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u
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1
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T
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d
el
as
s
u
m
e
s
t
h
at
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
o
b
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
in
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
p
at
h
a
n
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
tr
av
el
s
i
n
a
s
in
g
le
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
m
ed
i
u
m
,
u
n
d
er
t
h
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
n
eq
u
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
o
r
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
p
o
w
er
at
a
g
iv
en
d
i
s
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
.
T
h
is
eq
u
atio
n
is
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
th
e
f
ir
s
t tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
m
u
la
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
L
d
G
G
P
d
P
t
r
t
r
2
2
4
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
(
P
r
(
d
)
)
is
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
w
er
,
(
d
)
is
th
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
R
a
n
T
in
m
eter
s
,
P
t
is
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
it
ted
p
o
w
er
,
(
Gt)
an
d
(
Gr
)
ar
e
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
tter
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
a
n
te
n
n
a
g
a
in
s
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
(
λ
)
i
s
th
e
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
i
n
m
eter
s
,
an
d
(
L
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is
a
f
ac
to
r
th
a
t
is
r
elate
d
to
lo
s
s
es in
t
h
e
r
ec
ei
v
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
th
e
lo
s
s
i
n
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
th
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
tter
to
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
o
v
er
a
ce
r
tain
d
is
ta
n
ce
,
th
i
s
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
:
d
P
P
d
P
r
t
L
(
2
)
W
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
w
r
itte
n
as:
t
r
o
o
L
G
G
L
d
d
P
2
10
4
l
o
g
10
(
3
)
I
t
is
co
n
v
e
n
ie
n
t
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
lo
s
t
at
a
r
e
f
er
en
ce
d
i
s
tan
ce
(
d
o
)
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ca
lcu
late
p
at
h
lo
s
s
at
an
y
ar
b
itra
r
y
d
is
ta
n
ce
,
a
r
atio
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ac
tu
al
d
is
ta
n
ce
an
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
is
ta
n
ce
is
u
s
ed
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
:
n
o
o
r
r
d
d
d
P
d
P
(
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
9
:
9
3
4
-
9
4
0
936
T
h
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
e
x
p
o
n
en
t,
(
n
)
,
i
n
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
eq
u
atio
n
d
ep
en
d
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
in
w
h
ic
h
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
is
p
r
o
p
ag
ati
n
g
.
Fo
r
p
r
ac
tical
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
(
n
)
m
u
s
t
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
[5
]
,
[
3
]
,
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
s
o
m
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
al
u
e
o
f
(
n
)
i
n
d
if
f
er
en
t e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t ta
k
e
n
f
r
o
m
[
3
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
P
ath
L
o
s
s
E
x
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
r
Dif
f
er
en
t E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
En
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
P
a
t
h
L
o
ss Ex
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
,
n
F
r
e
e
S
p
a
c
e
2
U
r
b
a
n
A
r
e
a
C
e
l
l
u
l
a
r
R
a
d
i
o
2
.
7
–
3
.
5
S
h
a
d
o
w
e
d
U
r
b
a
n
A
r
e
a
C
e
l
l
u
l
a
r
R
a
d
i
o
3
–
5
I
n
B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
L
i
n
e
–
Of
-
S
i
g
h
t
1
.
6
–
1
.
8
O
b
st
r
u
c
t
e
d
I
n
B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
4
–
6
O
b
st
r
u
c
t
e
d
I
n
F
a
c
t
o
r
i
e
s
2
-
3
3.
H
AT
A
M
O
DE
L
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
th
at
f
o
r
m
u
lated
t
h
e
Ok
u
m
u
r
a‟
s
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
in
to
a
s
i
m
p
le
m
a
th
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
a
n
te
n
n
a
h
e
ig
h
ts
an
d
p
ath
lo
s
s
e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
a
n
d
(
d
)
i
s
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
.
Hata
d
iv
id
ed
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ar
ea
in
to
t
w
o
s
et
o
f
ter
r
ain
ca
te
g
o
r
i
es,
s
u
b
u
r
b
an
an
d
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
Hata
m
o
d
el
is
a
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
m
ed
ian
p
ath
lo
s
s
e
m
p
ir
ical
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
5
0
-
1
5
0
0
MH
z
f
o
r
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
1
k
m
to
2
0
k
m
.
I
t
s
p
ec
if
ies
t
h
e
B
ase
Statio
n
an
te
n
n
a
h
eig
h
t
to
b
e
f
r
o
m
3
0
m
a
n
d
Mo
b
ile
Statio
n
h
ei
g
h
t
f
r
o
m
3
m
an
d
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
ad
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
E
q
u
atio
n
s
5
-
8
r
ep
r
esen
t t
h
e
u
r
b
a
n
,
s
u
b
u
r
b
an
an
d
o
p
en
ar
ea
P
ath
lo
s
s
E
q
u
at
i
o
n
s
[
8
]
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
w
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
o
r
w
h
ic
h
o
k
u
m
u
r
a/Ha
ta
m
o
d
el
3
.
1
.
H
a
t
a
m
o
del
f
o
r
urba
n
a
re
a
I
n
w
ir
ele
s
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
th
e
Hata
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
s
,
also
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
th
e
Hata
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
b
ein
g
a
d
ev
elo
p
ed
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
Ok
u
m
u
r
a
m
o
d
el,
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictin
g
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
ce
llu
lar
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
in
b
u
ilt
u
p
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
g
r
ap
h
ical
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
Ok
u
m
u
r
a
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
s
it
f
u
r
t
h
er
to
r
ea
liz
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
,
r
ef
lectio
n
a
n
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
ca
u
s
e
d
b
y
c
it
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
also
h
a
s
t
w
o
m
o
r
e
v
ar
ietie
s
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
i
n
s
u
b
u
r
b
a
n
ar
ea
s
an
d
o
p
en
ar
ea
s
.
Hata
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
icts
th
e
to
tal
p
ath
lo
s
s
alo
n
g
a
lin
k
o
f
ter
r
estrial
m
icr
o
w
a
v
e
o
r
ot
h
er
t
y
p
e
o
f
ce
ll
u
lar
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
Hata
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
s
is
f
o
r
m
u
lated
a
s
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
:
L
u
=
6
9
.
5
5
+
2
6
.
1
6
lo
g
1
0
f
-
1
3
.
8
2
lo
g
1
0
h
B
-
CH+
[4
4
.
9
-
6
.
5
5
lo
g
1
0
h
B
]
l
o
g
1
0
d
(
5
)
Fo
r
s
m
all
o
r
m
ed
i
u
m
s
ized
cit
y
:
C
H
=
0
.
8
+
(1
.
1
l
o
g
10
f
-
0
.
7
)
hM
-
1
.
5
6
l
o
g
1
0
f
(6
)
Fo
r
lar
g
e
cities:
CH =
8
.
2
9
(l
o
g
1
0
(
1
.
5
4
h
M
))
2
-
1
.
1
,
if
1
5
0
≤ f
≤ 2
0
0
CH =
3
.
2
(lo
g
1
0
(1
1
.
7
5
h
M
))
2
-
4
.
9
7
,
if
2
0
0
<
f
≤ 1
5
0
0
(7
)
W
h
er
e:
Lu
=
P
ath
lo
s
s
in
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
s
:
d
ec
ib
el
(
d
B
)
h
B
=
Heig
h
t
of
b
ase
s
tatio
n
a
n
ten
n
a:
m
eter
(
m
)
h
M
=
He
ig
h
t
of
m
o
b
ile
s
ta
t
i
o
n
a
n
ten
n
a
:
m
e
ter
(
m
)
f
=
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
of
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
:
Me
g
ah
er
tz
(
MH
z)
.
C
H
=
A
n
ten
n
a
h
e
i
g
h
t
co
r
r
e
ct
i
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
d
=
Dis
tan
ce
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
th
e
b
a
s
e
an
d
m
o
b
ile
s
tatio
n
s
:
k
i
lo
m
eter
(
k
m
)
3
.
2
.
H
AT
A
m
o
del f
o
r
s
ub
ur
ba
n a
re
a
T
h
e
Hata
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
s
u
b
u
r
b
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
is
ap
p
licab
le
to
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
j
u
s
t
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
ci
tie
s
an
d
o
n
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
w
h
er
e
m
a
n
-
m
ad
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
es
ar
e
t
h
er
e
b
u
t
n
o
t
s
o
h
i
g
h
an
d
d
en
s
e
as
i
n
t
h
e
cities.
T
o
b
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e,
th
is
m
o
d
el
is
s
u
itab
l
e
w
h
er
e
b
u
i
ld
in
g
s
ex
is
t,
b
u
t
th
e
m
o
b
ile
s
tatio
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
i
ts
h
eig
h
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
C
o
mp
a
r
ed
to
w
ir
eles
s
d
ep
lo
yme
n
t in
a
r
ea
s
w
ith
d
iffer
en
t e
n
viro
n
men
ts
(
I
n
a
a
m
A
b
b
a
s
Hie
d
er
)
937
I
t is f
o
r
m
u
lated
as [
9
]
:
(
8
)
W
h
er
e:
L
SU
=
P
ath
lo
s
s
i
n
s
u
b
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
s
:
d
ec
ib
el
(
d
B
)
L
U
=
Av
er
ag
e
p
at
h
lo
s
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
m
all
cit
y
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el:
d
ec
ib
el
(
d
B
)
f
=
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
t:
m
e
g
ah
er
tz
(
MH
z)
.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
R
an
g
e
o
f
P
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
f
o
r
W
h
ic
h
O
k
u
m
u
r
a/Ha
ta
m
o
d
el
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
v
al
u
e
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
al
u
e
Ca
rr
i
e
r
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
f
c
(
M
H
z
)
1
5
0
1500
Ba
se
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
h
e
i
gh
t
h
b
(
m)
3
0
2
0
0
M
ob
i
l
e
s
ta
t
i
o
n
h
e
i
gh
t
h
m
(
m)
1
1
0
di
s
t
a
nc
e
d
(
K
m)
1
2
0
4.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
is
u
s
ed
to
s
i
m
u
l
ate
th
e
r
ec
eip
t
o
f
p
ap
er
M
A
T
L
A
B
,
d
ata
is
en
ter
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
a
n
d
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
f
ile,
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
u
c
h
as
an
ten
n
a
h
ei
g
h
t
(
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
an
d
an
ten
n
a
(
m
o
b
ile
s
tatio
n
)
,
th
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
,
th
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
,
w
h
en
y
o
u
r
u
n
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
i
n
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
an
d
s
(
1
5
0
-
1
5
0
0
)
MH
z
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
i
s
u
s
ed
i
n
ea
c
h
Fr
ee
Sp
ac
e
L
o
s
s
a
n
d
m
o
d
el
Hata
m
en
tio
n
ed
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
it
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
t
w
o
t
y
p
es o
f
ter
r
ain
,
u
r
b
an
,
s
u
b
u
r
b
an
an
d
lo
s
s
ac
co
u
n
t i
n
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
p
o
w
er
.
5.
P
E
RF
O
RM
ANCE WI
T
H
F
RE
E
SPAC
E
L
O
SS
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
E
q
u
a
tio
n
1
.
I
t
is
d
r
a
w
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
i
n
(
K
m
)
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
t
is
clea
r
f
r
o
m
th
i
s
f
ig
u
r
e
t
h
at
as
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
p
o
w
er
d
B
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
to
o
.
T
h
is
f
i
g
u
r
e
co
n
s
id
er
s
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
v
a
l
u
es
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
it
ter
p
o
w
er
(
P
t=
3
,
5
,
an
d
7
)
W
an
d
b
ase
s
tatio
n
a
n
ten
n
a
h
eig
h
t (
3
0
-
2
0
0
)
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
lo
s
s
R
ec
ei
v
er
p
o
w
er
in
t
h
e
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
el
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
HB
(
5
0
,
1
0
0
.
1
5
0
)
m
an
d
d
.
I
n
th
is
f
ig
u
r
e
t
h
at
a
s
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
c
e
an
d
b
ase
s
tatio
n
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te
n
n
a
h
e
ig
h
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
(
5
0
,
1
0
0
,
1
5
0
)
m
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
p
o
w
er
d
B
in
cr
ea
s
es to
o
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
lo
s
s
R
ec
eiv
er
p
o
w
er
d
B
in
th
e
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
el
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
HB
(
1
0
0
m
)
an
d
P
t
(
3
,
5
,
an
d
7
)
W
.
I
n
th
is
f
ig
u
r
e
t
h
at
as t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
an
d
tr
an
s
m
i
tter
p
o
w
er
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
p
o
w
er
d
B
in
cr
ea
s
es to
o
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
lo
s
s
Mo
b
ile
an
ten
n
a
h
ei
g
h
t
d
B
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
(
5
0
0
,
1
0
0
0
,
an
d
1
5
0
0
)
MH
z
an
d
d
is
tain
s
(
1
0
,
1
5
,
an
d
2
0
)
k
m
.
I
n
th
i
s
f
i
g
u
r
e
th
at
as
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
d
is
tan
ce
t
h
e
lo
s
s
m
o
b
ile
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ten
n
a
h
ei
g
h
t
d
B
(
lo
s
s
R
ec
eiv
er
p
o
w
er
d
B
)
i
n
cr
ea
s
es to
o
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
L
o
s
s
r
ec
ei
v
er
p
o
w
er
d
ep
en
d
s
P
t a
n
d
d
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
-
5
5
0
-
5
0
0
-
4
5
0
-
4
0
0
-
3
5
0
-
3
0
0
D
i
s
t
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n
c
e
\
K
m
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e
c
i
v
e
r
p
o
w
e
r
(
d
b
)
P
t
=
3
w
P
t
1
=
5
w
P
t
2
=
7
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u
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u
r
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5
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L
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m
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ile
an
te
n
n
a
h
eig
h
t d
B
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
an
d
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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n
t J
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n
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(
I
n
a
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u
r
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6
s
h
o
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ile
s
tatio
n
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ten
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h
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ig
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t
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a
n
d
p
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tr
an
s
m
itt
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(
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.
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t sh
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w
s
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t o
f
t
h
e
m
o
b
i
le
s
tatio
n
an
te
n
n
a
h
eig
h
t (
H
m
)
w
i
th
a
s
p
ec
t r
ec
eiv
er
p
o
w
er
.
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n
t
h
is
f
i
g
u
r
e
th
at
as
th
e
m
o
b
ile
s
tatio
n
an
ten
n
a
h
ei
g
h
t
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
m
i
tted
w
a
tt
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
lo
s
s
R
ec
eiv
er
p
o
w
er
d
B
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
to
o
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
L
o
s
s
r
ec
ei
v
er
p
o
w
er
d
B
d
e
p
en
d
s
H
m
a
n
d
P
t
6.
P
E
RF
O
RM
ANCE L
O
SS
H
AT
A
M
O
DE
L
Fig
u
r
e
7
a
n
d
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
esti
m
ati
n
g
p
ath
lo
s
s
u
s
in
g
a
m
o
d
el
i
n
Hata
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ar
ea
s
,
n
a
m
el
y
th
e
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
an
d
th
e
s
u
b
u
r
b
ar
ea
an
d
esti
m
ated
r
es
u
lts
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
at
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
(
1
5
0
-
5
0
0
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1
5
0
0
)
MH
z
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Hata
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
lo
s
s
i
n
u
r
b
an
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
d
is
tan
c
e
Fin
g
er
(
7
)
p
ath
lo
s
s
u
s
in
g
Ha
ta
m
o
d
el
th
e
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
w
h
en
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
M
Hz
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
K
m
t
h
e
lo
s
s
R
ec
eiv
er
p
o
w
er
d
B
in
cr
ea
s
es to
o
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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5
0
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5
4
0
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5
3
0
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5
2
0
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5
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5
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4
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5
0
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e
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(
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ath
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th
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s
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b
u
r
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h
en
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n
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s
es
f
r
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n
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y
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an
d
d
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m
t
h
e
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s
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e
r
p
o
w
er
d
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in
cr
ea
s
es
to
o
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n
t
h
e
u
r
b
a
n
ar
ea
s
,
t
h
e
r
is
e
o
f
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
h
ei
g
h
t
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
it
ter
s
a
n
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
s
an
d
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
o
b
tain
in
g
t
h
e
b
est
s
ig
n
al
at
t
h
e
R
ec
ei
v
er
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
lo
s
s
R
ec
ei
v
er
p
o
w
er
d
B
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Hata
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
lo
s
s
i
n
S
u
b
u
r
b
an
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
d
is
t
an
ce
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
NS
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
ar
e
w
h
er
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
m
o
d
el
s
u
s
i
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
ei
g
h
t
a
n
te
n
n
a
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
ch
a
n
g
e
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
m
itter
,
d
is
tan
ce
,
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
r
ec
eiv
ed
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
p
ath
lo
s
s
b
et
w
ee
n
u
r
b
an
a
n
d
s
u
b
u
r
b
an
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
tr
an
s
m
i
tter
(
1
5
0
-
1
5
0
0
)
MH
z
Usi
n
g
t
h
e
H
ata
m
o
d
el,
th
e
b
e
s
t
f
it
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
b
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
.
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n
th
e
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
s
,
t
h
e
r
is
e
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
h
eig
h
t
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
s
a
n
d
r
ec
e
iv
er
s
a
n
d
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
.
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r
th
e
p
u
r
p
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s
e
o
f
o
b
tain
in
g
th
e
b
est
s
ig
n
al
at
th
e
R
ec
ei
v
er
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
lo
s
s
R
ec
eiv
e
r
p
o
w
er
d
B
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Ub
o
m
EA
,
Id
ig
o
V
E
,
A
z
u
b
o
g
u
A
CO,
Oh
a
n
e
m
e
CO,
“
A
lu
m
o
n
a
TL
(2
0
1
1
)
p
a
th
l
o
ss
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
W
irele
ss
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
S
o
u
t
h
-
so
u
th
re
g
io
n
o
f
Nig
e
ria,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
c
o
mp
u
ter
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
3
:
360
-
3
6
4
.
[2
]
Nw
a
lo
z
ie
G
e
ra
ld
C,
Uf
o
a
ro
h
S
U,
Eze
a
g
w
u
CO,
“
Ej
io
f
o
r
A
C
(
2
0
1
4
)
P
a
t
h
lo
ss
o
n
P
re
d
ictio
n
f
o
r
G
S
M
M
o
b
i
le
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
f
o
r
u
rb
a
n
Re
g
io
n
o
f
Ab
a
,
”
S
o
u
t
h
-
E
a
st
Nig
e
ria
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
c
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
M
o
b
il
e
c
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
3
:
2
6
7
-
2
8
1
.
[3
]
T
.
Ra
p
p
a
p
o
rt,
“
W
irele
ss
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
P
ri
n
c
ip
les
a
n
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
,
”
2
n
d
e
d
.
,
Prin
t
ice
-
Ha
ll
In
c
.
,
2
0
0
2
.
[4
]
J.
Yu
n
,
“
A
Da
p
ti
v
e
Re
so
u
rc
e
A
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
D
-
T
DD
S
y
ste
m
s
i
n
W
ir
e
les
s
M
u
lt
im
e
d
ia
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,”
P
h
.
D.
T
h
e
sis,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
P
e
n
n
sy
lv
a
n
ia S
tate
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
4
.
[5
]
K.
W
e
so
lo
w
s
k
i,
“
M
o
b
il
e
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
,
”
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
P
o
lan
d
,
2
0
0
2
.
[6
]
T.
Ke
it
h
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
Im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
P
il
o
t
sig
n
a
l
S
c
a
n
n
in
g
Re
c
e
iv
e
r
f
o
r
CDMA
P
e
r
so
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
se
rv
ice
s s
y
ste
m
,
”
M
S
c
.
T
h
e
sis,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
In
stit
a
te,
1
9
9
8
.
[7
]
Nn
a
m
a
n
i
Ke
lv
in
N.,
a
n
d
A
lu
m
o
n
a
TL
,
“
P
a
th
L
o
ss
P
re
d
icti
o
n
o
f
W
irele
ss
M
o
b
il
e
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
f
o
r
Urb
a
n
A
re
a
s
o
f
I
m
o
S
tate
,
S
o
u
t
h
-
Eas
t
Re
g
i
o
n
o
f
Nig
e
ria at
9
1
0
M
Hz
,
”
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
r
k
Da
ta
C
o
mm
in
a
ti
o
n
2
0
1
5
,
4
:
1
.
[8
]
G
u
p
ta
V
.
,
S
h
a
rm
a
,
S
.
C.
a
n
d
Ba
n
sa
l,
M
.
C.
(2
0
0
9
)
,
“
F
ri
n
g
e
A
re
a
P
a
th
L
o
ss
Co
rre
c
ti
o
n
F
a
c
to
r
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Rec
e
n
t
T
re
n
d
s i
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
V
o
l
.
1
,
No
.
2
.
[9
]
h
tt
p
s:/
/en
.
w
ik
ip
e
d
ia.o
rg
/w
ik
i/
Ha
t
a
_
m
o
d
e
l
.
[1
0
]
Ib
ra
h
im
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
“
P
a
th
-
L
o
ss
E
stim
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
Ce
ll
u
lar
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
Us
in
g
Ok
u
m
u
ra
/H
a
ta
M
o
d
e
l,
”
S
c
ien
c
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Circ
u
it
s,
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
S
ig
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
2
0
1
8
;
7
(1
):
2
0
-
27
.
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