Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
5
,
Octo
be
r
2020
,
pp.
4507
~
4513
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
10
i
5
.
pp
4507
-
45
13
4507
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Assessm
ent of
off
-
shore w
ind
turbines f
or app
lication
in S
audi Arabi
a
Arunach
alam
Sundar
am
1
, A
bdullahi
Abu
ba
k
ar M
as
’
ud
2
, Hassan Z
.
A
l Garni
3
,
Su
r
ajudeen
Adew
u
si
4
1
,
2
,
3
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
J
u
b
a
i
l
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
,
K
i
n
g
d
o
m
o
f
S
a
u
d
i
A
r
a
b
i
a
4
Depa
rtment of
Mec
hanica
l
Eng
i
nee
ring
,
Juba
il
Univer
sit
y
Co
ll
e
ge,
Kingdom
of
Saudi
Arabi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n 2
2
,
2019
Re
vised
Ma
r 1
4
,
2020
Accepte
d
Ma
r
24
, 202
0
Thi
s
pape
r
pre
s
ent
s
m
odel
s
and
ec
onom
ic
an
a
l
y
sis
of
te
n
d
iff
ere
nt
wind
turbi
nes
for
the
r
egi
on
of
Yanbu,
Saudi
Arabi
a
usi
ng
the
h
y
brid
op
ti
m
iz
ation
m
odel
s
for
ene
rg
y
resourc
es
(HO
MER)
software
.
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
s
e
r
v
e
s
a
s
a
g
u
i
d
e
f
o
r
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
m
a
k
e
r
s
t
o
c
h
o
o
s
e
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
f
o
r
Y
a
n
b
u
t
o
m
e
e
t
t
h
e
t
a
r
g
e
t
o
f
5
8
.
7
G
W
o
f
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
s
p
a
r
t
o
f
S
a
u
d
i
V
i
s
i
o
n
2
0
3
0
.
T
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
w
a
s
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
s
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
c
a
p
i
t
a
l
c
o
s
t
,
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
c
o
s
t
,
n
e
t
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
c
o
s
t
(
N
P
C
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
l
e
v
e
l
i
z
e
d
c
o
s
t
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
(
L
C
O
E
)
.
Additi
onall
y
,
th
e
wind
turbi
n
es
were
compare
d
base
d
on
the
ir
el
ectri
c
i
t
y
produc
ti
on
,
excess
ene
rg
y
and
the
size
of
the
storage
devi
c
es
req
uire
d
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
a
t
E
n
e
r
c
o
n
E
-
1
2
6
E
P
4
w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
h
a
s
t
h
e
l
e
a
s
t
L
C
O
E
(
0
.
0
8
8
5
$
/
k
W
h
)
a
n
d
N
P
C
(
$
2
3
.
8
)
,
w
h
i
l
e
W
E
S
3
0
h
a
s
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
L
C
O
E
(
0
.
1
4
2
$
/
k
W
h
)
a
n
d
N
P
C
(
$
3
8
.
3
)
f
o
r
a
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
l
o
a
d
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
o
f
a
v
i
l
l
a
g
e
i
n
Y
a
n
b
u
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Eco
no
m
ic
al
an
al
ysi
s
Ho
m
er
Mod
el
in
g of w
ind
t
urbines
Re
new
a
ble e
ne
rg
y
W
i
nd e
nergy
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ute of
Ad
v
ance
d
Engi
ne
eri
ng
and
Sc
ie
n
ce
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Arunachal
am
Sund
a
ram
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
an
d
Ele
ct
ro
nics
E
nginee
rin
g
Tec
hnol
og
y,
Ju
ba
il
I
nd
us
tri
al
Colle
ge,
Al Jubail
, 3
1961, Kin
gdom
o
f
Saudi A
ra
bia.
Em
a
il
:
su
nd
a
ra
m
_a@
j
ic
.edu.s
a
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
work
i
ng
pri
nciple
of
a
wi
nd
t
urbine
is
t
he
conve
rsion
of
m
echan
ic
al
energy
to
el
ect
ri
cal
energy.
The
wind
r
ota
te
s
the
pe
rf
ect
ly
design
e
d
blades
to
pro
du
ce
ro
ta
ti
onal
ki
netic
energy,
wh
ic
h
in
t
urn
ro
ta
te
a
gen
e
rato
r
to
pro
du
ce
el
ect
ri
ci
ty
.
The
wind
en
er
gy
can
be
harnesse
d
by
m
eans
of
offs
hore
or
onsho
re
wind
far
m
s.
The of
fs
hore
wind
farm
s b
uilt
in
the
ocean us
es the
high
wind s
pee
ds
a
vaila
ble in t
he
ocea
n
t
o produce
el
ect
rici
ty
wh
ereas
relat
ively
cheap
ons
hor
e
wind
fa
rm
s
are
buil
t
in
th
e
la
nd
s
.
T
he
glo
bal
wind
e
nergy
council
re
porte
d
a
ra
pid
gro
wt
h
of
wind
ene
r
gy
te
ch
no
l
og
y
wh
ic
h
ha
s
le
d
t
o
a
re
duct
ion
of
nea
rly
637
t
ons
of
CO
2
e
m
issi
on
s
glo
bally
in
20
16
[1]
.
W
i
nd
a
s
a
ren
ewa
ble
so
urce
ha
s
at
tract
ed
lot
of
at
te
ntion
in
t
he
present
decad
e
,
f
ocuse
d
m
ai
nly
to
rapi
dly
decr
ease
the
le
veliz
ed
co
st
of
ene
rg
y
(
L
COE)
of
wind
powe
r
plants
,
and
t
o
decr
ease
t
he
operati
on
an
d
m
ai
ntenance
cos
t
du
e
to
the
a
va
il
abili
ty
of
hi
gh
ly
ef
fici
ent
wind
tur
bin
e
s
[
2]
.
It
is
est
i
m
at
ed
that
the
cost
of
po
wer
pro
duced
by
wi
nd
far
m
s
w
il
l
be
on
par
with
the
pri
ce
of
powe
r
pro
duced
by
coal
-
fi
red
pow
er
plants
by
2020
[3]
.
T
he
I
ntern
at
io
nal
Ene
rg
y
A
ge
ncy
(IEA)
has
pre
dicte
d
that,
by
the
ye
a
r
2050, nea
rly
18%
of g
l
ob
al
e
nergy
dem
and
will
b
e m
et
b
y win
d
e
nergy
[4]
.
The
e
ver
-
gr
owing
popula
ti
o
n
of
the
Kingdom
of
Sa
ud
i
Ar
a
bia
com
bin
ed
with
ra
pid
grow
t
h
of
industrial
/c
omm
ercial
pr
ojec
ts
in
this
co
untry
has
le
d
t
o
an
e
xp
on
e
nt
ia
l
increase
in
el
ect
rici
ty
dem
and
.
To
m
eet
this
dem
and
and
t
o
div
e
rsify
f
rom
us
ing
oil
as
the
m
ai
n
so
ur
ce
of
po
wer,
the
vi
sio
n
2030
of
the
Ki
ngdom
env
isi
on
s
a
l
ong
-
te
rm
ren
e
w
able
e
nergy
(
RE)
program
desig
ne
d
to
ba
la
nce
the
Ki
ngdom
’s
powe
r
m
ix
and
to
r
ed
uce
it
s
c
arbo
n
f
ootp
rint
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
(
N
R
E
P
)
o
f
t
h
e
K
i
n
g
d
o
m
[5]
,
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
3
5
p
a
r
k
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
a
c
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
K
i
n
g
d
o
m
a
n
d
t
h
e
t
a
r
g
e
t
o
f
R
E
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
i
s
5
8
.
7
G
W
b
y
2
0
3
0
.
T
h
e
t
a
r
g
e
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
b
y
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
l
o
n
e
i
s
a
r
o
u
n
d
1
6
G
W
.
To
ex
pe
dite
the
exec
ution
of
the
RE
pr
oj
ec
ts
towards
the
s
e
go
al
s,
prel
i
m
inary
stu
dies
ha
ve
bee
n
ca
rr
ie
d
out.
Accord
i
ng
t
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
20
88
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
5
,
Oct
ob
e
r 2
020
:
45
07
-
45
13
4508
tho
se
stu
dies,
13.5
G
W
of
R
E
capaci
ti
es
w
il
l
be
integ
rate
d
to
the
gri
d
by
the
e
nd
of
2019.
O
ne
of
th
e
wind
far
m
pr
oje
ct
s
in
the
King
do
m
at
Du
m
a
t
Al
J
and
al
with
a
ca
pacit
y
of
400
M
W
has
est
abl
ished
a
w
or
l
d
r
ecord
with
the
l
ow
e
s
t
LCOE
(
1.9
9
cents
pe
r
kWh
)
f
or
ons
hore
wind
fa
rm
pr
oject
s
[
5]
.
T
h
e
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
f
e
a
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
w
i
n
d
f
a
r
m
s
a
t
T
a
i
f
,
a
w
e
s
t
e
r
n
p
r
o
v
i
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
K
i
n
g
d
o
m
o
f
S
a
u
d
i
A
r
a
b
i
a
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
i
n
[
6
]
.
A
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
K
i
n
g
d
o
m
i
s
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
i
n
[
7
]
.
Lit
eratur
e
s
urvey
carrie
d
out
in
the
nex
t
sect
ion
in
dic
at
es
a
te
chno
-
econom
ic
analy
sis
of
wi
nd
tur
bin
e
ap
plica
ti
on
s
f
or
the
r
egio
n
of
Yanb
u
w
hich
has
not
been
pr
e
viously
inv
est
igat
ed.
Ya
nbu
is
a
place
wh
e
re
the
Ki
ngdom
is
plann
ing
to
buil
d
la
r
ge
wind
fa
rm
s
and
hen
ce
thi
s
pap
e
r
at
tem
pts
to
com
par
e
var
i
ou
s
avail
able
wi
nd
tur
bin
es
a
nd
pro
vid
e
a
recom
m
end
at
ion
of
the
m
os
t
su
it
able
wi
nd
t
urb
ines
f
or
Ya
nbu
us
i
ng
(HOMER
)
s
of
t
war
e
.
This
pa
pe
r
pr
e
sents
the
econom
ic
ana
ly
sis
of
te
n
dif
fer
e
nt
wind
tur
bin
es
f
or
the
r
eg
i
on
of
Yanb
u
us
in
g
H
OMER
sof
tware.
An
al
ysi
s
is
carried
ou
t
based
on
the
wind
t
urbines
init
ia
l
capit
a
l
cost,
op
e
rati
ng c
os
t,
net prese
nt cos
t (N
PC
)
a
nd th
e LCOE
. Addi
ti
on
al
ly
, th
e
wind turbi
nes
ar
e
com
par
ed
b
as
ed on
their ele
ct
rici
ty
prod
uction, e
xc
ess en
e
r
gy and the
size
of
t
he
stor
a
ge de
vic
es r
e
qu
i
red.
The
c
ontrib
ution
s
of t
he pape
r
are
as
fo
ll
ows
:
To
car
ry
out
te
chno
-
eco
nom
i
c
analy
sis
of
va
rio
us
wi
nd
t
urbines
for
a
re
gi
on
of
Ya
nbu
in
the
King
do
m
of
Saudi A
ra
bia usi
ng HOMER
.
Var
i
ou
s
sce
nari
os
incl
ud
i
ng
siz
e of e
nergy st
or
a
ge
syst
em
s ar
e c
on
si
der
e
d.
Seve
ral
crit
eria
wer
e
co
ns
id
ered
to
deter
m
ine
wind
e
ne
rg
y
syst
em
s
uitable
for
Y
anbu
re
gion
a
nd
reco
m
m
end
at
ion
s
are
pr
ov
i
de
d base
d on th
e tec
hno
-
eco
no
m
ic
an
al
ysi
s.
2.
LIT
ERATUR
E REVIE
W
Eve
n
thou
gh
m
os
t
of
the
w
ind
fa
rm
pr
oj
e
ct
s
are
away
fr
om
ur
ba
n
centers,
a
crit
ic
al
rev
ie
w
of
est
ablishin
g
wi
nd
t
urbines
ne
ar
urba
n
area
s
has
bee
n
ca
rr
ie
d
out
in
[
8]
.
T
he
te
ch
nical
an
d
ot
her
c
halle
nges
of
integrati
ng
la
r
ge
scal
e
wind
f
arm
s
in
Eur
op
ean
co
untrie
s,
the
im
pact
on
the
pow
er
in
dustry,
an
d
the
sol
utions
are
disc
us
se
d
i
n
[
9]
.
An
analy
sis
of
wi
nd
sp
e
ed
a
nd
wind
powe
r
densi
ty
at
dif
fer
e
nt
hei
ghts
f
or
a
pe
rio
d
of
36
m
on
ths
betwee
n
1996
a
nd
1999
for
the
no
rthw
est
c
oast
of
Saudi
Ar
a
bia
is
discuss
e
d
in
[10]
.
The
inte
grat
io
n
of
i
nte
rm
i
tt
ent
RE
so
urces
to
the
gr
i
d
has
i
m
po
rtant
adv
a
ntages
s
uc
h
as
a
red
uc
ti
on
of
total
cost
of
f
uel
an
d
a
reducti
on
of
atm
os
ph
e
ric
poll
utants,
as
w
el
l
as
disad
va
nt
ages
s
uch
as
a
de
gr
a
datio
n
of
the
qu
al
it
y
of
powe
r,
lowe
r
reli
abili
ty
,
lower
sta
bili
ty
,
an
d
the
ass
ociat
ed
cha
nge
s
in
power
sys
tem
design
an
d
m
anag
em
ent
[11]
.
The
c
om
par
iso
n of dif
fer
e
nt
wind tu
r
bin
es
base
d on cost a
nd ann
ual en
e
r
gy yi
el
d
is ca
rri
ed
out i
n
[
12]
.
A
stu
dy
c
onduct
ed
by
K
uwai
t
In
sti
tute
of
Scie
ntific
Re
search
a
nd
E
ne
rg
y
Re
sea
rc
h
Ce
nter
of
Kuwait
has
re
ve
al
ed
wind
as
the
m
os
t
viable
op
ti
on
for
des
ert
reg
io
ns
when
com
par
ed
t
o
so
la
r
e
nergy
du
e
to
factors
su
c
h
as
hu
m
idit
y,
du
st,
an
d
su
s
pe
nd
e
d
pa
rtic
le
s
in
ai
r
[13]
.
Since
t
he
tur
bine
blad
es
are
co
ntin
uous
l
y
work
i
ng
an
d
are
ex
posed
t
o
t
he
du
st
in
the
atm
os
pher
e,
they
ex
per
i
ence
trem
end
ous
am
ou
nt
of
stress.
An
asses
sm
ent
of
total
su
sp
e
nd
e
d
pa
rtic
le
s
by
us
in
g
pro
ba
bili
ty
distribu
ti
on
has
be
en
carried
ou
t
in
[14]
.
Eco
no
m
ic
analy
sis
of
seve
n
di
ff
ere
nt
wind
t
urbines
usi
ng
HO
MER
is
car
ried
ou
t
in
[
15]
and
this
st
udy
doe
s
no
t
co
ns
i
der
on
or
off
-
gr
i
d
app
li
cat
ion
.
The
pote
ntial
of
harnessin
g
wind
ene
rg
y
f
or
diff
e
ren
t
si
te
s
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
has
been
determ
ined
thr
ough
ec
onom
ic
analy
s
is
and
an
nual
energy
yi
el
d,
us
in
g
the
H
OMER
so
ft
war
e
in
[
16]
.
Ho
m
er
so
ft
war
e
is
us
ed
i
n
li
te
ratu
re
for
opti
m
a
l
desig
ning
a
nd
m
odel
ing
of
wi
nd
energy
conve
rsion
sy
stem
in
[17]
and
hybri
d
e
ne
rg
y
syst
em
i
n
[
18
]
.
C
om
par
ed
t
o
ot
her
so
ft
war
e
’s,
H
OMER
pro
vid
es
detai
le
d
resu
lt
s
f
or
a
naly
sis
an
d
e
va
luati
on
an
d
ca
n
run
m
any
co
nf
i
gurati
ons
a
nd
pro
vid
es
res
ults
i
n
a
ver
y
s
hort
ti
m
e
[19]
.
Tec
hno
-
ec
onom
ic
a
naly
sis
for
a
fa
rm
ho
us
e
in N
i
ger
ia
in
[20,
21
]
,
fo
r
a prim
ary
school
in Iraq
in
[
22
]
, a
nd for a
waste
m
anag
e
m
ent in Naj
f
ci
ty
of
I
raq in
[23]
.
A
si
m
ulati
on
m
od
el
fo
r
acce
ssing
the
po
t
entia
l
of
wind
power
ge
ne
ra
ti
on
in
a
place
cal
le
d
Kitka,
Ko
s
ovo
is
car
r
ie
d
out
in
[
24
]
.
The
a
utho
rs
i
n
[
24]
ha
ve
c
onside
red
the
w
ind
t
urbines
to
be
m
anu
fact
ured
by
Am
per
ax.
A
n
arti
fici
al
intel
l
igence
ap
proa
ch
for
optim
izing
wind
ene
r
gy
co
nversi
on
sy
stem
is
av
ai
la
ble
in
[25]
.
I
nteg
r
at
ing
re
new
a
bl
e
energy
syst
em
to
s
m
art
gr
id
an
d
the
feasi
bili
ty
of
su
ppl
yi
ng
sm
art
gr
id
only
with
re
new
a
bl
es
is
carried
ou
t
in
[
26]
.
W
i
nd
sp
ee
d
f
or
ecast
in
g
m
od
el
s
has
been
analy
zed
us
i
ng
ANN
(
arti
fici
al
neur
al
networks
)
in
[27]
.
The
pr
e
dicti
on
of
the
wind
sp
ee
ds
a
nd
wind
cha
ra
ct
erist
ic
s
is
carried
out
in
[
28]
.
Stat
ist
ic
al
analy
sis
f
or
wi
nd
tu
rb
i
ne
s
to
overc
om
e
real
tim
e
i
m
pl
e
m
entat
ion
c
ha
ll
eng
es
a
re
prov
i
ded
in
[29]
.
T
he
pr
ic
e
of
wi
nd
e
ne
rg
y
is
m
od
el
ed
as
a
re
gr
es
sion
m
od
el
an
d
an
eval
uation
a
naly
sis
of
wind
pa
rks
in
Col
om
bia
is
avail
able
i
n
[30]
.
T
he
e
valuat
ion
of
wind
po
wer
f
or
po
wer
pro
du
ct
io
n
i
n
Pale
sti
ne
to
al
le
viate
sh
ort
age
of
el
ect
rici
ty
is
av
ai
la
ble
in
[31,
32]
.
P
re
vious
ly
,
the
te
ch
no
-
eco
nom
ic
viabili
ty
of
ren
e
wab
le
syst
e
m
s
(w
ind
inclusive
)
ha
s
been
ca
rr
ie
d
out
for
se
ver
al
c
it
ie
s
in
Saud
i
Ar
a
bia
inclu
di
ng
Ya
nbu
[
33]
,
bu
t
no
work
has
ev
al
uated
the
s
uitabil
it
y
of
diff
e
re
nt
wind
tu
rb
i
nes
f
or
ap
plica
ti
on
s
in
Sa
ud
i
A
rab
ia
.
Lit
eratur
e
surv
ey
ind
ic
at
es
H
OMER
s
of
t
wa
re
is
wi
dely
use
d
for
te
c
hno
-
eco
nom
ic
analy
sis
and
a
st
udy
of
te
chno
-
ec
onom
ic
analy
sis
fo
r
t
he
re
gion
Yanb
u,
in
the
Kingdom
of
Saudi
A
rab
ia
,
wh
e
re
wind
fa
rm
are
exp
ect
e
d
is
not avail
able.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Assessme
nt
of
off
-
shore
wi
nd
turb
i
nes
fo
r
applicati
on in
Sa
ud
i
Arabia
(
Ar
unac
ha
l
am
Su
ndaram
)
4509
3.
METHO
DOL
OGY
Seve
ral
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
can
be
use
d
f
or
te
ch
no
-
eco
nom
ic
analy
sis
of
a
RE
syst
e
m
.
On
e
su
ch
to
ol
is
the
m
ic
ro
-
gr
i
d
so
ft
war
e
dev
e
lop
e
d
by
the
Ho
m
er
energy
com
m
on
ly
kn
own
as
HO
M
ER.
It
is
a
tool
widely
us
e
d
f
or
a
var
i
et
y
of
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
[
34,
35
]
.
I
n
this
w
ork,
t
he
si
m
ulati
on
m
od
el
was
de
velop
e
d
us
in
g
H
O
MER
.
Inp
ut
param
eter
s
to
t
he
H
O
MER
include
,
wind
s
peed
da
ta
fo
r
Ya
nbu,
el
ect
rical
load
prof
il
e
f
or
a
ty
pical
vill
age
in
Saud
i
Ar
a
bia,
sel
ect
ed
wind
tu
rb
i
ne
param
et
ers,
cost
of
t
he
wi
nd
tur
bin
e
i
nc
urr
ed
f
or
the
li
fe
ti
m
e
of
t
he
pro
j
ect
,
syst
e
m
con
ve
rt
er
pa
ram
et
ers,
and
sel
ect
ed
ba
t
te
ry
and
it
s
pa
ram
et
ers.
To
determ
ine
the
capit
al
cost
of
each
wind
tur
bi
ne,
the
pr
ic
e
i
nd
e
x
f
or
wind
tu
r
bin
es
a
vaila
ble
in
the
US$
is
app
li
ed
as
show
n
in
Figure
1.
Fro
m
Figu
re
1
an
d
f
or
the
ye
a
r
2019,
the
pr
i
ce
ind
e
x
f
or
wind
tur
bin
e
i
s
0.79
m
il
l
ion
US
$
p
e
r
MW
[
36]
.
Re
su
lt
s
f
ro
m
the
sim
ulatio
n
m
od
el
im
ple
m
e
nted
us
i
ng
H
OMER
wit
h
t
his
pr
ic
e
i
nd
e
x
was
com
par
ed fo
r
t
he
te
n di
ff
e
ren
t
turbines
.
Figure
1.
The
pr
ic
e i
nd
e
x for
wind
powe
r product
io
n
[36]
King
A
bdullah
Ci
ty
fo
r
Atom
ic
and
Re
ne
wab
le
E
nerg
y
(K
ACAR
E)
has
obta
ine
d
accurate
wi
nd
sp
ee
d
data
f
or
diff
e
re
nt
ci
ti
es
in
Sa
udi
A
ra
bi
a,
Ya
nbu
i
ncl
us
ive
[
37
]
.
Th
ese
gro
und
m
e
asur
em
ents
obt
ai
ned
by
KA
C
ARE
a
re
m
or
e
accura
te
than
the
est
im
at
ion
s
base
d
on
the
s
at
el
li
te
.
Figure
2
s
ho
ws
the
ave
ra
ge
wind
sp
ee
d
m
easur
e
m
ents
fo
r
Ya
nbu
at
a
heig
ht
of
100m
fo
r
a
per
io
d
of
one
ye
ar.
The
prob
a
bili
ty
distri
bu
t
i
on
functi
on
wh
ic
h fit
s the
wind
da
ta
w
as c
hosen
w
it
h
sp
eci
fic
param
et
ers
giv
e
n
in
Ta
ble 1.
Figure
2.
The
wind s
pee
d data f
or
Ya
nbu
at
the hu
b heig
ht
of 10
0m
fo
r
a
per
i
od of
on
e
yea
r
4.
MO
DEL DE
S
CR
I
PTIO
N
The
m
od
el
use
d
f
or
sim
ulatio
n
is
sho
wn
i
n
Fig
ur
e
3.
T
he
base
m
od
el
was
create
d
i
n
H
OMER,
with
sim
ple
of
f
-
gr
i
d
co
nf
i
gur
at
ion
with
wind
tur
bin
e
,
batte
ry
an
d
c
onve
rter.
A
n
eco
nom
ic
con
side
rati
on
was
base
d
on
the
a
ssu
m
ption
that
al
l
the
power
gen
e
rated
is
fe
d
to
the
loa
d.
The
ca
pa
bili
ty
of
H
om
er
was
util
iz
e
d
to an
al
yz
e t
he sy
stem
f
or
dif
f
eren
t t
ypes
of
wind tu
r
bin
es
us
in
g
t
he
s
pecifica
ti
on
s
su
m
m
arized i
n
Ta
ble
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
20
88
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
5
,
Oct
ob
e
r 2
020
:
45
07
-
45
13
4510
Table
1
disp
la
ys
al
l
m
od
el
pa
ram
et
ers
and
the
ass
um
ptions
that
wer
e
m
a
de.
The
loa
d
s
el
ect
ed
f
or
this
researc
h
t
akin
g
int
o
acc
ount
t
he
weathe
r
fl
uctuati
ons
in
Sa
udi
A
ra
bia
.
The
est
i
m
at
e
d
load
for
Ya
nbu
is
higher
i
n
the
su
m
m
er
than
in
the
winter
.
Pr
e
viou
s
resea
rch
de
velo
ped
the
loa
d
pro
f
il
e
of
ty
pical
vill
age
in
Saudi
Ar
a
bi
a
[38]
,
w
hic
h
wa
s
ad
opte
d
in
t
his
rese
arch.
T
he
loa
d
ha
s
a
scal
e
d
av
era
ge
e
ne
rg
y
of
48,43
5 kwh/da
y wit
h
a
pea
k
l
oad of
5547.
5k
W.
Figure
3.
The
wind tu
r
bin
e a
nd b
at
te
ry m
odel
u
se
d
f
or sim
ulati
on
i
n HOM
ER
Table
1.
Ba
sic
par
am
et
ers
for t
he
sim
ulati
on
m
od
el
in
H
OM
ER
Para
m
eters
Selecte
d
valu
es
Cap
ital cos
t of
wind
turb
in
e
Ch
o
sen
bas
ed
on
L
iterature
[
3
8
]
Lif
eti
m
e of
the wi
n
d
turb
in
e
2
0
y
ears
W
eib
u
ll Factor
(
K
)
2
1
h
r
au
to
co
rr
elatio
n
f
acto
r
o
f
wind
0
.85
Diu
rnal
p
attern str
en
g
th
(
win
d
)
0
.25
Ho
u
r
o
f
peak
wind
sp
eed
15
No
m
in
al dis
co
u
n
t r
ate
6
.86
Exp
ected in
f
latio
n
rate
2
.5
Project lif
eti
m
e
25
Cap
ital cos
t of
the b
attery
Ch
o
sen
bas
ed
on
L
iterature
[
3
8
]
Initial state o
f
char
g
e (
b
atter
y
)
100%
Mini
m
u
m
stag
e of
charge (batter
y
)
40%
String
size (
b
atte
ry)
1
Cap
acity
of
the in
v
erter
Ch
o
sen
bas
ed
on
Ho
m
er
op
ti
m
izer
Lif
eti
m
e of
the in
v
erter
1
5
y
ears
Ef
f
icien
cy
95
5.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
S
Nu
m
erous
res
ults
wer
e
ge
ne
rated
by
HO
M
ER
in
orde
r
to
determ
ine
the
viabili
ty
of
va
rio
us
wi
nd
energy
sc
hem
e
s
f
or
t
he
re
gion
of
Ya
nbu.
T
able
2
sho
ws
t
he
te
ch
no
-
ec
onom
ic
analy
sis
of
the
sel
ect
e
d
wind
tur
bin
es
t
hat
c
an
be
de
pl
oyed
f
or
wi
nd
po
wer
pro
j
ect
s
i
n
Y
an
bu.
T
hes
e
tur
bin
es
are
a
m
on
g
the
c
om
m
on
ly
avail
able
wi
nd
tur
bin
es
w
or
l
dw
i
de.
By
us
i
ng
H
OMER,
t
he
m
os
t
feasib
le
wind
tur
bine
s
are
the
one
s
that
m
ini
m
iz
e
the
c
os
t
of
the
pr
oject
.
In
H
OME
R,
the
LCOE
is
an
i
m
po
rtant
par
am
et
er
that
descr
i
bes
the
cost
of
powe
r
pr
oduce
d
by
the
wind
tur
bin
es
over
the
pr
oj
ect
li
fe
tim
e.
It
is
act
ually
the
ov
e
ral
l
m
ini
m
u
m
pr
ic
e
at
wh
ic
h
the
el
ect
rici
ty
has
to
be
so
ld
in
or
der
to
br
ea
k
eve
n
ov
e
r
the
pro
j
e
ct
li
fetim
e.
The
resu
lt
s
sho
w
that
Ener
c
on
E
-
126
EP
4
has
t
he
le
ast
LCOE
an
d
NP
C,
w
hile
WES
30
ha
s
the
highest
LC
OE
and
N
PC.
H
oweve
r
,
certai
n
fact
or
s
nee
d
to
be
c
on
si
der
e
d
i
n
c
hoos
i
ng
t
he
ri
gh
t
wind
tu
rb
i
ne,
s
uc
h
as
th
e
init
ia
l
capit
al
cost,
the
operati
ng
cost,
a
nd
t
he
num
ber
of
wi
nd
tur
bin
es
requi
red,
w
hich
i
n
t
urn
af
fects
the
sp
ace
require
d
an
d
thu
s
t
he
co
st
of
the
la
nd
for
t
he
pr
oj
ect
,
an
d
it
al
so
aff
ect
s
the
noise
le
vel
arou
nd
t
he
wi
nd
fa
rm
s.
In
ess
ence,
choosi
ng
the
m
os
t
app
r
opri
at
e
sit
e
for
wind
fa
rm
pr
ojec
t
is
one
of
the
f
undam
ental
par
am
et
ers
of
any
RE
pro
j
ect
, tech
ni
cal
ly
an
d fina
nc
ia
ll
y.
Figures
4
an
d
5
sho
w
the
el
ect
rici
ty
pr
oduc
ti
on
pe
r
y
ear
from
each
wind
t
urbine
a
nd
the
excess
energy
that
m
a
y
be
avail
able
al
l
ye
ar
ro
und.
The
resu
lt
s
cl
early
sh
ow
the
i
m
po
rtance
of
turb
in
e
sel
ect
i
on
f
or
econom
ic
viab
il
ity
and
el
ect
ric
powe
r
pro
duct
ion
. I
t
ca
n
be
obser
ve
d
that
the
hi
gh
e
st
ene
rg
y was prod
uc
e
d
by
wind
fl
ow
45
t
urbine
w
hile
the
le
ast
el
ect
rici
ty
reco
r
ded
by
X
ANT
L
-
33
tu
rb
i
ne.
Sim
i
la
rly
,
these
tw
o
wi
nd
tur
bin
es
s
how
the
highest
an
d
lowest
excess
energy
avail
ab
le
,
resp
ect
ively
.
The
exce
ss
e
nergy
can
be
use
d
to
su
pply
a
du
m
p
load
or
in
so
m
e
cases,
it
ca
n
be
s
old
t
o
the
gr
i
d.
In
the
fu
t
ur
e
,
the
e
xcess
energy
c
ou
l
d
al
so
be
us
e
d
to
cha
r
ge
ba
tt
eries
f
or
el
ect
ric
cars.
Fig
ur
e
6
sho
wn
i
n
the
batte
ry
siz
e
in
strin
gs
nee
ded
with
eac
h
wi
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Assessme
nt
of
off
-
shore
wi
nd
turb
i
nes
fo
r
applicati
on in
Sa
ud
i
Arabia
(
Ar
unac
ha
l
am
Su
ndaram
)
4511
tur
bin
e
ty
pe
c
on
si
der
e
d.
A
string
ref
e
rs
t
o
the
set
of
ba
tt
eries
in
series.
For
this
pro
j
ect
,
on
e
st
r
ing
is
equ
i
valent t
o 4
V batt
ery.
Saudi
A
ra
bia
has
plan
ne
d
t
o
instal
l
wind
tur
bin
es
as
a
dd
it
io
nal
po
w
er
gen
e
rati
ng
schem
e
fo
r
the
co
untry
,
a
nd
since
Ya
nbu
is
on
e
of
the
fe
asi
ble
locat
io
ns
for
in
sta
ll
at
ion
of
wind
fa
rm
s,
th
ese
res
ults
will
serv
e
as
a
to
ol
fo
r
de
ci
sion
m
aker
s
to
ch
oose
the
ri
gh
t
c
om
bin
at
ion
of
RE
so
ur
c
es
to
m
eet
the
ta
rg
et
of
58.7G
W
f
ro
m
ren
e
wa
ble
sour
ces
by
the
ye
ar
2030.
F
or
wind
pro
j
ect
s
to
be
su
ccess
fu
l
in
the
king
do
m
,
and
t
o
al
low
com
petitiveness
i
n
the
RE
sect
or
,
the
r
e
is
need
f
or
th
e
governm
ent
t
o
ap
pr
ai
se
the
regulat
or
y
a
nd
le
gal
fr
am
ewo
r
k
t
hat w
il
l pe
rm
i
t t
he
public/
pri
vate
par
t
ner
s
hip.
Table
2.
T
ech
no
-
ec
onom
ic
an
al
ysi
s o
f
sel
ect
ed win
d
tu
r
bine
s
Mod
el
No
of
W
in
d
T
u
rbin
es
Hu
b
Heigh
t
(
m
)
Rated
Cap
acity
(M
W
)
Initial Cap
ital Co
st
(10
6
$)
Op
erating
Co
st
($/Year
)
Net Pr
esen
t
Co
st
($)
LCOE
($/k
W
h
)
Vestas
V82
5
70
1
.65
2
2
.5
5
1
1
,505
3
0
.3
0
.11
3
Vestas
V47
15
50
0
.6
2
5
.8
5
8
5
,545
3
4
.8
0
.12
9
Enercon
E
-
8
2
E
4
4
84
4
2
4
.2
5
0
9
,662
3
2
.0
0
.11
9
EWT D
W
52
12
40
0
.9
2
6
.6
5
9
2
,111
3
5
.6
0
.13
2
W
in
d
f
lo
w 45
23
38
0
.5
2
8
.4
6
3
7
,810
3
8
.1
0
.14
2
Leitwind
90
4
9
7
.5
2
1
8
.6
4
0
6
,168
2
8
.4
0
.09
2
1
Enercon
E
-
1
2
6
E
P
4
2
135
4
.2
1
7
.9
3
8
3
,086
2
3
.8
0
.08
8
5
Vergn
et GE
V
MP
-
C
35
55
0
.27
5
2
7
.3
6
3
7
,970
3
7
.0
0
.13
8
W
ES
30
43
48
0
.25
0
2
8
.3
6
5
5
,120
3
8
.3
0
.14
2
XANT
L
-
33
24
55
0
.33
0
2
4
.4
5
7
4
,409
3
3
.1
0
.12
3
Figure
4.
Ele
ct
rici
ty
p
rod
uction f
ro
m
each o
f
the
w
i
nd turb
ines
per
yea
r
Figure
5.
Exce
ss en
e
r
gy and i
ts per
ce
ntag
e f
or each
w
i
nd turbine
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
20
88
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
5
,
Oct
ob
e
r 2
020
:
45
07
-
45
13
4512
Figure
6.
Ba
tt
ery siz
e in
strin
gs
require
d for
each
wind tu
r
bi
ne
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
pa
per,
the
possibil
it
y
of
util
iz
ing
w
ind
e
nergy
as
an
al
te
rn
at
ive
so
urce
to
m
eet
the
ene
rg
y
dem
and
of
a
vi
ll
age
in
the
Y
anbu
re
gion
of
Saudi
Ar
a
bia
was
e
xp
l
or
e
d.
Si
m
ulati
on
s
w
ere
car
ried
out
us
in
g
HO
MER
software
.
Te
n
ty
pe
s
wind
t
urbin
es
with
a
li
feti
m
e
of
25
ye
ar
s
we
re
e
valuat
ed
f
or
instal
la
ti
on
i
n
Yanb
u.
T
hese w
in
d
tu
rb
i
nes
wer
e
c
hosen
a
m
on
g
the
c
omm
on
ly
avail
able
ty
pes
of
w
in
d
tu
rb
i
nes
de
pl
oyed
for
pro
j
ect
s
acr
os
s
the
globe.
I
n
this
pa
per,
the
LCO
E
value
was
us
e
d
as
the
m
ai
n
pa
ram
et
er
to
choos
e
the
op
ti
m
al
wi
nd
tu
r
bin
e.
T
he
resu
lt
s
sho
w
that
Ener
c
on
E
-
12
6
EP4
is
th
e
op
ti
m
al
wind
turb
i
ne
f
or
th
e
area
with
the
lo
wes
t
LCOE
(i.e.
0.0
885
$/kWh
),
wh
il
e
the
hi
ghest
LCOE
a
ppears
t
o
be
with
the
W
E
S
30
wi
nd
tur
bin
e
(i.e.
0.142
$/kWh
)
.
I
n
f
ut
ur
e
stu
dies,
ad
diti
onal
s
el
ect
ion
crit
eri
a
su
c
h
as
spa
c
e
re
qu
ire
d
f
or
a
wi
nd
tur
bin
e a
nd c
ost
o
f
the la
nd m
ay
b
e c
onsider
ed.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
Au
t
hors
gr
at
e
fu
ll
y
ack
nowl
edg
e
t
he
sup
po
rt
of
Roya
l
Co
m
m
iss
ion
of
J
ub
ai
l
a
nd
Ya
nbu,
Ma
nag
em
ent
of
Jubai
l
I
ndust
rial
Coll
ege,
Ma
nag
em
ent
of
Jubai
l
U
nive
rsity
Coll
ege
for
th
ei
r
s
upport
i
n
carryin
g ou
t t
hi
s w
or
k.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
“
W
ind
In
Num
b
ers,
”
Globa
l
Wi
nd
Ene
rgy
Cou
nci
l
,
[Onlin
e]
.
Avail
ab
le
:
htt
ps:
//
gwec
.
net/glob
a
l
-
figure
s/wind
-
in
-
num
ber
s/.
[2]
“
The
LCOE
of
o
nshore
wind
en
e
rg
y
in
Chin
a
h
as
fal
l
en
b
y
over
4
0%
in
th
e
p
ast
d
ec
ad
e,
”
R
EV
E
N
ews
of
th
e
wind
s
ec
tor
in
Spain
and
in
the
w
orld
,
2019.
[O
nli
ne]
.
Avai
l
ab
l
e:
ht
tps:/
/www
.
evwind.
es/2019
/
10/20/
the
-
lc
o
e
-
of
-
onshore
-
wind
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en
erg
y
-
in
-
ch
ina
-
h
a
s
-
fal
le
n
-
by
-
ov
er
-
40
-
in
-
the
-
p
ast
-
d
ec
ad
e/
71416
.
[3]
K
y
re
e
L
e
ar
y
,
“
Rene
wabl
e
ene
r
g
y
will
b
e
chea
per
tha
n
foss
il
f
uel
s
b
y
2020
,
”
Busine
ss
Insider
,
2018.
[Online
]
.
Avail
ab
le
:
htt
ps:
//
ww
w.busine
ss
inside
r.
com/re
ne
wable
-
en
erg
y
-
wi
ll
-
be
-
che
ap
er
-
th
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n
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foss
il
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ls
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by
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2020
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2018
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1
.
[4]
I.
En
erg
y
Ag
ency
,
“
Technol
og
y
Roadmap:
W
ind
Ene
rg
y
,
”
2013
e
dit
ion
,
2035
.
[5]
“
Nati
onal
ren
ewa
ble
en
erg
y
pro
gra
m
eProc
ure
m
ent
porta
l,
”
R
ene
wabl
e
Ene
rg
y
Proje
c
t
D
ev
e
l
opment
Program
.
[Online
]
.
Avai
lable: ht
tps:
//
ww
w.powersau
diarab
ia
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com.sa/
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in
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html.
[6]
S.
M.
Shaahi
d
,
L.
M.
Al
-
Hadhr
ami
and
M.
K.
Rahman,
“
Potent
ia
l
of
esta
b
li
sh
m
ent
of
wind
far
m
s
in
W
este
rn
provinc
e
of
Sau
di
Arabi
a,
”
Ene
r
gy
P
roc
edi
a
,
vol
.
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,
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2014
.
[7]
H.
Z.
Al
Garni
,
A.
Kass
em,
A.
Aw
asthi
,
D.
Kom
lj
enovi
c
and
K.
Al
-
Hadda
d,
“
A
m
ult
ic
riteri
a
dec
ision
m
aki
n
g
appr
oac
h
for
e
val
ua
ti
ng
ren
ew
abl
e
power
ge
ner
ation
sou
rces
in
Saudi
Ar
abi
a
,
”
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Ene
rgy
Technol
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[8]
R.
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ar,
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hemifa
r
and
A.
S.
Fung,
“
A
cri
ti
c
al
rev
i
ew
of
ver
tical
axi
s
wind
turbi
nes
for
urba
n
appl
i
cations
,
”
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newab
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e
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[9]
J.
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s
and
F.
D.
Kane
ll
os,
“
Im
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ar
ge
s
cale
wind
p
ene
tr
at
ion
on
en
erg
y
suppl
y
ind
ustr
y
,
”
Ene
rgi
es,
vol.
2
,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
1031
-
1041,
200
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[10]
S.
Rehman
and
N.
M.
Al
-
Abbad
i,
“
W
ind
power
cha
ra
cteri
sti
cs
o
n
the
North
W
es
t
co
ast
of
Saud
i
Arabi
a,
”
Ene
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iron.
,
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,
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.
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.
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.
1257
-
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[11]
D.
W
ei
ss
er
and
R.
S.
Garc
ia
,
“
I
nstant
an
eous
wind
ene
rg
y
pen
etrati
on
in
isolate
d
el
e
ct
ri
ci
t
y
g
ri
ds:
Conce
pts
an
d
rev
ie
w,
”
Re
n
ew. E
nergy
,
vo
l. 30, no. 8, pp. 1299
-
1308,
2005
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Assessme
nt
of
off
-
shore
wi
nd
turb
i
nes
fo
r
applicati
on in
Sa
ud
i
Arabia
(
Ar
unac
ha
l
am
Su
ndaram
)
4513
[12]
H.
Polinde
r
,
F.
F.
A
.
Van
D
er
Pijl
,
G
.
J.
D
e
V
il
der
and
P.
J.
Ta
vner
,
“
Com
par
ison
o
f
d
ire
c
t
-
drive
and
ge
ared
gene
ra
tor conc
e
pts f
or
wind
turb
ine
s,
”
IE
EE
Tr
a
ns.
Ene
rgy
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ati
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r
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t
i
v
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a
p
p
r
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a
c
h
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
h
y
b
r
i
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
u
s
i
n
g
H
O
M
E
R
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
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I
J
E
C
E
)
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
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1
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R.
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t
i
on
of
ren
ewa
b
le
ene
rg
y
eff
i
ci
en
c
y
using
HO
MER,
”
Int
ernati
ona
l
Journal
of
R
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E
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li
t
y
an
aly
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grid
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bat
t
er
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ene
rg
y
sy
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ar
m
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il
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n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
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u
r
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a
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c
t
r
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c
a
l
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n
d
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t
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r
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n
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i
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ral
el
e
ct
rif
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u
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t
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n
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l
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r
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at
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ase
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n
t
e
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n
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c
a
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rg
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io
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t
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h
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0
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a
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d
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