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.
Fo
r
an
as
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
s
o
l
u
tio
n
,
ch
a
n
g
es
o
n
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
r
ep
lica
w
il
l
b
e
ca
p
tu
r
e
d
im
m
ed
iatel
y
i
n
a
ti
m
el
y
p
r
o
p
ag
ated
.
T
h
is
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
o
f
f
er
s
a
lo
w
co
s
t,
f
le
x
ib
le
an
d
s
ca
lab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
u
t
n
ee
d
s
to
d
ea
l
w
i
th
d
ata
lo
s
s
a
n
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
.
R
ep
licatio
n
b
r
ea
k
s
in
to
t
w
o
s
ch
e
m
es
th
a
t
ar
e
f
u
l
l
r
ep
licat
io
n
(
all
-
d
ata
-
to
-
all
-
s
ites
)
an
d
p
ar
tial
r
ep
licatio
n
(
all
-
d
ata
-
to
-
s
o
m
e
-
s
i
tes).
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
s
o
lu
t
i
o
n
is
ch
o
s
e
n
f
o
r
its
h
ig
h
er
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
s
u
itab
ilit
y
to
av
o
id
co
n
f
l
icts
b
ased
o
n
it
s
q
u
o
r
u
m
e
x
ec
u
tio
n
o
r
co
m
m
it
m
en
t p
r
o
to
co
l.
I
n
a
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
w
a
y
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
f
a
u
lt
s
av
o
id
an
ce
an
d
f
a
u
lt
s
r
e
m
o
v
a
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
a
s
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
,
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
r
e
u
s
e,
te
s
ti
n
g
an
d
s
o
o
n
ar
e
ab
le
to
d
eliv
er
d
ep
en
d
ab
il
it
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
b
y
d
etec
tin
g
a
n
d
e
x
p
u
n
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
au
l
ts
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
in
a
lar
g
e
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
y
s
te
m
,
m
illi
o
n
s
o
f
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
d
ev
ice
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
ea
ch
o
t
h
er
v
ia
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
li
n
k
s
ar
e
p
r
o
n
e
to
f
ail
u
r
es
a
n
d
th
ese
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
e
n
o
u
g
h
to
to
ler
ate
th
e
f
ail
u
r
es.
D
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
s
y
s
te
m
s
allo
w
m
a
n
y
u
s
er
s
ac
ce
s
s
to
a
co
m
m
o
n
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
h
en
ce
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
s
h
ar
in
g
ca
u
s
in
g
a
s
i
n
g
le
f
a
u
lt
c
an
b
e
in
e
v
itab
le
in
th
is
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
to
ler
ate
f
ail
u
r
es
w
h
ile
ef
f
icie
n
tl
y
e
x
p
lo
itin
g
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
t
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
i
n
an
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
m
an
n
er
m
u
s
t
b
e
an
es
s
en
t
ial
p
ar
t
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
co
m
p
u
t
in
g
i
n
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
il
l b
e
u
s
e
f
u
l i
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
o
ten
tiall
y
p
r
ev
e
n
t
m
al
icio
u
s
s
i
tes
th
at
ar
e
d
i
s
t
r
ac
tin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
A
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
s
y
s
te
m
is
e
x
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
in
t
h
e
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
p
ar
tial
f
ail
u
r
es
at
t
h
e
le
v
el
o
f
f
a
u
lt
is
o
latio
n
o
r
ev
en
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
o
f
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
an
t.
T
o
a
ch
iev
e
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
an
ce
,
w
e
eit
h
er
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
e
t
h
e
s
er
v
ice
to
ta
k
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
th
e
n
e
w
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
r
d
esig
n
a
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
to
m
as
k
f
a
ilu
r
e
o
n
-
t
h
e
-
f
l
y
b
y
p
lacin
g
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
R
ep
licatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
p
r
i
m
ar
il
y
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
th
e
s
e
t
w
o
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
an
ce
m
an
n
er
s
.
R
ep
licatio
n
e
n
ab
les
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
to
b
e
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ed
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
allo
ca
te
m
o
r
e
r
ep
licas
to
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
in
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
f
lex
ib
il
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
o
as
to
p
r
eser
v
e
its
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
.
I
t
is
ca
p
ab
le
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
ag
g
r
e
g
ated
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
p
o
w
er
o
f
al
l
t
h
e
r
ep
lica
s
ites
to
w
i
t
h
s
ta
n
d
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
lo
ad
ca
te
g
o
r
y
th
u
s
g
iv
e
s
it
a
ca
p
ac
it
y
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
eo
r
etica
ll
y
,
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
ter
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
ll
b
e
ab
le
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
er
r
eliab
ilit
y
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
w
h
ich
w
ill
b
e
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
as
it
i
s
u
s
in
g
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
p
ar
ts
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
l
e
m
ater
i
als.
I
n
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
w
h
er
e
u
s
in
g
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
is
n
o
t
an
o
p
tio
n
,
r
ep
licatio
n
is
th
e
b
est
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
l
y
-
r
eliab
le
s
y
s
te
m
s
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
less
r
eliab
le
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
.
W
h
en
an
o
b
j
ec
t
is
r
ep
licated
,
it
w
il
l
h
a
v
e
s
e
v
er
al
id
en
tica
l
co
p
ies
o
f
t
h
e
o
b
j
ec
t
ca
lled
r
ep
lic
as.
I
n
t
h
e
ev
e
n
t
o
f
f
ail
u
r
e,
th
e
f
ail
u
r
e
is
m
a
s
k
ed
b
y
it
s
o
t
h
er
r
ep
licas
t
h
u
s
av
ailab
ilit
y
i
s
g
u
ar
an
teed
i
n
s
p
ite
o
f
t
h
e
f
ail
u
r
e.
T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
in
r
ep
licatio
n
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
ll
y
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
ted
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
an
d
allo
w
s
u
c
h
s
y
s
te
m
to
r
e
m
ai
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
,
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
eir
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
as
w
ell
a
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
a
lar
g
e
d
e
g
r
ee
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
ab
le
to
o
p
er
ate
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
f
au
l
t
w
it
h
o
u
t
u
s
er
in
ter
v
en
t
io
n
to
to
ler
ate
th
e
f
ail
u
r
es t
h
at
m
a
y
o
c
cu
r
in
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
2.
RE
AD
O
N
E
WRI
T
E
AL
L
(
RO
WA)
T
h
is
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
a
n
d
s
tr
aig
h
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
s
e
in
r
ep
licati
n
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
wh
ich
k
ee
p
s
m
u
ltip
le
co
p
ies
o
f
r
ep
licas
th
at
allo
w
an
y
o
n
e
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
d
an
d
m
u
s
t
all
b
e
u
p
d
ated
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
ill
tr
a
n
s
lat
e
a
lo
g
ical
r
ea
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
n
a
d
ata
item
i
n
to
o
n
e
p
h
y
s
ical
r
ea
d
o
n
an
y
o
f
its
r
ep
licas
an
d
tr
an
s
late
s
all
its
lo
g
ical
w
r
ite
s
o
p
er
atio
n
to
p
h
y
s
ical
w
r
ites
o
p
er
atio
n
o
n
e
at
ea
ch
r
ep
lica.
T
h
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
e
ac
h
r
ep
lica
w
il
l
b
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
b
y
t
h
e
m
a
in
c
o
n
cu
r
r
en
c
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
th
u
s
m
ak
e
s
th
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
eq
u
iv
alen
t
w
ith
a
s
er
ial
ex
ec
u
t
io
n
w
h
er
e
ea
ch
r
ep
lica
th
at
u
p
d
ate
th
e
d
ata
ite
m
w
il
l u
p
d
ate
all
o
f
its
co
p
ies o
r
n
o
n
e
at
all.
R
OW
A
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
i
m
p
le
an
d
eleg
an
t
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
h
ich
h
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
ea
d
o
p
er
atio
n
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
a
n
y
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
f
ail
u
r
es
s
in
ce
o
n
e
s
ite
w
il
l
r
e
m
ai
n
u
p
a
n
d
r
ea
ch
ab
le.
T
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
R
OW
A
t
h
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
ea
d
o
p
er
atio
n
m
ak
e
s
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
t
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t t
h
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
its
d
ata
is
i
n
r
ea
d
-
o
n
l
y
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
s
o
f
R
OW
A
is
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
r
ig
id
in
s
elec
ti
n
g
i
t
s
r
ea
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
a
n
d
w
il
l
b
lo
ck
s
all
th
e
w
r
ites
o
p
er
atio
n
if
o
n
e
s
ite
is
d
o
w
n
o
r
u
n
r
ea
ch
ab
le
u
n
til
t
h
e
f
ailu
r
es
is
r
ep
air
ed
.
T
h
is
ev
en
t
u
all
y
w
il
l c
o
s
t in
cr
e
m
en
t in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ti
m
e
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
es its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
3.
Q
UO
RUM
CO
NSE
NS
US (
Q
C)
O
R
VO
T
I
N
G
T
h
e
Qu
o
r
u
m
C
o
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
(
QC
)
m
e
th
o
d
g
e
n
er
all
y
al
lo
w
w
r
i
tes
o
p
er
atio
n
to
b
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
o
n
l
y
at
a
s
u
b
s
et
(
a
w
r
ite
q
u
o
r
u
m
)
o
f
th
e
u
p
s
ites
,
o
n
co
n
d
itio
n
th
at
r
ea
d
s
o
p
er
atio
n
is
m
ad
e
to
q
u
er
y
a
s
u
b
s
et
(
a
r
ea
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il
201
9
:
1
2
9
8
-
1303
1300
q
u
o
r
u
m
)
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
p
r
o
v
ed
w
il
l
o
v
er
lap
w
it
h
w
r
ite
q
u
o
r
u
m
.
T
h
e
r
e
ad
o
p
er
atio
n
w
i
ll
b
e
ab
le
to
r
etu
r
n
its
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
l
y
w
r
it
ten
v
alu
e
wh
en
e
v
er
th
e
q
u
o
r
u
m
in
ters
ec
ti
o
n
co
n
d
itio
n
is
m
et
a
n
d
w
i
ll
b
e
s
aid
as
h
av
e
vo
te
d
f
o
r
it,
g
iv
in
g
t
h
e
QC
m
et
h
o
d
alter
n
ati
v
e
n
a
m
e,
vo
tin
g
.
T
h
e
q
u
o
r
u
m
s
ca
n
b
e
s
tatic
o
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
as
s
ig
n
ed
v
o
tes
an
d
t
h
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
te
s
to
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
e
t
h
e
q
u
o
r
u
m
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
.
QC
i
s
ab
le
to
m
as
k
f
ail
u
r
es
w
i
th
o
u
t
a
n
y
in
ter
v
en
t
io
n
u
n
til
t
h
e
f
ail
u
r
es
i
s
to
ler
ated
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
il
l
co
s
t
th
e
r
ea
d
o
p
er
atio
n
f
air
l
y
e
x
p
en
s
iv
e
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
id
ea
al
w
a
y
s
a
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt c
h
alle
n
g
e
[
2
]
.
4.
T
RE
E
Q
UO
RUM
(
T
Q
)
P
RO
T
O
CO
L
T
r
ee
Qu
o
r
u
m
(
T
Q)
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
A
g
r
a
w
al
a
n
d
E
l
-
A
b
b
ad
i
[
3
]
th
at
ap
p
lies
r
ep
licatio
n
in
a
lo
g
ical
tr
ee
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
v
er
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
ed
s
ite
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fro
m
t
h
i
s
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
a
r
ea
d
q
u
o
r
u
m
is
ab
le
to
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
th
e
r
o
o
t
o
r
th
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
its
c
h
ild
r
en
w
h
i
le
f
o
r
w
r
ite
q
u
o
r
u
m
it
i
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
o
o
t,
a
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
its
c
h
ild
r
en
a
n
d
a
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
th
eir
c
h
ild
r
en
a
n
d
s
o
f
o
r
th
u
n
ti
l it
h
a
s
r
ea
ch
ed
th
e
leav
es o
f
t
h
e
tr
ee
.
I
n
a
b
est
ca
s
e,
a
r
ea
d
q
u
o
r
u
m
w
il
l
co
n
s
i
s
t
o
f
o
n
l
y
a
r
o
o
t,
{1
}.
I
f
th
e
r
o
o
t
f
ails
,
a
q
u
o
r
u
m
is
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
th
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
th
e
co
p
ies
at
l
ev
el
1
,
e.
g
.
{2
,
3
},
{3
,
4
}
o
r
{
2
,
4
}.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
n
o
m
aj
o
r
it
y
ar
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
at
lev
el
1
o
r
o
n
l
y
n
o
d
e
4
is
ac
c
es
s
ib
le,
n
o
d
es 2
a
n
d
3
w
ill b
e
r
e
p
lace
d
b
y
t
h
eir
c
h
ild
r
en
i
n
t
h
at
o
r
d
er
.
I
n
th
e
ev
e
n
t
o
f
all
co
p
ies
in
le
v
el
0
a
n
d
1
f
ailed
,
a
q
u
o
r
u
m
w
ill
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
th
e
m
aj
o
r
it
y
o
f
th
e
c
h
ild
r
en
o
f
t
h
e
s
elec
ted
m
aj
o
r
it
y
at
lev
el
1
.
T
h
e
s
ize
o
f
t
h
e
w
r
ite
q
u
o
r
u
m
i
s
f
i
x
ed
b
u
t th
e
m
e
m
b
er
s
m
a
y
b
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
t
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
th
e
w
r
i
te
o
p
er
atio
n
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
p
ies
al
w
a
y
s
les
s
th
an
a
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
o
r
u
m
w
h
ile
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
ea
d
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
it
m
a
y
ac
ce
s
s
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
co
p
y
.
Fo
r
a
r
ea
d
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
e
x
ec
u
ti
n
g
i
s
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
w
i
th
R
OW
A
b
u
t
f
o
r
a
w
r
ite
o
p
er
atio
n
,
it
g
a
v
e
t
h
e
m
u
c
h
b
etter
r
esu
lt.
U
n
f
o
r
t
u
n
ate
l
y
,
t
h
e
w
r
i
t
e
o
p
er
atio
n
w
ill
b
e
f
ailed
to
b
e
ex
ec
u
ted
if
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
a
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
th
e
co
p
ies
at
an
y
le
v
el
o
f
t
h
e
tr
ee
b
ec
o
m
e
u
n
av
ai
lab
le.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
tr
ee
q
u
o
r
u
m
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
1
3
co
p
ies o
f
d
ata
o
b
j
ec
t
5.
G
RI
D
CO
NF
I
G
URA
T
I
O
N
(
G
C)
P
RO
T
O
CO
L
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
Ma
ek
a
w
a
[
4
]
w
h
er
e
all
q
u
o
r
u
m
s
ar
e
o
f
eq
u
al
s
ize
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
b
tain
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
m
u
t
u
al
e
x
clu
s
io
n
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
w
h
ic
h
later
e
x
ten
d
ed
b
y
C
h
eu
n
g
et
a
l.
[
5
]
an
d
Ku
m
ar
i
an
d
Me
e
n
u
[
6
]
f
o
r
r
ep
licated
d
ata
o
b
j
ec
ts
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
n
co
p
ies
o
f
d
ata
o
b
j
ec
ts
ar
e
lo
g
ica
l
l
y
o
r
g
a
n
ized
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
√
n
x
√
n
as d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
ea
d
q
u
o
r
u
m
co
n
s
i
s
t
o
f
a
co
p
y
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
co
lu
m
n
in
t
h
e
g
r
id
w
ill
b
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
r
ea
d
io
n
o
n
th
e
d
ata
item
s
.
W
h
ile
f
o
r
w
r
ite
o
p
er
atio
n
s
to
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
,
w
r
ite
q
u
o
r
u
m
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
all
co
p
ies
i
n
o
n
e
co
lu
m
n
a
n
d
a
co
p
y
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
co
lu
m
n
s
w
ill
b
e
n
ee
d
ed
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
tr
o
d
u
c
ed
t
h
e
r
ea
d
an
d
w
r
ite
o
p
er
atio
n
in
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
O
(
√
n
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
S
u
r
ve
y
o
n
r
ep
lica
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es fo
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
ystem
(
Ah
m
ad
Sh
u
k
r
i
Mo
h
d
No
o
r
)
1301
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
A
g
r
id
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
w
it
h
2
5
co
p
ies o
f
d
ata
o
b
j
ec
t
I
n
th
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
d
ep
icted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
,
to
ex
ec
u
te
a
w
r
i
t
e
o
p
er
atio
n
,
co
p
ies
{1
,
6
,
1
1
,
1
6
,
2
1
,
7
,
1
3
,
1
9
,
2
5
}
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
w
h
ile
t
o
ex
ec
u
te
r
ea
d
o
p
er
atio
n
co
p
ies
{1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
}
is
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t
en
o
u
g
h
.
Gen
er
all
y
,
th
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
h
as
a
le
n
g
th
o
f
x
an
d
a
w
id
t
h
o
f
y
s
o
ca
n
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
s
(
x
,
y
)
.
A
r
ea
d
o
p
er
atio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
w
h
e
n
r
etr
iev
in
g
a
r
ea
d
q
u
o
r
u
m
(
x
,
y
)
th
at
f
o
r
m
ed
f
r
o
m
x
co
p
ies
in
ea
ch
o
f
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
lu
m
n
s
.
Fo
r
a
w
r
it
e
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
w
r
ite
q
u
o
r
u
m
i
s
f
o
r
m
ed
f
r
o
m
x
co
p
ies
in
ea
ch
o
f
y
co
lu
m
n
s
an
d
an
y
√n
–
x
+
1
co
p
ies
in
ea
ch
o
f
√
n
+
y
+
1
co
lu
m
n
.
T
h
e
q
u
o
r
u
m
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
p
er
ty
b
et
w
ee
n
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
w
r
ite
q
u
o
r
u
m
i
s
d
et
er
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
r
ea
d
g
r
id
q
u
o
r
u
m
s
ize
w
h
er
e
if
th
e
s
ize
(
x
,
y
)
t
h
e
n
w
r
i
te
g
r
id
q
u
o
r
u
m
m
u
s
t b
e
(
√
n
–
x
+
1
,
√
n
–
y
+1
)
.
T
h
e
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
s
o
f
t
h
is
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
ar
e
th
i
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
eg
r
ad
e
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
s
t
an
d
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
d
ata
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
p
ies
f
o
r
b
o
th
r
ea
d
an
d
w
r
ite
q
u
o
r
u
m
is
b
ig
as
well
as
p
r
o
n
e
to
f
ailu
r
e
o
f
th
e
e
n
tire
r
o
w
a
n
d
co
lu
m
n
i
n
th
e
g
r
id
.
6.
T
WO
-
RE
P
L
I
C
A
DIS
T
R
I
B
UT
I
O
N
T
E
CH
N
I
Q
UE
(
T
R
DT
)
T
w
o
-
r
ep
lica
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
(
T
R
DT
)
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
S
h
en
et
a
l.
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
a
t
o
n
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
h
as
a
n
eq
u
al
ca
p
ac
it
y
f
o
r
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
all
d
ata
h
a
v
e
t
w
o
r
e
p
licas
o
n
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
n
o
d
es
an
d
a
ll
n
o
d
es
h
a
v
e
t
w
o
d
ata
r
ep
licas.
Fo
r
N
n
o
d
es,
it
i
s
d
iv
id
ed
to
n
s
et
o
f
n
o
d
es
(
N
=2
n
)
w
h
er
e
ea
c
h
o
f
th
e
s
et
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
t
w
o
n
o
d
es a
s
illu
s
tr
ated
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Data
r
ep
lic
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
h
e
n
N=
2
n
E
ac
h
r
ec
tan
g
le
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
w
h
ile
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
v
al
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
a
s
et
th
at
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
t
w
o
n
o
d
es.
Data
x
a
n
d
y
h
as
t
w
o
r
ep
lica
s
,
th
at
i
s
i
n
n
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
s
et
1
an
d
s
o
as
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
et
b
al
s
o
h
as
t
w
o
r
ep
lica
s
lo
ca
ted
in
n
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
s
et
2
a
n
d
s
o
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
ep
licatio
n
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
d
o
n
e
o
n
it
s
r
ep
lica
w
h
en
ev
er
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
n
o
d
e
r
ec
eiv
es a
r
eq
u
est
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
ep
licatio
n
li
n
k
a
n
d
th
i
s
r
ep
licatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
u
s
es a
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
ep
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
w
ea
k
n
e
s
s
o
f
th
i
s
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
e
v
e
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
i
n
cr
e
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
av
ailab
il
it
y
is
n
o
t
tr
iv
i
al,
T
R
DT
d
o
u
b
le
u
p
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
a
s
it
ad
d
ed
u
p
to
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
s
er
v
e
s
w
ith
s
ec
o
n
d
r
ep
lica
[
4
]
.
T
R
DT
also
ac
q
u
ir
e
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
h
av
e
r
ep
lica
-
a
v
aila
b
ilit
y
o
f
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
9
9
%
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
a
ch
ie
v
e
h
ig
h
r
el
iab
ilit
y
p
lu
s
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
co
m
p
leted
if
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
et
s
is
u
n
a
v
ailab
le
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
al
s
o
ex
p
o
s
es
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
to
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
o
u
b
le
f
au
lt
s
in
ca
s
e
o
f
b
o
th
r
ep
licas is
d
a
m
a
g
ed
o
r
lo
s
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il
201
9
:
1
2
9
8
-
1303
1302
7.
NE
I
G
H
B
O
UR
RE
P
L
I
C
A
T
RIA
G
UL
AR
G
RID (
NR
T
G
)
Neig
h
b
o
u
r
R
ep
lica
T
r
ian
g
u
la
r
Gr
id
(
NR
T
G)
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Ma
m
at
et
a
l.
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
r
ep
licatio
n
is
p
ar
ti
al
r
ep
licatio
n
(
all
-
d
ata
-
to
-
s
o
m
e
-
s
ite
s
)
w
h
er
e
r
ep
licated
d
ata
o
n
l
y
co
p
ied
to
th
e
n
o
d
e’
s
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
.
I
n
t
h
is
te
ch
n
iq
u
e,
all
s
ites
ar
e
lo
g
icall
y
o
r
g
a
n
ized
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
tr
ian
g
u
lar
g
r
id
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
in
h
er
ited
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
in
ar
y
-
tr
ee
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
w
h
er
e
th
e
i
n
n
er
lea
v
es
o
f
t
h
e
tr
ee
ar
e
lin
k
ed
to
g
eth
er
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
e
s
ites
i
n
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
h
as
a
m
aster
d
ata
f
ile
.
I
f
t
h
e
s
i
te
is
o
p
er
atio
n
al,
th
e
co
p
ies
w
il
l b
e
av
ailab
le
at
th
e
s
ites
o
t
h
er
w
is
e
it is
u
n
av
a
ilab
le.
E
ac
h
o
v
a
l
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
a
n
o
d
e.
Data
f
r
o
m
n
o
d
e
1
w
il
l
b
e
r
ep
licated
to
n
o
d
e
2
an
d
n
o
d
e
3
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
to
n
o
d
e
1
.
Fo
r
n
o
d
e
5
,
it
h
as
f
o
u
r
n
ei
g
h
b
o
u
r
s
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
n
o
d
es
2
,
3
,
8
an
d
9
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
n
o
d
e
5
h
as
f
i
v
e
r
ep
licas.
T
h
is
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
tr
ee
r
eq
u
ir
ed
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ep
licatio
n
s
is
5
h
e
n
ce
th
is
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
m
in
i
m
ize
s
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
f
u
ll
r
ep
licatio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e.
NR
T
G
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
q
u
o
r
u
m
s
izes
th
u
s
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
h
ig
h
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
ex
ec
u
ti
n
g
w
r
ite
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
th
e
r
ep
licated
d
atab
ase.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
r
ian
g
u
lar
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
n
s
ites
8.
NE
I
G
H
B
O
UR
RE
P
L
I
C
AT
I
O
N
DIS
T
RIB
UT
E
D
T
E
CH
NIQU
E
(
NRD
T
)
Neig
h
b
o
u
r
R
ep
licatio
n
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
(
NR
DT
)
w
a
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
Ma
m
at
et
a
l.
[
8
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
tech
n
iq
u
e,
al
l
n
o
d
es
ar
e
lo
g
i
ca
ll
y
o
r
g
an
ized
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
t
w
o
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
n
x
n
g
r
id
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e.
I
t
w
ill
lo
g
icall
y
o
r
g
an
ize
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
n
x
n
w
h
en
t
h
er
e
ar
e
n
o
d
es in
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
w
h
er
e
N=
n
2
.
Fro
m
F
ig
u
r
e
5
w
e
as
s
u
m
e
th
at
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
9
n
o
d
es
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
cir
c
les
s
o
th
a
t
it
w
ill
b
e
lo
g
ic
all
y
o
r
g
an
ized
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
3
x
3
g
r
id
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es
h
as
i
ts
o
w
n
m
aster
d
ata
f
ile.
I
n
th
i
s
tec
h
n
iq
u
e,
u
p
d
ates
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
co
p
y
w
ill
b
e
f
ir
s
t
co
m
m
i
tted
at
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
n
o
d
e
th
en
w
ill
later
b
e
u
p
d
ated
as
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
l
y
to
its
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
co
p
ies
w
it
h
in
a
s
ep
ar
ate
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
.
I
n
NR
DT
,
all
d
ata
h
as
s
o
m
e
r
ep
licas
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
o
d
es
an
d
all
n
o
d
es
h
av
e
s
o
m
e
d
at
a
u
n
d
er
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
r
ep
licated
to
its
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
f
r
o
m
its
p
r
i
m
ar
y
n
o
d
es
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ata
r
ep
licatio
n
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
is
less
o
r
eq
u
a
l
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
+
a
d
ata
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
its
el
f
.
NR
DT
ab
le
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
m
u
ch
b
etter
th
a
n
T
R
DT
m
o
d
el
w
it
h
th
e
les
s
o
v
er
h
ea
d
co
s
t
s
in
ce
i
n
T
R
DT
m
o
d
el
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
co
m
p
r
i
s
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
w
o
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
[
2
]
.
Ov
er
ti
m
e,
th
e
av
ailab
il
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
NR
DT
m
o
d
el
r
ed
u
ce
s
i
n
a
s
m
al
l
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
p
er
y
ea
r
w
i
th
o
n
l
y
p
r
ed
icted
to
b
e
1
.
2
%
f
o
r
th
e
p
er
io
d
o
f
ten
y
ea
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
w
it
h
9
n
o
d
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
S
u
r
ve
y
o
n
r
ep
lica
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es fo
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
ystem
(
Ah
m
ad
Sh
u
k
r
i
Mo
h
d
No
o
r
)
1303
9.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
b
r
ief
s
u
r
v
e
y
o
f
r
ep
licatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es,
its
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
in
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
t
ed
s
y
s
te
m
s
an
d
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
im
p
le
m
e
n
t
th
e
r
ep
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
th
at
ar
e
av
ailab
le
in
c
u
r
r
en
t
w
o
r
k
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
ia
tel
y
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
ea
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
,
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
ill
u
s
tr
atio
n
f
o
r
e
ac
h
o
f
t
h
e
r
ep
licatio
n
m
o
d
els
h
av
e
b
ee
n
a
n
al
y
s
ed
an
d
p
r
ese
n
ted
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
He
lal
A
.
A
.
,
Bh
a
rg
a
v
a
B.
K.,
He
d
d
a
y
a
A
.
A
.
,
“
Re
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
in
Distrib
u
ted
S
y
ste
m
s
,
”
Kl
u
w
e
r
A
c
a
d
e
m
ic
P
u
b
l
ish
e
rs,
Un
i
ted
S
tate
s o
f
Am
e
r
ica
,
2
0
0
2
.
[2
]
No
o
r
A
.
S
.
M
.
,
He
ra
wa
n
T
.
,
De
ris,
M
.
M
.
,
“
Ne
ig
h
b
o
r
-
Re
p
li
c
a
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
M
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
Av
a
il
a
b
il
it
y
P
re
d
ictio
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i
n
Distri
b
u
ted
In
ter
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
,
”
In
t’l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Clo
u
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
]
Ag
ra
w
a
l
D.
a
n
d
A
b
b
a
d
i,
A
.
E.
,
“
Us
in
g
th
e
T
re
e
Qu
o
ru
m
P
ro
to
c
o
l
:
A
n
E
ff
icie
n
t
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
r
M
a
n
a
g
in
g
Re
p
li
c
a
ted
Da
ta
,
”
Pro
c
1
6
,
In
t’l
Co
n
f.
o
n
Ver
y
L
a
rg
e
Da
t
a
b
a
se
,
p
p
2
4
3
-
2
5
4
,
1
9
9
8
.
[4
]
M
a
e
k
a
wa
M
.,
“
A
V
n
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
M
u
tu
a
l
Ex
c
lu
si
o
n
in
De
c
e
n
tr
a
li
z
e
d
S
y
ste
m
s
,
”
ACM
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
o
n
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
y
ste
ms
,
V
o
l.
3
(
2
)
,
p
p
1
4
5
-
1
5
9
,
1
9
9
2
.
[5
]
Ch
e
u
n
g
S
.
Y.,
Am
m
a
r
M
.
H.,
Ah
m
a
d
M
.
,
“
T
h
e
G
rid
P
ro
to
c
o
l:
A
Hig
h
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
s
S
c
h
e
m
a
f
o
r
M
a
in
tain
in
g
Re
p
li
c
a
ted
Da
ta
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
K
n
o
wle
d
g
e
a
n
d
Da
t
a
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
V
o
l.
4
(
6
)
,
p
p
.
5
8
2
–
5
9
2
,
1
9
9
2
.
[6
]
Ku
m
a
ri
T
.
,
M
e
e
n
u
S
.
,
“
Dia
g
o
n
a
l
Re
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
w
it
h
In
ters
e
c
ti
o
n
o
f
Qu
o
ru
m
s
in
2
D
M
e
sh
(IQ2
DM)
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
G
rid
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
s &
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
me
n
t
i
n
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Vo
l.
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
S
h
e
n
H.H.
,
Ch
e
n
S
.
M
.
,
Z
h
e
n
g
W
.
M
.
,
S
h
i
S
.
M
.
,
“
Re
se
a
rc
h
o
n
Da
ta
Re
p
li
c
a
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
S
e
rv
e
r
Clu
ste
r
,
”
IEE
E
Pro
c
.
4
th
I
n
t’l
.
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Pef
o
rm
a
n
c
e
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
Be
ij
in
g
,
p
p
.
9
6
6
-
9
6
8
,
2
0
0
0
.
[8
]
M
a
m
a
t
R.
,
De
ris
M
.
M
.
,
Ja
li
l
M
.
,
“
Ne
ig
h
b
o
u
r
Re
p
li
c
a
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
Cl
u
ste
r
S
e
rv
e
r
S
y
s
tem
s
,”
M
a
la
y
sia
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Vo
l.
1
7
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
1
1
-
2
0
,
2
0
0
4
.
[9
]
M
a
m
a
t
A
.
,
De
ris
M
.
M
.
,
A
b
a
w
a
j
y
J.H.,
Ism
a
il
S
.
,
“
M
a
n
a
g
in
g
Da
ta
Us
in
g
Ne
ig
h
b
o
r
Re
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
n
T
rian
g
u
lar
-
G
rid
S
tru
c
tu
re
,
”
6
th
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
Rea
d
in
g
,
UK
,
p
p
1
0
7
1
-
1
0
7
7
,
2
0
0
6
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Ahm
a
d
S
h
u
k
r
i
B
in
M
o
h
d
N
o
o
r
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
ter
sc
ien
c
e
a
n
d
De
p
u
ty
De
a
n
a
t
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
In
f
o
r
m
a
ti
c
s
A
p
p
li
e
d
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
c
s,
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
M
a
lay
sia
T
e
r
e
n
g
g
a
n
u
(UMT
).
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
5
0
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
in
v
a
rio
u
s
re
f
e
rre
d
jo
u
rn
a
ls,
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s,
se
m
in
a
rs
a
n
d
s
y
m
p
o
siu
m
s.
He
a
ls
o
a
p
p
o
in
ted
a
s
Ch
ief
Ed
it
o
r
f
o
r
v
a
rio
u
s
S
c
o
p
u
s
in
d
e
x
e
d
jo
u
rn
a
l
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s.
He
re
v
ie
w
s
v
a
ri
o
u
s
p
a
p
e
rs
i
n
re
f
e
re
e
d
jo
u
rn
a
ls
s
u
c
h
a
s
IEE
E
a
n
d
E
lse
v
ier.
He
w
a
s
a
p
p
o
in
ted
a
s
G
e
n
e
ra
l
Ch
a
ir
a
n
d
tec
h
n
ica
l
c
o
m
m
it
te
e
f
o
r
v
a
ri
o
u
s
ico
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
se
v
e
r
a
l
in
v
it
a
ti
o
n
s as
in
v
it
e
d
sp
e
a
k
e
r
f
o
r
v
a
rio
u
s co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s.
He
is
a
G
o
o
g
le On
li
n
e
P
r
o
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l
Ce
rti
f
ied
a
n
d
C
lo
u
d
P
ro
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l
Ce
rti
f
ied
.
Nu
r
Fa
r
h
a
h
M
a
t
Z
i
a
n
h
a
s
g
r
a
d
u
a
ted
f
ro
m
UMT
,
Tere
n
g
g
a
n
u
in
B.
S
c
.
(Ho
n
s)
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
)
w
it
h
CG
P
A
o
f
3
.
6
9
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
w
a
rd
e
d
w
it
h
d
e
a
n
’s
li
st
f
o
r
5
c
o
n
se
c
u
ti
v
e
se
m
e
ste
rs
a
n
d
w
a
s
a
B
e
st
G
ra
d
u
a
te
f
o
r
D
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
UMT
,
2
0
0
9
S
o
f
tw
a
re
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
u
rse
.
S
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
M
S
c
in
C
o
m
p
u
ter
sc
ien
c
e
in
2
0
1
5
.
F
o
r
h
e
r
m
a
ste
r,
4
p
a
p
e
rs
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
w
rit
ten
,
3
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
a
n
d
1
u
n
d
e
r
re
v
iew
o
f
Jo
u
rn
a
l’s
re
v
ie
w
e
r’
s
c
o
m
m
it
tee
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
sh
e
is
a
P
h
.
D
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
te
a
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
e
d
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s,
UM
T
.
Fa
tin
Nurha
n
a
n
i
M
.
S
h
a
ifu
l
B
a
h
r
i
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
stu
d
ied
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
Jo
h
o
r
Ba
h
ru
in
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
(
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s)
w
it
h
CG
P
A
3
.
1
5
.
S
h
e
h
e
ld
h
e
r
p
o
siti
o
n
a
s
Cre
w
T
u
n
F
a
ti
m
a
h
Co
ll
e
g
e
f
o
r
f
o
u
r
y
e
a
rs.
In
a
d
d
i
ti
o
n
,
sh
e
h
o
l
d
s
th
e
p
o
si
ti
o
n
o
f
se
c
re
tar
y
in
tw
o
m
a
jo
r
p
ro
g
ra
m
s
n
a
m
e
l
y
th
e
In
sp
iratio
n
a
l
W
o
m
e
n
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
2
0
1
7
,
o
r
g
a
n
ize
d
b
y
th
e
T
u
n
F
a
ti
m
a
h
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
a
n
d
th
e
Ac
a
d
e
m
ic
Ex
c
e
ll
e
n
c
e
P
ro
g
ra
m
o
f
th
e
M
a
la
y
sia
n
Hig
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
rg
a
n
ize
d
b
y
th
e
F
e
d
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
M
a
lay
S
tu
d
e
n
t
Un
i
o
n
s.
Be
sid
e
s,
sh
e
a
lso
h
e
ld
a
s
t
h
e
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
u
n
i
t
i
n
th
e
S
c
ien
c
e
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
C
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
P
ro
g
ra
m
(S
IC),
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
.
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