Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
5
,
Octo
ber
201
9
, pp.
4238
~
42
49
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
5
.
pp4238
-
42
49
4238
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
The imp
rovemen
t o
f
node m
obility
in RPL
to
inc
rease
transmi
ssion effici
ency
Pak Sat
anasaowap
ak,
Chat
chai K
hun
boa
Depa
rtment
o
f
C
om
pute
r
Engi
n
e
eri
ng,
Khon Ka
e
n
Univer
sit
y
,
Th
ai
l
and
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
De
c
25
, 201
8
Re
vised
A
pr
11
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Apr
1
9
, 201
9
The
Int
ern
e
t
of
T
hing
has
ga
ine
d
i
nte
rest
ed
to
use
f
or
dai
l
y
device
s
t
o
industri
a
l
appl
i
ca
t
ions.
Miss
ion
-
cri
tica
l
a
ppli
c
at
ions
suc
h
as
conne
c
ted
ca
r
an
d
hea
l
thc
ar
e
servi
ce
s
r
equi
re
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
comm
unic
at
ions
and
m
obil
i
t
y
suppor
t
.
The
6
LoWP
AN
protoc
ol
and
IPv
6
Routi
ng
Proto
c
ol
for
Low
Pow
er
and
Los
s
y
Networks
(RPL)
hav
e
bec
om
e
t
he
st
anda
rd
for
the
IoT
.
How
ev
er,
th
e
RP
L
protoc
ol
is
un
able
to
support
the
a
ppli
c
at
ion
req
u
ir
ement
ca
using
fr
om
the
h
igh
net
work
over
h
e
ad,
long
m
essag
e
l
at
en
c
y
and
h
igh
pa
cke
t
loss
rat
e
due
to
m
obil
ity
.
Thus,
in
thi
s
paper,
w
e
propos
e
a
new
cost
m
etric
co
m
bini
ng
th
e
num
ber
of
hops,
RS
SI
val
ues,
a
nd
the
sum
m
at
ion
of
dela
y
to
e
nhanc
e
RP
L
m
obil
ity
.
In
addition,
we
def
in
e
t
he
m
ovement
no
ti
ficat
ion
for
th
e
m
obil
e
node
to
ac
t
iva
t
e
m
obil
e
de
te
c
ti
on
an
d
par
ent
sel
ec
t
i
on
proc
esses.
F
ina
lly
,
w
e
pre
sente
d
a
com
par
ative
stud
y
o
f
the
improved
RP
L
protoc
o
ls
i
n
te
rm
s
of
pac
ke
t
d
eliver
y
rat
io
,
end
-
to
-
end
de
lay
and
th
e
n
um
ber
of
cont
ro
l
m
essage
s.
The
r
esult
show
s
tha
t
improved
RP
L
proto
col
with
th
e
n
ew
c
ost
m
et
ric
s
provide
s a
high
pac
ke
t
d
el
iv
er
y
r
at
io
and
offe
rs
a low mess
age
l
atenc
y
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Mob
il
it
y
New cost
m
et
ri
c
Re
li
abili
t
y network
RPL
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Chatc
hai
Khu
nboa
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f C
om
pu
te
r
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng,
Kho
n Kaen
Un
iversity
,
123
M
oo
16 Mi
tt
rap
ha
p
R
oad, N
ai
-
Mua
ng, M
uang
Distric
t, Kh
on K
ae
n, 4000
2,
Thail
an
d.
Em
a
il
: chatc
hai@kku.ac.t
h
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
To
day,
the
I
nt
ern
et
of
T
hing
s
(IoT
)
has
bee
n
widely
im
ple
m
ented
in
m
any
app
li
cat
io
ns
in
daily
use
to
m
achine
-
to
-
m
achine
(M2
M)
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s.
Io
T
de
vi
ces,
nam
ed
sm
art
ob
je
ct
s,
a
re
capa
ble
of
acce
ssing
data
f
ro
m
it
s
e
nv
i
ronm
ent
or
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ing
with
hum
ans
and
ot
her
s su
c
h
as
a real
-
ti
m
e
m
on
it
or
ing
obj
ect
t
o
track
patie
nts
on
t
he
m
ov
e
in
t
he
hos
pital
,
cl
inic
or
reside
nc
e.
T
hey
ca
n
al
e
rt
do
ct
or
s
or
th
ei
r
sta
f
fs
to
a
pa
ti
en
t’s
worse
ning
co
ndit
ion
s;
as
a
re
su
lt
,
doct
ors
ca
n
hel
p
the
pati
ents
in
tim
e.
Also
,
the
sm
art
obj
ect
s
ca
n
be
us
e
d
to
analy
ze
the
tra
ff
ic
fl
ow
a
nd
s
end
t
he
in
form
at
ion
to
t
he
ve
hicle
s
on
the
r
oad
a
nd
street
l
igh
ts
or
to
ve
hi
cl
es
to
al
ert m
oto
rists of an
acc
ide
nt
ahead.
The
I
Pv6
R
ou
t
ing
P
r
oto
c
ol
f
or
L
ow
P
ow
e
r
and
Lossy
Ne
tworks
(RPL
)
[1
]
is
a
m
ulti
-
hop
routin
g
protoc
ol
run
over
Bl
ueto
oth
Lo
w
E
ne
rg
y
(
BLE),
ZigBee
IP
an
d
ISA
10
0.11
a
.
R
PL
t
opology
is
orga
ni
zed
a
s
a
Directi
on
-
Or
ie
nted
Directe
d
Acycl
ic
Gr
a
ph
(
DOD
AG)
s
ui
ta
ble
f
or
a
non
-
m
ob
il
it
y
env
ir
on
m
ent.
As
t
he
sm
art
obj
ect
em
bed
de
d
in
the
m
ob
il
e
de
vice,
it
is
a
chall
en
ge
to
im
pr
ov
e
t
he
RP
L
prot
oco
l
t
o
s
upport
th
e
m
ob
il
ity
of
Io
T
i
n
the
f
utur
e.
Ba
sed
on
t
he
Directed
Acycl
ic
Gr
ap
h
(
D
A
G)
,
t
he
to
po
l
ogy
of
RPL
perform
s
as
a
par
en
t
-
child
relat
ion
s
hip.
E
ach
node
i
n
t
he
DOD
AG
is
assig
ned
a
ra
nk
w
hich
co
rresp
onding
t
o
node
l
ocati
on
in
the
DOD
AG.
T
he
rank
of
th
e
node
is
hi
gh
e
r
w
hen
it
locat
es
f
ur
t
her
away
f
r
om
the
r
oo
t.
T
he
node
wit
h
a
lo
wer
rank
perf
or
m
s
as
the
par
e
nt
node
w
hile
the
h
ig
her
ra
nk
be
com
es
the
child
node.
T
his
re
la
ti
on
sh
i
p
determ
ines
the d
e
fa
ult rout
e o
f
d
at
a
on th
e n
et
w
ork. T
he
r
oute
m
ai
ntenan
ce
dep
e
nds
on the
ex
c
ha
ng
e
o
f
contr
ol m
es
sages
wh
ic
h
a
re
DIS
(DODA
G
Inf
orm
ation
S
olici
ta
ti
on
)
,
DIO
(
D
ODA
G
Inform
at
ion
O
bj
ect
)
a
nd
D
A
O
(D
e
sti
nation
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Th
e i
mp
r
ove
m
ent o
f
node
mo
bili
ty
in
RPL
to
incre
as
e tr
an
s
missio
n
ef
fi
ci
ency
(
Pak
Sata
nasaow
apak
)
4239
Adve
rtisem
ent
O
bject
)
in
th
e
RPL
al
gorit
hm
.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
the
tric
kle
a
lgorit
hm
[2
]
pro
vid
es
th
e
ti
m
ing
of
exch
a
ngin
g
t
h
e
co
ntr
ol m
essa
ges
sc
he
du
le
.
In
the
m
ob
il
it
y
en
vir
on
m
ent,
the
m
ob
il
e
no
de
re
qu
ire
s
to
se
le
ct
a
ne
w
par
e
nt
in
orde
r
t
o
m
ai
ntain
it
s
connecti
vity
in
the
net
work.
All
no
des
re
quire
e
xch
a
ngin
g
m
essages
to
s
el
ect
a
ne
w
pa
r
ent
wh
ic
h
ca
use
s
a
l
ot
of
c
on
t
ro
l
m
es
sage
ove
rh
ea
d
and
i
ncr
ease b
oth
the d
el
ay
and
p
ac
ket
loss.
In
p
are
nt
sel
ect
ion
,
the
m
ob
il
e
node
needs
ne
tw
ork
inf
or
m
at
ion
f
r
om
the
DIO
m
essage
se
nt
by
it
s
neig
hbor
wh
ic
h
per
i
od
ic
al
ly
transm
it
s
or
in
voke
s
by
the
DIS
m
essage.
Be
side
s,
a
node
m
us
t
c
on
ti
nual
ly
m
onit
or
it
s
co
nnect
ivit
y
durin
g
m
ob
il
it
y
to
init
ia
te
the
par
e
nt selec
ti
on
process
. T
hus,
the
n
et
work
connecti
on m
ain
ta
ins
c
onti
nuously
dur
i
ng h
a
ndover
.
Node
m
ob
il
it
y
cau
ses
t
he
pa
cket
l
os
s
an
d
ne
w
pa
ren
t
no
de
s
to
be
resele
ct
ed
wh
e
n
the
m
ob
il
e
node
m
ov
es
out
of
t
he
pa
ren
t.
In
t
hi
s
case,
the
m
ob
il
e
node
m
us
t
ch
an
ge
the
ne
w
pa
ren
t
before
this
happe
ns
,
w
hic
h
the
new
pa
re
nt
m
us
t
b
e
r
esel
ect
ed
with
the
a
ppr
opri
at
e
co
nd
it
io
ns
(e.
g.,
s
horte
st
path
,
reli
abili
ty
,
and lo
w dela
y)
. In
t
his pr
oces
s,
the
num
ber
of co
ntr
ol m
es
sages
m
us
t be
pro
per
ly
used
.
In
this
pa
per,
we
i
ntrod
uce
a
m
echan
ism
fo
r
m
ob
il
e
detect
ion
a
nd
pa
re
nt
s
el
ect
ion
.
D
ur
i
ng
t
he
m
ob
il
e
detect
ion,
a
pa
ren
t
node
c
onti
nuously
m
on
it
or
s
Re
cei
ved
Sign
al
Stren
gt
h
I
ndic
at
ion
(
RSSI)
val
ues
f
ro
m
the
m
ob
il
e
no
de
.
The
n,
the
pa
re
nt
node
sen
ds
a
con
t
ro
l
m
essage
to
act
ivate
the
pa
ren
t
sel
ect
ion
process
at
the
m
ob
il
e
node
w
hen
it
detect
s
R
SSI
val
ues
a
r
e
lo
wer
tha
n
a
t
hr
es
hold.
T
o
se
le
ct
a
ne
w
pa
re
nt,
we
pro
pose
a
ne
w
cost m
et
ric b
ased
on the
num
ber o
f hops
, R
SSI
val
ues,
a
nd the
s
um
o
f
de
la
ys.
Our per
form
ance ev
al
uatio
n
s
hows
t
hat the s
yst
e
m
h
as a h
igh
pac
ket d
el
iv
ery rati
o,
a
lo
w
en
d
-
to
-
e
nd
delay
,
a
nd
a
s
uitable
nu
m
ber
of
c
on
t
ro
l
m
essages
to
m
anag
e
m
ob
il
it
y.
The
rest
of
the
pa
per
is
orga
ni
zed
as
fo
ll
ows.
Sect
i
on
2
c
ov
e
rs
the
backg
rou
nd
of
the
RP
L
proto
col
a
nd
t
he
m
echan
ism
s
of
m
ob
il
it
y.
I
n
sect
ion
3,
we
pro
po
se
a
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
t
o
s
upport
no
de
m
ob
il
it
y.
Then
we
br
ie
fly
de
scribe
the
e
xp
erim
ent
and
re
su
lt
s
in
sect
ion
4. Final
ly
, s
ect
ion
5
c
oncl
udes t
his p
a
per.
2.
BACKG
ROU
ND
The
R
PL
proto
col
has
bee
n
w
idely
i
m
ple
m
e
nted
to
sup
port
I
oT
de
vices.
T
hough
the
de
ve
lop
m
ent
of
the
RPL
prot
oc
ol
pr
ov
i
des
s
ucce
ss
fu
ll
y
hi
gh
an
d
reli
abl
e
data
delive
r
y,
it
is
unable
to
s
upport
in
m
ob
il
e
env
i
ronm
ents.
Be
cause
of
m
ob
il
i
ty
,
a
m
ob
il
e
node
re
qu
i
res
both
m
ob
il
e
detect
io
n
a
nd
pa
ren
t
sel
ect
ion
processes
to
m
ai
ntain
netw
ork
c
onnecti
vity
.
D
ur
i
ng
m
ob
il
it
y,
a
m
ob
il
e
no
de
obser
ves
it
s
co
nnect
ivit
y
be
fore
invok
i
ng to
ini
ti
at
e it
s p
are
nt
sel
ect
ion
. T
he
r
e are
v
a
rio
us
a
ppr
oach
es
fo
r m
ob
il
e d
et
ect
i
on s
uch as
the
us
e
of
a
sibli
ng
node
t
o
recei
ve
the
data
f
ro
m
the
m
ob
il
e
node
instea
d
of
directl
y
us
in
g
the
pa
ren
t
node
[
3],
ME
-
RPL
[4
]
a
nd
m
RPL
[5
]
adjustin
g
of
t
he
DI
S
m
essage
inter
val,
Co
-
RP
L
[
6]
set
ti
ng
th
e
broa
dcast
of
t
he
DIS
m
essage
t
o
re
quest
t
he
D
IO
m
essage,
an
d
c
hangin
g
the
DIO
m
essage
inte
rv
al
by
the
r
ev
erse
t
rickle
al
gorithm
[7
]
.
In
t
he
par
e
nt
s
el
ect
ion
pr
oces
s,
the
m
ob
il
e
node
sel
ect
s
a
ne
w
par
e
nt
by
c
om
par
ing
cost
m
et
rics
in
D
I
O
m
essages
from
i
ts
neighb
or
s
.
Re
ga
rd
i
ng
the
sta
ndar
dized
RPL
pr
oto
c
ol,
the
best
par
e
nt
sel
ect
ion
de
pe
nds
on
t
he
O
bject
iv
e
Functi
on
(OF
).
Cu
rr
e
ntly
,
th
ere
are
tw
o
de
f
ined
obj
ect
ive
functi
ons:
O
bject
ive
Fu
nctio
n
Zer
o
(O
F
0)
[
8]
an
d
Mi
ni
m
u
m
Ra
nk
with
Hyste
re
sis
Objecti
ve
F
un
ct
io
n
(MRH
OF
)
[
9].
Wh
e
n
the
OF0
is
a
ppli
ed,
the
nei
ghbor
node
with
the
be
st
rank
will
be
sel
ect
ed
as
the
par
e
nt
node.
I
n
the
case
of
the
MR
HOF,
the
par
e
nt
node
is
sel
ect
ed
by
ra
nk
with
Ex
p
ect
ed
T
ransm
issi
on
Co
unt
(ETX)
val
ue.
More
ov
e
r,
different
pa
re
nt
sel
ect
io
n
te
chn
iq
ues
ha
ve
been
pro
pos
ed
suc
h
as
t
he
Link
Q
ualit
y
Indicat
or
(L
QI),
ET
X,
RS
SI
,
et
c.
MoMoR
o
[10]
pro
po
se
d
t
he
fuzzy
est
i
m
at
or
to
e
valuate
t
he
qual
it
y
of
c
onne
ct
ion
s
o
t
hat
th
e
qu
antit
y
val
ue
s
co
uld
be
co
nverte
d
into a val
ue
of
cost m
et
rics.
Ther
e
are
m
any tec
hn
iq
ues
to
so
l
ve
the
prob
lem
o
f node m
ob
il
it
y:
-
Ti
m
er
m
echan
ism
:
This
m
echan
ism
is
to
m
a
nag
e
the
num
ber
of
co
ntr
ol
m
essage
delive
re
d
t
o
s
uit
a
s
cen
ario
su
c
h
as
disabli
ng
a
D
I
O
tric
kl
e
tim
er
to
study
the
ef
fects
of
DIO
per
i
ods
[
11
]
,
us
i
ng
a
ti
m
er
to
re
duce
t
he
data
pack
et
l
oss
due
t
o
li
nk
fai
lures
[
12
]
,
an
d
us
in
g
a
tim
er
to
e
nh
a
nce
the
r
el
ia
bili
ty
and
r
edu
ce
the
num
be
r
of rou
te
rec
on
s
tructi
ons
[13]
.
-
Con
tr
ol
m
essa
ge
m
od
ific
at
ion
:
This
te
ch
ni
qu
e
m
akes
use
of
the
e
xisti
ng
m
essages
in
the
pr
oto
c
ol
by
at
ta
ching
a n
ec
essary par
am
eter
to
the
m
essage b
ef
ore deli
ve
ry
into
the
n
et
work. Th
e
at
ta
chm
ent
sp
eci
fi
es
the
sta
tu
s
of
t
he
m
ob
il
e
no
de
to
cal
culat
e
a
ne
w
r
oute
.
D
I
S
m
essage,
D
I
O
m
essage
,
a
nd
D
AO
m
essage
us
ua
ll
y are use
d.
-
New
co
st
m
et
r
ic
:
Ther
e
are
di
ff
ere
nt
new
m
et
ric
intr
oduce
d
to
s
upport
t
he
sel
ect
ion
of
t
he
node
m
ob
il
i
ty
su
c
h
as li
nk
du
rati
on (
L
D) [
14]
, a
nd cu
m
ulati
ve
cre
dit p
oint
(
CC
P)
[
15
]
.
More
ov
e
r,
t
here
are
m
any
diff
ere
nt
te
ch
n
iq
ue
s
to
so
l
ve
the
pro
blem
of
no
de
m
ob
il
it
y
su
ch
a
s
the
assignm
ent
of
zon
e
[
16
]
a
nd
c
luster
[
17
-
20]
to
e
nh
a
nce
th
e
data
delive
ry,
t
he
c
on
st
ru
ct
io
n
of
a
ne
w
tree
[
21
]
to
su
pp
or
t
t
he
no
de
m
ob
il
ity
and
the
us
e
of
a
de
pt
h
-
fi
rst
it
erati
ve
-
dee
pe
ning
a
nd
a
dap
ti
ve
Hell
o
m
essaging
sc
he
m
e
to
reduce
the
r
ou
ti
ng
an
d
m
e
m
or
y
ov
e
rh
ea
d
[
22
]
.
Be
side
s,
[
23
]
sug
geste
d
A
ddresse
d
t
he
Br
oad
ca
st
R
andom
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
4238
-
4249
4
240
Walk
(
ABR
W)
sea
rch
al
gori
thm
fo
r
reduci
ng
r
outi
ng
ove
rh
ea
d
i
n
rand
om
walk
proto
c
ol
un
der
the
MP2P
netw
ork.
In
this
pa
per,
we
pr
op
os
e
the
im
pr
ovem
ent
of
the
R
P
L
pr
oto
c
ol
by
en
ha
ncin
g
t
he
reli
abili
t
y
of
the
m
ob
il
e
node
that
dat
a
delive
ry
is
con
ti
nu
ously
transm
it
te
d.
Th
e
m
a
in
co
ntri
bu
ti
ons
of
this
pa
per
are as
f
ollow
s:
The
m
echan
is
m
s
of
m
ob
il
e
de
te
ct
ion
a
nd
pa
ren
t
sel
ect
io
n
pro
vid
e
a
hi
gh
pack
et
delive
r
y
rati
o,
a
lo
w
e
nd
-
to
-
e
nd d
el
ay
, a
nd a s
uitable
num
ber
of c
on
t
r
ol m
essages whil
e the m
ob
il
e nod
e
s ar
e
d
el
i
ver
i
ng d
at
a.
A
ne
w
c
os
t
m
e
tric
for
sel
ect
in
g
the
best
pa
re
nt
node
c
om
bin
es
the
num
ber
hop,
RSS
I
va
lues,
a
nd
t
he
s
u
m
of d
el
ay
s to
s
el
ect
a p
a
ren
t
no
de wit
h
the
s
hortest
rou
te
,
h
i
gh
reli
abili
ty
, an
d
lo
west
delay
.
Finall
y,
we
co
m
par
ed
the
pe
r
form
ances
of
t
he
im
pr
ov
e
d
prot
oco
l
a
nd
the
RPL
run
ov
e
r
the
Cooja
sim
ulator.
The
te
stbe
d di
vid
es
into
four
scenari
os
: s
qu
a
re,
c
-
s
hap
e
, zig
zag a
nd l
ine m
ob
il
it
y.
3.
PROP
OSE
D MET
HO
DOL
OGY
In
t
his
sect
io
n,
we
will
de
scribe
im
RPLv
1
[
2
4
]
an
d
a
ne
w
m
obil
ity
su
pp
or
t
m
echan
is
m
cal
le
d
i
m
RPLv2
.
T
he
im
RPL
v1
protoc
ol
pr
ovides
a
process
for
a
m
ob
il
e
no
de
t
o
pe
rfor
m
the
m
ob
il
e
detect
ion
and
pa
re
nt
sel
ect
ion
m
echan
is
m
s.
As
reg
a
r
ds
the
m
ob
il
e
de
te
ct
ion
m
echani
s
m
,
the
m
ob
il
e
node
will
rec
ei
ve
the
AC
K
m
essage
from
the
root
no
de.
This
m
essage
is
us
e
d
in
the
proces
s
of
the
m
ob
il
e
detect
io
n
m
ec
han
ism
.
Af
te
r
the
m
ob
i
le
node
receiv
es
the
ACK
m
essage,
the
RS
SI
of
t
he
ACK
m
essage
is
ev
al
uated
wh
et
he
r
it
is
lowe
r
tha
n
that
of
the
t
hr
es
hold.
I
f
i
t
is
lo
wer
,
i
t
will
be
pr
ocesse
d
i
n
t
he
par
e
nt
sel
ect
ion
.
The
m
ob
il
e
detect
ion
is
equ
i
pp
e
d
with
a
ti
m
er
to
determ
i
ning
the
ti
m
efr
a
m
e
of
the
AC
K
m
essage
reception.
Si
m
il
ar
to
the
RPL
pr
oto
c
ol,
t
he
rank
of
the
DIO
m
essage
i
s
co
ns
ide
re
d
in
the
par
e
nt
sel
e
ct
ion
m
echan
is
m
.
The
DIO
m
essage
with
t
he
hi
gh
es
t
reli
abili
ty
is
s
el
ect
ed
(
The
R
SSI
value
of
th
e
D
I
O
m
essage
is
t
he
highest)
.
I
f
t
he
RSSI
val
ue
of
the
DIO
m
essage
is
lo
wer
tha
n
t
he
t
hr
es
hold
,
that
m
essage
will
be
dr
oppe
d.
Wh
e
n
t
he
num
ber
of
m
essages
dr
op
s
m
or
e
tha
n
the
num
ber
al
lowe
d,
t
he
m
es
sage
with
t
he
RSSI
val
ue
lo
wer
tha
n
the
th
reshol
d
will
b
e
us
e
d.
T
his
occ
urs
w
he
n
the
re
is
only
on
e
node
of
th
e
cand
i
date
pa
r
ent.
T
he
m
echan
ism
s
of
the
m
ob
il
e
detect
ion
a
nd
pa
ren
t
sel
ect
ion
of
im
RPLv1
a
r
e
s
hown
i
n
F
i
gure
1(
a
).
sho
wing
the
al
go
rith
m
of
m
ob
il
e
de
te
ct
ion
and
F
ig
ure
1(b
).
s
howi
ng the
al
gorithm
o
f p
a
ren
t sel
ect
io
n.
Fig
ure
1.
(a
)
th
e m
ob
il
e
d
et
ect
ion
al
gorithm
i
n
im
RPLv1
a
nd
(b)
the
p
a
re
nt
s
el
ect
ion
al
gor
it
h
m
in
im
RPLv1
Re
gardin
g
m
ob
il
it
y,
i
m
RPLv2
e
nh
a
nces
m
ob
il
e
detect
io
n
a
nd
pa
ren
t
sel
ect
ion
process
vi
a
a
ne
w
c
os
t
m
et
ric.
A
m
ob
il
e
no
de
cal
c
ula
te
s
the
new
c
ost
m
et
ric
based
on
t
he
num
ber
of
hops
,
RS
SI
values
,
a
nd
the
s
um
of
delay
s
to
sel
ect
a
new
pa
re
nt.
The
m
ob
il
e
node
ex
cha
ng
es
netw
ork
in
f
or
m
at
ion
with
it
s
cur
re
nt
pa
re
nt
an
d
the
root
no
de
by
us
ing
t
he
co
nt
ro
l
m
essage
m
od
i
ficat
ion
te
c
hn
i
q
ue
[5
-
7]
an
d
by
creati
ng
ne
w
co
ntr
ol
m
es
sages,
nam
ely MDI
O
1,
M
DIO
2,
M
DI
S
1, an
d
M
D
IS
2 m
essages a
s sho
wn in T
ab
le
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Th
e i
mp
r
ove
m
ent o
f
node
mo
bili
ty
in
RPL
to
incre
as
e tr
an
s
missio
n
ef
fi
ci
ency
(
Pak
Sata
nasaow
apak
)
4241
Table
1.
T
he
new c
on
t
ro
l m
essages
f
or
im
RPLv
2
ICMPv6
M
ess
ag
e
Op
eration
al Co
n
d
itio
n
s
Details
MDI
O1
RSSI of
data less
t
h
an
RSSI thresh
o
ld
an
d
resu
lt f
ro
m
the
ob
serv
e
m
o
d
e
To in
itiate the p
roc
ess
of
the p
arent selectio
n
.
MDI
S1
Res
p
o
n
d
to th
e M
DIO1
m
ess
ag
e.
To requ
est M
DIO2
m
ess
ag
e f
ro
m
nei
g
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
e (
cand
id
ate
p
arent).
MDI
O2
Res
p
o
n
d
to th
e M
DIS1
m
ess
ag
e.
To d
eliv
er
cand
id
a
te parent
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
.
MDI
S2
There
is o
n
ly
on
e c
an
d
id
ate parent in
th
e neig
h
b
o
r
tab
le.
To f
o
rce
th
e exis
te
n
ce neig
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
e
to
be th
e parent n
o
d
e,
th
o
u
g
h
the RSSI v
alu
e is less th
an
th
e thresh
o
ld
.
The
MD
IO1
a
nd
M
DIO2
m
essages
m
od
ify
the
DIO
m
essage
in
the
RPL
protoc
ol
with
t
he
flag
0x01
and
0x02
r
esp
ect
ively
.
The
pa
ren
t
node
se
nds
t
he
M
DIO1
m
essage
to
t
he
m
ob
il
e
node
wh
e
n
it
obser
ve
s
the
m
ob
il
e
no
de
is
m
ov
in
g
a
way.
The
n,
the
m
ob
il
e
node
act
iva
te
s
the
pa
ren
t
s
el
ect
ion
proce
s
s.
All
nei
ghbor
us
es
the
MDI
O
2
m
e
ssage
to
res
ponse
the
MD
IS1
m
essage
with
t
he
ca
nd
i
date
pa
ren
t
in
f
or
m
at
io
n
to
t
he
m
ob
il
e
node
.
The
m
ob
il
e
no
de
determ
ines
the
mRank
valu
es
in
the
MDI
O
2
m
essages
to
s
el
ect
a
new
pa
r
ent
no
de.
T
he
de
ta
il
s
of the M
DIO
1 and M
D
IO2
m
essages
are sh
own
in Fi
gure
2.
Fig
ure
2
.
The det
ai
ls of MD
I
O1 and M
DIO
2
m
essages in
im
RPLv2
The
flags
of
th
e
MDI
S1
an
d
MDIS2
m
essages
a
re
0x01
a
nd
0x02,
res
pecti
vely
.
Wh
en
th
e
m
ob
il
e
node
receives
the
M
DIO1
m
essage
,
it
will
f
orwa
r
d
t
he
MD
IS1
m
essage
t
o
re
quest
f
or
the
M
DIO2
m
essage
f
ro
m
neig
hbor
nodes
.
T
o
f
or
ce
a
ca
nd
i
date
par
e
nt,
there
is
only
one
neig
hbor
no
de
i
n
t
he
neig
hbor
cac
he
,
th
e
m
ob
il
e
node
noti
fies
the
par
e
nt
node
with
t
he
MD
I
O2
m
essage.
T
he
detai
ls
of
th
e
MDI
S1
an
d
MDIS2
m
essages
a
re
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 3
.
Fig
ure
3.
The
detai
ls of MD
I
S1
a
nd MD
IS2
m
essages in
i
m
RPLv2
3.1.
M
ob
il
e d
etectio
n
of imRPLv
2
Fo
r
t
he
sake
of
sim
plici
t
y,
we
def
ine
a
route
r
i
n
our
al
gorithm
to
represe
nt
any
no
des
in
the
netw
ork
excep
t
the
r
oot
no
de
an
d
the
m
ob
il
e
node.
The
r
ou
te
r
node
assig
ne
d
as
t
he
pa
ren
t
no
de
will
perf
or
m
m
ob
il
e
detect
ion
m
ech
anism
.
In
this
pa
per,
the
m
ob
il
e
detect
io
n
m
e
chan
ism
is
div
i
ded
into
tw
o
ca
ses:
1)
the
rece
ption
of the M
DIS m
essage a
nd
2) the
receptio
n o
f
d
at
a.
The
d
et
a
il
s ar
e as
fo
ll
ows:
The
rece
ptio
n
of
the
M
DIS
m
essag
e.
T
he
router
no
des
validat
e
the
ty
pe
of
co
ntr
ol
m
essa
ge.
I
f
the
receive
d
m
essage
is
t
he
MDIS1
m
essage,
eac
h
router
s
ends
a
MD
IO2
m
essage
re
spo
nd
to
the
m
ob
il
e
no
de.
H
owev
er
,
if
the
receive
d
m
essage
is
the
MDIS2
m
essage,
t
he
router
a
ssign
s
it
sel
f
as
the
pa
re
nt
no
de
an
d
tra
ns
m
it
s
t
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
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-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
4238
-
4249
4242
MDI
O2
m
essage
res
pond
t
o
the
m
ob
il
e
node
.
F
ig
ur
e
4
(a)
sh
ows
t
he
al
go
rithm
of
m
ob
ile
detect
ion
w
hi
le
receivin
g
t
he M
DI
S
m
essage.
The
rece
ption
of
data.
In
the
ob
s
er
ved
m
od
e
, t
he
pa
re
nt
node m
on
it
ors
t
he
rece
ptio
n
of
data
to
e
valuat
e
the
RSSI
value
for
determ
ining
th
e
m
ob
il
e
node
’
s
directi
on.
If
t
he
m
ob
il
e
node
is
m
ov
in
g
awa
y
fr
om
the
par
e
nt
node;
t
he
RS
S
I
value
is
decre
ased,
the
MD
IO1
m
essage
i
s
sent
to
the
m
ob
il
e
node
f
or
act
ivati
ng
pa
re
nt
sel
ect
ion
m
echan
ism
.
Howe
ve
r,
if
t
h
e
m
ob
il
e
no
de
m
ov
es
t
ow
a
r
ds
t
he
pa
r
ent n
ode,
t
he
pa
ren
t
no
de
do n
ot
sen
d
the
co
ntr
ol
m
essage.
F
ig
ur
e
4
(
b)
sho
ws
the
al
gorithm
of
the
m
ob
il
e
de
te
ct
ion
wh
il
e
r
ecei
vin
g
the
da
ta
.
Fig
ure
4.
The
m
ob
il
e d
et
ect
i
on alg
or
it
hm
in
im
RPLv2
3.2.
P
arent se
le
cti
on
of imR
PLv2
To
i
niti
at
e
the
pa
ren
t
sel
e
ct
ion
m
echan
i
sm
,
the
par
e
nt
node
se
nds
the
MD
I
O1
m
essage
to
the
m
ob
il
e n
od
e.
T
he
m
ob
il
e
node
the
n
rem
ov
e
s
al
l
m
e
m
ber
s of
t
he
neig
hbor
cac
he
an
d
br
oad
cast
the
MDIS
1
m
essage
to n
ei
ghbor
nodes
. A
fter
t
hat,
eac
h
nei
ghb
or
node
sen
ds
the
M
DIO2
m
essage
at
ta
ched
w
it
h
a
mR
ank
value
t
o
t
he
m
ob
il
e
node
.
T
he
m
ob
il
e
node
inserts
neig
hb
or
inf
orm
ation
into
the
neig
hbor
ta
ble
that
will
be
us
e
d
for
the
pa
ren
t
sel
ect
ion
m
echan
ism
.
If
t
her
e
is
only
a
can
did
at
e
pa
ren
t,
the
m
obil
e
node
will
s
end
t
he
MDIS2
m
essa
ge
t
o
the
can
di
date
par
e
nt
t
o
f
or
ce
the
sel
ect
ion.
The
ca
nd
i
da
te
pa
ren
t
se
nds
the
MD
I
O2
m
essage
back
to
the
m
ob
il
e
no
de.
Th
us,
the
m
ob
il
e
node
sel
ect
s
th
e
cand
i
date
as
it
s
pa
ren
t
no
de.
I
n
c
ontrast
,
i
f
th
ere
a
re
m
or
e
than
one
cand
i
d
at
e
pa
re
nt
nodes
,
the
m
ob
il
e
no
de
will
com
par
e
the
m
Ra
nk
of
each
c
and
i
date
pa
ren
t
node
.
The
ca
nd
i
dat
e
par
e
nt
node
with
the
best
mRan
k
(the
l
ow
e
st
value
)
wi
ll
be
sel
ect
ed
a
s
the p
a
re
nt no
de
. F
ig
ure
5
s
hows
th
e alg
or
it
hm
o
f
par
e
nt sel
ect
ion
.
Fig
ure
5.
The
par
e
nt selec
ti
on alg
ori
thm
in
i
m
RPLv2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
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C
om
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En
g
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S
N:
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88
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8708
Th
e i
mp
r
ove
m
ent o
f
node
mo
bili
ty
in
RPL
to
incre
as
e tr
an
s
missio
n
ef
fi
ci
ency
(
Pak
Sata
nasaow
apak
)
4243
Fo
r
cl
ari
ficat
ion
,
Fig
ure
6
(a
)
s
hows
t
he
e
xch
a
nge
of
c
ontr
ol
m
essages
in
case
of
the
num
ber
of
neig
hbors
i
n
th
e
nei
ghbor
ta
bl
e
m
or
e
tha
n
one
no
de
an
d
Fig
ur
e
6
(b)
s
how
s
the
e
xch
a
nge
of
co
ntr
ol
m
essages
in
case
of
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
nei
ghbors
i
n
t
he
neig
hbor
ta
ble
o
nly
one
no
de.
Fi
nally
,
Fig
ur
e
7
s
how
s
t
he
syst
e
m
ov
e
r
view of
im
RPLv
2.
Fig
ure
6.
The
interact
io
n of c
on
t
ro
l m
essage
s in
im
RPLv2
Fig
ure
7. The
s
yst
e
m
o
vervie
w of
im
RPLv2
3.3.
New c
ost
metric
The
RPL
pr
ot
oco
l
us
e
s
ra
nk
as
a
m
et
ri
c
to
sel
ect
t
he
be
st
par
e
nt.
T
o
c
ope
wit
h
m
ob
il
it
y,
we
pro
posed
a
new
c
os
t
m
et
ri
c
cal
l
m
Ra
nk
r
esulti
ng
f
r
om
t
he
num
ber
of
hops,
m
RSSI
va
lues,
an
d
t
he
s
um
of
delay
s as s
how
n
in
(
1
)
.
1
(
)
(
)
(
)
n
i
m
R
ank
A
H
op
B
m
R
SSI
C
D
e
l
ay
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
4238
-
4249
4244
Wh
e
re
A,
B,
a
nd
C
ar
e
unkn
own
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
,
w
hich
will
be
eval
uated
by
us
i
ng
the
m
ulti
ple
li
near
regressio
n
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
.
T
he
nu
m
ber
of
ho
ps
is
a
cost
m
et
ric
ind
ic
at
in
g
a
distance
to
re
ach
the
root
no
de
.
The
RPL
prot
oco
l
util
iz
es
a
num
ber
of
hops
to
cal
cu
la
te
the
rank
f
o
r
c
reati
ng
a
net
wor
k
to
polo
gy.
The
e
qu
at
io
n f
or
calc
ulati
ng
hop
in im
RPLv2
is s
how
n
in
(
2
)
in
wh
ic
h
a
rank
ob
ta
ine
d f
ro
m
the D
I
O m
essage
can
be reve
rsel
y ca
lc
ulate
d
to
ob
ta
in
a
hop va
lue.
(
)
1
256
R
a
n
k
H
o
p
(
2
)
In
gen
e
ral,
the
high
RSS
I
in
di
ca
te
s
the
high
prob
a
bili
ty
of
transm
itti
ng
da
ta
[2
5].
As
f
or
i
m
RPLv2
,
the
value
s
of
R
SSI
a
re
di
vid
e
d
into
f
our
inte
r
vals
base
d
on
t
he
F
ree
S
pace
Path
L
os
s
e
qu
a
ti
on
[
26]
(3)
by
us
in
g
a
li
near
e
quat
io
n
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
8.
At
th
e
fi
rst
gr
a
ph,
th
e
highs
point
is
the
inte
rsecti
on
at
-
60
dBm
and
t
he
po
i
nt
of
-
77
dBm
is
c
onside
red
t
he
lo
west
valu
e.
Af
te
r
t
hat,
we
co
ns
tr
uc
te
d
li
nea
r
gr
a
phs
(straig
ht
li
nes
2
a
nd
3)
relat
e
d
t
o
the
inter
va
ls
of
the
lo
gar
i
thm
wh
ere
the
po
i
nt
of
interse
ct
ion
is
at
-
70
dBm
.
Finall
y, Tab
le
2
s
hows
the i
nterv
al
of eac
h
R
SSI
a
nd t
he
m
RSSI val
ue
s c
orres
pondin
g
t
o t
hat inter
val.
2
(
)
1
0
4
1
0
l
o
g
dB
d
F
S
P
L
(
3
)
Wh
e
re
d
is a
dis
ta
nce fro
m
the
transm
itter and
is a
wa
velen
gt
h
of t
he
tra
nsm
itted sig
nal
.
Table
2.
T
able
of m
RSSI
valu
es of im
RPLv2
Receiv
ed
Sign
al St
reng
th
m
R
SSI
valu
es
RSSI >
-
6
0
dB
m
1
(
Near
)
RSSI <
=
-
6
0
dB
m
an
d
RSSI >
-
7
0
dB
m
2
(
Av
erage
Near
)
RSSI <
=
-
7
0
dB
m
an
d
RSSI >
-
7
7
dB
m
3
(
Av
erage F
ar
)
RSSI <
=
-
7
7
dB
m
4
(
Far
)
Fig
ure
8.
Fr
ee
sp
ace
path
loss
b
et
wee
n
R
SSI an
d dist
ance
To
m
ini
m
iz
e
traff
ic
delay
f
ro
m
m
ob
il
e
t
o
root
node
,
we
c
om
pu
te
t
he
s
umm
ation
of
delay
from
send
in
g
DIS
m
essages
unti
l
receivin
g
the
res
pons
e
from
DIO
m
essages.
T
he
e
qu
at
ion
i
s
sh
ow
n
in
(
4
)
, a
nd
(
5
)
.
1
2
2
3
1
1
(
,
)
(
,
)
..
.
(
,
)
n
ii
i
D
e
l
ay
D
n
n
D
n
n
D
n
n
(
4
)
(
,
)
T
im
e
R
e
c
e
iv
e
D
I
O
T
im
e
Se
n
d
D
I
S
a
b
b
a
D
n
n
(
5
)
W
e
com
bin
e
three
var
ia
bles:
the
nu
m
ber
of
ho
ps
,
m
RSSI
values,
and
the
su
m
of
delay
s
to
est
im
at
e
the
value
of
mRa
nk
based
on
the
m
ulti
ple
li
near
reg
ression
as
sh
ow
n
in
(
6
)
,
and
we
find
un
kn
own
coef
fici
e
nt
fo
ll
ow
s
in the
(
7
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Th
e i
mp
r
ove
m
ent o
f
node
mo
bili
ty
in
RPL
to
incre
as
e tr
an
s
missio
n
ef
fi
ci
ency
(
Pak
Sata
nasaow
apak
)
4245
2
0
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
...
n
n
n
n
n
ik
ik
i
k
i
i
k
ik
ik
i
i
i
i
i
n
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
y
(
6
)
1
[
]
[
A
]
[
Y
]
(
7
)
Wh
e
re
01
,
,
.
.
.
,
k
are
par
t
ia
l reg
re
ssio
n
c
oeffici
ents;
x
are
the in
dep
e
ndent
va
riables
(
e
.
g
.
the
nu
m
ber
of
hops, m
R
SSI
val
ues,
a
nd the
s
um
o
f
de
la
ys
)
;
y
are
the
de
pe
ndent v
a
riable;
[]
an
d
[]
Y
are t
he
m
at
rix of
an
d
y
re
sp
ect
ively
,
1
[
A
]
are
the in
ver
se
m
atr
ix
of
x
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
we
ob
ta
in
ou
r
c
os
t
m
et
ric
as
show
n
in
(
8
)
.
T
hus,
t
he
r
oute
r
node
cal
culat
es
the
mR
an
k
val
ue
and att
ache
d
in
to the M
DIO
2 m
essage to
t
he m
ob
il
e n
ode
usi
ng
f
or
sel
ect
ing
the
b
e
st pa
re
nt.
1
0
.
9
0
2
2
(
)
5
.
0
2
7
6
(
)
1
3
.
6
4
4
5
(
)
n
i
m
R
a
n
k
H
o
p
m
R
S
S
I
D
e
l
a
y
(
8
)
Wh
e
re
mR
ank
is
the
c
os
t
m
et
ric
f
or
eac
h
li
nk
m
et
ric
wh
ic
h
co
ns
ist
s
of
the
num
ber
of
ho
ps
,
m
RSSI
values
,
t
he
s
um
of
delay
s.
F
r
om
the
sta
ti
sti
c
al
analy
sis
of
t
he
ne
w
c
os
t
m
et
ric,
the
c
oeffici
ents
of
dete
rm
inati
on
(R2)
e
qual
to
0.798
(
hi
gh
goodne
ss)
,
a
nd
th
e
sign
ific
a
nce
of
the
F
s
ta
t
i
sti
c
at
<
0.001.
The
m
RSSI
co
eff
ic
ie
nt
a
nd
de
la
y
coef
fici
en
t
are
al
so
sig
nificantl
y
dif
fer
e
nt
f
ro
m
zero
.
I
n
Additi
on,
the
dela
y
par
am
et
er
is
the
m
os
t
i
nf
lue
ntial
factor
(e.
g.
,
Be
ta
=
0.826
)
f
or
this
new
cost
m
et
ric.
On
the
oth
e
r
hand
,
the
nu
m
ber
of
hops
c
oe
f
fici
en
t
is
no
t
sig
nific
ant,
but
th
e
m
os
t
cr
ucial
par
a
m
et
er
in
t
he
e
stim
ation
of
a
ne
w
c
os
t
m
et
ric
since
th
e
sm
a
ll
est
ho
p
has
t
he
sm
al
lest
delay
in
the
path.
Ma
intai
ni
ng
t
his
va
riabl
e
in
the
e
quat
ion
is
necessa
ry. Ta
bl
e 3
s
hows
the
detai
ls of the
m
ul
ti
ple li
near
regressio
n
m
odel
f
or
new co
st m
e
tric
.
Table
3.
95% c
onfide
nce i
nter
vals fo
r
c
oeffici
ent estim
at
es o
f
n
e
w
c
os
t m
e
tric
Ind
ep
en
d
en
t variab
les
B
Std
.
Er
ror
Beta
Sig
.
R Sq
u
are
Sig
.
o
f
F
Ho
p
0
.
9022
0
.
5544
0
.
067
0
.
105
m
R
SSI
5
.
0276
0
.
7917
0
.
211
0
.
000
0
.
798
0
.
001
Delay
13
.
6
4
4
5
0
.
6843
0
.
826
0
.
000
4.
E
X
PERI
MEN
TS A
ND R
E
S
ULTS
We
us
e
t
he
C
ooj
a
sim
ulator
on
t
he
Co
ntik
i
3.0
operati
ng
syst
e
m
with
t
he
m
ob
il
it
y
plu
gi
n
[2
7
]
to
evaluate
a
nd
com
par
e
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
with
oth
e
r
resea
rch
:
R
PL,
m
R
PL,
im
RPLv1,
an
d
the
im
R
PLv2
.
All
node
r
un
Nu
ll
MAC
m
e
chan
ism
that
do
e
s
not
do
a
ny
M
AC
-
le
vel
pr
ocessin
g
w
hich
is
a
m
ore
use
f
ul
com
par
ison
f
or
each
protoc
ol
with
ou
t
the
eff
ect
of
pac
ket
losses
a
nd
delay
s
in
duty
cy
cl
ing
protocol
.
T
he
num
be
r
of
c
ontrol
m
ess
age
s,
e
nd
-
to
-
e
nd
delay
,
a
nd
pack
et
deli
very
rati
o
are
stu
died.
T
her
e
a
r
e
f
our
m
ob
il
i
ty
scenario
s
:
s
qu
a
re,
c
-
sh
a
pe,
zi
gza
g
,
and
li
ne
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
9.
T
he
detai
ls
of
t
he
sim
ulati
on
par
am
et
ers
are
li
ste
d
in Ta
ble
4.
Table
4.
Sim
ul
at
ion
par
am
et
e
rs
Para
m
eters
Detail
Netwo
rk si
m
u
lato
r
Co
o
ja si
m
u
lato
r
(
C
o
n
tik
i OS
3
.0)
Ro
u
tin
g
Pr
o
to
co
l
RPL,
m
RPL
,
i
m
R
PLv1
,
i
m
RP
Lv2
Rad
io
M
ed
iu
m
Un
it Disk
Gr
ap
h
Mediu
m
(UDG
M)
with
Distan
ce
Los
s
MAC P
roto
co
l
IE
E
E
8
0
2
.15
.4
E
m
u
lated
no
d
es
Zolertia
(Z
1
)
Tr
an
sp
o
rt
Proto
co
l
UDP
Tr
af
f
ic pattern
CBR
Pack
et size
8
0
bytes
Pack
et r
at
e
0
.5, 1.0
,
an
d
2.0
pack
et/seco
n
d
s
Sp
eed o
f
m
o
b
ile n
o
d
e
1
m
/s
Mov
e
m
en
t
Fix
ed
way
p
o
in
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
4238
-
4249
4246
Figure
9.
The
s
tud
y sce
nar
i
os
:
(
a)
s
qu
a
re,
(
b)
c
-
sh
a
pe,
(c
)
zi
gz
ag
,
a
nd
(d)
line
4.1.
To
ta
l
nu
mber
of
c
ontr
ol
m
ess
age
Figu
re 1
0
sh
ow
s the to
ta
l nu
m
ber
o
f
the co
ntro
l m
essage in
each scen
ario.
Figure
10
.
T
he
p
e
rfor
m
ance c
om
par
ison f
or
total
n
um
ber
of the
contr
ol m
essage
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Th
e i
mp
r
ove
m
ent o
f
node
mo
bili
ty
in
RPL
to
incre
as
e tr
an
s
missio
n
ef
fi
ci
ency
(
Pak
Sata
nasaow
apak
)
4247
Ther
e
are
two
pu
rp
os
es
of
us
ing
the
con
trol
m
essages
1)
the
ro
ut
e
m
ai
ntenan
ce
pr
ocess
fr
om
tric
kl
e
ti
m
er
and
2)
the
m
echan
ism
of
m
ob
il
e
detect
ion
and
par
ent
sel
ect
ion
.
T
he
hig
h
nu
m
ber
of
no
des
causes
th
e
increasing
of
con
trol
m
essages
as
well
as
the
nu
m
ber
of
par
ent
sel
ect
ion
pr
ocesses.
The
resu
lt
sh
ow
s
that
th
e
total
nu
m
ber
of
con
trol
m
essages
of
im
RPLv1
is
hig
her
than
tho
se
of
RPL
becau
se
of
the
m
ob
il
it
y
m
anag
em
ent
pr
ocess
.
T
he
total
nu
m
ber
of
con
trol
m
essages
of
im
RPLv2
and
RPL
are
app
ro
xim
at
el
y
sim
il
ar
to
each
othe
r
since
im
RPLv2
prov
ides
a
m
echan
ism
to
m
anag
e
the
con
trol
m
essage
in
the
m
ob
il
e
detect
ion
pr
ocess.
I
n
con
trast
,
m
RPL
is
ver
y
low
becau
se
m
RPL
us
es
the
tric
kle
ti
m
er
and
its
ti
m
er
m
echan
ism
to
red
uce
netw
or
k
ov
erh
ead,
wh
il
e
RPL,
im
RPLv1
and
im
RPLv2
pr
oto
col
s o
per
at
e
with
the
def
ault
tric
kle
ti
m
er.
In
con
cl
us
i
on
,
the
aver
age
total
nu
m
ber
of
con
trol
m
essages
fo
r
RPL,
m
RPL,
im
RPLv1
,
im
RPLv2
is
84
14
,
10
99
,
11
82
3,
a
nd
96
44
p
ackets resp
ect
ively
.
4.
2.
End
-
to
-
e
nd
delay
Figu
re
11
sh
ow
s
the
end
-
to
-
end
delay
fr
om
the
m
ob
il
e
no
de
to
the
ro
ot
no
de.
The
resu
lt
sh
ow
s
that
the
us
e
of
the
pr
op
ose
d
m
ob
il
e
detect
ion
pr
ocess
and
new
cost
m
et
ric
in
im
RPLv2
causing
the
end
-
to
-
end
delay
of
im
RPLv2
le
ss
than
im
RPLv1
.
Me
anw
hile,
RPL
and
m
RPL
hav
e
a
lower
end
-
to
-
end
delay
becau
se
RPL
wa
s
design
ed
fo
r
the
sta
ti
c
netwo
rk
wh
il
e
m
RPL
intro
du
ces
a
new
ti
m
er
to
red
uce
netwo
rk
ov
erh
e
a
d.
In
con
cl
us
ion
,
t
he
aver
age
end
-
to
-
en
d
delay
s
fo
r
RPL
,
m
RPL,
im
RPLv1
,
im
RPLv2
is
60
.8
7
,
45
.1
9
,
20
1.7
4,
and
15
1.
61
m
il
li
secon
ds
resp
ect
ively
.
Figure
11
.
T
he
p
e
rfor
m
ance
c
om
par
ison f
or
end
-
to
-
en
d del
ay
4.3.
Pac
ket de
li
very
r
at
i
o
Figure
12
s
ho
ws
t
he
pack
et
delivery
rati
o
of
the
m
ob
il
e
node
f
or
each
scenari
o.
The
i
m
RPLv2
an
d
m
RPL
are
co
m
par
able
through
im
RPLv2
has
a
hi
gher
con
t
ro
l
m
essage.
T
he
im
RP
Lv
2
has
a
high
pac
ket
delivery
rati
o
without
a
dd
i
ng
a
ne
w
ti
m
er
m
echan
is
m
.
Both
im
RPLv1
a
nd
RPL
pe
rfor
m
the
w
orst
pac
ket
delivery
rati
o
be
cause
im
RPLv1
sel
ect
s
inc
orrect
par
e
nt
a
nd
RPL
nee
ds
t
o
wait
f
or
t
he
tri
ckle
tim
er
to
pe
rfor
m
the
r
oute
m
ai
nt
enan
ce
.
In
co
nc
lusio
n,
t
he
a
ve
rag
e
pac
ket
de
li
ver
y
rati
o
f
or
RPL,
m
RPL,
i
m
RPLv1
,
im
R
PLv2
is 7
3.31
%
, 96.
42%,
89.
56
%
, a
nd 94.2
0%
re
sp
ect
ively
.
In
s
umm
ary,
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
im
RPLv2
pro
vid
es
a
m
echan
ism
resu
lt
ing
i
n
an
i
ncr
ease
i
n
the
pack
e
t
delivery
rati
o
an
d
t
he
dec
reasin
g
of
th
e
en
d
-
to
-
e
nd
delay
of
data
transm
issi
on
f
or
no
de
m
ob
il
it
y.
The
im
RPLv2
has
the
pac
ke
t
delivery
rat
io
ave
ra
ge
a
bout
94.
20%
a
nd
an
a
ver
a
ge
en
d
-
to
-
e
nd
de
la
y
of
appr
ox
im
at
ely
150
m
s. B
esi
des,
im
RPLv2
op
erates
with
t
he
def
a
ult
tric
kle
t
i
m
er
with
ou
t
a
dd
it
io
nal
new
t
i
m
er
m
echan
ism
.
A
lso,
the
im
RP
Lv
2
be
nef
it
s
from
the
c
on
t
ro
l
m
essages
to
update
cos
t
m
e
tric
an
d
route
m
ai
ntenan
ce
w
hen
t
he
li
n
k
c
onnecti
vity
fail
ure.
Ta
ble
5
the
Detai
ls
com
par
at
ive
analy
sis
of
t
he
prot
oco
l
s
in
our
st
ud
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.