I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
er
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
6
0
3
4
~
6
0
3
8
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
10
i
6
.
pp
6
0
3
4
-
6
0
3
8
6034
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JE
C
E
A s
tatisti
ca
l
a
na
ly
sis
of
co
rpus b
a
se
d
a
ppro
a
ch on
lea
rning
s
entence
p
a
tt
erns
S.
B
ha
rg
a
v
i,
K
.
Anba
zha
g
a
n
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
En
g
li
sh
a
n
d
F
o
re
i
g
n
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
,
S
RM
In
stit
u
e
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
In
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
No
v
26
,
2
0
1
8
R
ev
i
s
ed
Ma
y
8
,
2020
A
cc
ep
ted
Ma
y
2
1
,
2
0
2
0
T
h
i
s
re
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
a
p
e
r
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
s
t
h
e
a
d
v
e
r
se
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
ic
a
l
e
x
p
l
a
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
g
ra
m
m
a
t
ic
a
l
r
u
l
e
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
e
rs
.
E
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
m
a
te
r
i
a
ls
t
a
u
g
h
t
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
ly
o
r
d
e
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
ly
i
s
t
h
e
p
a
n
a
c
e
a
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
g
o
a
l
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
t
h
r
o
w
s
l
i
g
h
t
o
n
t
h
e
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ic
a
l
im
p
li
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
d
o
p
t
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
m
a
t
e
r
ia
l
s
f
o
r
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
’
g
r
a
m
m
a
r
a
n
d
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
.
I
t
p
r
im
a
r
i
ly
i
n
t
e
n
d
s
t
o
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
a
n
e
w
te
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
u
s
i
n
g
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
g
r
a
m
m
a
r
c
l
a
ss
e
s
i
n
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
s
a
t
t
h
e
u
n
d
e
r
g
ra
d
u
a
t
e
le
v
e
l
.
I
t
s
t
r
iv
e
s
t
o
e
v
a
l
u
a
te
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
se
n
t
e
n
c
e
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
r
p
u
s
-
b
a
se
d
a
c
t
iv
i
t
i
e
s
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
b
a
s
e
d
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
a
im
s
t
o
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
t
o
b
e
c
o
m
e
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
c
o
r
p
u
s
u
s
e
r
s
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
r
p
u
s
b
ased
teac
h
i
n
g
Sen
te
n
ce
p
atter
n
s
T
r
a
d
itio
n
al
b
ased
teac
h
in
g
Un
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
l
e
v
el
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
2
0
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
S.
B
h
ar
g
av
i,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
a
n
d
Fo
r
eig
n
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
es
,
SR
M
I
n
s
tit
u
e
o
f
S
cie
n
ce
a
n
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Kattan
k
u
lath
u
r
,
C
h
en
n
ai,
T
a
m
iln
ad
u
,
I
n
d
ia.
E
m
ail:
b
h
ar
g
av
i.s
@
k
tr
.
s
r
m
u
n
i
v
.
ac
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
“
W
h
at
I
k
n
o
w
ab
o
u
t
g
r
a
m
m
ar
is
its
in
f
i
n
ite
p
o
w
er
.
”
-
J
o
an
Did
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
iv
o
tal
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
s
cie
n
ce
s
i
n
ch
a
n
g
i
n
g
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
ti
v
e
to
w
ar
d
s
lan
g
u
a
g
e
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
i
n
g
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
w
it
h
i
n
co
r
p
u
s
lin
g
u
is
tics
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
to
o
ls
an
d
ev
id
en
ce
s
r
elate
d
to
co
r
p
u
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ass
i
s
ti
n
g
l
i
n
g
u
is
ti
c
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
[
1
]
.
T
h
i
s
c
an
b
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
o
o
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
L
e
e’
s
p
o
i
n
t
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
ef
f
i
ci
en
cy
o
f
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
l
i
k
e
B
N
C
,
C
OC
A
w
h
i
ch
h
av
e
b
e
en
a
ck
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
d
as
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
te
a
ch
in
g
t
o
o
ls
o
f
E
n
g
l
is
h
l
an
g
u
ag
e
[
2
]
.
Ma
n
y
C
o
r
p
u
s
li
n
g
u
i
s
ts
a
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
co
r
p
o
r
a
an
d
h
ig
h
l
y
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
th
e
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
co
r
p
u
s
b
ased
ac
tiv
ities
i
n
to
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
teac
h
i
n
g
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
.
R
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
le
m
an
d
r
esea
r
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
A
k
ee
n
e
x
a
m
i
n
atio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
g
r
a
m
m
ar
an
d
u
s
a
g
e
u
n
v
eil
s
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
a
s
tr
o
n
g
e
m
p
h
a
s
is
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
laid
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
o
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
b
u
t
also
in
t
h
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
g
r
am
m
atica
l
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
[
3
]
.
Ma
n
y
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
o
f
te
n
ar
e
lik
el
y
to
b
e
in
co
m
p
eten
t
i
n
En
g
l
is
h
g
r
a
m
m
ar
cla
s
s
es.
E
v
en
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
h
o
h
av
e
co
m
m
an
d
o
v
er
t
h
e
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
la
n
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ill
s
m
a
y
b
e
u
n
f
a
m
iliar
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
g
r
a
m
m
atica
l
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
s
[
4
]
.
L
ac
k
o
f
ti
m
e
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
lack
o
f
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
teac
h
i
n
g
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
m
ater
ia
ls
,
lac
k
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
ati
v
e
s
p
ea
k
in
g
a
n
d
w
r
iti
n
g
ac
ti
v
itie
s
i
n
ac
a
d
em
ic
co
n
te
x
t
s
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
f
e
w
b
ar
r
ier
s
in
ac
q
u
ir
i
n
g
E
n
g
li
s
h
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
[
5
]
.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
b
ase
d
ac
tiv
itie
s
o
f
teac
h
i
n
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
ai
m
s
at
ev
alu
ati
n
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
es
s
o
f
co
r
p
us
-
b
ased
ac
tiv
itie
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
q
u
est
io
n
s
d
ir
ec
ted
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t p
ap
er
.
-
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
th
eo
r
etica
l
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
th
e
g
r
a
m
m
atica
l
r
u
les
at
th
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
at
e
lev
el?
-
I
s
co
r
p
u
s
u
s
e
f
u
l f
o
r
lear
n
i
n
g
g
r
a
m
m
a
tical
r
u
le
s
?
-
Ho
w
co
r
p
u
s
-
b
as
ed
ac
tiv
ities
c
an
b
e
in
te
g
r
ated
in
to
teac
h
i
n
g
s
en
te
n
ce
p
atter
n
s
?
-
Do
es
ex
i
s
t
a
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
e
x
is
t
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
s
co
r
es
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
tte
s
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
?
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
s
ta
tis
tica
l a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f
co
r
p
u
s
-
b
a
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
o
n
lea
r
n
in
g
s
en
ten
ce
p
a
tter
n
s
(
S
.
B
h
a
r
g
a
vi)
6035
L
ac
k
o
f
d
etailed
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
:
Gr
a
m
m
ar
te
a
ch
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
i
n
g
in
E
n
g
li
s
h
cla
s
s
es
is
o
f
ten
n
o
n
-
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
v
e
f
o
r
m
an
y
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
w
h
o
s
h
o
w
less
in
c
lin
a
ti
o
n
to
w
ar
d
s
i
ts
ac
q
u
i
s
itio
n
[
6
]
.
Vav
r
a
ca
u
t
io
n
ed
ag
ai
n
s
t
th
e
w
a
y
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
g
r
a
m
m
ar
b
y
p
o
in
ti
n
g
its
i
n
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
e
s
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
i
s
tar
g
eted
o
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
r
u
les,
ex
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l
s
i
m
p
l
i
s
tic
s
e
n
te
n
c
es
an
d
in
p
r
ac
tice,
if
n
o
lo
n
g
er
in
th
eo
r
y
,
g
r
a
m
m
ar
r
eg
u
lar
l
y
f
ills
t
h
e
ca
r
t
lack
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
w
it
h
th
e
h
o
r
s
e
[
7
]
.
P
ar
allelin
g
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
is
at
io
n
s
in
th
e
co
n
s
tit
u
en
t
s
o
f
th
e
g
r
a
m
m
atica
l
co
u
r
s
es
ta
u
g
h
t
at
t
h
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
o
v
er
t
h
e
y
ea
r
s
,
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
ac
ti
v
ities
ar
e
b
ei
n
g
co
n
d
u
c
ted
[
8
]
.
Sti
ll,
s
o
m
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
g
r
a
m
m
ar
s
ee
m
to
b
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
at
th
e
UG
lev
el
w
h
ich
a
f
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
g
r
a
m
m
atica
l r
u
les i
n
th
eir
o
w
n
w
r
iti
n
g
.
T
h
e
n
ec
es
s
it
y
o
f
ad
o
p
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
:
C
o
r
p
u
s
b
ased
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
h
as
b
ased
o
n
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
m
et
h
o
d
d
esi
g
n
ed
a
n
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
f
r
o
m
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
u
c
h
a
s
co
r
p
u
s
l
in
g
u
is
t
ics
i
n
to
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ac
q
u
is
i
tio
n
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
v
ast
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
cr
e
d
it
o
f
th
e
ex
p
licit
teac
h
in
g
o
f
p
r
escr
ip
tiv
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
f
o
r
m
s
h
o
w
ev
er
t
h
at
n
o
th
i
n
g
h
ad
b
ee
n
p
u
t
in
its
lo
ca
tio
n
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
lear
n
er
s
w
a
s
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
l
y
e
n
o
r
m
o
u
s
i
n
n
o
t e
n
r
o
llin
g
i
n
t
h
e
w
ee
k
l
y
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
t
iv
i
ties
a
n
d
t
h
e
u
n
ea
s
i
n
es
s
w
a
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
lack
o
f
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
atten
ti
o
n
to
lan
g
u
ag
e,
h
en
ce
t
h
is
n
e
ce
s
s
itated
th
e
r
ea
d
in
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
teac
h
er
s
to
b
r
o
ad
en
n
e
w
s
tr
ate
g
ies
to
lan
g
u
ag
e
tea
ch
in
g
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
E
n
g
lis
h
clas
s
es,
teac
h
er
s
o
f
te
n
tr
y
to
r
eso
lv
e
m
an
y
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
tie
s
th
at
e
n
cir
cle
g
r
a
m
m
ar
teac
h
i
n
g
.
F
in
d
i
n
g
a
n
id
ea
l
s
o
l
u
tio
n
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
li
n
g
u
is
tic
o
b
s
ta
cles
is
t
h
e
n
ee
d
o
f
th
e
h
o
u
r
[
1
2
]
.
E
x
p
lo
itin
g
co
r
p
u
s
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
ac
ti
v
itie
s
:
W
u
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
t
h
at
ir
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
o
f
th
e
in
tu
i
tio
n
o
f
n
ati
v
e
s
p
ea
k
er
s
,
E
n
g
lis
h
teac
h
er
s
o
f
n
o
n
-
n
ati
v
e
s
p
ea
k
er
co
u
ld
m
a
k
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
b
a
s
ed
o
n
p
r
in
cip
led
co
r
p
o
r
a
to
r
eso
lv
e
g
r
a
m
m
a
tical
an
d
u
t
iliz
atio
n
is
s
u
es
[
1
3
]
.
Stu
d
ies
s
o
f
ar
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
en
th
at
g
r
a
m
m
ar
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
r
p
u
s
is
lar
g
el
y
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
u
s
i
n
li
n
g
u
is
tics
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
[
1
4
]
.
I
t
h
elp
s
th
e
lear
n
er
s
i
n
p
r
o
cu
r
i
n
g
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
t
h
e
li
n
g
u
is
tic
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
E
n
g
li
s
h
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
r
ep
r
e
s
en
t
s
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
teac
h
i
n
g
g
r
a
m
m
ar
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
r
p
u
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
alien
t o
u
tco
m
e
s
o
f
co
r
p
u
s
-
b
a
s
ed
g
r
a
m
m
ar
tea
ch
in
g
[
1
5
]
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
e
o
f
i
n
ter
est
o
f
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
an
d
m
ea
n
i
n
g
.
W
it
h
n
o
e
m
p
h
asis
o
n
th
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
f
o
r
m
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
th
e
lear
n
er
s
b
e
g
i
n
an
ac
t
iv
it
y
[
1
6
]
.
Af
ter
t
h
e
co
m
p
leti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
it
y
,
f
o
llo
w
s
a
p
r
ese
n
tatio
n
.
At
t
h
is
j
u
n
ct
u
r
e,
lear
n
er
s
g
et
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
in
p
u
t
d
ev
o
id
o
f
f
o
r
m
al
g
r
a
m
m
at
ical
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
1
7
]
.
E
n
g
li
s
h
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
i
n
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
b
e
liev
e
th
a
t
lear
n
er
s
w
ill
b
e
p
r
o
p
elled
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
th
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
f
o
r
m
s
ea
s
il
y
.
S
u
f
f
icien
t
g
u
id
a
n
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
w
h
ile
r
ea
c
h
i
n
g
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
a
n
d
r
u
le
s
h
elp
s
to
r
ea
ch
a
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t i
n
lear
n
in
g
[
1
8
]
.
R
o
m
er
[
1
9
]
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
7
8
E
FL
teac
h
er
s
to
id
en
t
if
y
t
h
eir
v
ar
ied
b
asic
n
ee
d
s
s
u
c
h
as
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ater
ia
l
s
f
o
r
teac
h
i
n
g
b
o
o
k
s
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
r
ea
l
lan
g
u
ag
e,
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
ea
s
y
a
n
d
q
u
ick
cr
ea
tio
n
a
n
d
ac
ce
s
s
o
f
m
ater
ials
,
p
o
s
s
ib
le
w
a
y
s
f
o
r
g
r
ad
atio
n
,
th
e
u
n
r
el
iab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
n
a
tiv
e
s
p
ea
k
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
r
p
u
s
-
b
ased
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
s
u
c
h
as
tex
t
b
o
o
k
s
,
DD
L
m
ater
ial
s
,
p
r
o
p
er
tr
ain
in
g
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
el
f
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
m
ater
ials
,
ass
is
tan
t
s
to
t
h
e
n
ati
v
e
s
p
ea
k
er
s
[
2
0
]
.
A
ls
o
,
R
o
m
er
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
t
h
e
as
s
o
ciatio
n
o
f
tea
ch
er
s
i
n
id
en
tify
i
n
g
an
d
d
eliv
er
in
g
t
h
eir
n
ee
d
s
.
C
a
m
icio
tto
li
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
S
u
s
e
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
v
e
ten
s
e
f
o
r
1
4
ti
m
e
s
a
m
o
n
g
w
h
ich
9
h
ad
t
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
v
er
b
‘
tal
k
’
b
y
t
h
e
lect
u
r
er
s
o
f
n
at
iv
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
b
eh
i
n
d
w
a
s
o
b
s
e
r
v
ed
to
b
e
t
h
e
co
n
t
in
u
it
y
o
f
th
e
lect
u
r
es
e
x
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
p
u
s
n
a
m
ed
MI
C
A
SE
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
lectu
r
es
le
ad
to
an
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
w
it
h
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
v
e
lear
n
in
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
eq
u
en
t
ial
clas
s
m
ee
tin
g
s
.
T
h
is
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
v
ar
y
w
i
th
t
h
e
is
o
lated
g
u
e
s
t
lect
u
r
es.
S
alo
m
et
al.
,
[
2
3
]
an
a
l
y
ze
d
5
0
r
esear
ch
ar
ticles
an
d
1
5
tech
n
ical
r
ep
o
r
ts
an
d
s
h
o
w
ed
th
e
n
ec
es
s
it
y
o
f
ev
a
l
u
ati
v
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
s
a
lex
ico
g
r
a
m
m
a
tical
to
o
l
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
i
n
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
m
ea
n
in
g
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
er
s
u
asio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ea
d
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
w
r
iter
’
s
v
ie
w
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
v
al
id
it
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
o
f
a
to
o
l
f
o
r
lex
ico
-
g
r
a
m
m
at
ical
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
co
u
ld
b
e
b
en
e
f
icial
f
o
r
ac
ad
e
m
ic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
er
2020
:
6
0
3
4
-
6
0
3
8
6036
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
w
r
iti
n
g
s
k
ill
[
2
4
]
.
Sto
tesb
u
r
y
2
0
0
3
in
v
esti
g
ate
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ec
tio
n
s
in
cl
u
d
e
d
in
th
e
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
t
ex
ts
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
ap
p
r
aisal
t
h
at
in
d
icat
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
,
at
tit
u
d
e,
m
o
d
alit
y
a
n
d
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
til
ized
a
co
r
p
u
s
o
f
4
6
r
esear
ch
e
s
i
n
th
e
f
ield
s
o
f
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
co
m
p
u
ter
s
cie
n
ce
,
n
an
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
r
o
b
o
tics
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
c
o
u
ld
b
e
p
er
s
u
ad
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
v
alid
it
y
o
f
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
ed
an
d
th
e
h
a
n
d
i
n
ess
o
f
ac
ce
p
ti
n
g
n
e
w
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
-
clai
m
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
w
r
ite
r
s
’
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
v
ie
w
in
th
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
s
ec
tio
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
ap
er
s
[
2
6
]
.
L
ates
t
s
t
u
d
ies
o
n
le
x
ico
-
g
r
a
m
m
atica
l
w
a
y
s
o
f
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
in
g
att
itu
d
es,
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
an
d
e
v
al
u
atio
n
o
f
tr
u
t
h
v
a
lu
e
o
n
r
ea
d
er
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
is
cip
lin
e
s
[
2
7
]
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
3
6
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
a
u
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
wh
o
s
e
a
g
e
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
1
7
to
1
9
m
aj
o
r
in
g
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
Ma
th
e
m
atic
s
.
T
w
o
clas
s
es
w
er
e
s
a
m
p
led
an
d
w
er
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=1
8
)
an
d
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=1
8
)
.
T
h
e
av
ailab
il
it
y
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
f
o
r
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ti
n
g
th
e
ac
ti
v
itie
s
ass
is
ted
in
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
n
th
e
b
asi
s
o
f
co
n
v
en
ie
n
t
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
t
s
o
f
th
e
b
atc
h
2016
-
1
7
.
A
r
b
itra
r
y
s
elec
t
io
n
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
i
n
to
g
r
o
u
p
s
w
as
m
a
d
e
w
ith
t
h
e
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
al
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
B
YU
-
B
NC
cr
ea
ted
b
y
O
x
f
o
r
d
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
P
r
ess
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
to
cr
ea
te
v
ar
io
u
s
ac
tiv
itie
s
.
2
.
2
.
I
ns
t
ru
m
e
nta
t
io
n
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
r
is
ed
i)
a
p
r
etest
w
it
h
ex
er
cises
o
f
4
0
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
n
g
ap
f
illi
n
g
,
m
u
ltip
le
c
h
o
ice
a
n
d
m
atc
h
i
n
g
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t a
n
s
w
er
s
e
tc.
,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
w
er
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
in
t
h
e
lo
w
er
a
n
d
th
e
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
le
v
el
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
co
r
e
s
.
T
h
is
w
as
d
o
n
e
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
eir
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
i
n
g
r
a
m
m
ar
an
d
ii)
an
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
test
w
a
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
w
i
th
4
0
q
u
es
tio
n
s
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
s
u
b
p
ar
ts
an
d
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
is
p
o
s
tte
s
t
w
as e
v
al
u
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
an
el
o
f
e
x
p
er
ts
i
n
th
e
r
elate
d
f
ield
.
2
.
3
.
P
ro
ce
du
re
A
t
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
t
h
e
p
r
et
e
s
t
i
.
e
.
,
th
e
la
n
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
i
c
ie
n
c
y
t
es
t
w
a
s
a
d
m
in
i
s
t
e
r
e
d
t
o
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
n
d
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ta
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
ll
a
b
u
s
c
o
v
e
r
ed
‘
s
en
t
en
c
e
p
a
tt
e
r
n
s
’
w
h
i
ch
n
ec
e
s
s
i
t
at
e
d
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
m
an
y
r
ef
e
r
en
c
e
b
o
o
k
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
u
s
e
d
th
e
d
e
d
u
c
ti
v
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
f
t
e
a
ch
in
g
s
en
t
en
ce
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
t
h
a
t
h
ad
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
th
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
f
in
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
b
ef
o
r
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
i
n
th
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
i
s
t
r
a
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
w
ay
o
f
t
e
a
ch
in
g
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
n
ex
p
la
n
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
in
d
e
p
t
h
b
ef
o
r
e
t
h
ey
h
a
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
ce
d
t
h
em
in
th
e
i
r
o
w
n
w
r
i
t
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
w
er
e
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
in
a
s
t
at
e
o
f
b
o
r
e
d
o
m
o
f
r
o
t
e
l
e
a
r
n
in
g
a
s
t
h
ey
f
e
lt
i
t
t
o
b
e
t
h
e
t
ea
ch
e
r
-
c
en
t
e
r
e
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
B
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
im
e
n
t
al
g
r
o
u
p
w
e
r
e
t
au
g
h
t
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
l
l
o
c
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
a
p
a
r
t
i
cu
l
a
r
k
ey
w
o
r
d
.
T
h
e
t
r
e
a
tm
e
n
t
l
as
t
e
d
f
o
r
8
w
e
ek
s
w
ith
3
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
s
p
e
r
w
e
ek
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
ch
e
r
s
t
au
g
h
t
t
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ta
l
g
r
o
u
p
t
o
a
c
c
es
s
th
e
B
Y
U
-
B
NC
c
o
r
p
u
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
ch
e
r
s
u
s
e
d
t
h
e
in
d
u
c
ti
v
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
f
t
e
ac
h
in
g
w
ith
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
i
ll
u
s
t
r
at
i
o
n
s
o
n
a
p
a
r
t
i
cu
l
a
r
s
en
te
n
c
e
p
a
t
te
r
n
a
n
d
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
e
r
e
a
ll
o
w
ed
t
o
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
h
o
w
t
h
e
p
at
t
e
r
n
w
o
r
k
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
iv
en
ex
am
p
l
es
.
E
x
p
l
an
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
w
a
s
n
o
t
g
iv
en
i
n
p
r
i
o
r
t
o
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
t
h
e
n
a
tu
r
a
l
w
ay
o
f
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
z
in
g
th
e
g
r
am
m
at
i
c
al
r
u
l
es
.
R
e
p
e
t
i
t
i
o
n
an
d
r
en
e
w
a
l
o
f
a
c
t
iv
i
ti
es
w
ith
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
w
o
r
k
s
h
e
e
ts
w
e
r
e
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
t
o
h
e
l
p
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
i
s
c
o
v
e
r
g
r
am
m
a
r
an
d
e
x
am
in
e
h
o
w
th
e
r
u
l
e
s
w
e
r
e
em
p
l
o
y
e
d
i
n
a
s
en
t
en
ce
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
a
im
e
d
t
o
r
et
a
in
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
b
y
h
e
l
p
i
n
g
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
t
o
w
o
r
k
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
ly
.
A
t
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
t
r
ea
tm
en
t
,
b
o
th
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
u
n
d
e
r
t
o
o
k
th
e
a
ch
i
ev
em
en
t
te
s
t
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
o
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
co
r
p
u
s
b
ased
g
r
a
m
m
ar
teac
h
i
n
g
o
n
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
test
s
co
r
es
t
h
e
s
tatis
tical
an
al
y
s
is
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
ca
lled
M
in
itab
w
a
s
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
an
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
m
e
n
tio
n
e
d
ab
o
v
e
h
elp
ed
i
n
co
llectin
g
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
ata.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
e
x
a
m
i
n
ed
th
e
r
esear
c
h
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
b
y
a
n
al
y
z
in
g
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
t
-
test
ass
i
s
ted
in
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
lev
el
o
f
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
i
n
th
e
p
r
etest
an
d
th
e
p
o
s
ttes
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
T
ab
le
1
in
d
icate
s
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
s
t
atis
ticall
y
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
w
h
er
e
t
(
2
8
)
=
-
2
.
1
3
,
p
=
0
.
0
5
2
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
t
w
o
-
s
a
m
p
led
p
r
etest
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
w
i
th
M
=
1
7
.
8
3
,
SD
=
3
.
4
7
an
d
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
w
it
h
M
=
1
9
.
8
9
,
SD
=
2
.
1
9
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
i
m
il
ar
it
y
in
th
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
t
s
in
s
en
ten
ce
p
atter
n
s
at
th
e
co
m
m
e
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
T
ab
le
2
in
d
icate
s
th
at
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
w
h
er
e
t
(
2
8
)
=
-
6
.
1
3
,
p
=
0
.
0
1
b
etw
ee
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
-
s
a
m
p
led
p
o
s
ttes
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
w
it
h
M
=
2
4
.
6
7
,
SD
=
4
.
1
2
an
d
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
al
g
r
o
u
p
w
it
h
M
=
3
3
.
0
6
,
SD
=
4
.
0
9
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
e
x
is
te
n
ce
o
f
a
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
lev
el
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
s
e
n
te
n
ce
p
atter
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
i
n
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ta
l
g
r
o
u
p
th
a
n
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
i
n
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
u
g
g
est
s
th
at
s
en
te
n
ce
p
att
er
n
s
tau
g
h
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
r
p
u
s
b
ased
ac
tiv
ities
w
er
e
h
i
g
h
l
y
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
(
as
A
P
P
E
NDI
X)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
s
ta
tis
tica
l a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f
co
r
p
u
s
-
b
a
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
o
n
lea
r
n
in
g
s
en
ten
ce
p
a
tter
n
s
(
S
.
B
h
a
r
g
a
vi)
6037
T
ab
le
1
.
R
esu
lts
f
o
r
t
est o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
(
p
r
etest)
D
e
scri
p
t
i
v
e
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
s
Est
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
T
e
st
S
a
mp
l
e
N
M
e
a
n
t
D
e
v
SE
M
e
a
n
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
9
5
%
C
I
f
o
r
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
T
-
V
a
l
u
e
DF
P
-
V
a
l
u
e
CG
18
1
7
.
8
3
3
.
4
7
0
.
8
2
-
2
.
0
5
6
(
-
4
.
0
3
7
,
-
0
.
0
7
4
)
-
2
.
1
3
28
0
.
0
5
2
EG
18
1
9
.
8
9
2
.
1
9
0
.
5
2
T
ab
le
2
.
R
esu
lts
f
o
r
t
est o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
(
p
o
s
ttes
t)
D
e
scri
p
t
i
v
e
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
s
Est
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
T
e
st
S
a
mp
l
e
N
M
e
a
n
t
D
e
v
SE
M
e
a
n
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
9
5
%
C
I
f
o
r
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
T
-
V
a
l
u
e
DF
P
-
V
a
l
u
e
CG
18
2
4
.
6
7
4
.
1
2
0.
97
-
8
.
3
9
(
-
1
1
.
1
7
,
-
5
.
6
0
)
-
6
.
1
3
28
0
.
0
1
EG
18
3
3
.
0
6
4
.
0
9
0
.
9
6
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
th
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
i
n
d
icate
d
th
e
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
t
h
at
in
v
o
lv
ed
th
e
co
r
p
u
s
-
b
ased
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
lear
n
in
g
a
g
r
a
m
m
atica
l
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
n
a
m
el
y
s
e
n
te
n
ce
p
atter
n
.
T
h
is
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
h
elp
ed
in
f
i
n
d
in
g
m
o
r
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
th
e
g
r
a
m
m
ar
lear
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
ap
er
s
h
o
w
s
h
o
w
co
r
p
u
s
lin
g
u
i
s
tics
a
n
d
E
n
g
lis
h
g
r
a
m
m
ar
teac
h
in
g
ca
n
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
th
at
t
h
e
b
en
e
f
it
s
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
co
r
p
u
s
b
ased
ac
tiv
i
ties
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
ig
n
o
r
ed
in
lan
g
u
a
g
e
clas
s
es.
U
n
f
o
r
tu
n
ate
l
y
,
in
m
o
s
t
clas
s
r
o
o
m
s
,
les
s
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
is
g
i
v
e
n
f
o
r
it
s
u
s
ag
e
[
2
8
]
.
B
u
t
it
is
a
n
u
n
d
e
n
iab
le
f
ac
t
th
at
a
lear
n
er
,
w
h
o
m
a
k
es
g
o
o
d
u
s
e
o
f
a
co
r
p
u
s
w
ill
b
e
ab
le
to
ex
p
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
h
o
r
izo
n
s
,
g
iv
e
s
h
i
m
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
au
to
n
o
m
y
o
v
er
h
i
s
o
w
n
lear
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
C
o
r
p
u
s
b
ased
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
an
in
te
g
r
al
p
ar
t o
f
an
y
s
y
l
lab
u
s
.
AP
P
E
NDI
X
C
o
r
p
u
s
-
b
ased
ex
er
cise
cr
ea
te
an
d
an
al
y
ze
th
e
co
n
co
r
d
an
ce
l
in
e
s
a
n
d
co
m
p
lete
th
e
tab
le
g
i
v
en
:
S=Su
b
j
ec
t,
V=
Ver
b
,
O=
Ob
j
ec
t,
I
O=
I
n
d
ir
ec
t O
b
j
ec
t,
DO=
Dir
ec
t O
b
j
ec
t,
A
=A
d
j
u
n
ct,
C
=Co
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
S
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
P
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
S
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
s fr
o
m c
o
n
c
o
r
d
a
n
c
e
l
i
n
e
s
S
+
V
S
+
V
+
C
S
+
V
+
I
O
+
D
O
S
+
V
+
O
+
A
S
+
V
+
O
+
C
+
A
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
.
S
t
u
b
b
s,
“
T
e
x
t
a
n
d
c
o
rp
u
s a
n
a
l
y
sis: Co
m
p
u
ter
-
a
ss
isted
stu
d
ies
o
f
lan
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
lt
u
re
,
”
W
il
e
y
-
Bl
a
c
k
we
ll
,
1
9
9
6
.
[2
]
S
.
L
e
e
,
“
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s o
f
Us
in
g
Co
rp
o
ra
in
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
Tea
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
Lea
rn
in
g
:
Im
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s f
o
r
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
ry
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
L
in
g
u
isti
c
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
28
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
9
-
1
78
,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
]
J.
R.
T
a
y
lo
r
a
n
d
J.
R.
T
a
y
lo
r
,
“
P
o
ss
e
ss
iv
e
s
in
En
g
li
sh
:
A
n
e
x
p
lo
ra
ti
o
n
in
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
g
ra
m
m
a
r
,”
Cl
a
re
n
d
o
n
Pre
ss
Ox
fo
rd
,
1
9
9
6
.
[4
]
J.
M
.
O'
m
a
ll
e
y
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
L
e
a
rn
in
g
stra
teg
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
w
it
h
st
u
d
e
n
ts
o
f
En
g
li
sh
a
s
a
se
c
o
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
,”
T
ES
OL
q
u
a
rte
rly
,
v
o
l.
19
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
5
7
-
584
,
1
9
8
5
.
[5
]
K.
W
.
L
e
e
,
“
En
g
li
sh
tea
c
h
e
rs’
b
a
rriers
to
th
e
u
se
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
ter
-
a
ss
isted
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lea
rn
in
g
,”
T
h
e
in
ter
n
e
t
T
E
S
L
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
12
,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
2
0
0
0
.
[6
]
M
.
T
a
m
i
m
,
“
Co
n
siste
n
c
ies
a
n
d
In
c
o
n
siste
n
c
ies
Be
tw
e
e
n
T
e
a
c
h
e
rs'
Be
li
e
f
s
a
n
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
,”
T
h
e
Qu
a
li
ta
ti
v
e
Rep
o
rt
,
v
o
l.
20
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
4
-
1
2
5
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
E.
V
a
v
ra
,
“
On
No
t
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
G
ra
m
mar
,
”
En
g
li
sh
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
85
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
32
-
37
,
1
9
9
6
.
[8
]
A
.
J.
On
w
u
e
g
b
u
z
ie,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
e
x
e
m
p
lar
f
o
r
tea
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
lea
rn
in
g
q
u
a
li
tativ
e
re
se
a
r
c
h
,”
T
h
e
Qu
a
l
it
a
ti
v
e
Rep
o
rt
,
v
o
l.
17
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
16
-
77
,
2
0
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
er
2020
:
6
0
3
4
-
6
0
3
8
6038
[9
]
L
.
F
lo
we
rd
e
w
,
“
A
n
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
rp
u
s
-
b
a
se
d
a
n
d
g
e
n
re
-
b
a
se
d
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
to
tex
t
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
in
EA
P
/E
S
P
:
Co
u
n
terin
g
c
rit
icism
s
a
g
a
in
st
c
o
rp
u
s
-
b
a
se
d
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
,”
E
n
g
li
s
h
f
o
r
sp
e
c
if
ic
p
u
rp
o
se
s,
v
o
l.
24
,
n
o
.
3
,
pp.
3
2
1
-
332
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
0
]
G
.
De
a
n
,
“
G
ra
m
m
a
r
f
o
r
im
p
ro
v
in
g
w
rit
in
g
a
n
d
re
a
d
in
g
in
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
,
”
R
o
u
t
led
g
e
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
1
]
D.
G
il
lard
,
“
T
h
e
Bu
ll
o
c
k
Re
p
o
rt:
A
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
f
o
r
L
ife:
I
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
Co
m
p
e
ten
c
e
,
”
B
u
ll
o
c
k
Rep
o
rt
,
1
9
7
5
.
[1
2
]
N.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
“
A
n
e
x
p
lo
ra
to
ry
stu
d
y
o
f
th
e
in
terp
lay
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
tea
c
h
e
rs'
b
e
li
e
f
s,
in
stru
c
ti
o
n
a
l
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
&
p
ro
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
,
”
T
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
A
u
c
k
lan
d
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
3
]
W.
S
.
W
u
,
“
T
h
e
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
Co
rp
u
s
-
b
a
se
d
Da
ta
i
n
to
G
ra
m
m
a
r
In
stru
c
ti
o
n
:
Us
in
g
A
d
v
ise
,
Re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
,
a
n
d
S
u
g
g
e
st
a
s
a
n
Ex
a
m
p
le
,
”
U
o
f
Ch
u
n
g
Hu
a
,
Hs
in
c
h
u
,
T
a
iwa
n
,
p
p
.
67
-
84
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
On
li
n
e
]
,
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:
//
w
e
b
.
c
h
u
.
e
d
u
.
tw
/
~
w
s
w
u
/p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s/
p
a
p
e
rs/jo
u
rn
a
ls/0
7
.
p
d
f
.
[1
4
]
C.
F
.
M
e
y
e
r
,
“
En
g
li
sh
c
o
rp
u
s li
n
g
u
isti
c
s: A
n
in
tr
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
,
”
Ca
m
b
ri
d
g
e
Un
ive
rs
it
y
Pre
ss
,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
5
]
D.
Bib
e
r
a
n
d
S
.
Co
n
ra
d
,
“
C
o
rp
u
s
L
in
g
u
isti
c
s a
n
d
G
ra
m
m
a
r
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
,
”
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
Pea
rs
o
n
L
o
n
g
m
a
n
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
6
]
J.
C.
Rich
a
rd
s
,
“
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
v
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
tea
c
h
in
g
to
d
a
y
,
”
Ca
mb
rid
g
e
Un
ive
rs
it
y
Pre
ss
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
7
]
D.
L
.
F
re
e
m
a
n
,
“
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
g
ra
m
m
a
r
,”
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
E
n
g
l
ish
a
s a
se
c
o
n
d
o
r f
o
re
ig
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
p
p
.
251
-
2
6
6
,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
8
]
S
.
M
.
Jo
h
n
so
n
a
n
d
S
.
E.
B
irk
e
lan
d
,
“
P
u
rsu
in
g
a
"
se
n
se
o
f
su
c
c
e
s
s"
:
Ne
w
tea
c
h
e
rs
e
x
p
lain
th
e
ir
c
a
re
e
r
d
e
c
isio
n
s
,”
Ame
ric
a
n
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
R
e
se
a
rc
h
J
o
u
rn
a
l,
v
o
l
.
40
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
8
1
-
6
1
7
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
9
]
U.
Ro
m
e
r
,
“
Co
rp
u
s
re
se
a
rc
h
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
se
c
o
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
tea
c
h
in
g
,”
An
n
u
a
l
re
v
iew
o
f
a
p
p
li
e
d
li
n
g
u
ist
ics
,
v
o
l.
31
,
p
p
.
2
0
5
-
2
2
5
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
0
]
C.
F
.
C
h
a
n
g
a
n
d
C
.
H
.
Ku
o
,
“
A
c
o
rp
u
s
-
b
a
se
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
to
o
n
l
in
e
m
a
teria
ls
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
w
rit
in
g
re
se
a
rc
h
a
rti
c
les
,”
En
g
li
sh
fo
r
S
p
e
c
if
ic P
u
r
p
o
se
s
,
v
o
l.
30
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
2
2
-
2
3
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
1
]
B.
C.
Ca
m
icio
tt
o
li
,
“
In
tera
c
ti
v
e
d
isc
o
u
rse
str
u
c
tu
ri
n
g
in
L
2
g
u
e
st
lec
tu
re
s:
S
o
m
e
in
sig
h
ts
f
ro
m
a
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
c
o
rp
u
s
-
b
a
se
d
stu
d
y
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
li
s
h
f
o
r A
c
a
d
e
mic
P
u
rp
o
se
s
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
39
-
54
,
2
0
0
4
.
[2
2
]
C.
S
.
Bu
tl
e
r
,
“
Co
rp
u
s
st
u
d
ies
a
n
d
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
a
l
l
in
g
u
isti
c
th
e
o
r
ies
,”
Fu
n
c
t
io
n
s
o
f
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
,
v
o
l.
11
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
-
1
8
6
,
2
0
0
4
.
[2
3
]
L
.
G
.
S
a
lo
m
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
L
e
x
ico
-
g
ra
m
m
a
ti
c
a
l
re
so
u
rc
e
s
o
f
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
i
n
re
se
a
rc
h
a
rti
c
les
,”
T
ra
b
a
j
o
s
e
n
li
n
g
ü
ísti
c
a
a
p
li
c
a
d
a
.
As
o
c
ia
c
ió
n
Esp
a
ñ
o
l
a
d
e
L
in
g
ü
ísti
c
a
Ap
l
ica
d
a
,
AE
S
L
A
,
2
0
0
1
.
[2
4
]
D.
Bib
e
r
a
n
d
B
.
G
ra
y
,
“
Disc
o
u
rse
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
w
rit
in
g
a
n
d
sp
e
a
k
in
g
tas
k
ty
p
e
s
o
n
th
e
T
OEF
L
ib
t®
tes
t:
a
lex
ico
‐
g
ra
m
m
a
ti
c
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,”
ET
S
Res
e
a
rc
h
Rep
o
rt
S
e
rie
s,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
5
]
H.
S
to
tes
b
u
ry
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
in
re
s
e
a
rc
h
a
rti
c
le
a
b
stra
c
ts
in
th
e
n
a
rra
ti
v
e
a
n
d
h
a
rd
sc
ien
c
e
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
li
sh
fo
r
Aca
d
e
mic
Pu
r
p
o
se
s
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
2
7
-
3
4
1
,
2
0
0
3
.
[2
6
]
B.
E.
G
ra
y
,
“
Ex
p
lo
rin
g
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
w
rit
in
g
th
ro
u
g
h
c
o
rp
u
s
li
n
g
u
isti
c
s:
W
h
e
n
d
isc
ip
li
n
e
tells
o
n
ly
p
a
rt
o
f
th
e
sto
ry
,
”
Diss
.
No
rth
e
rn
A
rizo
n
a
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
7
]
M
.
Ho
lt
z
,
“
L
e
x
ico
-
g
ra
m
m
a
ti
c
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
a
b
stra
c
ts
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
a
rti
c
les
:
A
c
o
rp
u
s
-
b
a
se
d
st
u
d
y
o
f
sc
ien
ti
f
i
c
d
isc
o
u
rse
f
ro
m
m
u
lt
ip
le d
isc
ip
li
n
e
s
,
”
P
h
.
D.
T
h
e
sis,
T
e
c
h
n
isc
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsitat,
2
0
1
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.