Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
Vol
.
4
,
No
. 3,
J
une
2
0
1
4
,
pp
. 34
3~
35
0
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
3
43
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
System
Analysis
of
a Hybr
id Ren
e
wable Energy System
Mohamed Na
jeh
La
khoua*
, Nao
u
elli Wa
lid**
,
Cha
k
ro
un Atef**
* Res
ear
ch Uni
t
of M
echa
t
roni
cs
S
y
s
t
em
s
and S
i
g
n
als
,
ES
TI,
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt of
E
l
ec
tr
ica
l
Eng
i
ne
ering
,
University
of
Carthage,
Tunisia
** ISSAT Mateur, Dep
a
rtment o
f
Electron
i
cs, Un
iversitu
y
of C
a
rthage, Tun
i
sia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
Ja
n 31, 2014
Rev
i
sed
Mar
23
, 20
14
Accepted Apr 10, 2014
Renewable ener
gies are im
portant components of su
stainable d
e
velopment.
Indeed, coup
led
with
a r
a
tion
a
l use of
en
erg
y
, th
ey
r
e
duce the use of
conventional en
erg
y
s
y
stems based on re
sources of fossil and
fissile origin
,
and s
o
therefor
e the pr
es
s
u
res
envi
ronmental and socio-eco
nomic use.
Renewabl
e en
er
g
y
aim
s
to off
e
r an
ene
r
g
y
s
e
rvic
e to
our s
o
cie
t
y a
t
an
acc
eptab
l
e pri
c
e
.
But on the other hand, the cos
t
o
f
this
s
e
rvice has
an im
pact
on the loca
l eco
nom
y, the env
i
r
onm
ent and s
o
ciet
y
in gener
a
l
.
Com
p
ared to
conventional solutions,
enhancement of
ren
e
wab
l
e energ
y
creates
more
jobs,
strengthens the local
economy
,
r
e
duc
es the environmental impact an
d
reduces th
e lust
on the stocks of
energ
y
and
therefore it is a source of peace.
In this
pap
e
r, w
e
ar
e int
e
res
t
ed
in the s
t
ud
y
of
a h
y
brid r
e
newa
ble en
er
g
y
s
y
stem: wind –
photovoltaic –
accumulator
.
Th
e objective of
this paper is to
propose a novel approach of s
y
stem analy
s
is based on the OOPP
method
(Object
ive Or
ien
t
ed P
r
oj
ect
P
l
an
ning) of
a h
y
br
id
renew
a
ble
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
t
em
.
Keyword:
Hy
bri
d
rene
wa
bl
e
ene
r
gy
OOPP m
e
thod
Ph
ot
o
vol
t
a
i
c
e
n
er
gy
Syste
m
analysis
Wi
n
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
Copyright ©
201
4 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
M
oham
e
d Na
j
e
h La
k
h
o
u
a,
Depa
rtem
ent of Elect
ri
cal
E
n
gi
nee
r
i
n
g,
ESTI
,
Uni
v
ersi
t
y
of C
a
rt
ha
ge,
Tunisia
Em
a
il: MohamedNa
j
e
r
h.Lakhoua
@ieee.org
1.
INTRODUCTION
No
wa
day
s
t
h
e
m
odel
i
ng an
d t
h
e si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on are bec
o
m
e
a s
c
ien
tific an
d
tech
no
lo
gical issue. In fact,
com
put
eri
zed
desi
g
n
t
ool
be
com
e
s essent
i
a
l
i
n
d
u
st
ry
i
n
e
ffect t
h
ese t
o
ols for
pr
ed
ictio
n an
d an
alysi
s
of
a
sy
st
em
beha
vi
or
, t
o
re
d
u
ce t
h
e cost
s
an
d t
i
m
e o
f
st
udy
o
f
a
new
p
r
od
uct
b
y
po
st
p
oni
ng
t
h
e
pr
ot
ot
y
p
i
n
g
p
h
a
s
e
as fa
r as
possible.
The ev
ol
ut
i
o
n
of
di
gi
t
a
l
cal
cul
a
t
i
on t
o
ol
s a
l
l
o
ws us t
o
co
nsi
d
e
r
ve
ry
seri
o
u
sl
y
t
h
e
m
odel
i
ng
of a
com
p
lex system
for exam
ple a Hy
brid Renewa
ble E
n
e
r
g
y
System
(HRES).
It m
u
st certain
ly adap
t th
e
represen
tatio
n
lev
e
l of each
m
o
d
e
l in
th
e
ob
j
ectives
o
f
the u
s
er bu
t n
e
ed
ed
b
e
fo
re th
e in
terco
n
n
ection
o
f
all
t
h
ese m
odel
s
t
oget
h
er
t
o
ha
v
e
a gl
obal
re
pr
esent
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
HR
ES.
In re
cent
y
ears
,
a gr
owi
ng m
a
rket
dem
a
nd
gre
w
f
o
r
rene
wable e
n
ergies
; they are key ele
m
ents of
sustaina
ble energy supply. Renewa
bl
e ene
r
gy include
s a large
num
ber of
differe
n
t syste
m
s according to the
v
a
lu
ed
r
e
s
our
ce
a
n
d
th
e fo
r
m
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
ob
ta
in
e
d
[1
],
[
2
].
The de
vel
o
pm
ent
s
ob
ser
v
ed
are im
pro
v
i
n
g of p
r
oce
ssing and the de
crea
se in
the cost price of the
u
s
efu
l
en
erg
y
p
r
od
u
c
ed
t
h
an
th
e qu
ality o
f
en
erg
y
serv
ices and
in
creased
th
e op
erati
o
n co
m
f
o
r
t.
On
t
h
e side
of t
h
e re
so
urce
, t
h
e
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
of
re
newa
bl
e e
n
er
gi
es c
oul
d f
a
r excee
d
o
u
r
need
s,
but
t
h
ei
r co
nt
ri
but
i
o
n t
o
t
h
e
ener
gy
bal
a
nc
e depe
n
d
s o
n
avai
l
a
bl
e su
rfa
ces, i
nve
st
m
e
n
t
s for t
h
ei
r eq
ui
pm
ent
and t
h
e re
duct
i
o
n
o
f
o
u
r
con
s
um
pt
i
on.
It
seem
s
i
n
fact
im
port
a
nt
t
o
of
fer a sy
st
em
ic
m
odel
desc
ri
bi
n
g
t
h
e f
u
nct
i
oni
ng
of a
HR
ES. T
o
reac
h
t
h
i
s
o
b
ject
i
v
e,
t
h
e O
b
ject
i
v
e
Ori
e
nt
ed P
r
oje
c
t
Pl
anni
ng
(
O
OPP
)
m
e
t
hod
seem
s t
o
be a pr
om
i
s
i
ng res
earch
m
e
t
hod. T
h
e o
b
ject
i
v
e of t
h
i
s
pape
r i
s
t
o
pr
op
ose a gl
o
b
al
sy
st
em
anal
y
s
i
s
based o
n
t
h
e
OOP
P
m
e
t
h
o
d
of a
co
m
p
lex
system
. A
case study o
f
a PV
/
W
i
n
d
h
ybr
id
en
ergy syste
m
is p
r
esen
ted.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJEC
E V
o
l
.
4, No
. 3,
J
u
ne 2
0
1
4
:
34
3 – 3
5
0
34
4
2.
PART
OF RE
NEWABLE E
N
ERGY
Renewa
ble e
n
ergies
exploit
energy s
o
urces
of
natu
ral o
r
i
g
in
(s
un
,
win
d
,
wate
r..
.
)
.
T
h
e
y
rep
r
ese
n
t
energies
of future
in t
h
e m
easur
e
where
they
are i
n
exha
ustible and
preserve the e
nvi
ronment [3].
Tu
ni
si
a at
t
h
e head
of t
h
e M
a
gh
reb c
o
un
t
r
i
e
s t
o
im
pl
em
ent
nat
i
onal
pr
og
ram
s
for
t
h
e use o
f
ren
e
wab
l
e en
erg
y
g
r
an
ts a p
a
rticu
l
ar in
terest
in
th
is v
ital area g
i
v
e
n
its acti
v
e ro
le in
th
e eco
n
o
m
ic, so
cial an
d
en
v
i
ron
m
en
tal. In
ad
d
ition
,
t
h
e en
erg
y
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e main
ax
es
o
f
the Tu
n
i
sian
energ
y
po
licy with
an
in
stitu
tio
n
a
l
and
regu
lato
ry fra
m
ewo
r
k
t
o
add
r
ess th
ese ch
allen
g
e
s
(Figure 1).
Fi
gu
re 1.
S
u
p
p
l
y
and dem
a
nd fo
r rene
wa
bl
e ener
gy
i
n
Tu
ni
si
a
In
dee
d
, t
h
e
de
vel
o
pm
ent
of r
e
newa
bl
e e
n
er
gy
t
o
i
m
pro
v
e
t
h
e ene
r
gy
bal
a
nce
of t
h
e co
u
n
t
r
y
,
t
o
co
ve
r
its needs at le
ast cost, to guarant
ee t
h
e su
ppl
y
o
f
ru
ral
and i
s
ol
at
ed reg
i
ons e
n
er
gy
an
d re
duci
ng
pol
l
u
t
i
o
n
fr
om
conve
nt
i
o
nal
ene
r
gy
[
4
]
,
[5]
.
The sourc
e
s of rene
wa
ble energi
es al
l
o
w
obt
ai
ni
ng a
f
t
e
r
t
r
ansf
or
m
a
tion of m
echani
cal energy,
electricity, heat or fuel. Coupl
ed
with
a
rat
i
o
nal
use
of
e
n
er
gy
, t
h
ey
al
l
o
w
t
o
re
d
u
ce t
h
e c
ons
um
pt
i
on
o
f
ori
g
i
n
bot
h f
o
ssi
l
a
n
d
fi
ssi
l
e
f
u
el
s, a
n
d
co
nse
q
uent
l
y
red
u
ce t
h
e
i
m
pact
envi
ro
n
m
ent
a
l
and
so
ci
o-ec
on
om
i
c
nee
d
s
ener
gy
t
o
desc
r
i
be o
u
r
sy
st
em
.
The
objective
of the
re
newa
ble energy is t
o
: re
du
ce th
e
d
e
ficit to
t
h
e l
e
v
e
l of en
erg
y
b
a
lance an
d
paym
ents balances
of provi
de ene
r
gy acce
s
s
to
t
h
e
populations
of
rural areas re
duce
em
issions
.
2.
1.
Ph
ot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
s
o
l
a
r e
n
er
gy
Mean
s th
e electricity g
e
n
e
rat
e
d
b
y
p
r
o
cessi
n
g
of a p
a
rt of so
lar
rad
i
ation
with
a pho
tov
o
ltaic cell.
Seve
ral
cel
l
s
are co
nnect
e
d
t
oget
h
er t
o
f
o
r
m
a sol
a
r pane
l
(or m
odul
e
)
p
hot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
. Se
veral
m
odul
es
t
h
at
are
gr
o
upe
d i
n
a
p
hot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
po
wer
pl
ant
are
cal
l
e
d ph
ot
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
fi
el
d. The
t
e
rm
can refe
r ei
t
h
er
ph
ot
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
p
h
y
sical
p
h
e
nomen
o
n
- th
e
pho
tov
o
ltaic effect o
r
related tech
no
log
y
[6
],
[7
], [8
].
Photovoltaic s
y
ste
m
s are used for
40 years
.
A
pplications
bega
n
with the
space progra
m for ra
di
o
tran
sm
issio
n
satellites. Th
ey co
n
tinu
e
d
with tag
s
o
f
fsh
o
re
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t an
d rem
o
te lo
catio
n
s
i
n
all coun
tries of
t
h
e w
o
rl
d,
usi
n
g
bat
t
e
ri
es t
o
st
ore
el
ect
ri
ci
t
y
du
ri
n
g
h
o
u
r
s
w
i
t
hout
su
nl
i
g
ht
(Fi
g
ure
2
)
.
Solar electric s
y
ste
m
s offe
r ma
ny adva
ntages
, including:
Th
ey are safe,
n
on-po
llu
ting
an
d silen
t;
They re
quire al
m
o
st no m
a
intenance;
Th
ey
o
p
e
rate
profitab
l
y in
rem
o
te areas and in
m
a
n
y
resid
e
n
tial an
d co
mmercial ap
p
licatio
n
s
;
They are
fle
x
ible and can be e
xpa
nded at
any
tim
e
to m
e
e
t
your
nee
d
s elect
ricity;
Th
ey g
i
v
e
you g
r
eater
ind
e
pen
d
e
n
ce
-
ind
e
p
e
nd
en
t op
er
at
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
tw
or
k or
system b
acku
p
du
r
i
ng
po
we
r out
a
g
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Syst
em
An
al
ysi
s
of
a
Hy
bri
d
R
e
new
a
bl
e E
n
er
gy
Syst
em
(
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
N
a
j
e
h
L
a
kh
o
ua)
34
5
‘
Fi
gu
re
2.
P
hot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
ar
ray
First,
h
i
gh
reliab
ility - it h
a
s
n
o
m
o
v
i
ng
p
a
rts wh
ich
m
a
k
e
it p
a
rticu
l
arly su
itab
l
e
fo
r rem
o
te areas.
This
is due
t
o
its
use on spa
cecraft. The
n
, the
m
odular
nature of phot
ovoltaic
pa
nels allows
a
sim
p
le
and
ad
ap
tab
l
e to variou
s en
erg
y
n
eeds.
Syste
m
s can b
e
d
e
si
gn
ed fo
r power
ap
p
lication
s
ran
g
i
n
g
fro
m
m
i
lliwatts
to
m
e
g
a
watts.
Ope
r
at
i
n
g c
o
s
t
s are
very
l
o
w
gi
ven
t
h
e
red
u
ce
d m
a
int
e
na
nce a
n
d
t
h
ey
re
qui
re
n
o
f
u
el
or
tr
an
sp
or
tatio
n
o
r
h
i
g
h
l
y sp
ecialized
p
e
r
s
onnel.
Finally, photovoltaic technol
ogy
has
qualities ecologically because
the
finishe
d
product is non-
p
o
llu
ting
,
qu
iet
and
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
distu
r
b th
e env
i
ro
n
m
en
t if it is t
h
e
o
ccup
a
tion
o
f
sp
ace fo
r larg
e installatio
n
s
.
The
p
hot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
sy
st
em
has d
i
sadva
nt
ages:
The m
a
nufa
c
ture
of
phot
ovoltaic
m
odule
is the
high
technology investm
e
nt and re
quires a
high c
o
st.
The act
ual yield c
o
nve
r
sion
m
odule is low
(the t
h
eoretical lim
i
t for cryst
a
lline silicon c
e
ll is 28%
).
Pho
t
ov
o
ltaic gen
e
rat
o
rs
are co
m
p
etitiv
e
with
d
i
esel
g
e
n
e
rato
rs
fo
r l
o
w energ
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
i
n
iso
l
ated
areas.
Finally, whe
n
the stora
g
e of
electrical
energy in chem
ica
l
form
(battery
) i
s
requi
re
d, t
h
e cost
of t
h
e
P
V
g
e
n
e
rator is i
n
creased. Reliab
ility an
d
p
e
rfo
rm
an
ce of th
e syste
m
, h
o
wev
e
r, rem
a
in
equ
i
v
a
len
t
as long
as
t
h
e bat
t
e
ry
a
n
d
associ
at
ed
co
m
ponent
s a
r
e c
a
ref
u
l
l
y
sel
ect
ed
reg
u
l
a
t
i
ons
.
2.
2. Wi
nd
e
n
e
r
gy
The wi
nd e
n
er
gy
i
s
one
of t
h
e
m
o
st
prom
i
s
ing e
n
er
gy
so
ur
ces whi
l
e
o
ffe
r
i
ng t
h
e
fast
est
gr
owt
h
rat
e
t
o
t
h
e
w
o
rl
d.
I
n
f
act
, t
h
e
wi
n
d
e
n
er
gy
pr
od
uct
i
o
n
d
o
es
n'
t
l
oose
n
a
n
y
gas
t
o
gree
n
h
o
u
se
effect
a
n
d
ge
nerat
e
few
ne
gat
i
v
e e
ffect
s
o
n
t
h
e
en
vi
r
onm
ent
[9]
,
[1
0]
.
An
exam
pl
e o
f
a
n
ae
ro
ge
ner
a
t
o
r
has
a
gen
e
rat
i
n
g
sy
nc
hr
on
o
u
s t
h
at
f
u
n
c
t
i
on
vari
a
b
l
e
spee
d. T
h
e
r
e
gu
latio
n of
po
w
e
r
is assur
e
d
b
y
a system
t
o
wedg
ing
o
f
blad
es th
at
p
e
rm
its th
e v
a
riab
le-sp
e
ed
wo
rk
ing
.
Th
e
spee
d o
f
t
h
e t
u
rbi
n
e an
d t
h
e f
r
eq
ue
ncy
o
f
t
h
e net
w
or
k a
r
e
unc
o
upl
e
d
t
h
ro
ug
h t
h
e
i
n
t
e
rm
edi
a
ry
o
f
a sy
s
t
em
of
p
o
wer co
nv
ersio
n
th
at takes in ch
arg
e
as th
e
ex
citatio
n
o
f
the g
e
n
e
rating
(Fig
ure
3
)
.
The
wo
rki
n
g
of a
n
ae
ro
ge
n
e
rat
o
r
i
s
m
a
naged
by
a c
ont
rol
a
nd c
o
m
m
a
nd
u
n
i
t
t
h
at
cont
rol
s
t
h
e
electric and m
echanical
para
meters of t
h
e
machine while
act
i
ng at
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
t
i
m
e
on t
h
e de
vi
ce t
o
we
dgi
ng
o
f
blades
and t
h
e
syste
m
of
power c
o
nv
ersion
,
it assu
res so
the op
ti
m
i
zatio
n
of the electric
ener
gy
pr
od
uc
ed.
The
blades
a
n
d s
k
iff are
s
u
pported by t
h
e t
o
we
r
form
ed
of fou
r
brid
les:
a lo
wer
b
r
i
d
le, a su
p
e
rior
b
r
i
d
le an
d
two in
ter
m
ed
iate
b
r
i
d
les. To
d
i
fferen
t
lev
e
ls o
f
th
e lower brid
le are p
l
aced
th
e cu
pbo
ard
o
f
the
cont
rol a
nd c
o
mmand accompanie
d by the
connection cel
l
respectively, the
trans
f
or
m
i
ng ele
v
ator and to a
sup
e
ri
o
r
l
e
vel
,
t
h
e devi
ce
of
po
wer
.
To a
ccess t
h
e di
f
f
e
r
ent elem
ents
of the ae
roge
nerator, an ele
v
ator is
in
stalled
to
t
h
e
b
a
sis
o
f
th
e t
o
wer.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJEC
E V
o
l
.
4, No
. 3,
J
u
ne 2
0
1
4
:
34
3 – 3
5
0
34
6
Fi
gu
re
3.
Si
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
d di
a
g
ram
of
a c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
nal
wi
nd
3.
CA
SE ST
UD
Y O
F
A H
Y
B
R
ID
RE
WAB
LE ENERG
Y
SYSTE
M
Hy
bri
d
R
e
new
a
bl
e E
n
er
gy
Sy
st
em
s (HR
E
S
)
are
becom
i
ng
po
p
u
l
a
r
fo
r
re
m
o
t
e
area po
w
e
r g
e
ne
rat
i
o
n
appl
i
cat
i
o
ns
d
u
e t
o
a
dva
nces
i
n
rene
wa
bl
e
ener
gy
t
ech
n
o
l
ogi
es
an
d s
u
bs
eque
nt
ri
se i
n
pri
ces
o
f
pet
r
o
l
eu
m
pr
o
duct
s
.
A
hy
bri
d
ene
r
gy
sy
st
em
usual
l
y
consi
s
t
s
of t
w
o
or m
o
re re
new
a
bl
e ene
r
gy
s
o
urces
use
d
t
o
g
e
t
h
er t
o
provide i
n
creas
ed system
efficiency as
we
ll as greater
balance in e
n
ergy s
u
pply.
Fo
r m
a
n
y
ap
p
l
icatio
n
s
of sensitiv
e an
d
strat
e
g
i
c in
terest as th
e relay o
f
teleco
mm
u
n
i
cati
o
n
s
, bo
rd
er
cro
ssi
ng
s, iso
l
ated
h
a
b
itat, clin
ics, etc.,
o
f
f-grid
o
f
conventi
onal electricity, pe
rm
anent pri
m
ary energy s
o
urce
av
ailab
ility is
v
ital an
d
con
d
i
tio
n
i
ng
in
a v
e
ry larg
e ex
ten
t
, th
e reliab
ility
o
f
th
e facilities an
d
th
eir con
tin
uou
s
o
p
e
ration
.
C
o
n
v
e
n
tion
a
l tech
no
log
i
cal so
lu
tio
ns
b
y
conv
en
tion
a
l elect
ro
ch
em
ical sto
r
ag
e are exp
e
n
s
iv
e,
tech
n
i
cally li
mited
in
p
o
wer an
d li
m
ited
in
cap
acity [11
]
,
[12
]
.
Th
ose m
a
de by
t
h
e gene
rat
o
rs, s
h
are t
h
e n
eed t
o
s
u
ppl
y
fuel
a
nd m
a
i
n
t
e
nance
,
ha
ve
dra
w
back
s
related
no
ise, p
o
llu
tion
and
esp
ecially th
ei
r p
oor p
e
rfo
rman
ce at p
a
rtial lo
ad
. New tech
no
log
y
so
l
u
tio
ns,
mad
e
b
y
h
y
b
r
i
d
system
s, ev
en
if t
h
ey are co
m
p
etitiv
e ag
ain
econo
m
i
c st
ep
s,
ho
wev
e
r
o
f
fer a h
i
g
h
secu
rity.
Ho
we
ver
,
i
n
v
i
ew of t
h
e nee
d
f
o
r s
u
st
ai
na
b
l
e devel
o
pm
ent
,
t
h
ese sol
u
t
i
o
ns,
wi
t
h
t
h
e s
u
pp
o
r
t
of t
h
e p
ubl
i
c
will, can
b
e
eco
n
o
m
icall
y
v
i
ab
le in
t
h
e m
e
d
i
u
m
an
d
long
term
.
A hy
b
r
i
d
p
o
w
er gene
rat
i
o
n
s
y
st
em
, general
l
y
, i
s
one
that
com
b
ines and
levera
ges seve
ral sources
avai
l
a
bl
e easi
l
y
m
obi
l
i
zed. T
h
e sy
st
em
t
h
at
i
n
t
e
rest
s
us
bri
ngs
t
o
get
h
e
r
t
w
o
pa
rt
s f
o
r
t
h
e pr
o
duct
i
on
o
f
ener
gy
through electrochem
ical stor
age in our cas
e; we a
r
e inte
rested in
system
s of sm
all powe
r
s
producing easily
DC co
nv
ertib
le.
Hyb
r
i
d
systems can
add
r
ess l
i
m
i
tatio
n
s
in
term
s o
f
fu
el flex
ib
ility, efficien
cy, reliab
ility
, e
m
issio
n
s
and
/
o
r
ec
on
o
m
i
c
s. Inc
o
r
p
o
r
at
i
ng
heat
,
po
wer
,
an
d
hi
ghl
y
-efficient de
vices
(fuel
cells, adva
nced m
a
terials,
cooling syste
m
s, etc.) can increase
overall efficiency
and conse
r
ve
en
erg
y
fo
r a
h
ybr
id
system
when
com
p
ared wit
h
indi
vidual techno
logies.
Achieving hi
ghe
r reliability
ca
n be accom
p
lishe
d with re
dunda
n
t
t
echn
o
l
o
gi
es and/
or e
n
er
gy
st
ora
g
e. S
o
m
e
hy
b
r
i
d
sy
st
em
s t
y
pi
cal
ly
i
n
clude
bot
h, w
h
i
c
h can si
m
u
l
t
a
neou
sl
y
i
m
p
r
ov
e th
e quality an
d
av
ailab
ility o
f
p
o
wer.
Hybri
d
systems can be
designed t
o
m
a
ximize the us
e o
f
r
e
newa
bl
e, re
su
l
t
i
ng
in
a system with
lo
wer
em
i
ssi
ons t
h
a
n
t
r
adi
t
i
onal
fo
ssi
l
-fuel
e
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gi
es.
Hy
bri
d
sy
st
em
s can be
desi
gne
d t
o
ac
hi
eve
desi
re
d
attributes at t
h
e lowest acc
eptable c
o
st,
whic
h is
the
key to m
a
rket acceptance
[10].
Figure
4
prese
n
ts
di
ffe
re
nt
ha
rd
ware
com
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
of t
h
e e
x
am
pl
e o
f
a
HR
E
S
.
To
get
co
nst
a
n
t
po
wer s
u
ppl
y
,
t
h
e o
u
t
p
ut
o
f
t
h
e
re
ne
wabl
e
m
a
y be connected to t
h
e rechargea
b
le
b
a
ttery b
a
n
k
an
d
t
h
en
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
. If th
e l
o
ad
is altern
ati
n
g curre
n
t (AC),
then a
n
inve
rter is use
d
t
o
conve
rt
t
h
e di
rect
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
D
C
)
s
u
ppl
y
fr
om
t
h
e bat
t
e
ry
t
o
t
h
e
AC
l
o
ad. C
onsi
d
erat
i
on a
b
out
v
o
l
t
a
ge t
r
a
n
si
t
i
on a
m
ong
m
odul
es st
art
i
n
g
f
r
om
W
i
n
d
Gene
rat
o
r, B
a
t
t
ery
C
h
ar
ger
C
ont
rol
l
e
r a
n
d
I
nve
rt
er
sh
o
u
l
d
be s
u
b
j
ect
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
ge
stan
d
a
rd wh
ich m
a
in
ly fo
cu
s ab
ou
t
v
o
ltage co
m
p
atib
ilit
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJECE
ISS
N
:
2088-8708
Syst
em
An
al
ysi
s
of
a
Hy
bri
d
R
e
new
a
bl
e E
n
er
gy
Syst
em
(
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
N
a
j
e
h
L
a
kh
o
ua)
34
7
Fi
gu
re
4.
Di
a
g
r
a
m
of a
n
e
x
am
pl
e o
f
a
HR
E
S
4.
THE NEED FOR
SYSTEM
ANALYSIS
Syste
m
An
alysis seek
s to
u
n
d
e
rstand
wh
at hu
m
a
n
s
n
eed
to
an
alyze d
a
ta in
pu
t
o
r
d
a
ta flow
sy
st
em
ati
cal
l
y
, pro
cess o
r
t
r
ansf
orm
dat
a
, st
ore dat
a
, a
nd
out
put
i
n
fo
rm
at
i
on i
n
t
h
e co
n
t
ext
of a part
i
c
ul
ar
project. Furthe
rm
ore, syste
m
analysis is use
d
to a
n
al
yze, design, and im
ple
m
ent im
prove
m
ents in the s
u
pport
of use
r
s
and
the functioni
ng
of
projects
that
ca
n be accom
p
lished th
rough the
use of c
o
m
puterize
d
inform
ation syste
m
s.
Installing a sys
t
em
without
prope
r
planning
l
eads
t
o
great user di
ssatisfaction a
n
d
fre
que
n
tly causes
th
e syste
m
to
fall in
to
d
i
su
se. SA len
d
s
structu
r
e to
th
e analysis an
d
d
e
sig
n
o
f
in
form
at
io
n
system
s, a
co
stly
endeavor that might otherwi
s
e have
been
done in a haphazard way. It
can be thought of as a series of
pr
ocesses
sy
st
em
at
i
call
y
un
dert
a
k
en
t
o
i
m
prove a
p
r
oject th
ro
ugh
the u
s
e of
c
o
mpute
r
ized i
n
form
ation
syste
m
s. Syste
m
an
alysis
in
vo
lv
es
work
i
n
g
with
curren
t
an
d eve
n
t
u
al
use
r
s of i
n
fo
rm
ati
on sy
st
em
s t
o
supp
o
r
t
th
em
in
work
i
n
g
with
techno
l
o
g
i
es in
an
o
r
gan
i
zatio
n
a
l sett
in
g
.
User i
n
volvement throu
ghout the syste
m
s proj
ect is critical
to the successful
developm
ent of
com
put
eri
zed i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on sy
s
t
em
s. Sy
st
em
s
anal
y
s
t
s
, w
h
os
e rol
e
s i
n
t
h
e
o
r
ga
ni
zat
i
on
are
di
scus
sed
ne
xt
, are
t
h
e ot
her
esse
n
t
i
a
l
com
ponent
i
n
devel
opi
n
g
usef
ul
i
n
f
o
rm
ati
on
sy
st
em
s.
Users a
r
e m
ovi
ng t
o
t
h
e f
o
re
fr
ont
as s
o
ft
wa
re
deve
l
o
p
m
en
t t
e
a
m
s b
eco
m
e
m
o
re in
tern
atio
n
a
l in
th
ei
r
com
posi
t
i
on.
T
h
i
s
m
eans t
h
at
t
h
ere i
s
m
o
re e
m
phasi
s on
wo
rki
ng
wi
t
h
s
o
ft
ware
use
r
s;
o
n
per
f
o
r
m
i
ng an
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
th
eir
pr
oj
ects, pr
ob
lem
s
, an
d obj
ectiv
es;
an
d on
co
mmu
n
i
cating
t
h
e
an
alysis and
desig
n
of
th
e
p
l
an
n
e
d
sy
st
em
t
o
al
l
i
nvol
ved
.
There
are
m
a
ny
m
e
t
hods t
h
at
have
bee
n
use
d
t
o
e
n
han
ce pa
rt
i
c
i
p
at
i
on i
n
i
n
f
o
rm
ation
sy
st
em
s
planning and requirem
ents analysis.
W
e
re
view som
e
methods he
re because we thi
nk them
to be fairly
rep
r
ese
n
t
a
t
i
v
e of t
h
e
ge
neral
ki
n
d
s o
f
m
e
t
hods i
n
use. T
h
e
m
e
t
hods i
n
cl
u
d
e Del
phi
,
foc
u
s g
r
ou
ps, St
ru
ct
ure
d
An
alysis
Desig
n
Techn
i
qu
e
(SADT), Obj
ectiv
es Or
iented
Proj
ect Plan
n
i
n
g
(OOPP), m
u
ltip
le criteria
d
ecision
-m
ak
in
g (MCDM
)
, an
d to
tal qu
ality m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
(TQM).
The
o
b
ject
i
v
e
of
t
h
e
Del
phi
m
e
t
hod
i
s
t
o
a
c
qui
re a
n
d
a
g
g
r
egat
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
f
r
o
m
m
u
l
t
i
pl
e e
xpe
rt
s s
o
th
at p
a
rticip
an
t
s
can find
a con
s
en
su
s so
lu
tion
to a
p
r
ob
lem
[13
]
.
A sec
o
nd
di
st
i
n
ct
m
e
t
hod i
s
f
o
cu
s
gr
ou
ps
(
o
r f
o
c
u
se
d
gr
o
u
p
i
n
t
e
rvi
e
ws)
.
Thi
s
m
e
t
hod
re
l
i
e
s on
t
eam
or
group dy
na
mics to gene
ra
te as
m
a
ny ideas as possi
ble. Foc
u
s groups been use
d
for decade
s
by
m
a
rketing
researc
h
ers to
unde
rstand c
u
s
t
om
er
product pre
f
ere
n
ces [14].
M
C
DM
vi
ews
req
u
i
r
em
ent
s
gat
h
e
r
i
n
g an
d
anal
y
s
i
s
as a pr
o
b
l
e
m
requi
r
i
ng i
n
di
vi
dual
i
n
t
e
rvi
e
ws.
An
alysts u
s
i
n
g MCDM fo
cus p
r
im
arily
o
n
analysis of the c
o
llected data to
re
veal users’ requirem
ents, rather
th
an
o
n
reso
lv
i
n
g
or n
e
go
tiati
n
g
am
b
i
g
u
ities. Th
e
ob
j
ectiv
e is to
find
an
op
ti
m
a
l so
lu
tio
n for th
e
p
r
ob
lem of
co
nflictin
g
v
a
lu
es an
d
ob
j
ect
iv
es,
wh
ere the p
r
ob
lem
is m
o
d
e
lled
as a set o
f
q
u
a
n
titativ
e v
a
lu
es
req
u
i
ring
opt
i
m
i
zati
on [
1
5]
.
TQM is a way to
in
clud
e th
e
cu
sto
m
er in
d
e
v
e
lop
m
en
t p
r
ocess, to
im
p
r
o
v
e p
r
o
d
u
c
t qu
ality [1
6
]
. In
a
TQM
pr
o
j
ect
,
dat
a
gat
h
eri
n
g
fo
r c
u
st
om
ers
need
s, i
.
e
.,
req
u
i
r
em
ent
s
el
i
c
it
at
i
on m
a
y
be do
ne
wi
t
h
QF
D.
Th
e SADT
meth
od
represen
t atte
m
p
ts
to
ap
p
l
y
th
e co
n
c
ep
t o
f
fo
cu
s g
r
ou
ps sp
ecifically
to
i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on sy
st
em
s pl
anni
n
g
,
el
i
c
i
t
i
ng dat
a
fr
om
grou
ps o
f
st
akeh
ol
der
s
o
r
or
ga
ni
zat
i
ona
l
t
e
am
s [17]
. T
h
ey
are cha
r
acteriz
ed by their
us
e of
p
r
e
d
et
erm
i
ned r
o
l
e
s f
o
r
gr
o
up/
t
eam
me
m
b
ers and the use of graphically
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJEC
E V
o
l
.
4, No
. 3,
J
u
ne 2
0
1
4
:
34
3 – 3
5
0
34
8
st
ruct
u
r
e
d
di
a
g
ram
s
. SADT e
n
abl
e
s ca
pt
u
r
i
ng
o
f
a p
r
op
os
ed sy
st
em
’s fu
nct
i
o
n
s
an
d
da
t
a
fl
ows
am
ong t
h
e
fu
nct
i
o
ns.
The
OOPP m
e
thod also re
ferred t
o
as L
o
gic
a
l Fram
ewor
k
Ap
pr
oac
h
(LF
A
),
i
s
a st
r
u
ct
u
r
ed m
eet
i
ng
p
r
o
cess. Th
is
ap
pro
ach
seeks to
id
en
tify the
m
a
j
o
r cu
rre
n
t
pr
obl
em
s usi
ng ca
use
-
ef
fec
t
analysis and
search
fo
r t
h
e best
st
r
a
t
e
gy
t
o
al
l
e
vi
at
e t
hose i
d
ent
i
fi
ed pr
o
b
l
e
m
s
[1
8]
, [1
9]
, [
2
0]
. O
O
PP m
e
tho
d
ha
s bec
o
m
e
t
h
e
stan
d
a
rd
for the In
tern
ation
a
l Dev
e
lop
m
en
t
Proj
ect Desi
gn
. Team
Techn
o
l
ogi
es ha
ve co
nt
i
nue
d t
o
re
fi
ne t
h
e
approach into
Team
UP [21],
[22].
5.
RESULTS
O
F
SY
STEM
A
NAL
YSI
S
In t
h
is pa
rt,
we propos
e a sy
ste
m
analysis of a
HR
ES. T
o
this e
ffect,
our a
n
alysis wil
l
especially
foc
u
s
on the
analysis of t
h
e
ob
jectives usi
n
g
the OOPP
m
e
thod.
In orde
r t
o
ta
ke to
good t
h
e t
a
sk
of system
analys
is of
HR
ES, it is
neces
sary first of all
to a
d
opt a
referen
tial of
data. Th
is
referen
tial is cen
tered
o
n
:
The ex
pl
oi
t
a
t
i
on
dat
a
base
of
an exam
pl
e of an aero
g
e
n
e
r
at
or a
v
ai
l
a
bl
e
i
n
Si
di
Dao
u
d
i
n
Tu
ni
si
a t
h
at
i
n
cl
ude
s a
m
a
nual
o
f
m
a
i
n
t
e
nance
(
fre
q
u
en
cy
co
nve
rt
er,
i
n
st
al
l
a
t
i
on
des
c
ri
pt
i
o
n, el
ect
r
i
c, t
r
an
sf
orm
i
ng
,
g
e
n
e
rating
facilities p
l
an
s) as well as a m
a
n
u
a
l
of
op
eratio
n (wo
r
k
i
ng
descrip
tion
,
wo
rk
ing
sequ
en
ces,
com
m
uni
cat
i
on
s
o
ft
ware
).
The ex
pl
oi
t
a
t
i
on
of c
onst
r
uc
t
o
r dat
a
(m
ul
t
i
pl
i
e
r, ge
ne
rat
i
n
g
,
de
vi
ce of
bra
k
i
n
g,
devi
c
e
of o
r
i
e
nt
at
i
o
n
,
hy
d
r
aul
i
c
po
w
e
r
st
at
i
o
n
,
se
ns
ors
...
).
Th
e resu
lt is co
rresp
ond
ing OOPP m
o
d
e
l h
a
s b
e
en
bu
i
lt in
o
r
d
e
r to represen
t th
e HRES.
An
im
port
a
nt
poi
n
t
m
u
st
be not
i
ced:
t
h
e p
o
i
n
t
of
vi
ew
of t
h
e anal
y
s
i
s
i
s
t
h
at
of a
per
s
on
wi
t
h
out
c
onc
ret
e
ex
p
e
r
i
en
ce on
t
h
e
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e en
erg
y
, i.e.
o
n
l
y
th
rou
g
h
a book
ish kno
w
l
ed
ge, who
s
e
ob
j
e
ctiv
e is th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
fi
nal
m
odel
de
scri
bi
n
g
t
h
e
H
R
ES.
The Gl
obal Objective (GO)
is: “P
ro
duct
i
o
n
of el
ect
ri
cal
ener
gy
usi
ng a
Hy
bri
d
R
e
ne
w
a
bl
e Ene
r
gy
Syste
m
” and
we identifie
d
5 Specific
Objectives (SO) (Ta
b
l
e
1).
Tabl
e
1.
O
O
PP
nal
y
si
s o
f
a
H
R
ES
N°
Code
Designat
ion
1
GO
Pr
oduction of elect
r
i
cal ener
gy
using
Hy
br
id Renewable E
n
er
gy Sy
stem
as
sur
e
d
2
SO1
Supply
i
ng of the el
ectr
i
cal ener
gy using a photov
oltaic gener
a
tor
assur
e
d
3
R1.1
Co
m
m
unication with the sy
ste
m
assu
r
e
d
4
R1.2
Treat
m
e
nt of
the d
a
ta assured
5
R1.3
M
a
nagem
e
nt
and m
odulation of the ener
gy
assur
e
d
6
R1.4
Allocation and pr
otection of
the installation assured
7
R1.5
Conver
s
ion and st
or
age of the ener
gy
assur
e
d
8
R1.6
Acquisition the sy
ste
m
stat
es assured
9
SO2
Supply
i
ng of the el
ectr
i
cal ener
gy using a wind gener
a
tor
assur
e
d
10
R2.1
T
r
eat
m
e
nt of the data assur
e
d
11
R2.2
M
a
nagem
e
nt of the ener
gy assur
e
d
12
R2.3
Conver
s
ion o
f
the ener
gy
assur
e
d
13
R2.4
Acquisition of the
data assur
e
d
14
SO3
M
a
nagem
e
nt
and tr
ansform
a
tion of the ener
gy
using a
conver
t
er
assur
e
d
15
SO4
Stor
age of the energy
using batter
i
es
assur
e
d
16
SO5
M
easur
e
m
ent and
r
ecor
d
of the data
using
m
easur
es
inter
f
acings assur
e
d
So,
we ide
n
tify through the
OOPP
m
e
thod the diffe
re
nt functions
accom
p
lished by t
h
e differe
n
t
co
m
p
art
m
en
ts o
f
th
e
HRES. It will p
e
rm
i
t
u
s
th
ereafter
to
an
alyze th
e HRES o
f
m
a
n
n
e
r in
org
a
n
s
functio
n
s
and organs
com
ponents
until to a
rrive
to t
h
e
elem
en
tary organ of t
h
e
HRES called t
h
e c
o
m
pone
nt.
For
i
n
st
anc
e
, t
h
e m
a
i
n
funct
i
ons
o
f
t
h
e ae
ro
gene
ra
tor are
a
ccom
p
lished re
spectively by t
h
e following
syste
m
s:
Sy
st
em
of capt
a
t
i
on an
d t
r
a
n
s
m
i
ssi
on:
R
e
gr
o
up t
h
e nec
e
ssa
ry
el
em
ent
s
t
o
t
r
ans
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
ki
net
i
c
ene
r
gy
o
f
wind
in m
ech
an
ical en
erg
y
of ro
tatio
n
ad
ap
ted
to th
e
g
e
n
e
ratin
g
.
Sy
st
em
of pr
o
duct
i
o
n o
f
t
h
e
el
ect
ri
c energy: Perm
its to conve
r
t the m
echanical e
n
ergy of
rotation in
electric energy
ada
p
ted t
o
t
h
e
gene
rating.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Syst
em
An
al
ysi
s
of
a
Hy
bri
d
R
e
new
a
bl
e E
n
er
gy
Syst
em
(
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
N
a
j
e
h
L
a
kh
o
ua)
34
9
Sy
st
em
of con
t
rol
an
d com
m
a
nd:
C
o
nt
ai
n t
h
e p
r
o
g
r
am
m
a
bl
e aut
o
m
a
t
on,
i
t
s
peri
phe
ral
s
as wel
l
as t
h
e
di
ffe
re
nt
sen
s
o
r
s.
Thi
s
sy
st
em
pe
rm
it
s t
h
e au
t
o
m
a
t
i
c
wor
k
i
n
g
of
t
h
e ae
ro
ge
nerat
o
r.
Su
pp
ort
a
n
d L
ogi
st
i
c
s:
R
e
g
r
o
up el
em
ent
s
t
h
at
cove
r t
h
e s
k
i
ff, t
h
e
su
p
p
o
r
t
of t
h
e s
k
i
ff
(t
owe
r) a
s
wel
l
as
and the
hydra
u
lic and electric
f
eed
i
n
g of
th
e
machine.
Th
e
h
i
erarch
ical an
alysis of t
h
e
HRES is con
s
titu
ted
o
f
three lev
e
ls; a
first lev
e
l fo
rm
ed
b
y
th
e fou
r
sy
st
em
s of t
h
e
m
achi
n
e for
m
ed by
orga
n
s
fu
nct
i
ons
de
com
posabl
e
i
n
orga
ns com
pone
nt
s. T
h
i
s
anal
y
s
i
s
p
e
rm
itted
to
id
en
tify syste
m
s
in
d
y
n
a
m
i
c in
t
e
ractio
n, org
a
nized
to
assure th
e conv
ersi
o
n
o
f
th
e
k
i
n
e
tic en
erg
y
o
f
wi
n
d
in
electric en
erg
y
ad
ap
ted
t
o
th
e
n
e
twork.
6.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
In t
h
i
s
art
i
c
l
e
,
we
prese
n
t
e
d
a
st
udy
of
hy
bri
d
re
ne
vel
a
bl
e e
n
er
gy
sy
st
em
s
(HR
E
S
)
o
n
t
h
e
o
n
e ha
n
d
,
and a sy
st
em
anal
y
s
i
s
based
o
n
t
h
e O
O
PP m
e
t
h
o
d
o
f
a PV/
W
i
n
d hy
b
r
i
d
e
n
er
gy
sy
st
em
,
on t
h
e
ot
he
r ha
nd
. I
n
fact,
hybrid
power system
s c
o
m
b
ine two
or m
o
re ene
r
gy
con
v
e
r
si
o
n
de
vi
ces, o
r
t
w
o or
m
o
re
f
u
el
s fo
r
t
h
e
sam
e
devi
ce, t
h
at
w
h
e
n
i
n
t
e
grat
e
d
,
ove
rc
o
m
e l
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
ons
i
nhe
rent
i
n
ei
t
h
er.
They
ca
n
of
fer
sol
u
t
i
o
n
s
an
d
val
u
e t
o
c
u
st
o
m
ers t
h
at
i
n
di
v
i
dual
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gi
es ca
nn
ot
m
a
t
c
h.
Thi
s
anal
y
s
i
s
was pe
rm
i
t
t
o
ident
i
f
y
t
h
e
di
ff
erent
f
u
nct
i
ons
and c
o
m
pone
nt
s of t
h
e HR
E
S
as wel
l
a
s
th
e tech
n
i
cal co
n
s
t
r
ain
t
s un
der wh
ich
it is
su
b
m
itted
(f
eatu
r
e techn
i
cal co
nd
itio
ns o
f
work
i
n
g
,
v
i
bratio
n
s
,
clu
tter
,
pow
er,
p
r
ecision
…)
.
Th
is nov
el app
r
o
c
h of
an
alysis
en
ab
le u
s
t
o
so
lv
e a
real world
prob
lem
related
to
rene
wa
bl
e ene
r
gy
t
ech
nol
ogy
and
m
a
nagem
e
nt
.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
C. Alasdair, Gro
w
th on All Front
s-The
BTM Wind Ma
rke
t
Upda
te,
Renewab
l
e Energy
world
, July
2007.
[2]
Interna
tiona
l En
erg
y
Associat
ion
,
IEA 2006
Wind
Energy Annua
l
Report
, July
200
6.
[3]
Olawole Joseph
Petinrin
,
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BI
O
G
R
A
P
HY
OF
C
O
R
R
ES
P
O
ND
IN
G AU
TH
OR
Mohamed Najeh Lakhoua born in 1971 in Tu
nis (Tunisia), h
e
received the
BSc degree in
Electrical Engin
eering
from the High School o
f
Scien
ces and
Techn
i
ques of
Tunis, th
e DEA
degree in Auto
matic
and Produ
ction
engin
eerin
g from the same school and
th
e
PhD degree
in
Industrial
Engin
eering f
r
om the National Schoo
l of
Engin
eers o
f
Tunis, r
e
spectively
in 1996
,
1999 and 2008. He is currentl
y
I
EEE Senior m
e
m
b
er
and Assistant Professor at the High School
of Technolog
y
and Informatics. Dr Lakhoua ha
s published over than 150
scho
larly
r
e
sear
ch
papers in man
y
journals and in
ternational conf
erenc
e
s
.
His
res
earch
inter
e
s
t
s
a
r
e focus
e
d on
a
n
a
l
y
s
is a
nd c
o
mma
nd of
sy
stems; sy
ste
m
mod
e
ling; dev
e
lopm
ent of information sy
stem and
SCADA sy
stems.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.