Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
2
,
A
pr
il
2020, p
p.
17
72
~
1781
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
2
.
pp1772
-
17
81
1772
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
A study
of
mi
cro structu
ral, m
ag
n
etic and
electric
al p
ro
p
er
t
ies
of
L
a
-
Co
-
Sm
nanoferrit
es (LCSF)
synthesi
ze
d b
y sol
-
gel m
ethod
Ka
d
hum
Jass
em W
ad
i
1
, Ha
yd
er
Abdul
am
eer A
bb
as
2
,
Ad
n
an Hus
sei
n A
li
3
, B
an
M
ohamm
ad
Hasan
4
1
,2,4
Middle
Te
ch
nic
a
l
Univer
si
t
y
,
Techni
c
al Instru
ct
ors T
r
ai
ning
In
stit
ute,
B
aghda
d
,
Ira
q
3
Middle
Te
chn
ical
Univ
ersity
,
In
stit
ute of Te
chno
log
y
,
B
aghda
d
,
I
raq
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
8
, 2
019
Re
vised
A
ug 24
,
20
19
Accepte
d
S
e
p 27
, 20
19
A
La
nth
anu
m
(La
3+
)
dop
ed
S
amari
um
-
Cobal
t
nanof
err
it
es
(La
_x,
Co_0
.
2,
S
m
_0.
2,
Fe_(2
-
x)
O_4,
where
x=0.
0,
0
.
5,
1
.
0)
have
bee
n
s
y
nthe
si
ze
d
b
y
s
o
l
-
gel
m
ethod i
n
ci
tr
ate
m
edi
a
.
O
bta
in
ed
spina
l
fe
rrit
es
m
ic
r
o
struct
ure
prop
erties
have
be
en
in
vesti
gated
b
y
XRD
,
FTIR,
SEM
-
EDX,
and
TEM
-
SA
ED
te
c
hnique
s.
All
the
sam
ple
s
are
nano
in
si
ze
with
signifi
ca
n
t
h
y
ster
esis.
Micr
o
struct
ura
l
an
aly
sis
b
y
XRD
conf
irms
the
obta
i
ned
sam
ple
s
show
ing
the
single
phase
cubic
spinal
struct
ur
es
with
an
ave
rag
e
cr
y
st
al
size
found
from
12
n
m
to
25
n
m
,
while
the
ave
rag
e
pa
rti
cles
size
s
ide
n
ti
fie
d
from
TE
M
ana
l
y
sis
are
ran
g
ing
fro
m
21.
5nm
-
26.
8
nm
(~23.4nm)
and
from
20.
5
nm
to
28(~
26.
4nm
)
nm
for
x=0.
5,
1
.
0.
Th
e
l
at
tice
par
amete
r
found
to
b
e
a=
8.
402
,
8.
423
,
8.
467Å
for
the
respe
ctive
va
lu
es
of
x=
0.
0,
0
.
05,
and
1.
0
.
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
prope
r
ti
es
show
inc
reas
e
in
dc
resisti
vity
with
increa
se
in
La
3+
i
o
n
conc
en
tra
t
ion.
F
ina
lly
,
i
t
was
co
ncl
uded
tha
t
the
doping
of
La
n
t
hanum
ion
(La
3+
)
in
the
f
e
rrit
es
struc
ture
is
found
to
inf
l
uenc
ing
the
str
uct
ura
l
and
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
prope
rt
ie
s with
ou
t
sc
arif
y
ing
th
e
f
err
om
agne
t
ic
cha
r
acte
r
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
D
c
resisti
v
ity
FTIR
La
-
Co
-
Sm
nanof
err
ites (L
CS
F)
SEM
-
EDX
Sol
-
gel
m
et
hod
XRD
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Hayde
r Abd
ulam
eer Abb
as
,
Mi
dd
le
Tec
hnic
al
U
ni
ver
sit
y,
Tech
nical
Instr
ucto
rs
T
raini
ng
I
ns
ti
tute, Ba
gh
dad,
Ir
a
q
Em
a
il
:
haed
er
_a
bid71@y
ah
oo
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Stud
y
of
Na
noferrit
es
is
the
s
pecial
br
a
nch
of
fe
rrom
agn
et
ic
s.
Nanof
e
rr
it
es
are
i
m
po
rtant
m
at
erial
s
bo
t
h
f
ro
m
theo
reti
cal
and
in
dustria
l
vie
w.
F
ro
m
the
li
te
rat
ur
e
s
urvey,
i
f
was
in
de
ntifie
d
that
nanof
e
rri
te
s
are
pro
du
ce
d
by
var
ie
ty
of
routs
a
nd
m
et
ho
ds
viz.,
ball
m
il
l
i
ng
[1,
2],
s
ol
-
gel
[
3
-
5]
,
c
hem
ic
al
co
-
pr
eci
pitat
ion
[6,
7],
f
or
ce
d
hydroly
sis
[8
]
,
m
ic
ro
wav
e
[
9]
,
auto
com
bu
sti
on
[10],
m
e
thods
et
c.,
out
of
al
l
,
so
l
gel
m
et
ho
d
prov
e
d
as
sim
ple
an
d
co
nv
e
ntion
al
o
ne
in
the
la
borato
ry
scal
e
[11]
.
Plenty
of
re
searc
h
wor
k
done
in
t
he
fi
el
d
of
rare
ear
th
el
e
m
ents
(L
a3+,
Sm
3+
,
Gd
3+
,
Nd
3+
,
Dy
3+
,
Tb
3+
,
Ce
3+
,
T
h
3+
,
Y
3+
,
Eu
3+
et
c.,)
doping
on
t
he
char
act
e
risti
cs
and
a
ppli
c
at
ion
of
na
nofe
rr
it
es.
Ra
re
eart
h
at
om
do
ped
na
noferrit
es
ha
ve
huge
sign
ific
a
nce
in
dif
fer
e
nt
in
du
st
rial
app
li
c
at
ion
s
an
d
tre
at
ed
as
prom
i
sing
m
at
erial
for
va
rio
us
m
od
e
r
n
app
li
cat
io
ns
;
in
this
way,
ra
r
e
earth
at
om
s
a
ssu
m
e
an
un
de
niably
vital
j
ob
as
dopan
ts
[
12
]
.
The
doping
of
ra
re
earth
el
em
ent
in
place
of
F
e
3+
io
n
in
na
nofe
rr
it
e
str
uctu
re
is
wi
dely
pract
ic
ed
te
chn
i
que
to
get
cha
nges
in
diff
e
re
nt
pro
pe
rtie
s
of
the
na
nofe
rr
it
es.
Dopi
ng
with
s
pecifi
c
rar
e
eart
h
at
om
s
so
m
e
tim
es
resu
lt
s
in
to
hi
gh
dc
resist
ivit
y,
trem
end
ous
c
ha
nge
in
el
ect
rical
per
m
it
t
ivit
y
an
d
ve
ry
lo
w
diele
ct
ric
loss
[13].
A
Stron
g
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
t
he
c
onduct
io
n
proc
ess
&
t
he
diele
ct
ric
cond
uc
t
of
t
he
dope
d
fe
rr
it
es
has
bee
n
accounte
d f
or [14,
15
]
.
The
effe
ct
s
of
su
bst
it
uted
rare
earth
ion
s
li
ke
La
3+
,
Sm
3+
,
Gd
3+
,
N
d
3+
,
D
y
3+
,
Tb
3+
,
Ce
3+
,
Th
3+
,
Y
3+
,
Eu
3+
et
c.
in
Fe
3+
B
sit
e
of
ferrit
es
hav
e
bee
n
inv
est
igate
d
by
var
io
us
resea
rch
e
rs
[
16
]
by
double
doping
al
so
.
Re
zl
escu
et
al
.
[17]
inv
e
sti
gated
the
in
flue
nc
e
of
rar
e
ea
rth
ion
s
(Y
3+
)
li
ke
Sm
3+
,
Er
3+
,
Tb
3+
,
Yb
3+
,
Dy
3+
,
Gd
3+
,
su
bst
it
ution
on
struct
ur
e
,
m
agn
et
ic
an
d
el
ect
rical
pr
oper
ti
es
of
Li
-
Zn
sp
inal
ferrit
es.
Satt
ar
et
al.
[18]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A stu
dy of micr
o
str
uctur
al, m
agnetic
an
d
el
e
ct
ric
al p
r
op
e
rti
e
s o
f
La
-
Co
-
Sm…
(
Kadh
um
Jasse
m
W
adi
)
1773
inv
est
igate
d
Cu
-
Z
n
fe
rr
it
es
dope
d
with
La
3+
,
Sm
3+
and
identifie
d
th
os
e
hi
gh
e
r
val
ues
in
densi
ty
&
decr
eas
e
in
por
os
it
y
of
na
nofe
rr
it
es.
H
owever,
f
ro
m
li
te
ratur
e
s
urvey
[
19,
20]
,
it
is
obs
erv
e
d
th
at
t
here
is
no
w
ork
c
arr
ie
d
out
the
s
ub
sti
tuti
on
of
La
+3
dope
d
‘C
o
-
Sm
’
nano
ferrit
es
dev
el
oped
by
ci
trat
e
m
ediat
ed
so
l
-
gel
m
et
ho
d
[21]
.
In
the
present
researc
h,
we
de
ci
ded
to
st
udy
the
i
m
pact
of
La
+3
on
the
s
tructu
ral
an
d
m
agn
et
ic
pro
pe
rtie
s
of
La
-
Co
-
Sm
nan
ofer
rite
s
(LC
SF)
with
a
c
hem
ic
al
fo
rm
u
la
(La_x,C
o_0.2,Sm
_0
.2,Fe
_(2
-
x)
〖
,O
〗
_4,
wh
e
re
x=0.0,
0.5
,
1.
0).
The
na
nopar
ti
cl
es
La
-
Co
-
Sm
nanof
e
rri
te
s
are
synth
esi
zed
us
i
ng
t
he
so
l
-
g
el
m
e
thod
.
A
disc
us
si
on
on
the
struct
ur
a
l
and
m
agn
et
ic
pro
per
ti
es
of
the
sam
ples
that
hav
e
bee
n
s
ynt
hesized
is
give
n
su
bse
que
ntly
.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
we
al
so
in
vestigat
ed
the
s
pin
al
f
err
it
es
m
ic
ro
struct
ur
e
pro
per
t
ie
s
by
XRD
,
F
TIR,
SEM
-
E
DX,
an
d
TEM
-
S
AE
D
te
chn
iq
u
es
.
Th
e
resu
lt
s
of
our
stud
y
sh
ow
th
at
the
pr
opose
d
m
e
tho
ds
pr
es
ent
an
increasin
g o
f
E
le
ct
rical
p
r
op
e
r
ti
es r
ep
resen
te
d by dc
r
esi
sti
vi
ty
w
it
h
increa
se in La
3+
io
n
c
on
ce
ntrati
on.
2.
MA
TE
RIA
L
S
AND MET
H
OD
2.1.
C
hemi
cal
s
All
chem
ic
al
s/
reag
e
nts
us
ed
in
the
e
nti
re
s
tud
y
are
AR
gr
a
de
purc
has
ed
f
ro
m
Me
rck
,
S
d
Fi
ne
chem
ic
al
.
Do
uble
disti
ll
ed
water
(pH=7.0
1)
us
ed
th
oro
ugh
the
stud
y
Tabl
es
and
Fi
gures
are
pr
e
sente
d
center,
as sho
wn b
el
ow a
nd cit
ed
i
n t
he
m
anu
scri
pt.
2.2. S
yn
t
hesis
of n
anof
erri
t
es
Lantha
num
(
La
3+
)
dope
d
nanocr
yst
al
li
ne
‘C
o
-
Sm
’
nanof
e
rr
it
es
belo
ng
i
ng
t
o
the
serie
s
(
La
x
,
Co
0
.
2
,
Sm
0
.
2
,
Fe
2
−
x
,
O
4
,
w
her
e
x=
0.0,
0.5,
1.0
)
we
re
pr
e
pa
r
ed
by
s
ol
-
ge
l
m
e
tho
d.
A
R
grade
La(NO
3
)
2
.6H
2
O,
Sm
(N
O
3
)
3
9H
2
O,
Co
(NO
3
)
2
6H
2
O
&
F
e(NO
3
)
3
.
9H
2
O
,
(
99%
purity
)
we
re
inc
orp
or
at
ed
in
m
ini
m
u
m
a
mo
unt
of
doubl
e
disti
ll
ed
wa
te
r
in
st
oichiom
et
ric
qu
a
ntit
ie
s
in
volum
et
ric
flask
a
nd
la
te
r
trans
ferred
i
nto
bea
ke
r.
Ci
tric
aci
d
(C
A)
(
C
6
H
8
O
7
)
was
util
iz
ed
as
che
la
ti
ng
sp
eci
al
is
t;
m
et
a
l
nitrat
e
to
CA
pro
portion
was
ta
ken
as
1:
2
to
get
hom
og
en
eo
us,
cl
ear
a
nd
no
tu
rb
i
dity
,
wh
ic
h
was
blend
e
d
by
a
m
a
gn
et
i
c
sti
rr
er
at
90
o
C.
Be
sides
prov
i
ding
la
r
ge
am
ou
nt
of
heat
e
ne
rg
y
for
re
act
io
n
to
com
plete
wh
e
n
it
deco
m
po
s
es,
the CA also
ac
ts as li
gan
d w
hi
ch
holds lar
ge
m
et
al
ion
s a
nd stabil
iz
e the
m
. N
H
3
so
l
utio
n
was
ad
de
d
dr
op w
ise
to
m
ai
ntain
pH
va
lue
at
7.0
finall
y
co
nv
e
r
te
d
in
to
gel
a
nd
obta
ine
d
ge
l
was
the
n
dr
ie
d
at
12
0
o
C.
T
he
dr
ie
d
gel
change
d
over
in
to
a
di
m
sh
adin
g
cus
hioned
pow
der.
The
pow
de
r
was
the
n
gro
und
in
a
gate
en
gin
e
an
d
stren
gth
e
ned
a
t
60
0
o
C
f
or
5
hours
in
heate
r
and
c
hill
ed
off
to
room
tem
per
at
ur
e
b
y
stoppin
g
the
m
uf
fle
furn
ace
.
Fe
rr
it
e
pow
de
r
obta
i
n
in
this
ste
p,
after
total
bur
ni
ng
is
gro
und
well
an
d
pow
de
r
is
tra
nsfo
rm
ed
to
pelle
t
by
us
in
g
hydr
a
ulic
com
pr
ess
.
T
he
po
wd
e
r
an
d
pelle
t
are
heat
tr
eat
ed
at
400
o
C
f
or
3
ho
ur
s
a
nd
use
d
f
or
diff
e
re
nt ch
a
ra
ct
erizat
ion
s a
nd
the
total
proc
ess sche
m
atica
ll
y given
i
n
F
i
gure
1.
Figure
1. Sc
he
m
at
ic
r
epr
ese
ntati
on
of synthe
sis of LCSF
2.3
.
C
ha
r
ac
te
ri
z
at
ion
t
ec
hn
iques
The
XR
D
study
of
three
na
noferrit
e
sa
m
ples
was
carried
out
us
in
g
PAN
ana
ly
ti
cal
X’
pe
rt
Pr
o
MR
D
diffracti
on
m
eter
with
Sil
ic
on
detect
or,
an
d
m
on
ochor
m
at
i
sed
Cu
K
40K
V
&
30
m
A
with
sca
n
ra
te
of
0.01oS
i
n
a
2
theta
ra
ng
e
of
10
t
o
80
oA,
cryst
al
li
te
siz
e
o
f
t
he
na
no
par
ti
cl
e
s
cal
culat
ed
b
y
Deb
ye
–
Sc
he
re
r’
s
f
or
m
ula.
Th
e
chem
ic
al
com
po
sit
ion
of
na
noferrit
es
wa
s
exam
ined
by
Four
ie
r
Transf
or
m
In
frared
s
pectr
os
c
op
y
in
the
ra
nge
of
4000
to
400cm
-
1
us
in
g
SH
IM
AD
Z
U,
Perk
i
n
-
Elm
er
m
od
el
by
KB
r
pelle
t
m
et
ho
d.
L
CSF
s
urfa
ce
m
or
phology
was
st
ud
ie
d
by
sca
nn
i
ng
el
ect
ro
n
m
ic
r
os
c
ope
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
2
,
A
pr
i
l 202
0
:
1772
-
1781
1774
[(
S
EM
JEOL
,
JSM
5600
m
o
del)]
equ
i
pp
e
d
with
ED
X
an
al
yz
er
us
ed
to
determ
ine
the
qu
a
ntit
at
ive
el
e
m
ental
com
po
sit
ion
.
P
arti
cl
e
siz
e
m
e
asur
e
d
by
T
ra
ns
m
issi
on
Ele
ct
ron
Mi
cr
os
co
pe
(TEM)
us
i
ng
P
hili
ps
,
Tec
nai
12,
G2
m
od
el
at
120
kV
i
ns
tr
ume
nt.
T
he
m
agnet
ic
prop
e
rtie
s
of
t
he
pr
e
pa
re
d
f
er
rite
sam
pl
es
obta
ine
d
at
room
tem
per
at
ur
e
(30±1
oC).
Hyste
resis
Trace
r
w
as
em
plo
ye
d
to
stu
dy
the
m
agn
et
ic
pr
op
e
rt
ie
s
of
the
sam
ples
in
the f
ie
ld
of
10
kO
e
at r
oom
te
m
per
at
ur
e.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
3.1.
Ph
as
e
f
or
mat
i
on
(
X
R
D
analysis
)
XRD
peaks
of
〖
La
〗
_x,C
o_0.2
,Sm
_0
.
2,
F
e_(2
-
x)
O
_4,
(
wh
e
re
x=
0.0,
0.5,
1.0)
LCSF
sp
inel
na
no
ferrit
es
are
show
n
i
n
Fi
gure
2
The
s
pin
el
struct
ur
e
of
pr
e
par
e
d
LCS
F
co
nfi
rm
ed
by
the
in
de
xed
pea
ks
app
ea
re
d
at
2θ
values
30.
1
(
220),
36.
4
(
311)
,
37.
4
(
222),
43.
7
(
400),
53.1
(42
2)
,
57.
8
(
511),
62.
5
(
440)
and
76.9
(53
2)
w
i
t
h
sm
all a
m
ou
nts o
f
La2
O
3
ph
ase
. X
RD a
naly
sis sug
ge
ste
d t
hat, th
e dop
i
ng ele
m
ent (
La
3+
)
hav
e
been
s
ucces
sf
ully
su
bs
ti
tute
d
in
the
s
pine
l
fer
rite
str
uc
tures
a
nd
it
was
f
ur
t
her
s
upporte
d
by
prepa
red
nano
ferrit
es
sam
ples
app
ears
in
sing
le
ph
a
se
face
centere
d
cub
ic
(f
cc
)
str
uctu
re.
It
was
furthe
r
im
ply
ing
that
the
La
3+
ion
s
hav
e
bee
n
c
om
ple
te
ly
disso
lved
in
t
o
the
sp
inal
la
tt
ic
e
of
Sm
-
Co
Ferr
it
e
[
22
]
.
Very
few
consi
der
a
ble
c
hanges
we
re
f
ound
in
the
r
el
at
ive
intensit
ie
s
of
the
patte
rn
s
relat
ed
t
o
the
occupati
on
of
cryst
al
log
ra
phic
sit
es of
the
lat
ti
ce structur
e
and n
a
nom
et
er
siz
e of the
cry
sta
ll
it
e.
LCSF p
arti
cl
e size
s
identifie
d
in
the
ra
nge o
f
12nm
to
25 nm
Table
1
cal
culat
ed
from
the
broa
de
ning
of
XRD
inte
nse
peaks.
Pa
rtic
le
s
siz
es
ob
ta
ined
in
the
X
RD
analy
sis
f
ur
t
her
s
upport
ed
by
TEM
a
naly
sis.
To
ks
ha
B.
G.
et
al
.
[2
3
,
24
]
ha
s
been
st
ud
ie
d
Cob
al
t
f
er
rite
s
with
pa
rtic
le
si
zes
11
-
40
nm
by
in
So
l
-
Gel
m
et
hod
resem
ble
with
the
LCSF
(cur
ren
t
stu
dy)
a
nd
sat
urat
io
n
m
agn
et
iz
at
io
n
f
or
pure
C
obal
t
sp
inel
nanofer
r
it
es
is
ver
y
cl
os
e
t
o
t
he
ob
ta
i
ned
res
ults
Ta
ble
1
,
it
w
as
al
s
o
i
den
ti
fied
t
hat
rem
anen
ce
a
nd
c
o
erc
ivit
y
are
li
tt
le
highe
r
than
the
obta
ined
re
su
lt
s.
T
he
la
tt
ic
e
par
am
et
er
(
a
)
of
the
unit
cel
l
cal
culat
ed
by
the
fo
ll
owin
g
Brag
g’
s
Eq
uation
[
25
]
:
=
ℎ
√
ℎ
2
+
2
+
2
Wh
e
re,
‘d’
is i
nt
err
ed
p
la
nar di
sta
nce
a
nd
hkl
is m
il
le
r
ind
ic
es
X
-
ray de
ns
it
y (
ρ
x
)
has
b
ee
n
ca
lc
ulate
d
f
orm
t
he follo
wing e
qu
at
io
n
ρ
x
=
2
=
√
3
2
2
Wh
e
re,
the
num
ber
2
ind
ic
at
es
the
fo
rm
ula
un
it
s
in
a
un
it
cel
l,
M
olar
m
ass
M,
and
‘
Na’
is
the
A
voga
dro
nu
m
ber
.
O
bt
ai
ned
res
ults
are
ta
bu
la
te
d
in
T
able
1.
T
he
change
i
n
the
la
tt
ic
e
values
m
ay
be
exp
ect
e
d
by
th
e
rep
la
cem
ent
of
Fe
3+
,
Co
3+
,
and
Sm
3+
ion
with
dopi
ng
io
n
Lant
hanum
(La
3
+
)
[
2
6
]
.
It
was
identifie
d
f
ro
m
the
T
a
ble
1,
‘
d’
val
ue,
la
tt
ic
e
param
et
ers,
pa
rtic
le
siz
e
and
x
-
ray
den
sit
y
va
lues
dec
reas
e
with
increase
of
the
dopi
ng
el
em
ent
(La
3+
),
wh
ic
h
is
e
xp
la
ine
d
on
the
basis
of
ion
ic
rad
ii
values.
The
re
place
m
ent
of
l
ow
e
r
io
nic
rad
i
us
Sm
(0
.
096
nm
),
Co
(0.
075
nm
)
and
F
e
(0.07
8
nm
)
by
hig
he
r
c
oval
ent
ra
diu
s
el
em
ent
La
(
0.1
03nm
)
m
a
y
resu
lt
the
c
ha
ng
e
in
‘a’
a
nd
den
sit
y
val
ue
s.
T
his
res
ult
shows
that
th
e
cryst
al
struct
ur
e
of
LCSF
sp
i
nel
f
err
it
es
co
ntrac
te
d
due
to
the
su
bs
ti
tuti
on
of
La3+
el
em
e
nts
[2
7
,
2
8
]
.
Doping
of
ext
ensive
a
m
ou
nt
of
rare
earth
el
em
e
nt
(La
3+
)
i
on
con
ce
nt
rati
on
le
ads
to
distort
ed
td
a
nd
oh
sy
m
m
e
try
of
LCSF
watchin
g
out
to
gen
e
rati
on
F
e
3
+
gaps,
wh
ic
h
f
urt
he
r
de
cre
ases
in
la
tt
ic
e
par
am
et
er.
At
higher
co
nce
ntrati
on
(x
=
1.0)
of
La
3+
ion
s
in
Sm
-
Co
fe
rr
it
e
la
tt
ic
e
the
cryst
a
l
siz
e
decr
eas
es.
Lat
ti
ce
para
m
et
ers
ob
ta
in
ed
in
the prese
nt stu
dy are
in
t
he g
ood
a
greem
ent
w
it
h
li
te
ratu
re
[2
9
].
Table
1.
E
ffec
t o
f
La
3+
dopi
ng on th
e
lat
ti
ce par
am
et
er (
a)
, c
rysta
ll
it
e size
(n
m
)
and m
ag.
p
a
ra
m
et
ers
of
Co
-
S
m
n
ano
fe
rr
it
es
S
NO
Sp
in
al
Nan
o
f
err
ite
co
m
p
o
sitio
n
Particle
Sizes
(n
m
)
Sp
in
al
Lattice
p
ar
.
(a
)
Å
x
-
ay
Den
sity
x
(g/c
m
)
Cry
stallit
e size
(n
m
)
Satu
ration
m
a
g
n
etizatio
n
(M
s
)
Re
m
an
en
t
m
a
g
n
etizatio
n
(M
R
)
(e
m
u
/g
)
Co
ercivity
(H
c
)O
e
R
1
La
0
Co
0
.
2
,S
m
0
.
2
,
Fe
2
O
4
2
5
.04
8
.40
2
5
.42
1
1
2
.05
±0
.
02
6
2
.54
1
9
.27
1
5
2
2
.0
2
0
.30
8
2
La
0
.
5
,Co
0
.
2
,S
m
0.
2
,Fe
1
.
5
O
4
2
0
.18
8
.42
3
5
.52
3
1
6
.25
±0
.
04
4
8
.70
1
6
.81
1
3
0
2
.6
1
0
.34
5
3
La
1
.
0
,Co
0
.
2
,S
m
0.
2
,Fe
1,
O
4
1
2
.04
8
.46
7
5
.62
7
2
5
.30
±0
.
03
2
7
.67
1
4
.37
1
0
5
7
.5
7
0
.49
8
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A stu
dy of micr
o
str
uctur
al, m
agnetic
an
d
el
e
ct
ric
al p
r
op
e
rti
e
s o
f
La
-
Co
-
Sm…
(
Kadh
um
Jasse
m
W
adi
)
1775
Figure
2
.
XR
D
p
at
te
r
n of
La
x
,
Co
0
.
2
,
Sm
0
.
2
,
Fe
2
−
x
O
4
, (w
her
e
x
=
0.0, 0
.5, 1.0)
(LCSF
) n
anofer
rite
s
3.2.
Ph
as
e
p
u
ri
ty
(FTI
R an
aly
sis
)
The
Fou
rier
T
ran
s
f
or
m
Infr
a
red
S
pectr
os
co
py
(
FTIR
)
is
an
em
erg
in
g
t
oo
l
to
i
den
ti
fy
the
purity
of
the
sp
i
nel
fe
rr
i
te
s
and
nat
ur
e
of
c
hem
ic
al
bo
nd
i
ng.
I
n
a
dd
it
ion
t
o
the
XR
D
stu
dy.
T
he
F
TIR
sp
e
ct
ra
of
LCSF
sam
ples
is
sh
own
in
F
ig
ur
e
3
[
30
,
31
]
.
I
ntense
pea
ks
in
the
range
of
3400
cm
-
1
t
o
1600cm
-
1
can
be
associat
ed
with
–
O
-
H
st
retchin
g
a
nd
be
nding
vibrat
ion
peaks
of
f
ree
of
a
dsor
be
d
w
at
er
or
in
th
e
form
of
m
oistur
e
con
te
nt.
Lo
w
intens
e
broad
peak
at
~34
15
cm
-
1
in
three
sam
ples
assig
ned
to
–
O
-
H
stret
c
hi
ng
vibrat
ion
peaks
.
A
m
ediu
m
intense
peak
in
the
F
igu
r
e
3
at
10
99
c
m
-
1
represe
nt
s
the
-
O
-
H
be
nd
i
ng
vibrat
ion
[
32
]
.
The
a
bsor
ptio
n
ba
nds
υ1
a
r
ound
the
val
ue
604
cm
-
1
an
d
υ2
a
rou
nd
the
values
465
cm
-
1
a
re
assigne
d
t
o
t
he
int
rinsic
s
tret
chin
g
vibr
at
ion
s
of
‘t
d’
com
plexes
a
nd
‘
O
h’
com
plexes
res
pect
ively
.
The
presen
ce
of
the
above
abs
orptio
n
ba
nd
s co
r
res
ponds
to
the
(
M
O
)
m
et
al
-
ox
y
gen
b
onds
in
s
pin
el
fe
rr
it
es
[33,
34]
.
T
he
abs
orptio
n
ba
nds
υ
1
an
d
υ2
are
sl
igh
tl
y
sh
ifts
t
o
hi
gh
e
r
fr
e
quenc
y,
due
t
o
a
ddit
ion
of
Lantha
num
ion
s
(La
3+
)
c
on
te
nt
.
The
disti
nction
i
n
the
f
re
quencies
of
υ
1
a
nd
υ
2
is
beca
use
of
t
he
ad
justm
ents
in
bo
nd
le
ngth (
Fe
+3
O
−2
)
at
tet
rah
ed
ral
(t
d)
an
d
octahe
dr
al
(oh
)
sit
es. Th
e
gro
ups
at
6
04 c
m
-
1
a
nd
46
5
c
m
-
1
sp
oke
to
td
an
d
oh
com
plexes
of
LCSF
s
pin
al
nano
ferrit
es,
ind
ivi
dual
ly
.
The
IR
vibrat
ion
f
reque
ncies
ar
e
ob
s
er
ved to
be i
n
great
c
on
c
ur
ren
ce
w
it
h t
he st
and
a
rd li
te
ratur
e
[
35, 36]
.
Figure
3. FT
IR sp
ect
r
um
s o
f
La
x
,
Co
0
.
2
,
Sm
0
.
2
,
Fe
2
−
x
O
4
, (w
her
e
x
=
0.0,
0.5, 1.0
) nan
oferr
it
es
3.3.
Micr
os
tr
uctu
re
and el
e
ment
al comp
osi
tion
(S
E
M
-
E
D
X
anal
ys
is)
Su
r
face
m
or
ph
ology
an
d
m
icr
o
st
ru
ct
ur
e
of
LCSF
sam
ples
wer
e
stu
died
us
in
g
sca
nnin
g
el
ect
ron
m
ic
ro
sc
ope
(
SEM)
a
nd
t
he
corres
ponding
SEM
im
a
ges
of
LCS
F
sp
inel
nanoferrite
s
at
dif
f
eren
t
con
ce
ntrati
ons
(La
_x,Co
_0.
2,Sm
_0
.2,Fe
_(2
-
x)
O_4,
(
w
he
re
x=0.0,
0.5,
1.0),
(
w
her
e
x=
0.
0,
0.5,
1.0)
we
re
sh
ow
n
in
t
he
F
igure
4
(a
-
c).
LCSF
synt
he
siz
ed
by
S
ol
-
Gel
m
e
tho
d
t
he
su
r
face
has
com
pact
structur
e
a
nd
so
m
e
nanof
e
rri
te
par
ti
cl
es
w
ere
a
gg
l
om
era
te
d,
form
ed
la
rg
e
cl
us
te
rs
w
it
h
va
rio
us
part
ic
le
siz
es
le
ss
tha
n
100nm
.
The
Chem
ic
al
co
m
p
os
it
ion
of
LCS
F
sam
ples
were
determ
ine
d
by
EDX
te
c
hn
i
que
an
d
patte
rn
ob
ta
in
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gure
4.
Fig
ures
4
(a
-
c)
rig
ht
side
sho
ws
the
E
DX
patte
r
ns
L
CSF
sp
i
nel
na
noferrit
es
at
diff
e
ren
t
con
ce
ntrati
ons
includi
ng
zer
o
con
ce
ntrati
on
o
f
dopi
ng
el
em
ent
La
3+
in
Sm
-
Co
na
noferrit
es,
res
pecti
vel
y
[37]
.
Thr
ee
fi
gures
r
eveal
the
prese
nce
of
la
nth
a
num
(La)
(e
xce
pt
4a
w
he
re
x=
0.0),
Co
balt
(C
o),
Sam
arium
(S
m
),
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
2
,
A
pr
i
l 202
0
:
1772
-
1781
1776
Ox
y
gen
(O)
an
d
Iro
n
(F
e
)
pe
aks
an
d
fi
nal
r
esults
ta
bu
la
te
d
in
T
a
ble
2.
F
ro
m
the
ta
ble,
it
was
identifie
d
that
LCSF
sam
ples
at
diff
ere
nt
con
ce
ntrati
ons
didn’t
co
ntain
any
oth
e
r
el
em
ents
as
i
m
p
ur
it
ie
s.
T
his
i
nd
ic
at
e
the 10
0% p
ur
it
y of
t
he pre
par
e
d
LCS
F sam
ple.
Table
2.
E
D
X anal
ysi
s of
〖
La
〗
_0.
5,
C
o_0.2,S
m
_0
.
2,Fe
_1.5 O
_4,
(LC
SF)
na
nofe
rr
it
es
Sp
in
el nan
o
f
err
ites
Ele
m
en
t
W
t(%
)
Ato
m
ic
W
t
(%)
La
0
Co
0
.
2
,S
m
0
.
2
,Fe
2
O
4
0
.00
0
.00
1
9
.27
1
9
.99
2
0
.67
2
2
.67
4
2
.67
4
3
.67
1
7
.39
1
3
.67
La
0
.
5
,Co
0
.
2
,S
m
0
.
2
,Fe
1
.
5
O
4
2
.37
2
.69
1
8
.86
1
9
.56
2
0
.23
2
2
.19
4
1
.76
4
2
.74
1
6
.78
1
2
.82
La
1
.
0
,Co
0
.
2
,S
m
0
.
2
,Fe
1,
O
4
2
.49
2
.82
1
7
.92
1
8
.59
1
9
.22
2
1
.08
3
9
.67
4
0
.60
2
0
.70
1
6
.91
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
4.
(a
)
S
EM (left)
and
EDX (
rig
ht)
i
m
ages of
La
0
,
Co
0
.
2
,
Sm
0
.
2
,
Fe
2
O
4
,
(LC
SF)
na
nofe
rr
it
es
,
(b)
S
EM (left
) a
nd
E
DX (
rig
ht
)
im
ages o
f
La
0
.
5
,
Co
0
.
2
,
Sm
0
.
2
,
Fe
1
.
5
O
4
, (LC
SF)
na
nofe
r
rite
s
,
(c
)
S
EM
(left)
and E
DX (
rig
ht
)
im
ages o
f
La
1
,
Co
0
.
2
,
Sm
0
.
2
,
Fe
1
.
0
O
4
,
(
LCSF) na
nofe
r
rite
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A stu
dy of micr
o
str
uctur
al, m
agnetic
an
d
el
e
ct
ric
al p
r
op
e
rti
e
s o
f
La
-
Co
-
Sm…
(
Kadh
um
Jasse
m
W
adi
)
1777
3.4.
TEM
-
S
A
ED anal
ys
is
Transm
issi
on
Ele
ct
ro
n
Mi
cr
os
c
op
y
(TEM)
analy
sis
was
carried
to
rec
ord
the
siz
e
of
the
ferrit
e
par
ti
cl
es
in
or
der
to
st
udy
su
r
face
pro
pe
rtie
s
and
gr
ai
n
si
zes.
Fig
ur
e
5,
wh
ic
h
co
nf
i
rm
their
na
no
c
rys
ta
ll
ine
natu
re.
TEM
i
m
ages
La3
+
substi
tuted
Co
-
Sm
nanof
e
rr
it
e,
[La_x
,
C
o_0.2,
S
m
_0
.2
,
Fe
_(2
-
x)
O
_4
,
(wher
e
x=0.0,
0.
5,
1.0)
]
w
hi
ch
see
m
s
the
par
ti
cl
es
app
ea
r
spherical
in
sh
a
pe,
ag
glo
m
erated
pa
rtic
le
s
and
so
m
e
el
on
gate
d
par
ti
cl
es
are
al
so
prese
nt.
T
he
par
ti
cl
e
siz
e
was
fou
nd
to
be,
22.
1n
m
(x=0)
;
23.4
nm
(
x=0.
5)
nm
and
26.4n
m
(x
=1.0)
f
or
la
nth
a
nu
m
su
bs
ti
tute
d
Co
-
Sm
nan
ofer
ri
te
s
an
d
w
hich
co
ncurs
well
wit
h
the
cryst
al
li
te
est
i
m
at
e
est
i
mate
d
with
XR
D
an
d
guara
ntees
the
nano
siz
e
natur
e
of
pa
rtic
le
s.
SA
E
D
patte
r
ns
for
sam
ples
wer
e
al
so
ob
ta
in
ed
an
d
giv
e
n
in
F
ig
ure
4,
w
h
ic
h
on
e
ca
n
c
le
arly
see
the
diffracti
on
rin
gs
a
nd
aff
irm
s
the
con
sist
ency
of
pa
rtic
le
s
in
bo
th
m
or
phology
an
d
siz
e
dissem
i
nation.
Th
us,
m
ic
ro
struct
ur
e
stud
ie
s
are
ve
ry
im
po
r
ta
nt
in
order
to
ex
plain
the
rel
at
ion
s
hip
betw
een
the
pr
oces
sing
pa
ram
et
er
an
d
the
be
ha
vi
or
of
the
m
at
erial
s
us
e
d
in
pract
ic
al
app
li
cat
io
ns.
TEM
-
SAE
D
a
naly
sis
co
nf
irm
s
the
po
l
yc
rysta
ll
ine
na
ture
of
the pre
par
e
d n
anofer
rite
as
w
el
l as the
un
i
form
i
ty
o
f
LCSF
nano
par
ti
cl
es
m
or
phology an
d
siz
e
distrib
ut
ion
.
Figure
5.
TEM
-
SAED
im
ages of
La
nth
a
nu
m
su
bst
it
uted
C
o
-
Sm
n
anofer
rite
s
[
La
x
,
Co
0
.
2
,
Sm
0
.
2
,
Fe
2
−
x
O
4
, (
w
he
re
x=0.
0,
0.5, 1
.0)] al
ong wit
h pa
rtic
le
size distri
bu
ti
on gra
ph
s
(rig
ht
side)
3.5.
M
agne
tic p
ro
perties
The
m
agn
et
ic
par
am
et
ers
of
pr
e
par
e
d
LC
S
F
na
noferrit
e
s
a
m
ples
wer
e
c
al
culat
ed
us
i
ng
a
vibrat
in
g
sam
ple
m
agn
e
tom
e
te
r
at
vide
range
of
Oe,
wh
e
re
the
sa
m
ples
exh
ibit
ed
the
m
agn
et
ic
beh
a
vior.
Figure
6
sh
ows
t
he
ty
pi
cal
m
agn
et
ic
hyste
resis
lo
ops
of
LCSF
(
La_
x,
Co
_0.
2,
S
m
_0
.2
,Fe
_(2
-
x)
O
_4)
na
no
ferrit
e
sam
ples
at
di
ff
ere
nt
co
ncen
t
rati
on
s
(x
=
0.0,
0.
5
a
nd
1.0
)
of
La
3+
as
d
op
i
ng
el
em
ent
on
Sm
-
Co
f
err
it
e.
The
ch
aracte
ri
sti
c
m
agn
et
ic
par
am
et
ers
are
li
ste
d
in
Table
1.
LCSF
na
noferrit
e
sa
m
ples
are
ferr
om
agn
et
ic
in
natu
re
m
anifests
by
the
hi
gh
e
r
values
62.
54
e
m
u/g
f
or
Sm
-
Co
nanof
e
rr
it
e,
w
hich
dim
inis
hes
with
e
xpan
di
ng
con
ce
ntrati
on
of
la
nth
a
nu
m
pa
rtic
le
(La
3+
)
a
s
dopa
nt
in
t
he
ferrit
e
sam
ple
s.
It
is
no
ta
ble
that
m
agn
et
ic
m
inu
te
-
of
unfill
ed
La
3+
sh
el
ls.
T
he
s
ubsti
tuti
on
of
s
ubsta
ntial
m
agn
et
ic
m
ome
nt
La
3+
ion
s
for
Fe
3+
io
ns
sh
oul
d
buil
d
th
e
resu
lt
a
nt
m
a
gn
et
i
c
m
o
m
ent
hypo
t
hetic
al
ly
at
ordina
ry
tem
per
at
ur
es.
Be
tha
t
as
it
m
ay
,
i
n
the
prese
nt
case,
the
decli
ne
in
i
m
m
ersion
pol
arizat
ion
beca
us
e
of
substan
ti
al
su
bs
ti
tuti
on
of
La
3+
io
ns
at
ro
om
tem
p
eratur
e
wh
ic
h
create
strai
n
an
d
de
bi
li
ta
te
s
La
3+
3+
associat
io
ns
,
th
us
la
nt
ha
nu
m
fer
rite
s
are
co
ns
ide
red
as
a
few
tim
e
s
non
-
m
agn
et
ic
m
at
e
rial
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
2
,
A
pr
i
l 202
0
:
1772
-
1781
1778
-
The
coe
rcivit
y H_(c
)is the
pro
portio
n
of
the
m
agn
et
ic
f
ie
ld q
ualit
y wh
ic
h
is require
d
to beat
ing
an
is
otr
opy
to
flip
the
m
agn
et
ic
m
inu
te
s
an
d
it
is
plainly
influ
e
nced
by
the
La3+
doping
in
Sm
-
Co
ferrit
es
.
The
coe
rcivit
y
values
of
ra
re
earth
el
em
ent
La3+
-
dope
d
s
a
m
arium
-
cob
al
t
nanof
e
rr
it
e
sam
ples
var
y
fr
om
1057.
57,
13
02.61
an
d1
52
2.0
2
Oe
.
O
btaine
d
val
ues
in
th
e
current
s
t
udy
are
ver
y
m
uch
great
er
th
a
n
the r
es
ults
ob
ta
ined by the
S.
Chak
rav
a
rty
et al
(200
7)
a
nd
M. M. Ras
had
et
al (20
08).
-
The
rem
nan
t
r
at
io
R
=
M_r/
M_s
is
a
n
in
di
cat
ion
of
the
s
trai
gh
tf
orwa
rdness
with
w
hich
the
di
rec
ti
on
of
m
agn
et
iz
at
ion
reorients
t
o
th
e
cl
os
est
a
xis
m
agn
et
iz
at
ion
head
i
ng
afte
r
t
he
m
agn
et
ic
fi
el
d
is
e
vacu
at
e
d.
The
cal
culat
ed
values
of
rem
nan
t
rati
o
of
L
CSF
sam
ples
are
in
the
rang
e
fr
om
0.
308,
0.345,
0.498
f
or
La
=0
.0,
0.5
and
1.0
c
on
ce
ntrati
on
resp
e
c
ti
vely
in
LC
SF
nano
ferrit
es
sug
gestin
g
t
he
in
dicat
io
n
of
decr
ease
in a
ni
so
tr
op
y
of crys
ta
l l
at
ti
ce.
-
Pr
ese
ntly
the
var
ie
ty
of
pe
netra
bili
ty
with
con
ce
ntrat
ion
ca
n
be
c
om
pr
ehe
nd
e
d,
in
qual
it
at
ively
,
util
iz
ing
the
v
a
riet
y of
m
agn
et
ic
satur
at
io
n Fi
gure
7
with c
oncent
rati
on.
-
The
m
agn
et
ic
pro
p
erty
e
xam
i
nation
re
su
lt
s
s
howe
d
at
x=
0.5,
t
he
rate
with
La0
.5,
C
o0.2,
Sm
0.
2,
F
e1
.5O
4
cl
aim
an
at
trac
ti
ve
highli
gh
ts
in
co
ntrastin
g
with
ot
her
LC
SF
sam
ples
due
with
it
s
best
hyste
resis
ci
rc
uit
al
l t
og
et
he
r,
t
ha
t i
t can
unders
ta
nd
t
he
sta
te
s
of u
si
ng it
as a
cor
es
in
t
ran
s
ducers
and elec
t
rical
m
oto
rs.
Figure
6.
The
hyste
resis lo
op
s of La
nth
a
nu
m
su
bs
ti
tuted
Co
-
Sm
n
an
ofer
rite
s
Figure
7.
Va
riat
ion
of satu
rati
on m
agn
et
iz
at
i
on (
M
S
)
V
s
La
3+
ion
s
conce
ntrati
on
3.6.
Diel
ectric
propertie
s
In
the
cu
rr
e
nt
stud
y
diele
ct
ric
loss
an
d
diel
ect
ric
freq
ue
nc
y
of
th
ree
LC
S
F
sp
inal
ferrit
es
cal
culat
ed
accor
ding
to
th
e
m
et
ho
d
pr
opos
e
d
by
Sm
it
a
nd
Wijn
as
f
un
ct
ion
of
f
reque
ncy
on
H
IOKI
m
od
el
No
3532
-
50
LCR
H
I
TEST
ER an
d
the
r
es
ults w
e
re
gr
a
phic
al
ly
r
ep
r
ese
nted
i
n
F
i
gure
8
a
nd F
ig
ure
9.
-
The
diele
ct
ric
loss
ta
ngent
(ta
n
δ)
dec
rease w
it
h
an
increa
s
e
in
fr
eq
uency
of
LCSF n
an
oparti
cl
es
as
sh
own
in
F
ig
ur
e
8.
T
hi
s
trend
is
generall
y
exp
la
ine
d
base
d
on
ju
m
pin
g
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
of
cha
r
ge
carriers
ca
n'
t
fo
ll
ow
the freq
ue
ncy
of ap
plied
file
d afte
r speci
fic
freq
ue
ncy.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A stu
dy of micr
o
str
uctur
al, m
agnetic
an
d
el
e
ct
ric
al p
r
op
e
rti
e
s o
f
La
-
Co
-
Sm…
(
Kadh
um
Jasse
m
W
adi
)
1779
-
As
in
dicat
ed
by
Huds
on
(
1978)
,
ta
n
δ
values
in
s
pin
el
ferrit
es
are
ref
le
ct
ed
in
the
co
nduct
ivit
y
est
i
m
a
ti
ons
wh
e
n
t
he fer
rom
agn
et
ic
m
at
e
rial
s w
it
h hig
h cond
uctivit
y d
e
m
on
strat
e
higher
m
isfor
tun
e
s and
vice
ver
s
a.
-
Ba
sed
on
t
he
resu
lt
s
Fi
gure
9
,
t
he
diele
ct
ric
co
nst
ant
dec
rea
se
s
with
inc
re
asi
ng
fr
e
quen
cy
.
It
was
ob
se
r
ve
d
that
the
diele
ct
ric
con
sta
nt
is
high
at
lo
wer
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
an
d
then
decr
ease
s
rap
i
dly
finall
y
sta
gn
at
es
at
higher
fr
e
que
ncies.
T
his
is
the
com
m
on
beh
a
viou
r
of
fer
r
om
agn
et
ic
el
e
m
ents
with
the ev
i
dence
of Maxw
el
l
-
W
a
gner
m
od
el
.
-
Accor
ding
to
Ma
xw
el
l
-
Wagner
m
od
el
na
noferrit
es
c
ompo
s
ed
with
t
w
o
la
ye
rs
,
i
n
w
hich
up
per
la
ye
r
(F
e
2+
io
ns
)
is
well
co
nducti
ng
grai
ns
an
d
the
lo
wer
la
ye
r
is
m
ade
with
poorl
y
co
nduc
ti
ng
(F
e
3+
io
ns)
gr
ai
n
bo
undar
i
es.
I
den
ti
fie
d
di
el
ect
ric
con
sta
nt
scena
rio
is
e
xp
la
ine
d
due
to
the
s
pace
c
ha
rg
e
pola
rizat
io
n
gen
e
rated
insi
de
the
sp
i
nal
par
ti
cl
e
by
t
he
avail
abili
ty
of
hete
roge
neous
diele
ct
ric
s
tructu
re.
Ele
ct
ron
trans
port
ha
ppened
(elect
ron
hopp
i
ng)
bet
ween
Fe
2+
a
nd
Fe
3+
locat
ed
at
cryst
al
lite
sites
i.e.,
Octahe
dr
a
l
sit
es
le
ads
diele
ct
ric
disp
e
rsion
finall
y
it
lead
s
to
AC
el
ect
rical
fiel
d
at
hig
he
r
fr
e
quen
c
ie
s.
This
is
cal
le
d
hoppin
g
m
echan
ism
o
f
the e
-
t
ran
s
fer.
-
The
lo
w
est
im
at
ion
of
diele
ct
ric
consi
ste
nt
and
ta
n
δ
is
bec
ause
of
the
s
ubsti
tuti
on
of
la
nth
a
nu
m
par
ti
cl
e
in
Sam
arium
-
Cob
al
t
nanofe
rr
it
e
m
igh
t
be
disclose
d
du
e
to
bounci
ng
(
hopp
in
g)
c
onduct
io
n
proc
ess
betwee
n
Fe
2+
La
3+
+e
−
.
The
do
ping
of
la
nth
an
um
par
ti
cl
es
instea
d
of
ir
on/c
obal
t/
sam
ariu
m
par
t
ic
le
s
confines
the
le
vel
of
co
nducti
on
a
nd
pola
riz
at
ion
by
blo
c
ki
ng
j
um
pin
g
process,
c
om
ing
about
dim
inishing
in con
du
ct
i
vity
, d
ie
le
ct
ric
c
onsist
ent and ta
n δ.
-
Pr
e
par
e
d
m
a
te
rial
s
char
act
erized
base
d
on
th
e
diele
ct
ric
loss
and
diele
ct
ri
c
con
sta
nt
is
s
uitable
to
pr
e
pa
re
high
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
appli
cat
ion
s.
Fr
om
the
fig
ur
es
,
it
was
identifie
d
t
hat
,
three
Sam
arium
-
Cob
al
t
na
n
ofer
rite
s
ex
hib
it
ing
the
norm
al
ferro
m
agn
et
ic
beh
a
vior e
ve
n at
zero co
nce
ntrati
on of La
ntha
nu
m
ion
a
s
doping a
gen
t.
Figure
8. Va
riat
ion
of d
ie
le
ct
r
ic
loss of LC
S
F sp
i
nel f
e
rr
it
e
s w
it
h f
reque
nc
y
Figure
9. Va
riat
ion
of d
ie
le
ct
r
ic
co
nst
ant
of
LCSF s
pin
el
fe
rr
it
es
with
f
re
quency
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
2
,
A
pr
i
l 202
0
:
1772
-
1781
1780
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Finall
y,
it
was
con
cl
ud
e
d
that
,
LCSF
na
nofe
rr
it
e
sam
ples
with
co
ncen
t
ra
ti
on
of
La=0.
0,
0.
5
a
nd
1.0
in
so
l
-
gel
m
et
ho
d
su
cc
essf
ully
syn
thesiz
ed
at
room
tem
pe
ratur
e
.
T
he
val
ues
of
m
agn
et
iz
at
ion
for
the
var
i
ou
s
con
ce
ntrati
ons
of
la
nth
a
nu
m
are
evide
nt
tha
t
the
sat
ur
at
ion
m
agn
et
iz
at
ion
decr
eases
with
the
substi
tuti
on
of
la
nth
an
um
. A
t t
he
sam
e
tim
e,
it
is w
or
thy t
o recal
l t
hat the X
RD stu
dy to
o, ind
ic
at
ed
a c
onside
rab
le
c
ha
ng
e i
n
the
cryst
al
li
te
siz
e
with
i
ncrea
sing
La
3+
c
onte
nt.
XRD
ex
a
m
inat
ion
c
onfirm
s
the
exist
ence
of
sin
gle
-
phase
sp
inel
na
nofe
r
rite
s
structu
re
without
any
seco
nd
a
ry
in
al
l
co
m
po
sit
ion
s.
As
x
val
ue
s
increases
unit
cell
vo
l
um
e
decr
eases
le
ading
t
o
increase
in
x
-
ray
de
ns
it
y
values.
FTIR
analy
sis
con
firm
s
the
che
m
ic
al
com
po
sit
io
n
a
nd
bondin
g
na
ture
of
LC
S
F
sam
ples
SEM
analy
sis
predi
ct
s
the
in
hom
og
ene
ous
na
ture
of
par
ti
cl
es
an
d
EDX
st
ud
y
re
veals
the
stoic
hio
m
et
ry
of
LCSF
na
noferrit
e
sa
m
ples
pr
e
par
e
d.
Ma
gn
et
iz
at
ion
decr
ease
s
due
to
su
r
face
ef
fect
and
inc
re
asi
ng
ra
re
ear
th
ion
c
on
ce
nt
rati
on
.
LCS
F
nanof
e
rr
it
e
s
a
m
ples
exh
i
bited
a
f
re
qu
e
ncy
in
de
pe
nd
e
nt
beh
a
vior
.
Ba
sed
on
t
he
stu
dies
pr
op
e
r
ti
es
and
res
ults
m
ake
the
pre
par
e
d
LCSF
na
nofe
rr
it
es
sam
ples
us
e
fu
l
for
t
he
m
aking
of
opto
-
m
agn
e
ti
c
dev
ic
es,
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
de
vices,
perpe
nd
ic
ular r
ecordin
g
m
edia et
c.
REFERE
NCE
S
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agnetic
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“
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h
y
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ermal
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m
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ils
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Alit
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uto
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ti
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al
t
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err
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b
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t
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a
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