo
g
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ilter
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e
s
h
o
u
ld
m
ak
e
s
u
b
s
t
itu
t
io
n
sj
in
(
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.
T
o
o
b
tain
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
g
ital
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ilter
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s
u
b
s
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te
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an
d
T
f
o
r
th
eir
n
u
m
er
ical
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alu
e
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i
n
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1
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d
(
1
1
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f
o
r
t
h
e
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ili
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r
f
ilt
er
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r
in
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1
4
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d
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1
5
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f
o
r
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o
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er
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T
h
aler
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il
ter
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h
en
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m
a
k
e
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u
b
s
tit
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tio
n
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e
x
p
z
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T
in
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9
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f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
f
ilter
t
y
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e
o
r
in
(
1
3
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f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
t
y
p
e.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
w
er
e
m
a
d
e
f
o
r
t
w
o
v
al
u
es
o
f
p
ar
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m
eter
a
:
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,
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5
5
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o
r
th
e
lar
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est
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tep
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r
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o
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e
er
r
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r
o
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d
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o
r
th
e
lar
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est
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tep
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r
esp
o
n
s
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
2
,
5
%.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
cies
o
f
b
ili
n
ea
r
f
i
lte
r
f
r
eq
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en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
elati
v
e
er
r
o
r
v
s
.
th
e
r
elativ
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
at
a
=
0
,
0
0
2
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
S
elec
tio
n
o
f D
ig
ita
l F
ilter
fo
r
Micr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
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r
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r
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tectio
n
R
ela
ys (
Den
is
B
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o
lo
ve
v)
1505
(
T
h
ey
al
m
o
s
t
co
in
cid
e
w
i
th
th
e
s
i
m
ilar
d
ep
en
d
en
cie
s
f
o
r
a
=
0
,
0
0
5
5
)
.
T
h
e
an
alo
g
f
il
ter
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
i
s
u
s
ed
as r
ef
er
e
n
ce
.
(
а)
(
b)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
(
a)
R
elativ
e
er
r
o
r
s
o
f
b
ilin
ea
r
f
ilter
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
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n
s
e
f
o
r
g
iv
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n
T
at
a
=
0
,
0
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2
7
;
(
b
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elativ
e
d
if
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er
e
n
ce
o
f
f
r
eq
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en
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y
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e
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o
r
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ilin
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d
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o
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v
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h
is
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ig
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r
e
co
n
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ir
m
s
th
e
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al
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it
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co
n
d
itio
n
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,
0
2
6
T
:
at
40
th
e
f
il
ter
er
r
o
r
at
0
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0
5
T
is
to
o
lar
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e
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3
6
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it
d
r
o
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s
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d
at
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it
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l
y
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h
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u
e
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e
f
ac
t
t
h
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th
e
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is
t f
r
eq
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e
n
c
y
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s
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w
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th
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ed
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ctio
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T
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ar
t
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d
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ar
th
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r
o
m
40
.
As
ca
n
b
e
s
e
e
n
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
f
th
e
b
ili
n
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ilter
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n
d
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e
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er
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n
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le
o
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er
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t
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r
d
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ates
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th
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g
r
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p
r
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atel
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iv
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ti
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e
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t
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i
f
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er
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s
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al
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r
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r
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t
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t
h
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h
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ter
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tic
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h
o
w
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in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
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b
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w
e
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ee
d
at
least
1
8
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
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d
ec
i
m
al
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lace
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at
0
,
0
2
T
an
d
at
least 1
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ig
n
i
f
ica
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t d
ec
i
m
a
l p
lace
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at
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1
T
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
а
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illu
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
an
alo
g
f
ilter
s
(
th
ick
li
n
e)
a
n
d
d
ig
i
tal
f
ilter
s
(
t
h
i
n
li
n
e)
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
o
f
f
r
eq
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en
c
y
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
o
f
b
ilin
ea
r
f
i
lter
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
T
=
0
,
0
2
an
d
a
=
0
,
0
0
2
7
.
I
t
is
v
er
y
c
lo
s
e
to
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
co
r
r
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o
n
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
d
if
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er
en
t
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
T
=
0
,
0
2
an
d
a
=
0
,
0
0
5
5
.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
a
n
alo
g
f
ilter
s
s
i
m
ilar
to
th
e
f
il
ter
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
g
o
es
to
ze
r
o
at
in
f
in
i
te
f
r
eq
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en
c
y
.
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n
th
i
s
ca
s
e
th
e
m
ain
b
r
an
c
h
o
f
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
v
alu
es
o
f
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
ze
r
o
to
t
h
e
N
y
q
u
is
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
is
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
an
g
e
i
s
ca
lled
“
N
y
q
u
i
s
t
i
n
ter
v
al”
[
30
]
.
T
h
e
clo
s
er
is
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
to
t
h
e
N
y
q
u
i
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
t
h
e
lo
w
er
is
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
d
ig
ita
l
f
i
lter
r
elativ
e
to
t
h
e
an
alo
g
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e.
A
t N
y
q
u
is
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
s
r
ea
ch
es z
er
o
as s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
(
th
ick
an
d
th
i
n
lo
w
er
li
n
es).
A
t
f
u
r
t
h
er
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
g
ital
f
ilter
r
is
e
s
.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
c
u
r
v
e
in
t
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
N
д
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
a
n
g
u
lar
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
2
N
д
is
a
“m
ir
r
o
r
r
ef
lectio
n
”
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
b
r
an
c
h
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
in
ter
v
al
0
N
r
elativ
e
to
lin
e
N
.
A
s
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
at
th
e
N
y
q
u
is
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
i
s
ze
r
o
th
er
e
is
n
o
aliasin
g
b
et
w
e
e
n
th
e
m
ai
n
b
r
an
ch
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
a
n
d
it
s
“m
ir
r
o
r
r
ef
lectio
n
”.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
i
n
ter
v
a
l
o
f
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ic
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
i
n
ter
v
al
N
д
h
a
s
a
n
in
f
i
n
it
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
p
ies
s
h
i
f
ted
(
r
elativ
e
to
t
h
is
i
n
ter
v
al)
b
y
,1
nn
д
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
1
4
9
8
–
1512
1506
(
а)
(
b)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
(
a)
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
a
n
alo
g
f
ilter
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
b
ilin
ea
r
f
il
ter
s
at
a
=
0
,
0
0
2
7
f
o
r
g
iv
e
n
T
;
(
b
)
r
elativ
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
o
r
b
ilin
ea
r
f
il
t
er
an
d
B
o
x
er
-
T
h
aler
f
ilter
at
a
=
0
,
0
0
2
7
f
o
r
g
i
v
en
T
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
e
in
it
ial
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
b
r
an
ch
o
f
th
e
f
ilter
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
cu
r
v
e
an
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.