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1
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I
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C
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I
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N:
2088
-
8708
R
ev
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-
Tr
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s
Ta
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vo
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(
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r
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co
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-
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
Viter
b
i
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
u
c
h
as
C
ir
cu
lar
Vi
ter
b
i
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
(
C
V
A
)
[
6
]
,
W
ar
p
ed
A
r
o
u
n
d
Viter
b
i
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
(
W
A
V
A
)
[
7
]
,
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
Viter
b
i
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
(
B
VA
)
[
8
]
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
C
V
A
[
7
]
an
d
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
Viter
b
i
an
d
A*
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
[
9
]
.
As a
n
alter
n
ati
v
e,
w
e
a
ls
o
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
tech
n
i
q
u
e
t
h
at
s
u
it
s
t
h
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
n
a
m
ed
R
ev
er
s
ed
-
T
r
ellis
T
B
C
C
(
R
T
-
T
B
C
C
)
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
n
o
n
-
iter
ativ
e
an
d
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
,
th
u
s
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ici
en
t
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
.
I
t
o
v
er
co
m
es
s
tar
t
-
u
p
er
r
o
r
s
o
n
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
-
ter
m
in
a
tin
g
C
C
b
y
s
ep
ar
atin
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tr
ellis
in
to
t
w
o
p
ar
ts
,
s
tar
t
-
u
p
an
d
co
m
m
o
n
ar
ea
.
I
t
c
o
m
p
u
tes
t
h
e
s
tar
t
-
u
p
an
d
co
m
m
o
n
ar
ea
f
ir
s
t
a
n
d
co
llect
all
o
f
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
ata.
Af
ter
w
ar
d
s
,
th
e
r
ev
er
s
e
d
ec
o
d
in
g
i
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
n
til
r
ea
ch
in
g
th
e
i
n
itial
s
tate.
T
h
e
d
ata
w
it
h
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
er
r
o
r
is
s
elec
ted
as v
alid
d
ata.
A
r
g
u
ab
l
y
,
th
e
n
o
n
-
iter
ati
v
e
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
it
h
as
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
an
d
p
r
ed
ictab
le
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
is
e
f
f
i
cien
t
an
d
p
r
ed
ictab
le
as
w
ell.
T
h
e
iter
ativ
e
o
n
e
co
u
l
d
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
u
t
atio
n
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
o
n
e
d
ata
f
r
a
m
e
co
u
ld
b
e
d
ec
o
d
ed
f
o
r
less
th
a
n
x
iter
atio
n
,
b
u
t
th
er
e
is
n
o
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
th
a
t
th
e
u
p
co
m
in
g
d
ata
f
r
a
m
e
co
u
ld
b
e
d
ec
o
d
ed
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
i
n
ce
it
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
r
es
u
lt.
A
s
lo
n
g
a
s
t
h
e
r
esu
l
t
is
n
o
t
tai
l
-
b
iti
n
g
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
k
ee
p
s
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
h
i
g
h
er
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
to
d
ec
o
d
e
th
e
s
am
e
s
ize
o
f
d
ata
f
r
a
m
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
tr
ie
s
to
d
ea
l
w
it
h
t
h
at
p
r
o
b
lem
b
y
m
in
i
m
iz
in
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
w
h
ile
m
ai
n
tai
n
in
g
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
t
ail
-
b
iti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Ho
p
ef
u
ll
y
,
it
is
a
d
ec
en
t
alter
n
at
iv
e
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ef
f
icien
t ta
il
-
b
itin
g
d
ec
o
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
c
h
,
w
e
ai
m
to
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
R
T
-
T
B
C
C
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
in
a
V
L
SI
ar
c
h
it
ec
tu
r
e.
I
t i
s
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
s
tep
s
o
n
d
esig
n
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
n
a
m
el
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
ele
m
e
n
t
(
P
E
)
d
esig
n
,
r
ev
er
s
ed
-
tr
ellis
u
n
it
(
R
T
U)
d
esig
n
an
d
to
p
-
lev
el
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
.
Fo
r
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
L
T
E
s
tan
d
ar
d
ap
p
lica
tio
n
,
p
lu
g
-
a
n
d
-
p
la
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
in
te
g
r
ati
n
g
th
e
R
T
-
T
B
C
C
VL
SI
m
o
d
u
le
in
to
L
E
O
N3
-
b
ased
S
y
s
te
m
-
on
-
C
h
ip
(
So
C
)
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
in
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
First
i
s
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
Seco
n
d
is
r
elate
d
th
eo
r
ies.
I
t
is
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
ex
p
la
n
atio
n
o
n
th
e
R
T
-
T
B
C
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
n
t
h
e
th
ir
d
s
ec
t
io
n
.
A
s
tep
-
by
-
s
tep
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
s
al
s
o
p
r
esen
t
ed
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
th
s
ec
tio
n
is
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
u
lar
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
a
n
d
S
y
s
te
m
-
on
-
C
h
ip
(
So
C
)
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
s
f
o
r
L
T
E
ap
p
licatio
n
.
R
esu
lts
an
d
d
i
s
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ar
e
g
i
v
e
n
in
t
h
e
f
i
f
t
h
s
ec
tio
n
.
L
as
tl
y
,
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
,
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
ar
e
g
i
v
en
in
t
h
e
th
r
ee
t
w
o
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
T
H
E
O
RI
E
S
C
o
n
v
o
lu
tio
n
al
e
n
co
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
u
s
u
al
l
y
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
in
(
c
,
n
,
m
)
,
w
it
h
n
/
c
i
s
co
d
e
r
ate
(
R
)
an
d
m
is
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
le
n
g
t
h
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
k
i
n
d
s
o
f
C
C
b
ased
o
n
its
in
itial
s
tate,
n
a
m
el
y
d
ir
ec
t
-
ter
m
i
n
ati
n
g
(
u
n
f
i
x
ed
-
tail)
C
C
,
f
i
x
ed
-
tai
l
C
C
,
an
d
ta
il
-
b
iti
n
g
co
n
v
o
l
u
tio
n
al
co
d
es
(
T
B
C
C
)
.
E
ac
h
o
f
t
h
e
m
h
a
s
a
u
n
iq
u
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
its
tar
g
et
o
f
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
-
ter
m
i
n
atin
g
C
C
i
s
u
n
ch
ai
n
ed
en
co
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
if
it is
d
ec
lar
ed
as
(
c,
1
,
m
)
,
th
en
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
le
n
g
th
L
,
i
t
g
e
n
er
ates
a
co
d
e
w
o
r
d
w
ith
len
g
th
c
×
L
b
ec
au
s
e
n
o
ad
d
itio
n
al
d
ata
i
n
t
h
e
en
co
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
ix
ed
-
tail
C
C
s
c
h
e
m
e,
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
ata
ar
e
f
r
a
m
ed
b
y
s
e
v
er
al
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
ad
d
in
g
b
its
b
ef
o
r
e
en
co
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fo
r
d
ata
len
g
t
h
L
,
it
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
co
d
e
w
o
r
d
(
L
+
m
)
×
c
s
o
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
ar
e
lo
s
s
e
s
o
f
d
ata
r
ate
b
y
m
/
(
L
+
m
)
.
L
astl
y
,
t
h
e
T
B
C
C
g
e
n
er
ates
co
d
e
w
o
r
d
o
f
len
g
th
(
L
+
m
)
×
c
,
s
i
m
ilar
w
ith
f
ix
ed
-
tail
C
C
,
b
u
t
th
e
d
ata
len
g
t
h
is
(
L
+
m
)
in
s
tead
o
f
L
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
in
itial
s
tat
e
is
n
o
t
ad
d
itio
n
al
b
its
b
u
t
t
h
e
en
d
-
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
its
el
f
.
A
co
m
p
lete
ill
u
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
e
th
r
ee
s
c
h
e
m
es c
a
n
b
e
s
ee
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Dif
f
er
en
ce
s
b
et
w
ee
n
th
r
ee
in
it
ial
-
s
tate
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
i
n
C
C
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
:
1
9
8
–
2
0
9
200
3.
R
E
V
E
RS
E
D
-
T
R
E
L
L
I
S T
B
CC
AL
G
O
RI
T
H
M
T
h
e
id
ea
o
f
r
ev
er
s
ed
-
tr
ellis
T
B
C
C
(
R
T
-
T
B
C
C
)
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
to
f
in
d
h
o
w
tail
-
b
iti
n
g
b
ased
Viter
b
i
d
ec
o
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
e
f
in
is
h
ed
w
it
h
o
u
t
iter
atio
n
o
r
at
lea
s
t
h
as
a
f
i
x
ed
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ti
m
e
[
1
0
]
.
Sin
ce
th
e
R
T
-
T
B
C
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
estab
li
s
h
e
d
f
r
o
m
T
B
C
C
co
n
ce
p
t,
it
also
u
tili
ze
s
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
i
n
itial
an
d
en
d
s
tates
co
n
ce
p
t.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
i
s
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
R
T
-
T
B
C
C
ex
p
lo
its
th
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
i
n
f
i
x
ed
-
tail
an
d
d
ir
ec
t
-
ter
m
i
n
atin
g
co
n
ce
p
ts
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
er
r
o
r
tr
ellis
p
ath
.
Fro
m
th
r
ee
s
c
h
e
m
es
e
x
p
lain
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
,
w
e
f
i
n
d
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t t
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e
d
i
f
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f
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ased
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ar
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m
m
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[
4
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h
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ar
e
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
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2
an
d
Fig
u
r
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3
.
I
n
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w
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t
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t
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m
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ith
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[
8
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ith
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ith
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ased
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ep
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[
4
]
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fix
ed
-
tail C
C
tr
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it
h
„
0
0
‟
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Dir
ec
t
-
ter
m
in
at
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g
C
C
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T
h
e
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ir
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t
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Vi
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ith
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h
is
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r
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s
is
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ec
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te
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f
o
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k
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i.e
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s
tar
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s
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ag
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I
llu
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i
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Fig
u
r
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4
f
o
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=
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ata
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t
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f
th
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ath
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k
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r
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.
Fig
u
r
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4
.
R
T
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T
B
C
C
f
ir
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ta
g
e
–
s
tar
t
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up
Fig
u
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5
.
R
T
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B
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Fig
u
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.
C
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en
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ti
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s
tate
at
“
1
1
”
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d
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=
m
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Fig
u
r
e
7
.
A
ll p
o
s
s
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le
tai
l
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b
iti
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o
u
te
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
R
ev
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ed
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Tr
elli
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Ta
il
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B
itin
g
C
o
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vo
lu
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l Co
d
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T
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TBCC
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Dec
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r
ch
itectu
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(
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io
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d
io
n
o
)
201
I
n
t
h
e
s
ec
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n
d
s
ta
g
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i.e
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co
m
m
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n
s
ta
g
e
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,
th
e
s
i
m
ilar
p
r
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ce
s
s
es
ar
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co
n
d
u
cted
.
R
es
u
lt
s
o
f
f
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t
s
ta
g
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lcu
latio
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ar
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ce
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t
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iv
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i
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Fi
g
u
r
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5.
I
t
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
e
s
ar
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
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k
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L
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h
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ex
p
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ted
to
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e
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l
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r
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r
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tes
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last
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tate.
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f
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r
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r
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ig
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y
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r
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tes
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to
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tar
ti
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g
s
tate
(
at
k
=
m
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as
illu
s
tr
ated
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6.
O
th
er
w
i
s
e
,
i
f
er
r
o
r
s
af
f
ec
t
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
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t
h
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u
r
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o
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tes
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v
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n
t
in
to
s
e
v
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al
s
tar
ti
n
g
s
tate
s.
)
(
,
'
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,
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,
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(
,
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1
(
,
,
m
i
n
k
t
k
t
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t
k
t
k
t
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PM
PM
(
1
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m
k
k
t
m
t
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R
0
,
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,
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(
2
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(
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I
n
th
e
t
h
ir
d
s
ta
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tail
-
b
iti
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g
p
r
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ce
s
s
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
Her
e
,
w
e
f
o
r
ce
all
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t
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s
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r
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v
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n
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te
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th
at
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tate
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r
r
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in
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i
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s
tates
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
tr
ellis
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n
d
s
i
n
t
h
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i
n
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tate
t
h
at
h
as
th
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s
a
m
e
v
alu
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o
f
it
s
e
n
d
s
tate.
I
t
i
s
ill
u
s
tr
ated
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
.
Fro
m
th
e
ex
a
m
p
le,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
p
o
s
s
ib
le
r
o
u
tes
to
co
n
s
id
er
as
v
alid
r
o
u
te:
tail
-
b
itin
g
at
s
tates
“
0
0
”,
“
0
1
”,
“
1
0
”,
an
d
“
1
1
”.
Fo
r
th
e
last
s
t
ag
e,
co
s
t
ca
lcu
latio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
tail
-
b
itin
g
s
ce
n
a
r
io
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
p
ath
at
0
<
k
<
m
,
th
e
co
s
t
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
to
r
ed
d
ata
i
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
(
i.e
.
s
tar
t
-
u
p
s
tag
e)
.
Fi
n
al
co
s
t
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
4
)
,
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
r
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u
te
co
s
t
R
t
is
s
u
b
tr
ac
ted
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y
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u
p
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ad
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y
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itin
g
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s
t
R
tb
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
tr
ac
tio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
k
<
m
p
ath
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
Vite
r
b
i
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e)
is
r
ep
lace
d
w
it
h
n
e
w
k
<
m
p
ath
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
tail
-
b
iti
n
g
r
o
u
te
(
t
h
ir
d
s
ta
g
e)
.
T
h
is
to
tal
co
s
t
i
s
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
f
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
M
L
p
ath
f
o
r
f
in
a
l sele
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
a
r
ev
er
s
ed
-
tr
elli
s
p
r
o
c
ess
ar
e
ac
tu
all
y
s
i
m
i
lar
to
th
e
p
r
o
c
ess
in
ad
d
-
co
m
p
ar
e
-
s
elec
t
(
AC
S).
I
f
t
h
e
AC
S
a
i
m
s
to
c
h
o
o
s
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
ed
ec
ess
o
r
s
tate
s
w
i
th
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
co
s
t,
th
e
r
ev
er
s
ed
-
tr
elli
s
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
ee
d
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
s
tates
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
p
r
ed
ec
ess
o
r
s
tates
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ef
in
e
d
b
ef
o
r
e
at
s
tar
t
-
u
p
s
tag
e.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
h
elp
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
illu
s
tr
atio
n
i
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
.
t
tb
o
t
t
t
o
t
a
l
R
R
R
R
(
4
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
I
llu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
r
ev
er
s
ed
-
tr
ellis
s
tate
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
:
1
9
8
–
2
0
9
202
4.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
H
ARDW
ARE
ARCH
I
T
E
C
T
UR
E
4
.
1
.
L
T
E
T
a
rg
et
Appl
ica
t
io
n
A
p
p
licatio
n
tar
g
e
t
i
s
L
o
n
g
T
er
m
E
v
o
lu
tio
n
(
L
T
E
)
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
I
n
L
T
E
,
T
B
C
C
is
u
s
ed
in
t
w
o
d
o
w
n
li
n
k
ch
a
n
n
e
ls
,
n
a
m
el
y
th
e
P
h
y
s
ical
B
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
C
h
a
n
n
el
(
P
B
C
H)
an
d
th
e
P
h
y
s
ical
Do
w
n
li
n
k
C
o
n
tr
o
l
C
h
an
n
el
(
P
DC
C
H)
.
E
ac
h
f
r
a
m
e
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
4
0
b
it
s
d
ata.
T
h
e
T
B
C
C
en
co
d
er
u
s
ed
in
th
e
L
T
E
s
tan
d
ar
d
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
.
I
ts
en
co
d
in
g
r
ate
R
is
eq
u
al
t
o
1
/
3
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
th
at
t
h
e
3
b
its
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
ea
ch
b
it
o
f
i
n
p
u
t.
C
o
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
le
n
g
th
is
7
a
n
d
eq
u
al
to
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
h
i
f
t
-
r
eg
is
ter
(
i.e
.
6
)
+
1
.
Af
t
er
e
n
co
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
co
d
ew
o
r
d
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
an
d
th
en
t
h
e
y
ar
e
tr
an
s
m
itt
ed
in
OFDM
-
QP
SK
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
L
T
E
T
B
C
C
en
co
d
er
4
.
2
.
P
ro
ce
s
s
ing
E
le
m
ent
P
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ele
m
e
n
t
(
P
E
)
is
an
ele
m
en
t
th
at
co
m
p
u
te
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
d
ata
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
b
tain
th
e
b
est
p
at
h
th
at
co
m
e
to
a
b
r
an
ch
o
f
s
t
ate.
P
E
co
m
p
r
is
es
2
ele
m
en
t
s
,
n
a
m
el
y
b
r
an
ch
m
etr
ic
u
n
i
t
(
B
MU
)
an
d
ad
d
-
co
m
p
ar
e
-
s
elec
t
(
AC
S).
T
h
e
in
ter
n
al
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
o
f
P
E
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
0
.
E
ac
h
PE
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
1
B
MU
an
d
8
AC
S
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
i
n
ter
-
s
tates
b
u
tter
f
l
y
-
lik
e
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
.
B
MU
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
to
d
eliv
er
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
v
alid
d
ata
a
s
i
n
p
u
t
o
f
e
v
er
y
s
t
ate.
E
ac
h
s
tate
‟
s
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
s
s
i
b
ilit
ies
ar
e
co
m
p
u
ted
to
o
b
tai
n
h
a
m
m
i
n
g
d
is
tan
c
e
in
A
C
S
u
n
it.
A
C
S
ca
lcu
late
s
t
h
e
co
s
ts
o
f
2
p
ath
s
w
h
ic
h
co
m
e
to
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
tate
a
n
d
th
es
e
co
s
ts
ar
e
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
co
s
ts
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
d
ata
w
ith
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
co
s
t
is
s
elec
ted
as
r
ef
er
en
ce
o
f
s
u
r
v
i
v
o
r
p
ath
.
E
ac
h
AC
S
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
2
h
a
m
m
i
n
g
ca
lcu
la
to
r
s
,
2
ad
d
er
s
,
a
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
an
d
a
m
u
lt
ip
lex
er
.
T
h
o
s
e
t
w
o
h
a
m
m
i
n
g
ca
lc
u
lato
r
s
a
n
d
ad
d
er
s
ai
m
to
co
n
d
u
c
t
a
p
ar
allel
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
f
o
r
h
a
m
m
in
g
d
i
s
ta
n
ce
s
a
n
d
co
s
t
s
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
elec
ts
th
e
s
u
r
v
i
v
o
r
.
Deta
il
o
f
AC
S
i
n
ter
n
al
ar
ch
i
tectu
r
e
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Ou
tp
u
t o
f
t
h
e
A
C
S
ar
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
r
o
u
ti
n
g
co
s
t a
n
d
m
in
i
m
u
m
p
ath
f
la
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
P
E
in
ter
n
al
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
A
C
S in
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
R
ev
ers
ed
-
Tr
elli
s
Ta
il
-
B
itin
g
C
o
n
vo
lu
tio
n
a
l Co
d
e
(
R
T
-
TBCC
)
Dec
o
d
er A
r
ch
itectu
r
e
….
(
Tr
io
A
d
io
n
o
)
203
4
.
3
.
P
a
t
h
M
et
ric
Unit
P
ath
Me
tr
ic
U
n
it
(
P
MU
)
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
s
to
r
in
g
th
e
r
o
u
te
m
atr
ice
s
w
h
ich
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
as
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
.
R
ec
o
r
d
s
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
ath
s
a
n
d
in
itia
l
s
tate
s
ar
e
s
t
o
r
ed
h
er
e.
T
h
u
s
,
w
e
ca
n
ea
s
il
y
r
ec
all
th
e
m
w
h
e
n
n
ee
d
ed
.
P
MU
is
estab
lis
h
ed
f
r
o
m
m
o
d
u
lar
P
ath
Me
tr
ic
C
ell
(
P
MC)
u
n
it.
T
h
is
u
n
it r
ec
eiv
e
s
t
w
o
i
n
p
u
t p
o
r
ts
f
o
r
s
tate
-
b
u
tter
f
l
y
p
air
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
n
d
a
f
lag
s
i
g
n
al.
T
h
is
f
la
g
i
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
AC
S
a
n
d
p
ass
ed
to
P
MC
f
o
r
s
elec
ti
n
g
a
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
ath
f
o
r
ea
c
h
s
tate.
I
n
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
o
f
P
MC
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
2
.
E
ac
h
P
MC
u
n
it
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
ea
c
h
o
th
er
to
m
i
m
ic
b
u
tter
f
l
y
-
li
k
e
p
air
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
tr
ellis
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
.
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
P
MC
s
d
ep
en
d
o
n
th
e
s
tate
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
P
MC in
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
c
t
u
r
e
4
.
4
.
B
est
Sta
t
e
Unit
B
est
State
Un
it
(
B
SU)
is
r
es
p
o
n
s
ib
le
to
co
m
p
u
te
th
e
to
tal
co
s
ts
an
d
r
esu
lt
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
c
o
s
t
w
it
h
it
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
at
h
.
I
t
r
ec
eiv
es
to
tal
co
s
t
s
in
f
o
r
m
at
i
o
n
af
ter
all
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
ar
e
f
i
n
i
s
h
ed
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
k
in
d
o
f
co
s
ts
w
h
ic
h
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
co
m
m
o
n
s
tag
e
a
n
d
r
ev
er
s
ed
-
tr
elli
s
s
ta
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
f
in
d
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
co
s
t,
s
o
r
ti
n
g
is
u
s
e
d
.
So
r
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ar
e
d
o
n
e
f
o
r
6
4
p
ath
s
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
s
tate.
So
r
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
co
n
d
u
cted
i
f
t
h
e
tr
ac
eb
ac
k
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ar
e
f
i
n
is
h
ed
.
Si
n
ce
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
d
esig
n
e
d
f
o
r
L
T
E
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
t
r
ac
eb
ac
k
s
tep
s
ar
e
4
0
.
4
.
5
.
Rev
er
s
ed
-
T
re
lli
s
Unit
R
ev
er
s
e
tr
ellis
u
n
it
(
R
T
U)
w
o
r
k
s
c
h
e
m
e
is
to
ca
lc
u
late
t
h
e
p
ath
co
s
t
i
n
ar
ea
k
<
m
,
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
p
ath
s
ha
ve
b
ee
n
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
ea
r
lier
an
d
s
to
r
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
V
iter
b
i
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
o
n
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
.
I
llu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
lete
r
ev
er
s
e
d
-
tr
elli
s
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
3
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
f
iv
e
m
o
d
u
les
in
s
id
e
R
T
U,
n
a
m
e
l
y
f
ir
s
t
s
eq
u
en
ce
b
u
f
f
er
,
b
r
an
ch
m
etr
ic
ca
lc
u
lato
r
,
r
o
u
te
s
h
i
f
t
r
eg
is
ter
,
h
a
m
m
i
n
g
ca
lcu
lato
r
a
n
d
tail
-
b
iti
n
g
co
s
t.
Data
in
p
u
t
ar
e
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
b
u
f
f
er
u
n
t
il
R
T
U
r
ea
d
y
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
n
e
w
d
ata
b
lo
ck
.
I
f
th
e
Viter
b
i
d
ec
o
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
f
in
is
h
ed
,
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
P
MU
ar
e
u
s
ed
a
s
r
o
u
ti
n
g
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
co
s
t
ca
lcu
latio
n
.
T
h
e
b
it
-
s
h
i
f
t
r
o
u
t
in
g
a
n
d
its
co
s
t
ca
lcu
latio
n
,
a
s
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
,
ar
e
d
o
n
e
in
r
o
u
te
s
h
i
f
t
r
eg
is
ter
an
d
b
r
an
c
h
m
e
tr
ic
ca
l
cu
lato
r
.
Af
ter
ea
ch
b
it
-
s
h
i
f
ti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
co
s
t o
f
th
e
r
o
u
te
is
i
n
clu
d
ed
to
h
a
m
m
i
n
g
ca
lcu
lato
r
an
d
co
m
b
in
ed
w
it
h
th
e
co
s
t
g
e
n
er
ated
f
r
o
m
s
tag
e
-
t
w
o
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
g
et
th
e
f
in
al
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
f
i
n
a
l
v
alu
e
i
s
ca
lcu
lated
i
n
tail
-
b
it
in
g
co
s
t
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
r
o
u
ti
n
g
co
s
t
is
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
as
th
e
v
alid
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
d
ata.
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
R
ev
er
s
ed
-
tr
ell
is
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
4
.
6
.
T
o
p
-
L
ev
el
Arc
hite
ct
ure
Sin
ce
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
tar
g
e
t
is
L
T
E
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
w
e
n
ee
d
1
0
0
M
b
p
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
i
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
:
1
9
8
–
2
0
9
204
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
is
tar
g
et
,
s
y
s
te
m
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
w
it
h
6
4
p
ar
allel
AC
S
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
.
De
s
ig
n
o
f
R
T
-
T
B
C
C
d
ec
o
d
er
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
s
ev
e
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
i
n
p
u
t
r
e
g
is
ter
,
P
E
,
P
MU
,
R
T
U,
B
SU,
o
u
tp
u
t
r
eg
is
ter
an
d
m
ai
n
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
ey
ar
e
o
r
g
an
ized
a
s
illu
s
tr
ated
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
4
.
I
n
p
u
t
d
ata
g
o
to
in
p
u
t
r
eg
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ter
an
d
b
u
f
f
er
s
.
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ac
h
d
ata
h
as
3
b
it
s
w
id
t
h
,
s
in
ce
th
e
C
C
h
as
1
/3
r
ate
o
f
co
n
v
o
l
u
tio
n
.
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h
ese
d
ata
ar
e
r
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eiv
ed
b
y
P
E
an
d
R
T
U.
R
T
U
s
av
e
s
d
ata
d
0
–
d
m
in
ev
er
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
r
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er
s
e
tr
ellis
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
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ce
w
e
u
s
e
4
0
b
its
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ata
o
r
ig
in
al,
w
e
n
ee
d
to
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o
v
id
e
1
2
0
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its
f
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
.
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h
e
d
ata
r
ec
ei
v
ed
b
y
P
E
ar
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
in
A
C
S
a
n
d
B
MU
m
o
d
u
le
s
.
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ac
h
P
E
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
1
B
MU
an
d
8
A
C
S
an
d
it
co
m
p
u
tes
d
ata
p
ath
s
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
co
s
t
s
.
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h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
co
s
t
an
d
its
co
r
r
esp
o
n
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in
g
p
ath
is
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ass
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to
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MU
an
d
B
SU
.
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n
f
o
r
m
at
io
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p
as
s
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eith
er
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s
t
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e
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o
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tr
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at
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d
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t
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a
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g
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ig
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al
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n
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ec
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s
t
s
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e
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ath
s
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f
t
h
e
d
ata
ar
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p
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ce
s
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ed
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u
cc
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ll
y
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en
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lc
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d
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o
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p
ath
s
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m
B
SU.
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h
e
s
tate
w
i
th
m
in
i
m
u
m
co
s
t
is
s
e
lecte
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as
th
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las
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s
u
r
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iv
o
r
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r
v
alid
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ata.
De
tailed
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i
m
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n
g
d
ia
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m
o
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se
p
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es
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p
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ted
i
n
Fi
g
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r
e
1
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
T
o
p
-
lev
el
o
f
R
T
-
T
B
C
C
d
ec
o
d
er
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
.
T
im
i
n
g
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
R
T
-
T
B
C
C
4
.
7
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
-
on
-
C
hip
I
m
ple
m
ent
a
t
io
n
S
y
s
te
m
o
n
C
h
ip
(
So
C
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tec
h
n
o
lo
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ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
eso
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r
ce
s
m
an
ag
e
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e
n
t
w
h
ic
h
i
s
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
r
ea
l
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ti
m
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
R
ev
ers
ed
-
Tr
elli
s
Ta
il
-
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itin
g
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vo
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l Co
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R
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TBCC
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Dec
o
d
er A
r
ch
itectu
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e
….
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Tr
io
A
d
io
n
o
)
205
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
f
ea
t
u
r
e
m
a
k
es
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h
as
s
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cc
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f
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ll
y
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en
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tr
o
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ic
b
ased
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
[
1
3
]
.
Var
io
u
s
d
ev
ices
f
o
r
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iv
er
s
e
ap
p
licatio
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s
ar
e
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asically
estab
lis
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ed
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l
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g
y
[
1
4
]
.
To
u
tili
ze
th
e
er
r
o
r
co
r
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tio
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ca
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ab
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in
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e
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[
2
]
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h
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th
e
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s
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m
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d
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ated
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m
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n
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u
r
e
1
6
.
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e
L
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ased
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t
h
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p
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AHB
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r
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r
ate
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ir
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t
m
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(
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u
le
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ati
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s
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er
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t
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1
0
0
Mb
p
s
tar
g
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s
p
ee
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f
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r
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s
tan
d
ar
d
.
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u
r
e
1
6
.
R
T
-
T
B
C
C
So
C
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
7
.
DM
A
ac
ce
s
s
ti
m
in
g
d
iag
r
a
m
Fo
r
DM
A
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
,
it
is
s
tar
te
d
w
ith
p
r
o
v
id
in
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v
alid
d
ata
o
n
th
e
s
i
g
n
als
ex
ce
p
t
d
ma
i.req
u
est
s
ig
n
al
.
Af
ter
t
h
o
s
e
t
h
e
s
ig
n
a
ls
ar
e
v
al
id
,
d
ma
i.req
u
est
is
ac
tiv
ated
“h
ig
h
”.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
th
at
t
h
e
s
y
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te
m
is
r
eq
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esti
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s
.
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f
d
ma
o
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g
r
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n
t
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ig
n
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l
r
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n
d
s
w
ith
“h
i
g
h
”
,
it
m
ea
n
s
th
at
t
h
e
r
eq
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est
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as
b
ee
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g
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ted
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ter
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d
s
,
t
h
e
s
y
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te
m
w
ai
ts
a
r
esp
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n
s
e
f
r
o
m
d
ma
o
.
o
ka
y
,
d
ma
o
.
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etry
o
r
d
ma
o
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fa
u
lt
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i
g
n
al
s
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f
t
h
er
e
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n
o
r
esp
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s
e
y
et,
th
e
d
ma
i.r
eq
u
est
co
n
tin
u
e
s
a
s
“h
ig
h
”.
I
f
th
e
o
n
e
w
h
ic
h
r
esp
o
n
d
“h
ig
h
”
is
d
ma
o
.
o
ka
y
,
th
en
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
ti
n
u
e
s
to
wait
th
e
d
ma
o
.
r
ea
d
y
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
d
ma
o
.
r
ea
d
y
v
alid
s
ig
n
al
m
ea
n
s
th
a
t
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
d
ma
o
.
d
a
ta
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
v
alid
.
Ot
h
er
w
is
e,
i
f
th
e
o
n
e
w
h
ic
h
r
esp
o
n
d
“h
ig
h
”
is
d
ma
o
.
r
etry
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
:
1
9
8
–
2
0
9
206
d
ma
o
.
fa
u
lt
,
th
en
th
e
r
eq
u
es
t
s
ig
n
a
l
d
ma
i.req
u
est
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
s
en
t
a
g
ai
n
.
I
llu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
7
.
T
im
e
p
er
i
o
d
2
-
8
is
d
ata
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
r
o
m
DM
A
w
h
ic
h
i
s
i
n
d
icate
d
w
it
h
ac
t
iv
ated
s
ig
n
al
s
of
d
ma
o
.
d
a
ta
an
d
f
o
ll
o
w
ed
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y
d
ma
o
.
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ea
d
y
.
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esid
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ti
m
e
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er
io
d
1
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1
4
is
d
ata
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r
iti
n
g
p
r
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ce
s
s
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to
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.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
DM
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m
o
d
u
le
tak
e
s
ca
r
e
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
a
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
d
ec
o
d
er
m
o
d
u
le
a
s
w
ell.
5.
R
E
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
5
.
1
.
B
it
E
rr
o
r
Ra
t
e
(
B
E
R)
Ana
ly
s
is
T
h
e
B
E
R
an
al
y
s
i
s
is
co
n
d
u
c
te
d
in
ter
m
o
f
L
T
E
ap
p
licatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
R
T
-
T
B
C
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
vs
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
d
ir
ec
t
-
ter
m
i
n
ati
n
g
M
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a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
.
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h
e
tes
t
f
lo
w
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s
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
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g
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r
e
1
8
.
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n
co
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ed
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d
QP
SK
m
o
d
u
lated
d
ata
ar
e
tr
a
n
s
m
it
te
d
in
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GN
ch
a
n
n
el
w
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th
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ar
iab
le
v
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f
s
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to
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n
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r
atio
(
SNR
)
.
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lev
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o
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th
e
A
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ch
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n
n
el
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en
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g
y
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p
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s
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m
b
o
l
(
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b
/N
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)
.
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m
u
latio
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s
ar
e
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r
r
ied
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t
to
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ee
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R
o
f
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ec
o
d
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g
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lt
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ata
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ch
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es
u
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s
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m
u
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n
b
e
s
ee
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
9
.
R
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
R
T
-
T
B
C
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
M
L
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
ab
ilit
y
.
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h
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
is
s
h
o
w
n
b
y
b
etter
B
E
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
A
t
t
h
e
ti
m
e
w
h
e
n
S
NR
v
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u
e
i
s
lo
w
,
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m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
n
B
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is
n
o
t
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
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t.
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u
t,
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t o
n
B
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p
er
f
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m
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ce
is
g
r
o
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it
h
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e
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ea
s
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f
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.
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a
n
d
o
m
n
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m
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n
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r
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h
a
n
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l
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l
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