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th
a
t
p
o
s
s
e
‘
s
s
i
m
ilar
cr
y
s
tal
g
e
n
er
ated
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
is
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
p
o
te
n
tial
lev
el
o
f
n
o
is
e.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
i
s
v
er
y
cr
itical
as
GSM
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
d
o
esn
'
t
o
n
l
y
f
lo
at
ac
o
u
s
tic
i
n
it
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
b
u
t
it
also
f
lo
at
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
o
r
m
o
f
d
ata.
I
n
e
x
is
ti
n
g
ti
m
e,
w
i
th
t
h
e
p
r
esen
c
e
o
f
3
G
an
d
4
G
b
ased
s
er
v
i
ce
s
,
th
e
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
ch
o
o
s
es
to
r
en
d
er
v
o
ice
as
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
d
ata
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
s
r
u
n
n
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
s
u
s
tai
n
ed
b
y
GSM
-
b
ased
s
er
v
ice
s
an
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
w
h
ic
h
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
i
s
a
d
e
m
a
n
d
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
i
s
,
t
h
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
tele
m
ed
icin
e
al
s
o
ad
o
p
ts
GSM
b
ased
ch
an
n
el
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
m
it
tin
g
clin
i
ca
l
d
ata.
He
n
ce
,
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
an
y
f
o
r
m
o
f
n
o
is
e
s
w
il
l
r
es
u
l
t
in
t
h
e
i
n
ac
c
u
r
ate
d
iag
n
o
s
i
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
n
o
is
es
d
o
h
av
e
h
ar
m
f
u
l
ef
f
ec
t
i
n
ex
is
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
f
ilter
s
ca
n
o
n
l
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
ca
n
ce
llatio
n
o
f
n
o
is
e
s
if
t
h
e
a
p
r
io
r
i
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
n
o
i
s
e
t
y
p
e
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
th
e
f
ilter
d
ev
ice.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
w
e
p
r
esen
t
a
s
i
m
p
le
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
w
h
er
e
s
u
c
h
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
u
n
id
en
t
i
f
ied
n
o
is
e
ca
n
b
e
d
etec
ted
an
d
k
ep
t
s
eg
r
eg
ated
to
allo
w
t
h
e
s
ea
m
le
s
s
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
i
n
t
h
e
GS
M
-
b
ased
c
h
an
n
el.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
a
ls
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
s
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
al
lo
ca
ted
p
o
w
er
o
v
er
th
e
n
o
is
e
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
b
y
h
ar
n
ess
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
t
h
eo
r
y
an
d
an
al
y
tical
r
esear
ch
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
Sectio
n
1
.
1
d
is
cu
s
s
es
ab
o
u
t
th
e
e
x
is
t
in
g
liter
at
u
r
e
s
w
h
er
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
f
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
o
f
n
o
i
s
es
i
n
f
ile
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
li
n
es
f
o
llo
w
e
d
b
y
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
s
i
n
Sect
io
n
1
.
2
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
i
n
1
.
3
.
Sectio
n
2
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
ab
o
u
t
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
r
esu
lt
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
i
n
Sec
tio
n
3
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
co
n
c
lu
s
i
v
e
r
e
m
ar
k
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
Sectio
n
4
.
1
.
1
.
B
a
ck
g
ro
un
d
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
to
w
ar
d
s
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
lev
el
o
f
n
o
is
es
p
r
ese
n
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
d
ata
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
w
ir
eles
s
m
ed
i
u
m
.
T
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
i
s
an
e
x
t
en
s
io
n
to
o
u
r
p
r
io
r
r
ev
ie
w
w
o
r
k
[
1
0
]
.
A
l
ias
a
n
d
So
co
r
o
[
1
1
]
h
as
p
r
ese
n
ted
a
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
an
o
m
alo
u
s
n
o
is
e
th
at
ar
is
e
s
f
r
o
m
ac
o
u
s
tic
s
e
n
s
o
r
y
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Mo
s
taf
a
[
1
2
]
h
av
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
i
m
p
u
ls
i
v
e
n
o
is
e
f
o
cu
s
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
OFDM
s
i
g
n
als
u
s
in
g
b
la
n
k
i
n
g
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
it
y
.
Z
h
an
g
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
h
av
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
n
o
is
e
b
y
d
e
v
el
o
p
in
g
a
s
elec
tio
n
m
e
th
o
d
o
f
m
icr
o
p
h
o
n
e
s
u
b
s
et
s
t
h
at
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
li
n
k
ed
w
i
th
t
h
e
lo
w
er
co
s
t
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
An
to
n
a
n
za
s
et
al.
[
1
4
]
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
esi
g
n
w
i
th
a
n
aid
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
least
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Du
d
a
[
1
5
]
h
av
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
o
n
n
o
i
s
e
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
p
o
lic
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
ce
llu
lar
p
h
o
n
e
s
th
a
t
ar
is
es
f
r
o
m
r
o
ad
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
.
F
er
r
as
et
al.
[
1
6
]
h
av
e
d
esig
n
ed
a
n
o
is
e
-
r
esi
s
tan
t
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
at
co
u
ld
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
t
h
e
ac
o
u
s
tic
s
in
s
p
ite
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
n
o
i
s
es
o
v
er
th
e
m
ed
iu
m
.
L
i
u
et
al.
[
1
7
]
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
n
o
p
ti
m
izati
o
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
s
ch
ed
u
li
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
es
o
v
er
w
i
r
eless
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
n
o
is
e
p
r
esen
t
in
t
h
e
w
ir
el
ess
.
St
u
d
y
to
w
ar
d
s
i
n
ter
f
er
en
c
e
ca
n
ce
llatio
n
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
R
u
d
er
et
al.
[
1
8
]
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
GSM
b
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
i
th
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
k
e
y
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fath
al
lah
e
t
al.
[
1
9
]
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
ab
o
u
t
n
o
i
s
e
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
o
n
o
p
tical
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
a
m
o
d
elin
g
f
o
r
id
en
t
if
icatio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
s
i
m
p
l
e
Gau
s
s
ia
n
n
o
is
es.
Stu
d
y
to
w
ar
d
s
ca
n
ce
lla
tio
n
o
f
cl
u
tter
n
o
i
s
e
o
v
er
GSM
s
i
g
n
al
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
De
m
is
s
ie
[
2
0
]
.
Dix
it
an
d
Nag
ar
ia
[
2
1
]
h
av
e
u
s
ed
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
n
o
is
e
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
u
s
in
g
least
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Nan
d
a
et
al.
[
2
2
]
h
av
e
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
o
n
th
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
p
h
ased
lo
c
k
ed
lo
o
p
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
G
SM
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
ass
is
ti
n
g
in
lo
w
er
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
o
i
s
es.
C
h
e
n
e
t
al.
[
2
3
]
h
av
e
u
s
ed
r
ad
ial
b
asis
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
ll
i
n
g
n
o
i
s
es
o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e
n
at
u
r
e
th
at
f
u
r
th
er
a
s
s
i
s
ts
i
n
an
ef
f
ic
ien
t
r
ec
o
v
er
y
o
f
th
e
s
i
g
n
al.
Ki
m
an
d
Ki
m
[
2
4
]
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
t
h
e
b
u
m
b
le
b
ee
n
o
is
e
o
n
GSM
-
b
ased
d
ev
i
ce
s
u
s
i
n
g
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
f
ilter
s
.
Sal
m
asi
e
t
al.
[
2
5
]
h
av
e
u
s
ed
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
o
f
ac
tiv
e
n
o
is
es.
St
u
d
y
to
w
ar
d
s
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
f
lic
k
er
i
n
g
n
o
is
e
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
J
ian
g
et
al.
[
2
6
]
th
at
also
in
p
ar
allel
ass
is
t
s
in
o
f
f
er
in
g
b
etter
in
p
u
t
w
it
h
e
n
h
an
ce
d
l
in
ea
r
it
y
.
Go
o
s
en
s
et
al.
[
2
7
]
h
a
v
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
a
u
n
iq
u
e
f
il
t
er
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
d
en
o
is
in
g
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
n
o
is
e
s
.
R
u
ip
p
o
et
al.
[
2
8
]
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
s
tu
d
y
th
a
t
e
m
p
h
a
s
iz
e
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
o
s
cilla
to
r
th
at
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
v
o
lta
g
e
w
i
t
h
h
ig
h
l
y
le
s
s
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
h
a
s
e
n
o
is
e
s
o
p
er
atin
g
at
cr
itical
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ies
o
f
GSM
s
ig
n
al
s
.
Nee
r
aj
a
an
d
R
ao
[
29
]
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
r
C
DM
A
a
n
d
GSM
ce
ll
u
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
o
v
er
Ha
n
d
o
f
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
th
e
r
esear
ch
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
h
elp
f
u
l
in
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
ce
llu
lar
s
er
v
ice.
I
n
X
ie
et
al.
[
30
]
ex
p
lain
ed
t
h
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
ac
q
u
ir
ed
f
r
o
m
r
ail
w
a
y
b
ased
GSM,
i.e
.
,
GSM
-
R
an
d
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
t
h
is
w
o
r
k
co
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
eo
r
etica
l
r
esear
c
h
es.
T
ah
c
f
u
llo
h
a
n
d
R
i
s
k
a
y
ad
i
[
31
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
s
u
itab
le
p
r
o
p
ag
ati
o
n
m
o
d
el
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
in
GSM9
0
0
an
d
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tl
y
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
o
v
er
it.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
t
h
at
th
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
t
h
at
d
ir
ec
tl
y
o
r
i
n
d
ir
ec
tl
y
h
as
atte
m
p
te
d
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
n
o
is
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
t
h
e
w
ir
eless
c
h
an
n
el.
No
t
all
th
e
ch
a
n
n
e
ls
ar
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
GSM,
b
u
t
t
h
er
e
ar
e
o
t
h
er
f
o
r
m
o
f
m
o
b
il
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
th
at
b
ea
r
s
s
i
m
ilar
f
o
r
m
o
f
n
o
is
es
j
u
s
t
li
k
e
th
at
h
a
p
p
en
s
in
G
SM.
A
ll
t
h
e
as
s
o
ciate
d
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
8
:
1
2
2
2
–
1229
1224
h
as
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
i
n
its
o
w
n
w
a
y
a
s
w
ell
as
it
i
s
also
s
h
r
o
u
d
ed
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
li
m
it
atio
n
s
to
o
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
ab
o
u
t
th
e
li
m
itatio
n
o
f
th
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e
x
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g
tec
h
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i
q
u
es
th
at
t
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o
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ed
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te
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ch
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es
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ad
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ess
f
o
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o
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er
co
m
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
n
o
is
e
ca
n
ce
llatio
n
in
G
SM
ch
an
n
el.
1
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h P
ro
ble
m
T
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
a.
E
x
is
ti
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
id
en
ti
f
y
in
g
o
n
l
y
s
o
m
e
s
t
an
d
ar
d
n
o
is
es
g
e
n
er
ated
f
r
o
m
s
tatic
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
i
s
co
m
p
letel
y
in
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
id
en
tif
icat
io
n
o
f
n
o
is
e
s
f
o
r
an
y
f
a
s
t
m
o
v
i
n
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
b.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
u
s
ed
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
m
u
lti
m
ed
ia
f
ile
s
is
ac
o
u
s
tic
i
n
n
o
is
e
ca
n
ce
llatio
n
i
n
GS
M
w
h
er
ea
s
GSM
al
s
o
f
o
r
w
ar
d
s
i
m
ag
e
s
,
tex
t,
ex
ec
u
tab
les,
etc.
t
h
at
w
er
e
n
e
v
er
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
c.
T
ill
d
ate,
th
er
e
ar
e
f
e
w
s
t
u
d
i
es
th
at
h
a
v
e
co
r
r
ec
tl
y
r
ep
r
es
en
ted
th
e
lev
el
o
f
n
o
is
e
ar
is
e
n
f
r
o
m
GSM
-
b
ased
d
ev
ice
b
e
f
o
r
e
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
it to
a
n
y
n
o
is
e
ca
n
ce
llati
o
n
tech
n
iq
u
e.
d.
I
m
p
ac
t o
f
al
lo
ca
ted
p
o
w
er
o
n
t
h
e
GS
M
d
ev
ice
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
n
o
is
es b
ein
g
g
e
n
er
ated
h
a
s
n
e
v
er
b
ee
n
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
in
t
h
e
e
x
is
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
ta
te
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
t
u
d
y
ca
n
b
e
s
tated
as
―
I
t
is
h
ig
h
ly
co
mp
u
ta
tio
n
a
lly
ch
a
llen
g
in
g
ta
s
k
to
p
erfo
r
m
a
p
r
ec
is
e
id
en
t
ifica
tio
n
o
f
u
n
d
efin
ed
fo
r
ms
o
f
n
o
is
es
in
flu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
a
llo
c
a
ted
p
o
w
er in
th
e
GS
M si
g
n
a
ls
fo
r
a
n
effec
tive
n
o
is
e
ca
n
ce
lla
tio
n
.
"
1
.
3
.
P
ro
po
s
ed
So
lutio
n
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
an
ex
te
n
s
io
n
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
io
r
s
to
ch
ast
ic
m
o
d
el
to
w
ar
d
s
GSM
n
o
is
e
ca
n
ce
llatio
n
.
W
e
e
m
p
h
asize
s
t
h
at
s
u
p
p
r
ess
in
g
t
h
e
n
o
is
e
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
if
t
h
e
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
a
p
r
ec
is
e
m
an
n
er
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
w
e
e
m
p
h
asize
o
n
a
p
p
ly
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
th
eo
r
y
w
h
er
e
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
o
f
n
o
is
e
b
y
p
o
w
er
allo
ca
tio
n
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
e
s
c
h
e
m
atic
d
i
ag
r
a
m
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
o
r
P
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
P
g
o
o
d
P
m
a
x
T
i
m
e
–
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
G
S
M
S
i
g
n
a
l
A
r
b
i
t
r
a
r
y
W
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
N
o
i
s
e
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
N
o
i
s
e
-
F
r
e
e
S
i
g
n
a
l
N
o
i
s
y
S
i
g
n
a
l
Fig
u
r
e
1
Sch
e
m
a
o
f
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Me
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
id
er
s
an
an
al
y
tical
r
esear
ch
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
w
h
er
e
it
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
at
a
GS
M
s
ig
n
a
l
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
a
s
t
-
m
o
v
in
g
v
e
h
icle
i
s
al
w
a
y
s
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ated
w
it
h
u
n
d
e
f
i
n
ed
n
o
is
es
alo
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
le
v
el
o
f
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
w
h
er
e
s
u
c
h
u
n
d
e
f
i
n
ed
n
o
is
e
i
s
r
ep
r
esen
te
d
b
y
t
h
e
GSM
s
i
g
n
al
a
s
w
ell
as
f
r
o
m
ar
b
itra
r
y
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
g
en
er
ato
r
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
m
o
d
eli
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
u
n
d
ef
i
n
ed
f
o
r
m
o
f
n
o
is
es
i
n
G
SM
s
ig
n
al.
W
e
th
e
n
d
ev
e
lo
p
a
s
i
m
p
le
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
o
f
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
s
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
g
o
o
d
s
ig
n
als
as
w
ell
a
s
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
ed
is
co
m
p
u
ted
.
An
al
g
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
n
o
is
e
is
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
t
h
at
af
ter
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
s
e
g
r
e
g
ates
g
o
o
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
ad
s
ig
n
al
i
n
GSM
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
its
s
i
m
p
lis
tic
d
esig
n
with
f
a
s
ter
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ti
m
e
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
id
en
t
if
ica
tio
n
o
f
g
o
o
d
s
i
g
n
a
ls
f
o
r
th
e
v
e
h
ic
les
m
o
v
i
n
g
at
a
f
aster
v
elo
cit
y
.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
es t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
b
ein
g
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
f
o
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
2.
AL
G
O
RI
T
H
M
I
M
P
L
E
M
E
NT
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
b
asi
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
p
r
ec
is
e
id
en
ti
f
icat
io
n
o
f
all
f
o
r
m
o
f
r
ad
io
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
n
o
is
e
s
p
r
esen
t
in
t
h
e
ac
o
u
s
tic
G
SM
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
b
asic
id
ea
b
eh
in
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tu
d
y
i
s
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
N
o
ve
l Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
fo
r
C
o
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
N
o
is
e
I
d
en
tifi
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
C
a
n
ce
lla
tio
n
in
G
S
M S
ig
n
a
l
(
R
ek
h
a
N
)
1225
p
r
ec
is
el
y
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
s
p
ac
e
wh
er
e
t
h
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
GSM
s
ig
n
als
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
S
u
ch
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
ac
e
is
al
w
a
y
s
in
d
e
x
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
aid
o
f
ce
r
tain
attr
ib
u
tes
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
r
v
eilled
GS
M
s
i
g
n
a
l
w
it
h
th
e
h
elp
o
f
a
n
e
w
v
ar
ia
b
le
ca
lled
as
r
ep
r
esen
t
ed
.
Alt
h
o
u
g
h
,
s
u
ch
id
en
t
if
icatio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
GSM
s
ig
n
al
s
co
u
ld
b
e
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
el
y
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
d
is
cr
i
m
i
n
ati
v
e,
s
to
ch
ast
ic,
n
eu
r
o
n
a
l,
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
b
u
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
le
tel
y
u
s
e
s
a
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
o
th
e
s
am
e.
T
h
e
n
e
w
t
e
r
m
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
a
n
a
m
o
u
n
t
th
at
is
est
i
m
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
GSM
s
i
g
n
als
th
a
t
ar
e
a
g
g
r
eg
ated
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
tter
t
h
at
is
a
co
llectio
n
o
f
all
th
e
attr
ib
u
te
s
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ci
n
g
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
q
u
alit
y
.
An
e
m
p
ir
ical
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
r
ep
r
esen
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
le
v
el
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
v
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
(
P
g
ood
)
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
th
at
o
f
i
n
te
r
f
er
en
ce
o
f
r
ad
io
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
(
P
noise
)
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
G
SM
s
i
g
n
al
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
n
o
i
s
e
good
P
P
t
R
)
(
(
1
)
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
c
h
alle
n
g
e
is
to
d
is
ti
n
g
u
i
s
h
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
n
o
is
y
s
i
g
n
al
s
o
f
GSM
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
t
h
eir
e
x
te
n
t o
f
p
o
w
er
b
ein
g
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
(
o
r
allo
ca
ted
)
o
n
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
GSM
c
h
an
n
el.
W
e
s
o
lv
e
th
i
s
p
r
o
b
lem
b
y
h
ar
n
e
s
s
i
n
g
th
e
ch
a
ra
cter
is
tic
s
o
f
th
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
b
elo
n
g
to
th
is
f
o
r
m
o
f
tr
an
s
i
en
t
GSM
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
id
er
s
a
f
i
x
e
d
b
an
d
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
f
o
r
GSM
t
h
at
r
a
n
g
e
s
f
r
o
m
9
2
1
MH
z
as
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
9
2
5
MH
z
as
m
ax
i
m
u
m
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
Hen
ce
,
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
P
g
ood
an
d
P
noise
m
u
ch
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
f
ea
s
ib
le
f
o
r
ap
p
r
o
x
im
at
in
g
t
h
e
n
o
is
es
ar
is
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
r
ad
io
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
g
r
ea
tes
t
f
ea
s
ib
le
e
x
ten
t o
f
p
o
w
er
(
P
noise
)
k
ee
p
in
g
t
h
e
s
i
m
i
lar
r
an
g
e
o
f
b
an
d
s
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
(
P
m
ax
)
.
m
a
x
)
(
P
P
t
R
good
(
2
)
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
itia
ll
y
co
m
p
u
te
s
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
o
f
t
i
m
e
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
f
o
llo
w
e
d
b
y
u
tili
zi
n
g
t
h
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
f
o
r
esti
m
ati
n
g
t
h
e
r
ep
r
esen
t
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ep
r
esen
to
r
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
as
s
ess
in
g
b
o
th
th
e
ti
m
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
p
atter
n
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
P
good
a
n
d
P
m
ax
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
at
a
r
eg
u
lar
ti
m
e
in
ter
v
a
l
o
f
t
.
W
e
co
n
s
id
er
th
at
if
t
h
er
e
is
an
y
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
f
ac
to
r
d
u
r
in
g
t
ti
m
e
th
an
al
l
th
e
G
SM
s
ig
n
al
s
ar
e
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
m
i
x
i
n
g
s
o
t
h
at
it
i
s
c
h
alle
n
g
in
g
to
d
is
ti
n
g
u
i
s
h
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
b
y
t
h
e
ir
p
o
w
er
attr
ib
u
tes.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
id
e
r
s
(
t
-
1
)
ti
m
e
d
u
r
atio
n
allo
ca
ted
f
o
r
P
g
ood
s
u
c
h
th
at
P
g
ood
(
t
)
is
eq
u
iv
a
len
t
to
P
g
oo
d
(
t
-
1
)
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
o
f
P
m
ax
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
v
alu
e
o
n
th
e
b
an
d
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t t
o
a
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
f
o
r
m
o
f
GSM
s
i
g
n
al.
Si
m
ilar
l
y
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
e
x
ten
t
s
o
f
p
o
w
er
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
e
m
p
ir
ical
v
al
u
e
o
f
r
ep
r
es
en
t
ed
R
at
t
tim
e
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
r
ep
e
titi
o
n
o
f
th
e
s
i
m
ilar
m
eth
o
d
o
v
er
all
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
ti
m
e
co
r
r
elatin
g
t
o
ti
m
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
f
o
r
m
o
f
d
ata.
Fro
m
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
GS
M
s
ig
n
al,
t
h
e
r
ate
o
f
th
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
o
f
2
7
0
k
ilo
b
its
p
er
s
e
co
n
d
w
h
ile
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
ti
m
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
p
atter
n
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
1
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
co
n
s
t
r
u
cted
b
y
as
s
o
ciatin
g
t
h
e
d
esc
r
ip
to
r
w
ith
th
e
er
r
o
r
r
ate
v
alu
e
w
h
er
e
it
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
o
p
e
r
ate
at
3
.
7
m
icr
o
s
ec
o
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
s
ca
le
o
f
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
b
it
f
o
r
n
o
is
y
G
SM
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as
a
g
g
r
e
g
a
ted
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
P
g
ood
/
P
noise
o
n
m
u
lt
ip
le
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
th
a
t
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
o
v
er
lap
w
it
h
e
ac
h
o
th
er
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t step
s
o
f
th
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
r
a
n
si
e
n
t
si
g
n
a
l
In
p
u
t
:
t
x
(
t
r
a
n
sm
i
t
t
e
r
)
,
ϕ
(
A
d
d
i
t
i
v
e
w
h
i
t
e
G
a
u
ssi
a
n
)
,
s
(
si
g
n
a
l
)
Ou
t
p
u
t
:
λ
(
t
r
a
n
si
e
n
t
si
g
n
a
l
)
S
t
a
r
t
1
.
t
x
ϕ
(
s)
2
.
If
e
<
t
h
3
.
f
l
a
g
q
+
+
4
.
E
l
s
e
5
.
f
l
a
g
q
—
6
.
)
2
s
i
n
(
).
(
).
.(
)
(
.
1
1
t
t
e
e
t
t
y
x
E
n
d
Af
ter
th
e
p
atter
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
ep
r
esen
to
r
is
ex
tr
ac
ted
,
w
e
also
ex
tr
ac
t
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
attr
ib
u
tes.
T
h
e
p
r
eli
m
in
ar
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
t
h
at
d
ep
icts
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
tr
an
s
ien
ts
in
th
e
GSM
s
i
g
n
a
l
w
h
ile
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
attr
ib
u
te
d
ep
icts
th
e
co
r
r
u
p
ted
lev
el
o
f
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
to
n
o
is
e
r
atio
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
ie
n
t.
I
t
is
to
b
e
n
o
ted
t
h
at
s
u
c
h
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
ie
n
t
h
a
v
e
a
d
ee
p
er
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
GS
M
s
ig
n
a
l.
T
h
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
in
i
m
a
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
cu
t
-
o
f
f
v
al
u
e
w
h
er
e
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
all
th
e
n
u
m
er
ical
v
al
u
e
t
h
at
is
lo
w
er
th
a
n
th
i
s
cu
t
-
o
f
f
v
al
u
e.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
t
h
is
c
u
t
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
8
:
1
2
2
2
–
1229
1226
o
f
f
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th
is
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y
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s
s
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tial
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o
f
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v
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t
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is
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in
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tai
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it
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o
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p
o
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atin
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al
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h
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e,
th
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e
i
s
al
w
a
y
s
a
g
en
er
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n
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
w
ith
in
th
e
s
u
m
m
at
io
n
o
f
all
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
a
v
alu
e
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
id
e
r
s
ass
es
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
GSM
s
ig
n
al
th
at
is
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
2
.
4
m
illi
o
n
p
o
in
ts
alo
n
g
w
it
h
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
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ar
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b
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m
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e
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n
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th
e
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m
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ical
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al
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er
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ed
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s
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o
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f
ir
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s
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is
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th
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m
u
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y
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te
m
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n
t
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ile
d
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(
i.e
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a
n
s
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itter
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th
at
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le
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f
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n
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is
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ig
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r
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p
r
o
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ly
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e
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o
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h
m
al
s
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e
s
ad
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Gau
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n
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to
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ate
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ad
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cie
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ati
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er
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ates
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ted
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h
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e
n
t
o
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th
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n
o
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n
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h
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t
s
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o
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m
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ac
t
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al
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h
e
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ir
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t
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n
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itio
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tate
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en
t
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
s
t
h
at
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f
t
h
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er
r
o
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o
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n
d
le
s
s
th
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n
t
h
e
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u
t
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o
f
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p
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n
tag
e
th
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n
i
t
is
co
n
s
id
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ed
to
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e
th
e
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etter
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ig
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al
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o
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g
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al
w
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if
t
h
e
er
r
o
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n
d
m
o
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th
an
th
e
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t
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o
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f
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er
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n
ta
g
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th
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n
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n
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i
d
er
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o
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g
n
al.
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h
e
p
r
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p
o
s
ed
s
tu
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co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
er
r
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r
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ate
as
th
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ate
o
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er
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o
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th
at
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as
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p
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ef
o
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er
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o
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o
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r
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r
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th
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a
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o
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m
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ased
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t
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ig
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s
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h
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at
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p
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f
r
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t
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t
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m
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h
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ti
m
e
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s
th
a
t
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o
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ase
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s
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w
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a
s
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m
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h
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er
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o
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s
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g
n
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4.
CO
NCLU
SI
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N
T
h
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p
r
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p
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a
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as p
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th
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e
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o
f
th
e
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s
ig
n
al
is
in
v
esti
g
at
ed
.
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h
e
p
r
im
e
o
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j
e
cti
v
e
o
f
th
e
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r
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te
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tu
d
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t
o
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ef
in
e
a
to
o
l
th
a
t
c
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n
b
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o
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al
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o
f
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s
ig
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al
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n
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eth
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p
ical
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o
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ip
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e
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te
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e
r
at
ed
b
y
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e
GSM
Sig
n
al
.
RE
F
E
RE
NCES
[1
]
B.
M
u
n
e
g
o
w
d
a
,
―
De
n
o
is
i
n
g
A
u
d
i
o
S
ig
n
a
l
f
ro
m
Va
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a
li
s
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ic
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ise
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s
i
n
g
W
a
v
e
let
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ra
n
sf
o
rm
,
‖
GRI
N
Ver
l
a
g
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
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S
il
v
e
r
,
―
T
h
e
S
ig
n
a
l
a
n
d
t
h
e
N
o
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se
:
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h
e
A
rt
a
n
d
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c
ie
n
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o
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re
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ict
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n
,
"
Pe
n
g
u
in
U
K
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
]
R.
C
.
L
i,
―
R
F
C
irc
u
it
De
sig
n
,
"
J
o
h
n
W
i
ley
&
S
o
n
s
,
20
12.
[4
]
B.
M
.
W
i
lam
o
w
sk
i,
J
.
D.
Irw
i
n
,
―
F
u
n
d
a
m
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n
ta
ls
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
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ia
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El
e
c
t
r
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n
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c
s,
‖
CR
C
Pre
s
s,
2
0
1
6
.
[5
]
R.
W
.
M
i
d
d
les
tea
d
,
―
Dig
it
a
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
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c
a
t
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s
w
it
h
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p
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a
s
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o
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Da
ta
M
o
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e
m
s:
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h
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o
ry
,
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n
a
ly
sis,
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s
ig
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a
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p
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t
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o
n
s
,
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J
o
h
n
W
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ley
&
S
o
n
s
,
2
0
1
7
.
[6
]
R.
C
.
M
u
ll
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n
,
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h
i
l
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im
m
o
n
s
,
―
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le
c
tr
ica
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ri
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g
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l
,
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g
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g
,
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0
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7
.
[7
]
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.
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y
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m
p
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r
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ise
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s
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ier
,
2012.
[8
]
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.
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isra
,
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.
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o
sw
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m
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tw
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g
:
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"
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o
h
n
W
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ley
&
S
o
n
s
,
2017.
[9
]
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.
S
a
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r,
―
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r
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m
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S
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to
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.
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0
]
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a
n
d
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A
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1
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2
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3
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g
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.
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4
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o
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a
n
z
a
s
,
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.
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e
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e
r
,
M
.
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e
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o
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.
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o
n
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lez
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re
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.
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5
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.
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6
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7
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