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Spectrally
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C
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:
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Dep
ar
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f
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SR
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s
tit
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in
1.
I
NT
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[
1
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M
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s
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ap
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m
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w
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ld
[
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,
[
3
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Gen
er
ally
,
f
o
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w
ar
d
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n
g
er
r
o
r
co
r
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m
et
h
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to
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tr
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s
m
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s
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r
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d
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h
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tr
an
s
m
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ate.
T
h
i
s
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m
p
lies
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
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an
d
w
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t
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s
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b
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h
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ill
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t
h
e
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m
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co
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d
w
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all
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ile
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m
e
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is
tr
ellis
c
o
d
ed
m
o
d
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lat
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n
(
T
C
M)
[
4
]
,
w
h
ic
h
p
er
m
it
s
ex
ce
p
tio
n
all
y
p
r
o
f
icie
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an
d
d
ep
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ab
le
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
T
C
M
u
tili
z
es
co
n
s
tella
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,
b
etter
s
ec
u
r
it
y
,
lo
w
p
o
w
er
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
b
ig
g
er
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
p
ac
it
y
,
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
d
li
m
it a
m
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
a
T
C
M
b
ased
d
e
lta
s
ig
m
a
m
o
d
u
lated
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
VL
C
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
D
elta
s
ig
m
a
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
DSM)
b
ased
o
p
tical
OFDM
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
an
d
an
al
y
ze
d
w
h
ic
h
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
t
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
r
o
b
u
s
tn
e
s
s
ag
ain
s
t
n
o
is
e
s
a
n
d
n
o
n
l
in
ea
r
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ita
l
s
ig
n
al
i
s
ad
ap
tab
le
w
it
h
t
h
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
c
h
an
g
e
n
o
t
a
t
all
lik
e
t
h
e
a
n
alo
g
s
i
g
n
al
a
n
d
is
a
d
d
in
g
m
o
r
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
an
d
e
n
co
u
r
ag
e
s
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
o
n
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
to
i
n
cl
u
d
e
a
DSM
in
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ar
ea
in
t
h
e
T
C
M
-
OF
DM
V
L
C
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
.
Di
g
itized
T
C
M
-
OFDM
f
o
r
m
ac
h
i
n
e
to
m
ac
h
in
e
a
n
d
ca
r
to
ca
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
u
tili
z
in
g
V
L
i
s
a
s
tag
e
f
o
r
th
e
in
te
n
tio
n
o
f
ev
ac
u
at
in
g
i
n
ter
-
s
y
m
b
o
l
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
(
I
SI)
w
h
ic
h
is
a
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
i
g
n
a
l
m
u
tila
tio
n
i
n
w
h
ic
h
o
n
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
m
ed
d
les
w
it
h
b
ac
k
to
b
ac
k
i
m
a
g
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
m
ak
in
g
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
less
d
ep
en
d
ab
le.
T
h
e
D
SM
is
a
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
ch
an
g
i
n
g
o
v
er
th
e
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
-
ti
m
e
d
o
m
ai
n
T
C
M
-
OFDM
m
o
tio
n
i
n
to
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
al.
I
n
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
ex
ec
u
t
io
n
o
f
d
i
g
itized
T
C
M
-
O
FDM
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
i
s
e
x
a
m
in
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
e
tr
ices s
u
ch
a
s
p
ea
k
to
av
er
ag
e
p
o
w
er
r
atio
(
P
A
P
R
)
,
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
,
er
r
o
r
v
ec
to
r
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
(
E
VM
)
,
p
o
w
er
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
en
s
i
t
y
(
P
SD)
an
d
s
ig
n
al
to
q
u
a
n
tizat
i
o
n
n
o
is
e
r
atio
(
SQN
R
)
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
ap
er
is
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
Sectio
n
2
d
ep
ict
s
th
e
p
r
in
cip
le
s
o
f
T
C
M
an
d
DSM
f
o
r
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
I
n
S
ec
tio
n
3
,
w
e
d
escr
ib
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
VL
C
c
h
an
n
el
u
tili
z
in
g
t
h
e
T
C
M
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
o
p
tical
OFDM
.
T
h
e
VL
C
m
o
d
el
is
d
ep
icted
in
S
ec
tio
n
4
.
C
o
m
p
u
te
r
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
S
ec
tio
n
5
an
d
co
n
clu
s
io
n
is
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
S
ec
tio
n
6
.
2.
P
RINCI
P
L
E
S O
F
M
O
DULAT
I
O
N
S:
T
CM
AND
DSM
Fo
r
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
a
f
f
ir
m
a
tio
n
o
f
T
C
M,
th
e
co
d
in
g
g
a
in
is
p
r
o
f
icie
n
t
b
y
u
s
in
g
co
n
v
o
l
u
tio
n
en
co
d
er
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
s
tel
latio
n
p
o
i
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
w
i
th
co
d
ed
in
p
u
t
b
it
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
co
d
in
g
g
ai
n
ca
n
b
e
g
en
er
all
y
w
r
itte
n
as,
2
,
2
m
i
n
,
c
o
d
e
d
f
c
o
d
e
d
u
n
c
o
d
e
d
u
n
c
o
d
e
d
D
E
d
E
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
,
E
is
th
e
n
o
r
m
alize
d
av
er
a
g
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
en
er
g
y
,
d
2
m
in
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
all
p
air
s
o
f
t
w
o
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
,
2
,
c
o
d
e
d
f
D
is
th
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
E
u
c
lid
ea
n
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
p
ath
s
th
at
d
i
v
er
g
e
f
r
o
m
an
y
s
ta
te
an
d
r
em
er
g
e
at
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
s
tate
in
t
h
e
tr
elli
s
co
d
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
ex
h
ib
its
th
e
co
n
v
o
l
u
t
io
n
al
en
co
d
er
o
f
T
C
M
-
M
ar
y
m
o
d
u
latio
n
.
T
C
M
u
s
e
s
s
e
t
p
ar
titi
o
n
ai
n
g
an
d
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tates
at
th
e
t
r
an
s
m
itter
an
d
Viter
b
i
d
ec
o
d
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
tr
ellis
,
w
it
h
s
u
r
v
i
v
in
g
p
ar
tial
p
ath
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
p
ar
tial
s
i
g
n
al
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
th
at
ar
e
clo
s
est
to
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
v
o
l
u
tio
n
al
en
co
d
er
o
f
T
C
M
-
M
ar
y
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il
201
9
:
1
1
8
4
-
1190
1186
DSM
is
a
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
en
co
d
in
g
an
alo
g
s
ig
n
al
in
to
d
ig
ital
s
i
g
n
al
[
9
]
-
[
1
2
]
.
I
t
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
v
er
t
h
i
g
h
b
it
-
co
u
n
t,
lo
w
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
i
g
ital
s
i
g
n
als
i
n
to
lo
w
er
b
it
-
co
u
n
t,
h
ig
h
er
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
ig
ital
s
i
g
n
als
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
co
n
v
er
t
d
ig
ital
s
i
g
n
al
s
i
n
to
an
alo
g
as
p
ar
t
o
f
a
d
ig
ital
-
to
-
an
a
lo
g
co
n
v
er
ter
(
DAC).
T
h
e
DSM
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Delta
Sig
m
a
Mo
d
u
la
to
r
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
T
CM
B
ASE
D
VL
C
-
O
F
DM
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
l
o
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
T
C
M
b
ased
VL
C
-
O
FDM
is
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
I
n
th
is
s
eg
m
e
n
t,
DSM
is
ac
q
u
ain
ted
w
it
h
e
n
g
ag
i
n
g
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
a
d
ig
it
ized
T
C
M
-
OFD
M
s
ig
n
al
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
VL
C
ch
a
n
n
e
l.
T
h
e
DSM
-
a
n
al
o
g
to
a
d
ig
i
tal
co
n
v
er
ter
(
DS
M
-
A
D
C
)
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
an
in
ter
p
o
lato
r
,
d
elta
-
s
i
g
m
a
m
o
d
u
lato
r
,
d
ig
ital
f
ilter
,
an
d
d
ec
i
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
an
alo
g
T
C
M
-
OFD
M
s
i
g
n
al
i
s
u
p
s
a
m
p
led
b
y
a
n
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
,
I
f
.
T
h
e
u
p
s
a
m
p
led
s
ig
n
al
is
en
co
d
ed
in
to
a
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
al
b
y
u
ti
lizi
n
g
DSM
a
n
d
d
o
w
n
s
a
m
p
led
b
y
d
ec
i
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
T
C
M
-
OFD
M
s
ig
n
al
is
r
ec
u
p
er
ated
b
y
ap
p
l
y
in
g
lo
w
p
as
s
f
ilter
(
L
P
F)
at
th
e
r
ec
ip
ien
t.
VL
C
as
co
n
tr
asted
an
d
R
F
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
,
is
p
r
o
tecte
d
,
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
n
s
tit
u
te
o
r
ex
p
er
ien
ce
th
e
ill
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
,
an
d
o
f
f
er
s
an
i
m
m
en
s
e
u
n
r
eg
u
lated
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
p
ac
it
y
b
et
w
ee
n
4
0
0
T
Hz
(7
5
0
n
m
)
an
d
8
0
0
T
Hz
(
3
7
5
n
m
)
.
Fo
r
in
d
o
o
r
VL
C
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
s
,
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
w
it
h
I
SI
i
m
p
ac
t
ca
n
b
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
as
b
aseb
an
d
lin
ea
r
i
m
p
u
l
s
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
h
is
m
u
ltip
ath
co
n
to
r
tio
n
i
m
p
ac
t is
g
e
n
er
all
y
co
n
c
er
n
ed
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
f
o
r
n
o
n
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
L
OS
ch
a
n
n
el
m
o
d
els.
I
n
d
o
o
r
VL
C
c
h
a
n
n
el
s
ar
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
ar
t
ac
ce
p
ted
as
q
u
a
s
i
-
s
tatic.
T
h
e
VL
C
ch
an
n
el
m
o
d
el
i
s
d
ep
icted
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
T
C
M
-
OF
DM
b
ased
DSM
f
o
r
VL
C
s
y
s
t
e
m
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
VL
C
c
h
a
n
n
el
m
o
d
el
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
S
p
ec
tr
a
lly
efficien
t m
u
ltica
r
r
ie
r
mo
d
u
la
tio
n
s
ystem
fo
r
visi
b
le
lig
h
t c
o
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
(
T.
Dee
p
a
)
1187
4.
VL
C
CH
ANN
E
L
M
O
DE
L
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
T
C
M
b
ased
VL
C
-
OFDM
s
ig
n
al
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
[
1
3
]
,
)
(
)
(
)
(
.
)
(
t
n
t
h
t
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5.
RE
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ased
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ased
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ased
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ased
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ased
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.
RE
F
E
R
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NC
E
S
[1
]
Z.
Yu
,
Y.
L
o
u
,
M
.
Ch
e
n
,
H.
C
h
e
n
,
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.
Ya
n
g
a
n
d
S
.
Xie
,
"
A
d
a
p
ti
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T
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re
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-
Di
m
e
n
sio
n
a
l
Op
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r
Op
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a
l
Dire
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De
tec
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,
"
in
J
o
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l
o
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L
ig
h
twa
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T
e
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h
n
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y
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l
.
3
5
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n
o
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9
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p
p
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1
5
0
6
-
1
5
1
2
,
M
a
y
1
,
1
2
0
1
7
.
[2
]
R
Ne
e
,
R
P
ra
sa
d
,
“
OFDM
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
M
u
lt
im
e
d
ia Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
”
,
2
0
0
0
.
[3
]
Ho
c
in
e
A
it
-
S
a
a
d
i,
Je
a
n
-
Yv
e
s
Ch
o
u
i
n
a
rd
,
A
b
d
e
rra
z
a
k
G
u
e
ss
o
u
m
,
“
A
P
A
P
R
Re
d
u
c
ti
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n
f
o
r
OFDM
S
ig
n
a
ls
Ba
se
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