I
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a
t
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a
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r
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
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g
(
I
J
E
C
E)
V
o
l
.
11
,
N
o
.
1
,
F
e
b
ru
a
ry
2
021
,
p
p
.
57
~
73
I
S
S
N
:
208
8
-
87
08
,
D
O
I
:
10.
115
91
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i
j
e
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e
.
v11
i
1
.
pp
57
-
73
57
Jo
u
r
n
al
h
om
e
pa
ge
:
h
t
t
p
:
/
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i
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e
c
e
.
i
a
e
s
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o
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e
.
c
o
m
M
ax
i
mum po
w
e
r po
i
nt
t
ra
c
ki
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g t
e
chn
i
ques
f
or
ph
ot
ov
o
l
t
a
i
c
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y
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t
e
ms
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a
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mpar
at
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ve
s
t
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M.
A
.
A
b
o
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Se
nna
h
1
,
M.
A
.
E
l
-
D
ab
ah
2
,
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h
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iom
e
y
M
a
n
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r
3
1
D
e
pa
rt
m
e
nt
of
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l
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ri
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ng
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a
c
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t
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f E
ngi
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l
-
A
z
ha
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n
i
v
er
s
i
t
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en
a,
E
gyp
t
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ep
ar
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m
en
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o
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g
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a
cu
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t
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o
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n
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g
,
A
l
-
A
z
ha
r U
ni
v
e
rs
i
t
y,
C
a
i
ro
,
E
gyp
t
A
rt
i
cl
e
I
n
f
o
A
BS
TR
A
C
T
Ar
t
i
c
l
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
:
R
ecei
v
ed
Ap
r
1
7,
2
020
Re
v
i
s
e
d
J
un
17,
202
0
A
ccep
t
e
d
J
un
3
0,
2
020
P
hot
ovol
t
a
i
c
(P
V
)
sy
st
e
m
s
a
re
one
of
t
he
m
os
t
i
m
port
a
n
t
re
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
n
e
rg
y
re
s
ourc
e
s
(R
E
R
).
It
ha
s
l
i
m
i
t
e
d e
ne
rgy
e
f
fi
c
i
e
nc
y
l
e
a
di
ng
t
o
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ng
t
he
nu
m
be
r
of
P
V
uni
t
s
r
e
qui
r
e
d
for
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
i
npu
t
pow
e
r
i
.
e
.
t
o
hi
ghe
r
i
ni
t
i
a
l
c
os
t
.
T
o
ove
rc
o
m
e
t
hi
s
prob
l
e
m
,
m
a
x
i
m
um
p
ow
e
r poi
nt
t
r
a
c
ki
ng
(
M
PPT
)
c
ont
rol
l
e
rs
a
r
e
us
e
d.
T
h
i
s
w
ork i
nt
roduc
e
s
a
c
om
pa
r
a
t
i
v
e
s
t
u
dy of s
e
ve
n
M
P
P
T
cl
as
s
i
ca
l
,
a
r
t
if
ic
ia
l in
te
l
lig
e
n
c
e
(A
I),
a
nd
bi
o
-
i
ns
pi
re
d
(BI) t
e
c
hn
i
que
s
:
pe
rt
urb
a
nd
obs
e
r
ve
(
P
&
O
),
m
odi
f
i
e
d p
e
rt
urb
a
nd
ob
s
e
rve
(M
-
P&
O
)
,
i
nc
re
m
e
nt
a
l
c
onduc
t
a
nc
e
(IN
C
),
fuz
z
y l
ogi
c
c
ont
rol
l
e
r
(F
L
C
),
a
r
ti
f
ic
i
a
l
n
eu
r
al
n
et
wo
r
k
(
ANN)
,
a
da
pt
i
ve
n
e
uro
-
f
uz
z
y i
nfe
r
e
nc
e
s
ys
t
e
m
(A
N
F
IS
),
a
nd
c
u
c
koo s
e
a
rc
h
(CS
).
U
nde
r t
h
e
s
a
m
e
c
l
i
m
a
t
i
c
c
ondi
t
i
o
ns
,
a
c
o
m
pa
ri
s
o
n be
t
w
e
e
n t
he
s
e
t
e
c
hni
qu
e
s
i
n vi
e
w
of
s
om
e
c
ri
t
e
ri
a
’s
:
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
c
i
e
s
,
t
ra
c
k
i
n
g re
s
pons
e
,
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
on
c
os
t
,
a
nd ot
h
e
r
s
,
w
i
l
l
be
p
e
rf
orm
e
d.
S
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
re
s
ul
t
s
,
obt
a
i
ne
d us
i
ng
MAT
L
AB
/
S
IM
U
L
IN
K
progra
m
,
s
how
t
ha
t
t
h
e
M
P
P
T
t
e
c
hni
que
s
i
m
prov
e
t
h
e
l
o
w
e
s
t
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
r
e
s
ul
t
e
d
w
i
t
ho
ut
c
on
t
rol
.
A
N
F
IS
i
s
t
he
hi
ghe
s
t
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
c
y,
but
i
t
re
qui
r
e
s
m
ore
s
e
ns
ors
.
CS
a
nd
A
N
N
produc
e
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
p
e
rform
a
n
c
e
,
bu
t
CS
provi
de
d
s
i
gni
fi
c
a
nt
a
dv
a
nt
a
g
e
s
ove
r
ot
h
e
rs
i
n
vi
e
w
of
l
ow
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
on
c
os
t
,
a
nd f
a
s
t
c
om
put
i
ng
t
i
m
e
.
P
&
O
ha
s
t
h
e
hi
gh
e
s
t
os
c
i
l
l
a
t
i
on,
but
t
hi
s
dra
w
ba
c
k
i
s
e
l
i
m
i
na
t
e
d
us
i
ng M
-
P
&
O
.
F
L
C h
a
s
t
h
e
l
onge
s
t
c
om
put
i
ng
t
i
m
e
due
t
o
s
oft
w
a
re
c
om
pl
e
xi
t
y
,
bu
t
IN
C ha
s
t
he
l
ong
e
s
t
t
r
a
c
ki
ng
t
i
m
e
.
Ke
y
wo
r
d
s
:
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
(
A
I
)
Bi
o
-
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
(
BI
)
Cl
a
s
s
i
c
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
M
P
P
T
te
c
hn
iqu
es
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
(
P
V
)
R
en
ew
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
r
es
o
u
r
ces
T
hi
s
i
s
an ope
n
ac
c
e
s
s
ar
t
i
c
l
e
un
de
r
t
he
CC B
Y
-
SA
l
i
c
e
n
s
e.
C
or
r
e
s
po
n
di
n
g
A
u
t
h
or
:
M
.
A
.
E
l
-
D
ab
ah
,
D
ep
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
E
l
ect
r
i
cal
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
,
A
l
-
A
z
h
a
r
U
n
i
v
e
rs
i
t
y
,
El
M
o
k
h
a
y
am
E
l
D
aem
S
t
r
eet
,
N
as
r
C
i
t
y
,
Ca
i
r
o
,
E
g
y
p
t
.
E
m
a
i
l
:
d
r
_m
da
ba
h
@
a
z
ha
r
.
e
d
u.
e
g
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
N
o
wa
da
ys
,
r
e
n
e
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
g
y
r
e
s
o
ur
c
e
s
s
uc
h a
s
p
h
ot
o
vol
t
a
i
c
(
P
V
)
s
ol
a
r
e
ne
r
g
y i
s
o
ne
of
t
he
m
o
s
t
f
r
ee
an
d
f
r
i
en
d
l
y
s
o
u
r
ce
co
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
o
t
h
er
t
r
ad
i
t
i
o
n
al
s
o
u
r
ces
.
PV
i
s
a
s
t
a
t
i
c
a
n
d non
lin
e
a
r
d
ev
i
ce
c
o
nve
r
t
s
t
h
e
l
i
g
h
t
(
p
h
o
t
o
n
)
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
i
n
t
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
an
d
i
t
can
b
e
r
e
p
r
es
en
t
ed
as
a
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
m
o
d
el
.
T
h
e m
aj
o
r
pr
ob
le
m
s
of
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
r
e
th
e
lo
w c
onv
e
r
s
i
on
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
c
y a
nd
no
n
-
l
i
n
e
a
r
i
t
y
d
u
e
t
o
ch
a
r
act
er
i
s
t
i
cs
(I
-
V
&
P
-
V
cu
r
v
e
s
)
i
s
s
t
r
o
ngl
y de
pe
n
de
d o
n a
t
m
os
phe
r
i
c
c
o
ndi
t
i
o
ns
(
i
r
ra
d
i
a
n
c
e
(
G
),
a
n
d
t
e
m
p
e
ra
t
u
re
(T
)
) [1
,
2
]
.
A
t
t
he
t
o
p
(
k
ne
e
)
of
I
-
V
c
u
r
v
e,
t
h
er
e
i
s
a
poi
nt
c
ha
ng
e
s
w
ith
G
a
nd
T
cal
l
ed
m
a
xi
m
um
p
ow
e
r
p
oi
nt
(
M
PP)
a
t
w
hi
c
h t
he
P
V s
o
u
rc
e
s
h
oul
d be
ope
r
a
t
e
s
t
o
pr
o
duc
e
an
d
t
r
an
s
f
e
r
m
a
x
im
um
pow
e
r
t
o t
h
e
l
oa
d
r
e
ga
r
dl
e
s
s
o
f
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
c
l
i
m
a
t
i
c
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
A
de
vi
c
e
c
a
n t
r
a
c
k
t
hi
s
u
ni
q
ue
p
oi
nt
c
a
l
l
e
d
m
a
xi
m
um
po
w
e
r
poi
nt
t
r
a
c
ki
n
g
(
M
PPT
)
,
w
h
e
re
i
t
l
o
cat
ed
b
e
t
w
een
P
V
s
our
c
e
an
d
l
o
ad
.
I
t
c
o
m
p
r
i
s
e
s
t
w
o
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
,
D
C
-
D
C
c
on
ve
r
t
e
r
a
l
on
g w
i
t
h MP
P
T
c
ont
r
ol
l
e
r
.
Ma
ny
M
PPT
t
e
c
h
ni
q
ue
s
c
a
n
be
us
e
d t
o
c
ha
n
ge
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
ng
poi
nt
b
y
c
o
nt
r
o
l
l
i
ng
t
he
d
ut
y
c
yc
l
e
a
n
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
a
p
u
l
s
e
t
o
f
i
r
e
a
s
w
i
t
c
h
o
f
D
C
-
D
C
c
onve
r
te
r
[
3]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-
87
08
I
nt
J
E
l
e
c
&
C
om
p
E
n
g,
V
o
l
.
11
,
No
.
1,
F
e
b
r
ua
r
y
2
02
1
:
57
-
73
58
Ma
ny
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
a
d
dr
e
s
s
e
d
a
t
o
pi
c
of
M
P
P
T
t
e
c
h
ni
que
s
a
nd
t
he
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
s
ur
ve
y
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
e
d i
t
i
nt
o
m
a
n
y t
y
pe
s
[
4,
5]
:
c
o
n
ve
nt
i
o
n
a
l
s
uc
h a
s
pe
r
t
ur
b
a
n
d obs
e
r
v
e
(
P&
O
)
[6
]
,
i
nc
r
e
m
e
nt
a
l
c
on
duc
t
a
nc
e
(I
N
C
)
[7
,
8
],
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
(
A
I
)
s
u
c
h
a
s
f
uz
z
y
l
o
gi
c
c
ont
r
ol
l
e
r
(F
L
C
)
[3
, 9
-
1
1]
,
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
ia
l
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
(A
N
N
)
[
12
,
13]
,
a
da
pt
i
ve
ne
u
ro
-
f
u
zz
y
i
n
f
er
e
n
ce
s
y
s
t
em
(A
N
F
IS
)
[1
4
-
16
]
,
hy
b
r
i
d t
e
c
h
ni
q
ue
s
s
uc
h a
s
m
o
di
f
i
e
d pe
r
t
u
r
b a
n
d
ob
s
e
r
v
e
(M
-
P
&
O
)
u
s
i
ng
F
L
C
[
1
7,
1
8]
,
b
i
o
-
i
ns
pi
r
e
d
(
B
I)
o
r
m
e
t
a
-
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c t
ech
n
i
q
u
es
s
u
ch
as
cu
c
k
o
o
s
ear
ch
(C
S
) [
1
9
,
20
]
,
a
nd ot
he
r
s
.
P
a
pe
r
s
[
2
1
-
2
4]
i
nt
r
o
d
uc
e
t
h
e
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
on
of
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
t
e
c
hni
que
s
.
Aut
ho
r
s
a
l
s
o
s
t
ud
y
a
c
o
m
pa
r
i
s
o
n
of
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
M
P
P
T
t
e
c
hni
que
s
ba
s
e
d
o
n
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
[
2
5
]
,
a
r
t
if
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
[
2
6
]
,
b
o
t
h
c
on
ve
nt
i
ona
l
a
nd
A
I
[
2
7]
,
a
n
d
m
e
t
a
-
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
[
2
8]
.
T
he
g
oa
l
of
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
i
s
t
o
gi
ve
a
co
m
p
a
r
at
i
v
e s
t
u
d
y
t
o f
i
n
d
t
he
be
s
t
a
m
on
g
s
ev
e
n
pr
op
os
e
d MP
P
T
m
e
t
ho
ds
:
pe
r
t
u
r
b
a
nd
obs
e
r
ve
(P
&
O
)
,
i
n
cr
em
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
an
ce
(I
NC
),
f
u
z
z
y l
ogi
c
c
ont
r
ol
l
e
r
(F
L
C
),
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
ne
u
r
a
l
ne
t
w
or
k
(
AN
N
)
,
m
od
if
ie
d p
e
r
tur
b a
nd
ob
s
e
r
v
e
(M
-
P
&
O
),
a
da
pt
i
ve
ne
or
o
-
f
u
zzy
i
n
f
e
r
en
ce
s
y
s
t
e
m
(A
NF
IS
)
,
an
d
c
u
c
koo
s
e
a
r
c
h
(
C
S)
i
n
vi
e
w
o
f
9 c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
’
s
:
MP
P
T
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y,
i
m
pr
ov
e
d e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y,
MP
P
T
e
r
r
or
,
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
va
l
u
e
s
of
d
ut
y r
a
t
i
o,
t
r
a
c
ki
ng
t
i
m
e
,
s
t
e
a
d
y
s
t
a
t
e
p
o
w
e
r
o
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
t
em
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
P
V
v
o
l
t
ag
e (
V
pv
) a
n
d
c
u
rr
e
n
t
(I
pv
)
,
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
s
t
,
a
nd th
e
c
om
p
u
ting
t
i
m
e
. D
C
-
D
C
buc
k c
o
nve
r
t
e
r
wa
s
c
h
os
e
n
i
n t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
as
t
h
e
i
n
t
er
f
ace
b
et
w
ee
n
P
V
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
a r
es
i
s
t
i
v
e
l
o
a
d
.
MA
T
L
AB
/
S
I
MU
L
I
N
K
pr
o
gr
a
m
us
e
d
t
o
m
o
de
l
a
nd
o
b
t
a
i
n
r
e
s
ul
t
s
s
h
ow
s
t
ha
t
t
he
C
S
-
t
ech
n
i
q
u
e
ba
s
e
d o
n
m
e
t
a
-
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
pr
o
vi
de
d s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
n
t
a
d
va
nt
a
ge
s
o
ve
r
ot
h
e
r
pr
o
pos
e
d t
e
c
h
ni
q
ue
s
i
.
e.
co
n
s
i
d
e
r
ed
t
h
e b
es
t
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
A
N
N
-
te
c
hniq
u
e
i
s
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
t
o
CS
i
n
m
o
s
t
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
.
T
he
A
I
-
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
l
i
k
e
AN
N,
A
NF
IS
,
a
n
d
F
LC
ha
ve
t
he
f
as
t
es
t
t
r
ac
k
i
n
g
s
p
eed
r
es
p
ect
i
v
el
y
,
a
n
d
A
N
F
I
S
ha
s
t
he
hi
g
he
s
t
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
o
ve
r o
t
h
e
r
t
ech
n
i
q
u
es
.
C
o
nve
nt
i
o
na
l
t
e
c
hni
que
s
l
i
ke
P
&
O
a
nd
I
NC
a
r
e
s
i
m
pl
e
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
y
s
u
f
f
e
r
f
r
o
m
h
i
g
h
o
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
l
ow t
r
a
c
ki
ng
r
e
s
p
ons
e
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
l
y.
F
L
C
c
a
n
be
bl
e
n
de
d
w
i
t
h P
&
O
t
o e
l
i
m
i
na
t
e
t
he
os
c
i
l
l
a
t
i
on a
r
o
u
n
d
MP
P
.
T
he
f
ol
l
owi
ng
s
e
c
t
i
ons
a
r
e
o
r
ga
ni
z
e
d
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
2
in
t
r
odu
c
e
s
t
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h m
e
t
ho
d w
hi
c
h
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
s
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
d
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
,
m
ech
an
i
s
m
o
f
l
o
a
d
m
at
ch
i
n
g
an
d
t
he
pr
o
pos
e
d M
P
P
T
t
e
c
hni
que
s
.
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
3 pr
e
s
e
nt
s
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
.
F
i
n
a
l
l
y,
t
he
pa
pe
r
i
s
c
onc
l
ude
d
i
n
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
4.
2.
R
ES
EA
R
C
H
M
ETH
O
D
2.
1.
S
y
s
t
em
d
e
s
cri
p
t
i
o
n
F
i
gu
r
e
1
s
ho
w
s
bl
oc
k di
a
g
r
a
m
of
t
he
pr
op
o
s
e
d s
t
a
n
d
-
a
l
o
n
e
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
P
V a
rra
y
,
DC
/
DC
buc
k c
on
ve
r
t
e
r
c
ont
r
ol
l
e
d
by
MP
P
T
c
o
nt
r
ol
l
e
r
,
a
n
d r
e
s
i
s
t
i
v
e
l
oa
d.
T
he
P
V
a
r
r
a
y a
f
f
e
c
t
b
y
i
rra
d
i
a
n
c
e
(G
),
a
n
d
t
em
p
er
at
u
r
e (
T
)
t
o ge
ne
r
a
t
e
a
nd t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
m
a
xi
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
t
o
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
.
T
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
t
h
i
s
g
o
a
l
,
M
P
P
T
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
i
ns
e
r
t
e
d
be
t
w
e
e
n t
he
m
t
o c
on
t
r
ol
t
he
dut
y
c
yc
l
e
a
n
d ge
ne
r
a
t
e
a
pul
s
e
t
o
f
i
r
e
t
h
e
D
C/
D
C c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
.
e
.
t
o
t
r
a
c
k
M
P
P
.
S
e
ve
n
t
ype
s
of
M
P
P
T
t
e
c
h
ni
que
s
a
r
e
us
e
d
t
o dr
i
ve
t
he
s
y
s
t
e
m
un
de
r
s
e
v
en
l
ev
el
s
o
f w
e
a
t
h
e
r
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
a
c
t
i
n
g
a
s
i
n
p
u
t
s
o
f
P
V
a
r
r
a
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
p
t
i
m
e
e
q
u
a
l
0
.
7
S
.
T
h
e co
n
t
r
o
l
l
er
acq
u
i
r
es
r
eal
-
t
i
m
e
ope
r
a
t
i
n
g
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
s
uc
h a
s
P
V
v
ol
t
a
ge
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
nt
(
V
PV
, I
PV
)
o
r
i
r
r
a
di
a
nc
e
a
n
d t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
G,
T
)
de
pe
n
di
n
g
on
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
l
g
o
ri
t
h
m
[1
].
M
A
T
L
A
B/
S
I
M
U
L
I
N
K
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
i
s
u
s
e
d
to
m
o
d
e
l
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
e
t
he
p
r
op
os
e
d
s
ys
t
e
m
.
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
D
e
s
c
r
i
pt
i
o
n
of
p
r
o
p
os
e
d
P
V
s
ys
t
e
m
wi
t
h
MP
P
T
c
ont
r
ol
l
e
r
u
ni
t
2.
2.
M
e
c
h
an
i
s
m
o
f
l
oa
d
m
at
c
h
i
n
g
f
or
D
C
-
D
C
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
e
rt
er
W
he
n a
f
i
xe
d
r
e
s
i
s
t
i
ve
l
oa
d
(
R
L
)
i
s
d
i
r
ect
l
y
co
n
n
ect
e
d
t
o
P
V
s
o
u
r
ce
,
t
he
ope
r
a
t
i
ng poi
nt
i
s
de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
d by
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
I
-
V
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
f
or
b
ot
h P
V
s
o
ur
c
e
a
nd l
oa
d
de
pe
n
di
n
g o
n l
oa
d
v
a
l
ue
,
a
s
i
n
F
igur
e
2
(
a)
.
T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
r
i
n
g m
a
xi
m
u
m
p
o
we
r
t
o t
he
l
oa
d i
s
pe
r
f
or
m
e
d
b
y m
a
t
c
hi
n
g t
he
i
nt
e
r
n
a
l
s
ou
r
c
e
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
w
i
t
h t
he
l
oa
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
l
e
c
&
C
om
p
E
n
g
I
S
S
N
:
208
8
-
87
08
M
ax
i
m
u
m
pow
e
r
p
oi
nt
t
r
ac
k
i
ng
t
e
c
h
ni
q
ue
s
f
or
ph
ot
ov
ol
t
ai
c
s
y
s
t
e
ms
:
a
c
o
m
p
ar
at
i
v
e
…
(
M
.
A
.
Ab
o
-
S
e
nn
ah
)
59
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
.
W
he
n
l
oa
d
r
e
s
i
s
t
an
ce (
R
L
)
i
s
e
q
u
al
t
o
a
v
al
u
e cal
l
ed
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
r
es
i
s
t
an
ce
(
R
opt
)
,
l
oa
d m
a
t
c
hi
ng
o
ccu
r
s
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
l
o
ad
r
es
i
s
t
a
n
ce
(
R
L
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
t
er
n
al
r
es
i
s
t
a
n
ce
o
f
P
V
s
o
u
r
ce
(
R
in
)
a
r
e
d
es
cr
i
b
e
d
as
:
R
L
=
V
L
I
L
,
R
in
=
V
mp
I
mp
(
1)
w
h
er
e
:
V
L
,
I
L
i
s
t
h
e
l
o
ad
v
o
l
t
ag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
es
p
ect
i
v
el
y
.
V
mp
,
I
mp
i
s
v
ol
t
a
ge
a
nd
c
u
r
r
e
nt
a
t
MP
P
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
l
y.
D
C
-
D
C
c
on
ve
r
t
e
r
c
on
ve
r
t
s
un
r
e
g
ul
a
t
e
d
DC
i
np
ut
s
i
nt
o
a
c
o
nt
r
ol
l
e
d
D
C
o
u
t
put
.
MP
P
T
pr
ovi
de
s
l
oa
d
m
a
t
c
hi
n
g a
nd
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
m
a
xi
m
um
p
owe
r
by
r
e
gul
a
t
i
n
g t
he
i
np
ut
vol
t
a
ge
a
nd
b
y c
ont
r
ol
l
i
ng
t
he
dut
y
r
a
t
i
o (
D)
.
B
y
ne
gl
e
c
t
i
n
g
t
he
l
o
s
s
e
s
i
n
t
he
c
i
r
c
ui
t
,
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
ns
f
o
r
a
b
uc
k
(
s
t
e
p
do
w
n)
c
o
n
ve
r
t
e
r
a
r
e
:
V
o
V
in
=
I
in
I
o
=
t
on
T
S
=
D
(
2)
I
n
p
ut
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
nc
e
o
f
t
he
c
on
ve
r
t
e
r
c
a
n
be
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
d
b
y
k
n
o
wi
n
g t
he
i
n
put
v
ol
t
a
ge
a
nd
c
ur
r
e
nt
.
MP
P
c
a
pt
u
r
e
f
or
t
h
e
buc
k c
on
ve
r
t
e
r
wi
l
l
onl
y be
pos
s
i
bl
e
f
or
≤
v
al
u
es
,
as
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
(b
),
a
s
s
how
n in
(
3)
a
nd (
4
)
[
3
0]
.
Ch
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
us
e
d
PV
m
od
ul
e
H
C
S
o
l
a
r P
o
we
r H
C
P
2
5
0
P
-
24
,
2
50
-
W
ar
e t
ak
e
n
at
s
t
a
nda
r
d
t
e
s
t
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
S
T
C (
1
k
w
/
m
2
,
25
º
C
)
a
n
d l
i
s
t
e
d i
n T
a
bl
e
1.
T
he
p
r
op
o
s
e
d
1
-
k
w
P
V
a
rra
y
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
4
m
o
dul
e
s
,
(
2
i
n
s
e
r
i
e
s
*
2
i
n
pa
r
a
l
l
e
l
)
.
O
ut
put
(
l
o
a
d)
vo
lta
g
e
is
c
los
e
d
to
b
e
48
V
.
D
es
i
g
n
ed
p
ar
a
m
e
t
e
r
i
s
s
u
m
m
ar
i
zed
i
n
T
ab
l
e
2
[
1
1
]
.
R
in
=
V
in
I
in
=
V
o
/
D
I
o
D
=
V
o
/
I
o
D
2
=
R
o
D
2
=
R
L
D
2
(3
)
=
(
4)
(
a)
(
b)
F
i
gu
r
e
2.
(a
)
I
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
I
-
V
c
ur
ve
a
n
d
l
o
a
d
l
i
ne
,
(
b)
MP
P
c
a
pt
ur
e
f
or
t
he
buc
k
c
o
nve
r
t
e
r
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Voltage (V)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Current (A)
B
A
2
3
1
Increasing
R
Isc
Imp
Vmp
Voc
MPP
Load line
Slop = 1/ R
opt
Slop = 1/ R
Slop = 1/ R
Voltage
Source
Region
Current
Source
Region
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Voltage (V)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Current (A)
B
A
R
MPP
< R
L
LB
Voc
Isc
LA
= R
MPP
R
R
MPP
> R
MPP
Point A can be driven
to MPP
MPP
non-capature zone
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-
87
08
I
nt
J
E
l
e
c
&
C
om
p
E
n
g,
V
o
l
.
11
,
No
.
1,
F
e
b
r
ua
r
y
2
02
1
:
57
-
73
60
T
ab
l
e
1
.
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
a
t
S
T
C
Par
a
m
eter
S
ym
bol
Valu
e
M
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
Pm
ax
250.
15
8
W
Vo
ltag
e at M
PP
V
m
p
34.
6
V
C
u
r
r
en
t at
M
PP
I
m
p
7.
23
A
Op
en
cir
cu
it v
o
lta
g
e
Vo
c
44
V
Sh
o
r
t cir
cu
it cu
r
r
e
n
t
Is
c
7.
82
A
C
ells
p
er
m
o
d
u
le
Ncell
7
2
C
ells
T
ab
l
e
2
.
S
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
c
on
ve
r
t
e
r
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
a
nd
l
oa
d
va
l
ue
Par
a
m
eter
S
ym
bol
Valu
e
M
ax
im
u
m
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
V
in
m
69.
2
V
M
a
xi
m
u
m
out
put
vol
t
a
ge
V
om
48
V
M
ax
im
u
m
in
p
u
t cu
r
r
en
t
I
in
m
14.
46
A
M
a
xi
m
u
m
out
put
c
ur
r
e
nt
I
om
20.
846
5
A
D
ut
y r
a
t
i
o a
t
m
a
xi
m
um
pow
e
r
out
put
D
mp
0.
6936
Switch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
f
s
5
KHZ
I
n
p
u
t cap
acito
r
f
ilt
er
C
in
800
µF
Ou
tp
u
t in
d
u
cto
r
f
ilter
L
353µ
H
Ou
tp
u
t cap
acito
r
f
i
lter
C
o
4
00
µF
Op
tim
u
m
in
p
u
t (
I
n
ter
n
al)
r
es
is
tan
ce
R
in
4.
786
Ω
Op
tim
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t (
L
o
ad
)
r
es
is
tan
ce
R
L
2.
303
Ω
2.
3.
M
a
x
i
mu
m
p
o
w
er
po
i
nt
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
t
e
c
hn
i
q
ue
s
Th
i
s s
u
b
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n ha
s
s
e
ve
n t
r
a
c
ki
n
g t
e
c
h
ni
q
u
e
s
,
w
hi
c
h
ha
s
t
he
a
bi
l
i
t
y t
o d
r
i
ve
t
he
P
V s
ys
t
e
m
t
o f
i
n
d
t
he
o
pt
i
m
u
m
o
pe
r
a
t
i
n
g
p
oi
nt
un
de
r
c
ha
n
gi
n
g
a
t
m
os
phe
r
i
c
c
on
di
t
i
on
s
.
2.
3
.
1
.
P
ert
u
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
erv
e
(
P
&O
)
t
ech
n
i
q
u
e
P
&
O
m
e
t
h
od
is
on
e
of
h
ill
-
c
l
i
m
bi
n
g
a
l
g
or
i
t
h
m
s
t
ha
t
de
pe
n
d
o
n
m
ovi
ng
t
he
o
pe
r
a
t
i
ng
poi
n
t
o
f
t
he
P
V
a
r
r
a
y i
n
t
he
di
r
e
c
t
i
on
o
f
whi
c
h t
he
p
o
w
e
r
i
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ng
.
I
t
s
c
o
nc
e
pt
i
s
ba
s
e
d o
n t
ha
t
:
O
n t
he
P
-
V
c
u
rv
e
,
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
P
V
p
o
w
e
r
i
s
e
q
u
a
l
t
o
z
e
r
o
a
t
M
P
P
(
Δ
P
P
V
=
0
)
.
F
l
o
w
c
h
a
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
P
&
O
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
i
s
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
[6
,
1
0
].
I
t
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
s
w
i
t
h
f
i
x
e
d
s
t
e
p
-
s
i
z
e
by
pe
r
i
od
i
c
a
l
l
y
pe
r
t
u
r
bi
ng
(
i
nc
r
e
m
e
nt
i
ng
or
de
c
r
e
m
e
nt
i
ng
)
t
he
P
V
a
r
r
a
y
v
ol
t
a
ge
a
n
d
c
o
m
pa
r
i
n
g
P
(
k+
1)
w
i
t
h
t
he
pr
e
vi
o
us
pe
r
t
u
r
ba
t
i
on
P
(
k)
.
T
hi
s
c
yc
l
e
i
s
r
ep
eat
ed
u
n
t
i
l
r
e
a
c
hi
ng
t
he
MP
P
[
2
5]
.
P
&
O a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
ha
s
t
w
o i
np
ut
s
:
P
V
v
ol
t
a
ge
(
V
P
V
)
,
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
t
(I
P
V
)
,
a
n
d o
ne
out
put
t
h
a
t
i
s
d
u
t
y
r
a
t
i
o
(
D
)
.
T
h
i
s
m
e
t
h
o
d
h
a
s
s
i
m
p
l
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
l
o
w
c
o
s
t
,
b
u
t
i
t
h
a
s
d
i
s
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
o
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
o
u
n
d
M
P
P
,
a
l
s
o u
n
de
r
r
a
pi
dl
y c
ha
ngi
n
g a
t
m
o
s
p
he
r
i
c
c
on
di
t
i
on
s
i
t
m
a
y t
r
a
c
k
M
P
P
i
n
t
he
w
r
on
g
di
r
e
c
t
i
on
[
1
4,
2
5]
.
2.
3.
2.
I
nc
r
e
m
e
nt
a
l
c
o
nduc
t
a
nc
e
(
I
N
C
)
t
e
c
hni
que
I
NC
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
a
l
s
o ba
s
e
d
o
n
t
he
hi
l
l
c
l
i
m
bi
ng
p
r
i
nc
i
pl
e
.
I
t
i
s
ba
s
e
d o
n t
h
e
de
r
i
va
t
i
ve
of
P
V
p
owe
r
w
i
t
h
r
e
s
pe
c
t
t
o
P
V
v
ol
t
a
ge
whi
c
h i
s
e
q
ua
l
t
o z
e
r
o
a
t
M
P
P
,
ne
ga
t
i
ve
on
t
he
r
i
ght
a
n
d
po
s
i
t
i
ve
o
n t
he
l
e
f
t
of
i
t
[
2
7]
.
F
l
o
w
c
h
a
r
t
o
f
I
N
C a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
i
s
il
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
[
6
]
.
S
i
n
ce:
d
P
d
V
=
d
(
IV
)
d
V
=
I
+
V
d
I
d
V
=
I
+
V
Δ
I
Δ
V
(
5)
F
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
el
at
i
o
n
s
a
b
o
v
e
w
e
h
av
e:
Δ
I
Δ
V
=
−
I
V
at
MP
P
(
6)
Δ
I
Δ
V
>
−
I
V
at
l
ef
t
of
MP
P
(
7)
Δ
I
Δ
V
<
−
I
V
at
r
igh
t
of
MP
P
(
8)
I
NC
de
pe
n
ds
o
n m
e
a
s
u
r
i
n
g a
nd
c
o
m
pa
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
c
r
em
e
n
t
al
co
n
d
u
ct
an
ce
(
Δ
I
/
ΔV
)
,
a
n
d i
n
s
t
a
nt
a
ne
ous
co
n
d
u
ct
an
ce (
I
/
V
) o
f
P
V [7
].
Wh
e
n
t
h
e
y
a
re
e
q
u
a
l
,
M
P
P
i
s
re
a
c
h
e
d
.
INC
-
M
P
P
T
h
a
s
t
w
o
i
n
p
u
t
s
:
P
V
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(V
pv
),
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
t
(I
pv
)
a
n
d
o
n
e
o
ut
p
ut
dut
y
r
a
t
i
o
(
D
)
.
T
hi
s
t
e
c
hni
que
l
e
s
s
o
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
i
on
t
ha
n
P
&
O
-
te
c
hn
ique
,
b
u
t
i
t
ha
s
di
s
a
d
va
n
t
a
ge
o
f
s
l
ow
s
r
e
s
p
ons
e
f
or
M
P
P
[
1
4]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
l
e
c
&
C
om
p
E
n
g
I
S
S
N
:
208
8
-
87
08
M
ax
i
m
u
m
pow
e
r
p
oi
nt
t
r
ac
k
i
ng
t
e
c
h
ni
q
ue
s
f
or
ph
ot
ov
ol
t
ai
c
s
y
s
t
e
ms
:
a
c
o
m
p
ar
at
i
v
e
…
(
M
.
A
.
Ab
o
-
S
e
nn
ah
)
61
F
i
gu
r
e
3.
F
l
o
w
c
h
a
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
P
&
O
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
.
F
l
o
w
c
h
a
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
I
N
C
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
2.
3.
3.
F
u
zzy
l
o
g
i
c
co
n
t
r
o
l
l
er (
F
L
C
)
t
ech
n
i
q
u
e
F
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
(
A
I
)
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
t
h
a
t
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
e
h
u
m
an
-
l
i
k
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
i
n
c
ont
r
ol
.
I
t
d
e
a
l
s
w
i
th
n
o
i
s
y
o
r
m
i
s
s
i
n
g
i
n
p
u
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
,
b
u
t
i
t
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
n
e
e
d
a
n
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
[2
6
].
F
u
zzi
f
i
cat
i
o
n
,
i
n
f
er
e
n
ce
e
n
g
i
n
e,
an
d
d
e
f
u
z
zi
f
i
cat
i
o
n
a
r
e
t
h
e
t
h
r
e
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
[
3
]
.
In
t
h
e
fi
rs
t
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
,
c
ri
s
p
s
e
t
s
(n
u
m
e
ri
cal
i
n
p
u
t
s
)
a
r
e c
o
n
v
er
t
ed
t
o
f
u
zz
y
s
et
s
(
l
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
)
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
a
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p
f
unc
t
i
o
n
(
MF
)
.
P
V
vol
t
a
ge
(
V
pv
)
a
nd
c
ur
r
e
nt
(I
pv
)
can
b
e m
eas
u
r
e
d
as
i
n
p
u
t
v
a
r
i
ab
l
e
s
an
d
t
h
e
p
o
we
r
c
a
n
b
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
,
Δ
P
(
k
)
a
n
d
Δ
V
(
k
)
a
re
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
Δ
P
(
k
)
=
P
(
k
)
−
P
(
k
−
1
)
(
9)
Δ
V
(
k
)
=
V
(
k
)
−
V
(
k
−
1
)
(1
0
)
T
he
t
w
o i
n
put
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
t
o f
uz
z
y c
o
nt
r
ol
l
e
r
a
r
e
:
e
rr
o
r (E
)
w
hi
c
h r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
t
he
s
l
o
pe
o
f
P
-
V
c
u
rv
e
a
nd
t
he
c
ha
n
ge
i
n
e
r
r
o
r
(
C
E
)
w
hi
c
h
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
s
t
he
m
ovi
ng
di
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
op
e
r
a
t
i
ng
p
oi
nt
,
a
nd
o
ne
out
put
ch
an
g
e
i
n
d
u
t
y
r
a
t
i
o
(Δ
D),
t
h
e
n
i
t
w
i
l
l
b
e
a
d
d
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
p
re
v
i
o
u
s
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
fi
n
a
l
d
u
t
y
(D
)
[9
],
w
h
e
r
e
:
E
(
k
)
=
Δ
P
(
k
)
Δ
V
(
k
)
=
P
(
k
)
−
P
(
k
−
1
)
V
(
k
)
−
V
(
k
−
1
)
(
11
)
CE
(
k
)
=
E
(
k
)
−
E
(
k
−
1
)
(
12
)
S
e
v
e
n
tr
ia
ngu
la
r
MF
S
de
not
e
d b
y:
ne
ga
t
i
ve
bi
g
(N
B
),
ne
ga
t
i
ve
m
e
d
i
u
m
(
N
M
),
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
s
m
a
l
l
(
N
S
),
zer
o
(Z
E
),
p
os
i
t
i
ve
bi
g
(P
B
)
,
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
m
e
d
i
u
m
(P
M
)
,
a
n
d
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
s
m
a
l
l
(P
S
) [2
7
]
i
s
u
s
e
d
f
or
bo
th
i
n
puts
a
nd
out
put
,
wi
t
h
r
an
g
e (
-
200
,
2
00)
,
(
-
0.
8,
0
.
8
)
,
a
n
d (
-
0
.
0
0
1,
0.
0
01
)
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
a
s
i
n F
i
gu
r
e
5.
T
he
n
um
be
r
,
t
y
pe
a
nd
r
a
n
ge
of
t
he
MF
a
r
e
c
h
o
s
e
n
b
y
pr
e
vi
o
u
s
k
n
ow
l
e
dge
a
nd/
or
e
x
pe
r
i
m
e
nt
a
l
da
t
a
f
r
o
m
t
he
P
V
s
ys
t
e
m
[
2
6]
.
49
f
uz
z
y
r
ul
e
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
f
o
rm
IF
-
TH
EN
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
a
bl
e
3
[
10
]
a
r
e
a
p
pl
i
e
d t
o t
he
f
uz
z
y s
e
t
s
t
o
de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
t
he
out
put
.
Ma
m
da
ni
f
uz
z
y
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
s
ys
t
e
m
(
Ma
m
da
ni
-
F
IS
) i
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
pe
r
f
or
m
t
he
f
uz
z
y i
nf
e
r
e
nc
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
C
on
ve
r
t
i
n
g
t
he
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
f
uz
z
y
s
e
t
s
ba
c
k
t
o t
he
c
r
i
s
p
out
put
u
s
i
n
g
c
e
n
t
e
r
o
f
g
r
a
v
i
t
y
(
CO
G
)
d
e
f
u
z
z
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
hni
q
ue
i
s
t
h
e
l
a
s
t
p
r
oc
e
s
s
.
F
i
gu
r
e
6
s
ho
w
s
t
he
S
i
m
ul
i
nk
m
ode
l
f
or
f
uz
z
y c
o
nt
r
ol
l
e
r
.
T
h
is
m
e
tho
d
is
a
h
igh
po
w
e
r
f
ul
c
ont
r
ol
l
e
r
[
1
4
]
,
a
n
d
i
t
c
a
n
be
bl
e
n
de
d
w
i
t
h c
o
nv
e
nt
i
ona
l
t
e
c
h
ni
que
s
.
Hi
ghe
r
n
um
be
r
of
MF
S
a
f
f
e
c
t
s
t
he
o
ut
p
ut
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y,
b
ut
i
t
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
t
he
c
om
pl
e
x
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
om
put
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
[
26
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-
87
08
I
nt
J
E
l
e
c
&
C
om
p
E
n
g,
V
o
l
.
11
,
No
.
1,
F
e
b
r
ua
r
y
2
02
1
:
57
-
73
62
F
i
gu
r
e
5.
Me
m
be
r
s
hi
p
f
u
nc
t
i
o
n
of
E
(
k
)
,
CE
(
k
)
,
a
n
d
d
e
l
t
a
-
D
T
ab
l
e
3
.
F
uz
z
y
c
o
nt
r
ol
r
ul
e
s
CE
E
NB
NM
NS
ZE
PS
PM
PB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NM
NS
ZE
NM
NB
NB
NM
NM
NS
ZE
PS
NS
NB
NM
NS
NS
ZE
PS
PM
ZE
NB
NM
NS
ZE
PS
PM
PB
PS
NM
NS
ZE
PS
PS
PM
PB
PM
NS
ZE
PS
PM
PM
PB
PB
PB
ZE
PS
PM
PB
PB
PB
PB
F
ig
ur
e
6
.
S
i
m
u
l
i
n
k
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
f
u
z
z
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
2.
3.
4.
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
ne
ur
a
l
ne
t
w
o
r
k
(
A
N
N
)
t
e
c
h
ni
que
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
f
u
l
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
(
A
I
)
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
t
h
a
t
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
e
t
he
hu
m
a
n bi
ol
o
gi
c
a
l
ne
u
r
a
l
ne
t
w
o
r
ks
be
ha
vi
or
.
I
t
i
s
a
n
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
o
n
-
p
ro
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
l
[
1
2
].
AN
N
s
a
r
e
co
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
a l
ar
g
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
i
m
p
l
e el
e
m
en
t
s
cal
l
ed
n
e
u
r
o
ns
,
o
pe
r
a
t
i
ng
i
n
pa
r
a
l
l
e
l
a
nd
w
o
r
ki
n
g t
o s
ol
ve
pr
o
bl
e
m
s
.
T
hi
s
t
e
c
hni
q
ue
i
s
ba
s
e
d
o
n a
c
om
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
of
t
he
o
ut
p
ut
a
n
d
t
he
t
a
r
ge
t
,
u
nt
i
l
t
he
out
put
o
f
t
he
ne
tw
or
k
m
a
t
c
he
s
t
he
t
a
r
ge
t
.
S
o,
m
a
ny
i
np
ut
/
t
a
r
ge
t
pa
i
r
s
a
r
e
ne
e
de
d
f
or
t
r
a
i
ni
n
g.
A
NN
i
s
fo
rm
e
d
fr
o
m
3
l
a
ye
r
s
,
a
s
i
l
l
us
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n F
i
g
ur
e
7:
i
np
ut
,
hi
d
de
n a
nd
o
ut
p
ut
l
a
ye
r
.
I
n
put
l
a
ye
r
r
e
c
e
i
ve
s
i
n
p
ut
s
a
nd
s
pr
e
a
ds
t
h
e
m
t
o
t
he
ne
u
r
ons
o
f
hi
d
de
n
l
a
ye
r
.
O
ut
p
ut
l
a
ye
r
pr
o
duc
e
s
t
he
f
i
na
l
A
N
N
out
put
.
H
i
d
de
n l
a
ye
r
pe
r
f
o
r
m
s
t
he
i
nt
e
r
m
e
di
a
t
e
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
i
ons
f
r
o
m
i
np
ut
t
o
o
ut
put
.
S
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
i
s
c
hos
e
n a
f
t
e
r
s
e
ve
r
a
l
t
es
t
s
t
o
i
n
c
r
eas
e
t
h
e
acc
u
r
ac
y
[
2
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
l
e
c
&
C
om
p
E
n
g
I
S
S
N
:
208
8
-
87
08
M
ax
i
m
u
m
pow
e
r
p
oi
nt
t
r
ac
k
i
ng
t
e
c
h
ni
q
ue
s
f
or
ph
ot
ov
ol
t
ai
c
s
y
s
t
e
ms
:
a
c
o
m
p
ar
at
i
v
e
…
(
M
.
A
.
Ab
o
-
S
e
nn
ah
)
63
F
i
gu
r
e
7.
A
N
N
S
t
ru
c
t
u
r
e
I
r
r
ad
i
a
n
ce (
G
)
an
d
t
em
p
er
at
u
r
e
(
T
)
a
r
e s
e
l
ect
ed
as
n
o
n
-
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
i
n
p
u
t
s
[
1
3
]
w
i
t
h
2
n
e
u
r
o
n
s
i
n
t
he
i
np
ut
l
a
ye
r
a
nd
t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
t
e
d
t
o
hi
dde
n
l
a
ye
r
wi
t
h
5
ne
ur
o
ns
;
t
he
d
ut
y
r
a
t
i
o
(
D
)
i
s
t
he
o
ut
p
ut
.
T
he
i
n
p
ut
s
a
m
pl
e
da
t
a
p
oi
nt
s
w
e
r
e
c
ol
l
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
r
a
i
n
t
he
ne
t
w
or
k.
G
i
s
s
t
a
r
t
i
ng f
r
om
50
t
o 10
0
0W
/
m
2
i
n
s
t
e
ps
of
50
W/
m
2
a
t
c
on
s
t
a
nt
25
ο
C.
A
l
s
o
,
T
i
s
s
t
a
r
t
i
n
g
a
t
2
0
t
o
7
5
ο
C i
n
s
t
e
p
s
o
f
5
ο
C a
t
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
1
0
0
0
W
/
m
2
.
F
i
g
u
re
8
sh
o
w
s
th
e
m
e
a
n s
qu
a
r
e
e
r
r
or
(
M
S
E
)
c
ur
v
e
dur
ing
o
f
f
-
l
i
ne
t
r
a
i
ni
n
g
us
i
n
g
L
e
ve
nbe
r
g
-
Ma
r
qu
a
r
d
t
ba
c
kp
r
opa
ga
t
i
o
n
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
,
w
he
r
e
t
he
r
e
a
r
e
3
pa
r
t
s
of
d
a
t
a
,
7
0%
f
or
t
r
a
i
ni
n
g,
1
5%
f
or
va
l
i
da
t
i
o
n,
a
nd
1
5%
f
or
t
e
s
t
i
ng.
T
he
s
m
a
l
l
e
r
t
h
e
M
S
E
i
s
,
t
h
e
b
e
t
t
e
r
t
he
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
[
12
,
2
6]
.
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hi
s
m
e
t
ho
d
ha
s
a
qui
c
k
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e
s
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ns
e
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nd
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o
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l
l
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t
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on
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om
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r
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o
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l
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.
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l
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r
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n
d
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m
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N
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13
,
14
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.
F
ig
ur
e
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.
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n
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e
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zzy
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o i
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NF
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as
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NN
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L
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s
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r
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t
f
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o
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t
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o
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d
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t
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r
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n
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v
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l
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a
n
d
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L
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d
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l
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m
p
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f
u
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c
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t
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n
f
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u
l
es
,
a
n
d
d
ef
u
zzi
f
i
cat
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o
n
)
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
i
s
t
ech
n
i
q
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e
c
r
eat
es
a
f
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zzy
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em
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n
d
h
as
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et
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o
r
k
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t
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s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
e
l
i
k
e
ne
u
r
a
l
ne
t
w
or
k
[
16
]
.
I
n
t
hi
s
w
or
k,
A
N
F
I
S
s
ys
t
e
m
ha
s
t
w
o i
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ut
s
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t
h
3
ga
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n m
e
m
be
r
s
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p
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o
ns
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or
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s
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O
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mp
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p
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d
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a
c
t
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l
out
put
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pv
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om
e
i
s
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ve
n t
o P
I
c
ont
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f
f
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or
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r
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c
ki
ng
M
P
P
,
a
n
d l
o
w c
o
m
p
ut
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ng
t
i
m
e
[
1
4]
.
2.
3.
6.
M
o
di
f
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d
pe
r
t
ur
b
a
n
d
o
bs
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v
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ech
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qu
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ve
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l
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&
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l
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t
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a
t
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d
y
-
s
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a
t
e
[
2
2
]
.
M
-
P
&
O
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c
hni
que
i
s
ba
s
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d
on
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s
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&
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t
o pr
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m
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c s
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d
t
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u
s
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t
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dut
y
r
a
t
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o
[
1
7,
1
8]
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
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I
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[
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7
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1
8
].
(
a)
(
b)
F
i
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r
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9.
A
NF
IS
(a
)
MF
S
of
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r
r
a
d
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an
ce an
d
t
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p
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at
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b
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F
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10
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l
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2.
3.
7.
C
uc
ko
o
s
e
a
r
c
h
(
C
S
)
t
e
c
hni
que
Cu
c
k
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s
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hni
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s
a
nd
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om
e
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a
r
a
m
on
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t
h
e
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
[
2
8
]
.
I
t
d
r
i
ve
s
P
V
s
ys
t
e
m
wi
t
h
hi
gh
e
f
f
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c
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e
nc
y
a
nd
qui
c
k
r
e
s
p
o
ns
e
f
or
MP
P
[
1
9,
2
0
]
.
T
h
i
s
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
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n
s
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on
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ng
pr
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ba
bi
l
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y o
f
t
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r
o
wn
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g
g
s
[
1
9
].
C
S
-
t
e
c
h
ni
q
ue
de
pe
n
ds
o
n
3
r
ul
e
s
:
e
a
c
h
c
uc
k
oo
s
h
oul
d
l
a
ys
onl
y
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ne
e
g
g
a
t
a
tim
e
in
r
a
ndo
m
ly
s
e
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c
t
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I
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2
088
-
87
08
I
nt
J
E
l
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V
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l
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11
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b
r
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y
2
02
1
:
57
-
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66
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(x
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3.
R
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U
LT
S
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
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3.
1.
R
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s
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T
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c
t
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sh
o
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s
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.
3.
2.
D
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sc
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ssi
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n
I
-
V
&
P
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ha
r
a
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t
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s
of
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y s
ho
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n F
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1
2
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t
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13
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89
%
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A
NF
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gr
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t
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gh
e
f
f
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c
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[
14
,
20
]
f
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r
A
N
F
I
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d C
S
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I
n
[
26
]
F
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700
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800
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1000
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Valu
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o
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25
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Dir
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---
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---
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PPT
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MP
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------
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999.
3
940.
3
840.
2
900.
1
---
---
η
M
PPT
(%
)
99.
93
99.
92
99.
88
99.
86
99.
90
99.
92
99.
87
99.
89
I
m
p
r
o
v
ed
ef
f
icien
c
y
(
%
)
61.
88
72.
80
56.
27
44.
86
40.
5
31.
59
37.
14
49.
29
MP
P
T
Er
ro
r
(%
)
0.
070
0.
078
0.
011
0.
133
0.
096
0.
071
0.
122
0.
083
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