Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
3
,
June
2020
,
pp. 3
284~
33
94
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
3
.
pp3284
-
33
94
3284
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Maximi
ze
re
s
ou
rce u
tiliz
ation bas
ed
channel acc
ess model
with pr
esenc
e of rea
ctive jamme
r for un
de
rwater
wireless
sensor
n
etwork
Sheet
al Ba
gali
, R
.
S
und
ar
aguru
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
troni
cs
and
C
om
m
unic
at
ion
E
ngine
er
ing, Sir M
Visvesvara
y
a
Instit
ute of Te
c
h
nolog
y
,
Ind
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
4
, 2019
Re
vised
Dec
11
,
2019
Accepte
d
Ja
n
8
, 2020
Underwat
er
sen
sor
net
works
(UW
SNs)
are
vuln
era
bl
e
to
ja
m
m
ing
at
t
ac
ks
.
Espec
i
al
l
y
,
re
ac
t
ive
j
amm
ing
wh
ic
h
emerge
d
as
a
gre
a
te
st
se
cur
i
t
y
threat
t
o
UW
S
Ns
.
Rea
cti
ve
ja
m
m
er
are
diffi
cu
lt
to
b
e
removed,
d
ef
ende
d
and
ide
nti
f
ie
d
.
Sinc
e
rea
c
ti
v
e
ja
m
m
e
r
ca
n
cont
rol
an
d
reg
ulate
(
i.e.,
t
he
dura
t
ion
of
the
ja
m
signal
)
the
prob
abi
lit
y
of
j
amm
ing
for
m
ai
nta
ini
ng
high
vulne
rab
il
i
t
y
w
it
h
low
d
et
e
cti
on
proba
bilit
y
.
The
exi
sting
m
odel
ar
e
gene
ra
lly
desig
ned
conside
rin
g
te
rre
stri
al
wire
le
ss
sensor
net
works
(TWS
Ns
).
Furth
er,
th
ese
m
odel
s
are
li
m
ited
in
th
ei
r
ability
to
d
etec
t
j
amm
ing
cor
rectl
y
,
d
isti
n
guish
bet
wee
n
the
cor
rupte
d
and
uncor
rupt
ed
par
ts
of
a
pa
cke
t
,
and
be
ad
apt
iv
e
wit
h
the
d
y
namic
envi
ronm
ent.
Coopera
t
iv
e
ja
m
m
ing
m
odel
has
pre
sente
d
in
rec
en
t
ti
m
es
to
uti
lize
r
esourc
e
eff
icien
t
l
y
.
How
eve
r,
ver
y
li
m
it
ed
work
is
ca
rri
ed
out
using
coope
ra
tive
ja
m
m
ing
det
e
ct
ion
.
For
o
ver
coming
rese
a
rch
chall
enge
s,
t
his
work
pre
sent
Maximize
Resourc
e
Ut
il
i
z
at
ion
base
d
Ch
a
nnel
Ac
ce
ss
(M
RUCA
).
The
MRU
CA
uses
cro
ss
lay
er
d
esi
gn
for
m
it
igati
ng
react
iv
e
j
amm
er
(i.
e
.
,
MRU
CA
joi
nt
l
y
opti
m
iz
es
th
e
c
ooper
ative
hopp
ing
proba
bi
li
t
ie
s
and
cha
nn
el
a
cc
essibi
lit
y
proba
bil
i
ties
of
aut
hent
i
cate
d
sensor
devi
ce
)
.
Along
with
cha
nnel,
loa
d
ca
pa
ci
t
y
of
aut
h
ent
i
ca
t
ed
sensor
devi
ce
is
esti
m
at
ed
to
utilize
(m
axi
m
iz
e
)
resourc
e
eff
i
ci
e
ntly
.
Expe
r
imen
t
out
come
show
s
the
propose
d
MRU
CA
m
odel
at
t
ai
n
sup
eri
or
per
form
ance
tha
n
st
ate
-
of
-
a
rt
m
odel
in
te
rm
s
of
pac
ke
t
tra
nsm
ission,
B
ER
and
Det
ec
t
io
n
rate.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Cooperati
ve
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
Cros
s
lay
er
des
ign
Jam
m
ing
d
et
ec
ti
on
Me
diu
m
access co
ntr
ol
Re
act
ive j
am
m
ing
Sp
at
ia
l re
us
e
U
WSN
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Sh
eet
al
Bagali
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
ro
nics
and
C
omm
un
ic
ation
En
gin
ee
rin
g,
Sir M
Visv
es
va
raya I
ns
ti
tute
of Tech
nolo
gy,
Be
ng
al
uru,
Ka
rn
at
a
ka 562
157,
I
nd
ia
.
Em
a
il
:
sh
eet
al
.b
agali
@
gm
ai
l.
com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Unde
rw
at
er w
i
reless
sen
sor
ne
twork
play
a
m
ajo
r
ro
le
ac
ross
var
i
ous
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
ser
vice
s
in
offe
rin
g
ub
i
qu
it
ous
ass
ess
su
ch
as
w
eat
her
f
or
ecast
ing
,
m
arine
safety
,
env
ir
onm
ent
et
c.
wh
er
e
sensor
de
vices
are
placed
ac
ross
env
i
ronm
ent
t
o
offe
r
c
on
ti
nu
ou
s
co
nnect
ivit
y
and
se
rv
ic
es
.
Th
us
,
ai
d
in
i
m
pr
ovin
g
qua
li
ty
of
hu
m
ans
li
fe.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
tra
diti
on
al
wireless
ne
twork
ca
n
eas
il
y
co
m
pr
om
is
ed
by
j
am
m
ing
te
chnolo
gy.
T
his
is
du
e
to
e
xpose
d
natu
re
of
wi
reless
li
nks.
Ja
m
m
ing
can
in
du
ce
at
ta
ck
[1]
su
ch
as
Deni
al
-
of
-
Ser
vice
(DoS
)
at
ta
ck,
Sybil
a
tt
ack
et
c.
aff
e
ct
ing
perform
a
nce
of
U
WSN
[2
,
3].
Jam
m
ing
in
U
WSN
can
be
de
fin
ed
a
s
the
interfe
re
nc
e
induced
i
n
existi
ng
wir
el
ess
netw
ork
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
by
m
a
li
cio
us
se
nsor
node
s
by
decr
easi
ng
t
he
sign
al
-
to
-
noise
rati
o
(S
I
NR)
of
the
a
uth
e
ntica
te
d
sens
or
de
vice
(r
ecei
ver
side)
by
tran
s
m
itti
ng
interfe
rin
g
wir
el
ess sign
al
s.
J
a
m
m
ing
is d
if
f
eren
t f
r
om
r
egu
la
r
noise
or
in
te
rf
ere
nce
beca
us
e it
is a r
esul
ta
nt of
deliberate
us
e
of
wireless
sig
nal
to
de
g
ra
de
netw
ork
pe
rfo
r
m
ance
wh
e
rea
s
as
interfe
rence
is
an
uninte
ntion
al
form
s
of
noise
disru
ptin
g
perform
ance
of
U
WSN.
U
nin
te
nt
ion
al
inter
fe
re
nce
ca
us
e
d
i
n
netw
ork
is
du
e
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Maximize
reso
ur
ce
util
izati
on base
d
c
ha
nnel
a
ccess
…
(
Sh
e
et
al Bag
ali
)
3285
wireless com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
of o
t
her
dev
ic
e
(su
c
h
as r
em
ote co
ntr
oller an
d
m
i
crowa
ve)
or
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
am
on
g
sens
or
de
vice
within
the
s
a
m
e
network.
W
he
reas,
i
ntention
al
i
nterference
is
generall
y
carried
ou
t
by
m
al
ic
iou
s
sens
or
de
vice
w
ho
inten
ded
t
o
a
ff
ect
the
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
of
U
WSN.
Jam
m
ing
can
be
i
nduce
d
at
diff
e
ren
t
l
evel,
f
ro
m
delay
ing
or
h
a
m
per
in
g
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
to
al
te
ring
pa
cket/
inf
or
m
at
i
on
i
n
authe
ntica
te
d/legit
i
m
at
e
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
To
unde
rstan
d
how
j
am
m
er
at
t
ack
U
WSN
an
d
to
av
oid
ja
m
m
ing
to
at
ta
in
eff
ic
ie
nt
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
it
is
i
m
po
rta
nt
know
dif
fere
nt
ty
pes
of
j
a
m
m
er
[4
]
su
c
h
as
f
un
ct
io
n
s
pe
ci
fic
j
am
m
er,
hy
br
i
d
-
sm
art
j
am
m
er,
proacti
ve
jamm
er,
reacti
ve
j
am
m
er,
and
op
ti
m
al
place
m
ent
of
j
am
m
er
for
at
ta
ining
best
jamm
ing
eff
ect
s.
Re
centl
y,
eff
ort
has
bee
n
putt
ed
by
var
i
ous
resea
rch
e
r
and
pr
ese
nted
de
fen
s
e
strat
egy
to
ad
dress
t
he
j
am
m
i
ng
issue
s
[
5].
Howe
ver,
reac
ti
ve
j
am
m
er
based
at
ta
ck
,
w
her
e
j
am
m
er
de
vice
sta
y
qu
ie
t
unti
l
any
a
uth
e
ntic
sens
or
de
vice
init
ia
li
ze
(sen
se
)
tra
ns
m
issi
on
(ev
e
n
if
sin
gle
bit
tran
sm
issio
n
i
s
init
ia
li
zed)
ov
e
r
the
channel,
e
m
erg
ed
rece
nt
ly
and
req
ui
re
s
fo
r
a
str
onge
r
d
efe
ns
e
m
ec
han
ism
and
effi
ci
ent
detect
ion
sc
he
m
e
[6
]
.
A
reac
ti
ve
j
am
m
er
fo
r
m
ai
ntaining
high
vulne
ra
bili
ty
with
low
detect
ion
pro
ba
bili
ty
con
t
ro
ls
the
durati
on
of
j
am
sig
nal
an
d
th
e
pro
ba
bili
ty
of
j
am
m
ing
.
Further
,
t
he
un
i
que
c
har
act
e
risti
cs
an
d
the
lim
it
e
d
res
ources of
U
W
SN
s [2]
m
ake
the d
esi
gnin
g
of j
am
m
ing
at
ta
ck
detect
ion
m
od
el
m
or
e
c
hal
le
ng
in
g
in
these
netw
ork
en
vir
onm
ents.
In
ge
ner
al
,
there
exist
two
m
et
ho
d
to
add
re
ss
j
am
m
ing
at
ta
cks
on
al
ar
m
forw
a
r
ding
su
c
h
as
j
am
m
ing
detect
ion
a
nd
jamm
ing
m
i
ti
gation
[
7].
H
ow
e
ver,
curre
nt
spread
-
s
pectru
m
-
base
d
j
am
m
ing
m
i
ti
gation
m
et
ho
ds
su
c
h
as
(
direct
seq
uen
ce
spre
ad
s
pectr
um
)
DS
S
S
or
(
fr
e
quency
hoppin
g
sp
rea
d
sp
ect
r
um
(F
HSS)
FHSS
are
be
yond
the
capa
bili
ti
es
of
curr
ent
sens
or
dev
i
ce
and
existi
ng
j
am
m
ing
detect
ion
m
od
el
f
or UW
SN
s is
not e
ff
i
ci
ent to pr
otect
the c
onsidere
d react
ive m
essage
forw
a
r
ding.
Re
centl
y,
nu
m
ber
of
a
pproac
hes
has
bee
n
presente
d
f
or
de
te
ct
ing
an
d
m
i
t
igati
ng
j
am
m
ing
at
ta
ck
f
or
te
rr
est
rial
W
S
Ns
(T
WSNs)
[8
]
.
F
ur
the
r,
[
9]
exp
lo
re
d
va
rio
us
pro
ble
m
s
in
d
et
ect
ing
j
am
m
ing
at
ta
ck
in
wireless
netw
orks
,
a
nd
pr
ese
nted
detect
io
n
m
et
ho
ds
us
in
g
dif
fer
e
nt
m
e
tric
s
su
c
h
as
bi
t
error
rate
(
BER
),
receive
d
si
gn
al
stren
gth
(RS
S
),
a
nd
pack
et
delivery
rati
o
(P
DR
).
H
ow
e
ve
r,
t
hese
m
et
ho
ds
are
de
sig
ne
d
for
detect
ing
gen
e
ral
j
am
m
ing
at
ta
ck,
but
no
t
s
pecial
ly
designed
to
detect
re
act
ive
j
am
m
ing
.
I
n
[
7
,
10]
presented
a
m
od
el
to
det
ect
reacti
ve
j
a
m
m
ing
for
T
W
SN
s
a
nd
[
9
,
11
]
fo
r
U
WSNs.
Fu
rt
her,
var
io
us
netw
ork
div
e
rsiti
es
are
ex
plored
to
offer
m
it
igati
o
n
so
l
utio
ns
[
12
]
.
Sp
rea
ding
s
pe
ct
ru
m
[5
,
13]
m
aking
us
e
of
m
ul
ti
ple
fr
eq
ue
ncy
bands
a
nd
m
edium
acce
ss
cont
ro
l
(MAC
)
ch
ann
el
s
,
Mult
i
-
path
r
outi
ng
be
nef
it
in
g
from
m
ul
ti
ple
pr
e
-
se
le
ct
ed
routin
g
paths
[
12
]
are
tw
o
good
exam
ples
of
them
.
Ho
w
ever,
in
this
appr
oach,
the
abili
ty
of
j
am
mers
ar
e
consi
der
e
d
to
be
rest
rict
ed
a
nd
powe
rless
to
cat
ch
the
a
ut
hen
ti
cat
ed
tra
ff
ic
f
ro
m
the
ca
m
ou
fla
ge
of
these
div
e
rsiti
es.
H
oweve
r,
due
t
o
the
sil
ent
natu
re
or
be
ha
vio
r
of
rea
ct
ive
j
a
m
m
ers,
they
ha
ve
m
or
e
pow
ers
t
o
destr
uct
these
m
itigati
on
m
eth
ods.
I
n
rece
n
t
tim
es,
nu
m
ber
of
ap
proac
he
s
has
been
pr
esented
t
o
a
ut
il
iz
e
sp
ect
r
um
eff
ic
ie
ntly
and
ad
dress
sp
ect
ru
m
req
ui
rem
ent
fo
r
pro
visio
ning
f
uture
ap
plica
ti
on
[
14
]
.
These
m
od
el
aim
s
to
at
ta
in
optim
al
us
e
of
a
vaila
ble
r
eso
ur
ce
(s
pectru
m
).
Th
us,
t
hese
m
od
el
ar
e
ref
e
rr
e
d
as
op
ti
m
al
res
ou
rce
al
loca
ti
on
sc
hem
es
[1
4,
15
]
.
I
n
op
t
i
m
al
reso
urce
al
locat
ion
sc
he
m
es,
the
se
nso
r
de
vice,
rathe
r
tha
n
avo
i
ding
a
j
a
m
m
er
by
us
i
ng
diff
e
re
nt
inst
ance
of
spe
ct
r
um
,
dep
e
nds
on
e
xp
l
or
i
ng
th
e
existi
ng
s
pec
trum
in
m
os
t
reso
urce
fu
l
way
to
m
itigate
j
am
m
ing
.
F
ur
t
her,
[
15
]
pr
ese
nt
ed
a
co
oper
at
ive
authe
ntica
ti
on
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
to
at
ta
in
optim
al
reso
ur
ce
al
locat
ion
.
Si
m
il
arly
,
[1
6]
presente
d
co
ope
rati
ve
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
schem
e
fo
r
relay
/ho
p
sel
ect
io
n
an
d
[17]
ad
opte
d
cr
os
s
la
ye
r
desig
n
f
or
rel
ay
no
de
sel
ect
ion.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
thes
e
m
od
el
are
not
eff
ic
ie
nt
i
n
ut
il
iz
ing
sp
ect
r
um
eff
ic
ie
ntly
as
they
do
not
co
ns
i
der
spa
ti
al
reu
se.
I
n
[18]
pr
ese
nted
to
polog
y
-
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
disco
ver
y
al
gorithm
con
side
r
sp
at
ia
l
re
us
e
for
util
iz
ing
s
pectr
um
eff
ic
ie
ntly
.
Th
ough,
[
18]
int
r
oduce
d
sp
at
ia
l
reu
se,
with
ou
t
pro
per
sc
he
du
li
ng
a
nd
de
la
ys
in
transm
i
ssion
s
,
m
any
pack
et
s
sti
ll
co
ll
ide.
Fo
r
ove
rco
m
ing
re
searc
h
c
halle
ng
es
,
this work
presents
m
axim
iz
e
resour
c
e
util
iz
at
ion
ba
sed
c
hanne
l
acce
ss
(MR
UCA)
m
od
el
for
U
WSN
us
i
ng
c
ro
ss
la
ye
r
des
i
gn.
T
he
MR
U
CA
joi
ntly
op
ti
m
iz
es
the
co
operati
ve
hoppin
g
pro
ba
bili
ti
es
and
channel
acce
ssi
bili
ty
pr
ob
a
bil
it
ie
s
of
authe
ntica
te
d
sens
or
de
vice.
This
work
consi
ders
that
the
se
ns
or
devi
ce
coope
rate
at
two
sta
ges.
Firstl
y,
at
the
MAC
la
ye
r,
a
coope
rati
ve
c
ha
n
nel
acce
ss
m
od
el
is
pr
ese
nted
wh
e
re
the
c
ha
nn
el
acce
s
sibil
it
y
pr
obabili
ti
es
of
dif
fer
e
nt
sens
or
de
vices
ar
e
op
ti
m
al
l
y
cont
ro
ll
ed
s
o
tha
t
sensor
de
vi
ces
de
gr
a
ded
rigor
ou
sly
by
j
am
m
er
hav
e
hi
gh
e
r
po
r
ti
on
of
transm
issi
on
ti
m
e.
In
this
m
ann
e
r,
the
sens
or
dev
ic
e
with
ideal
li
nks
s
ha
r
e
capaci
ty
wit
h
th
os
e
with
j
a
m
m
ed
li
nk
s.
Seco
ndly
,
this
w
ork
exten
d
c
ooperat
ion
am
on
g
ph
ysi
cal
an
d
MAC
la
ye
r.
T
hat
is,
this
w
ork
use
coope
rati
ve
hop
based
tra
ns
m
issi
on
with
ce
r
ta
in
pro
ba
bili
t
y
for
inc
reasin
g
the
li
nk
capa
ci
ty
of
se
ns
or
dev
i
c
e
in
U
WSNs.
La
stl
y,
channel
l
oad
capaci
ty
is
est
i
m
at
ed
to
m
axi
m
iz
e
resour
ce
util
iz
at
ion.
T
he
re
st
of
th
e
pa
per
is
orga
nized
a
s
f
ollows.
In
s
ect
ion
II
li
te
ratur
e
s
urvey
is
discusse
d.
I
n
s
ect
ion
III
the
pro
po
se
d
m
axim
ize
resou
rce
util
iz
at
ion
base
d
c
h
an
nel
acce
ss
m
od
el
for
unde
r
water
wir
el
ess
senor
ne
twork
is
pre
sented
.
In
pe
nult
i
m
at
e
sect
ion
exp
e
r
i
m
ental
stud
y
is
carried
out.
The
con
cl
usi
on
an
d
f
uture
wo
r
k
is
desc
ribe
d
in last
secti
on
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020 :
32
84
-
3394
3286
The researc
h c
on
t
rib
ution o
f
t
his wo
rk are
as
foll
ow
s
-
Firstl
y
, th
is
work prese
nted
m
axim
iz
e resource
u
ti
li
zat
ion
ba
sed
c
ha
nn
el
a
ccess m
od
el
fo
r
U
WSNs
.
-
Pr
ese
nting
a
novel
c
ro
s
s
la
ye
r
desi
gn
for
c
oope
rati
ve
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
(a
m
on
g
MAC
an
d
physi
cal
la
ye
r)
to
detect
j
am
m
ed
node
a
nd
util
iz
ing
sp
ect
r
um
eff
ic
ie
ntly
.
-
Pr
ese
ntin
g
c
ha
nn
el
loa
d
cap
aci
ty
of
authe
ntica
te
d
sens
or
for
m
axi
m
izing
res
ource
ut
il
iz
ation
with
ou
t
aff
ect
in
g
a
djac
ent conte
ndi
ng sen
s
or de
vice.
-
Ex
per
im
ent
outc
om
e
sh
ows,
the
pro
po
se
d
MR
UCA
m
od
el
at
ta
in
su
peri
or
pe
rfor
m
an
ce
than
existi
ng
m
od
el
in
te
r
m
s
of
bit
erro
r
rat
e,
detect
ion
rat
e,
pac
ket
sen
din
g
rati
o,
a
nd
sl
ot
util
iz
at
ion
con
si
der
i
ng
gri
d
and ra
ndom
top
ol
og
y
de
plo
y
m
ent.
2.
LIT
TE
RA
TU
RE S
URVE
Y
This
sect
ion
present
e
xtensi
ve
sur
vey
on
pro
vision
i
ng
s
ecur
it
y
and
a
ddressi
ng
secu
r
it
y
issues
in
unde
rw
at
er
wi
r
el
ess
se
nsor
ne
twork
a
nd
ide
nt
ifie
d
resea
rch
issues
to
m
od
el
an
e
nh
a
nce
d
secur
e
an
d
e
ff
i
ci
ent
resou
rce
al
locat
ion
m
od
el
fo
r
U
W
S
N.
I
n
[
19]
,
showe
d
MAC
protoc
ol
is
a
key
el
e
m
ent
in
U
W
S
N
sim
il
ar
to
te
rr
est
rial
net
w
ork.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
U
WSN
has
un
iqu
e
featu
re
s
uc
h
as,
lo
w
c
h
a
nn
el
reli
abili
ty,
ve
ry
sm
al
l
chan
nel
capaci
ty
,
hi
gh
dynam
ic
s
of
c
hannel
qual
it
y,
an
d
l
ong
pro
pag
at
io
n
delay
.
T
hu
s
,
M
AC
desig
n
m
od
el
le
d
for
te
rr
est
rial
network
ca
nnot
work
well
f
or
U
WSN.
He
re
they
c
onduct
ed
e
xtensi
ve
s
urvey
of
va
rio
us
M
A
C
desig
n
pr
opose
d
i
n
rece
nt
ti
m
es
fo
r
bu
il
di
ng
e
nhance
d
MAC
m
od
el
.
Fu
rt
her,
m
ajo
r
rem
a
ining
iss
ues
an
d
po
s
sible
resea
r
ch
dir
ect
ion
s
a
re
al
so
discusse
d.
I
n
[20],
showe
d
f
or
prol
ongi
ng
li
feti
m
e
of
U
WSN,
tw
o
facto
r
su
c
h
pac
ket
siz
e
and
tra
ns
m
i
ssion
powe
r
pl
ay
s
vital
factor.
At
one
ha
nd,
s
m
al
le
r
pack
e
t
are
m
or
e
rob
us
t
to
pack
et
e
rro
r
wh
e
n
c
om
par
e
d
with
la
r
ger
pack
et
s
.
T
hus,
us
in
g
sm
aller
pac
kets
ai
d
i
n
re
duci
ng
bit
error.
Howe
ver,
it
r
equ
i
res
la
r
ger
fr
am
e
fo
r
tr
ansm
issi
on
an
d
hen
ce
,
in
du
ce
energy
a
nd
netw
ork
overh
ea
d.
Fo
r
m
ini
m
i
zi
n
g
f
ram
e
err
or,
transm
issi
on
powe
r
ca
n
be
i
nc
reased
.
H
owe
ver,
this
will
r
esult
in
un
nec
essary
energy
dissi
pation
in
t
he
netw
ork.
T
hus,
it
is
i
m
po
rtant
to
c
on
si
der
both
pa
cket
siz
e
an
d
transm
issi
on
powe
r
for
e
nh
a
ncin
g
l
ifet
i
m
e
of
net
work.
Her
e
,
th
e
pr
e
sen
te
d
opt
i
m
iz
ation
m
od
el
us
in
g
inte
ge
r
li
near
pro
gr
a
m
m
ing
to
m
axi
m
iz
e
lif
et
i
m
e
of
netw
ork
c
onside
rin
g
bo
t
h
pac
ket
s
iz
e
an
d
tra
ns
m
issi
on
pow
er.
Along
wit
h,
a
r
eal
ist
ic
li
nk
-
la
ye
r e
ne
r
gy d
issi
pation
m
od
el
is p
rese
nted usi
ng phy
sic
al
lay
er f
eat
ur
es
of
U
WSNs.
In
[
21
]
,
s
howe
d
that
c
hannel
sh
are
d
am
ong
con
te
nd
i
ng
sen
so
r
de
vice
to
ut
il
iz
e
reso
urce
eff
ic
ie
ntly
.
Howe
ver,
sh
a
r
ing
c
ha
nn
el
a
re
pro
ne
t
o
im
per
so
natio
n
and
va
rio
us
ot
her
kind
of
at
ta
cks
[
22
]
.
I
n
[
21]
pr
ese
nted
a s
pa
ti
al
r
euse b
ase
d
res
ource all
oc
at
ion
m
od
el
f
or
U
WSN
for a
vo
i
ding d
e
str
uctive colli
sio
n. Ma
j
or
cause
of
su
c
h
colli
sion
is
du
e
to
near
-
fa
r
eff
ect
[
18
]
w
he
re
sens
or
de
vice
placed
fa
ra
way
from
rece
iver
is
j
am
m
ed
by
a
c
loser
se
nsor
de
vice.
Her
e
,
the
y
con
si
der
e
d
s
patia
l
reu
se
ti
m
e
-
div
isi
on
m
ulti
ple
acce
s
s
(
TDM
A
)
for
inc
reasi
ng
thr
oughput.
Th
ey
adopte
d
bo
t
h
opport
un
ist
ic
an
d
c
onte
ntio
n
fr
ee.
T
heir
m
ai
n
obj
ect
ive
is
to
gu
a
ra
ntee
pe
r
-
node
pac
ket
tr
ansm
issi
on
rat
e
an
d
m
axi
m
i
ze
tim
e
slot
(r
eso
urce)
al
lo
cat
ion
.
Their
m
od
el
increases
co
nt
ention
f
ree
pa
cket
tra
ns
m
iss
ion
,
a
nd
dec
r
ease
sc
hedulin
g
delay
of
op
portu
nisti
c
pa
ckets.
Howe
ver,
it
in
du
ce
s
colli
sion
a
m
on
g
nei
ghborin
g
co
nten
ding
de
vice.
I
n
[15],
sho
we
d
that
U
WSN
pack
et
s
rar
el
y
inclu
de
encr
y
ption
due
to
physi
cal
an
d
pe
rfo
rm
ance
lim
i
ta
ti
on
s.
T
hu
s
,
U
WSN
is
expos
e
d
to
va
rio
us
kind
of
sec
uri
ty
at
ta
ck
br
ea
chin
g
le
giti
m
a
te
m
essage.
Her
e
t
hey
pre
sented
a
n
al
gorithm
fo
r
m
essage
authe
ntica
ti
on
in
an
U
WSN
env
i
ronm
ent.
Fu
rt
her,
ob
se
r
ved
that
a
n
at
ta
cker
c
an
im
per
sonat
e
the
c
hannel
associat
ed
with
the
aut
hen
ti
c
at
ed
se
ns
or
de
vice
only
f
or
a
sing
le
or
cer
ta
in
set
of
rec
ei
vin
g
se
ns
or
dev
ic
e
.
This
is
due
t
o
str
ong
spa
ti
al
dep
e
nden
cy
of
the
U
WSN
c
hannel.
C
on
si
der
i
ng
the
se
obse
rv
at
io
n,
they
pr
ese
nted
a
m
od
el
us
i
ng
c
oope
rati
ve
strat
egy
a
m
on
g
tr
us
te
d
se
ns
or
de
vice
towa
rd
base
sta
ti
on
or
sink.
Fo
r
each
inc
om
ing
m
essage,
the
si
nk
f
use
s
belie
fs
c
om
pu
te
d
by
th
e
truste
d
se
nsor
de
vice
to
r
each
a
n
authe
ntica
ti
on
decisi
on.
The
s
e
belie
fs
are
co
m
pu
te
d
by
est
i
m
at
ing
sta
ti
st
ical
chan
nel
pa
ra
m
et
ers,
pr
efe
rred
to
be
the
m
os
t
sensiti
ve
to
the
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ing
dev
ic
e
m
ov
em
ent.
Ou
tc
om
e
sh
ows
accu
rat
e
identific
at
io
n
of
a
n
at
ta
cker
’s
p
ac
ke
t.
In
[
17]
,
outl
ine
d
a
hybri
d
desi
gn
t
hat
is
com
po
s
ed
s
of
t
war
e
def
ine
d
netw
ork
,
physi
cal
layer
secur
it
y,
cro
ss
-
la
ye
r
des
ign
,
c
ogniti
on,
node
co
op
e
rati
on
an
d
co
ntex
t
-
awa
re
ness
.
They
env
isi
one
d
a
secur
it
y
m
o
del
at
bo
t
h
net
wor
k
as
well
as
at
the
node
le
vel
that
ada
pt
to
dynam
ic
env
iro
nm
ental
conditi
on
,
t
he
sta
tus
of
the
netw
ork,
a
nd
possi
ble
wide
range
of
at
t
acks
or
sec
ur
it
y
br
eac
hes
.
He
re
they
disc
us
s
ed
se
ve
ral
ki
nds
of
a
tt
acks,
secu
rity
br
eaches
a
nd
co
un
te
rm
easur
es
al
on
g
with
i
m
ple
m
entation
,
dep
l
oym
e
nt
and
f
unct
io
nalit
y
issues
an
d
chal
le
ng
es
of
buil
di
ng
hy
br
id
sec
ur
it
y
m
od
el
fo
r
U
W
S
N.
T
he
m
ai
n
fo
cusse
s
of
their
m
od
el
desig
n
is
to
su
ggest
fu
tu
re
rese
ar
ch
directi
on
t
o
resea
rch
c
om
m
un
it
y
or
orga
nizat
ion
work
i
ng
on
U
WSN.
In
[18],
pr
ese
nt
ed
to
po
l
og
y
-
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
disco
ve
ry
m
od
el
fo
r
U
WSN.
He
re
they
us
e
d
net
work
inf
orm
ation
of
so
urce
a
nd
des
ti
nation
se
ns
or
dev
ic
e
for
pe
r
form
ing
routin
g
an
d
sc
he
du
li
ng
pac
ket
trans
m
issi
on
.
T
hey
aim
ed
to
assu
re
bett
er
co
nver
gen
c
e
tim
e
in
co
m
ple
ti
ng
topol
og
y
disco
ver
y
and
t
he
net
w
ork
tra
ns
f
or
m
s
to
it
s
ste
ady
-
sta
te
scheduli
ng
de
sig
n.
F
or
m
eet
ing,
they
aim
ed
to
assess
the
li
nk
reli
abili
ty
and
to
identify
ac
ou
sti
c
li
nk
.
T
heir
m
et
hod
al
low
s
ens
or
dev
ic
e
t
o
sha
re
ti
m
e
slots
w
hile
m
ini
m
iz
ing
/c
on
t
ro
ll
in
g
the
pote
ntial
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Maximize
reso
ur
ce
util
izati
on base
d
c
ha
nnel
a
ccess
…
(
Sh
e
et
al Bag
ali
)
3287
colli
sion
to
re
du
ce
over
hea
d
and
delay
in
topolo
gy
dis
cov
e
ry
proce
s
s.
Furthe
r,
it
offer
s
powe
r
con
t
ro
l
m
echan
ism
a
m
ong
nea
r
–
far
node
pairs
(
NFNPs
)
to
im
pr
ove
s
pectr
um
util
iz
at
ion
(.
i.e
.
offer
s
s
p
at
ia
l
r
euse).
Th
ough,
their
m
et
ho
d
offe
rs
bette
r
sp
ect
r
um
utilizat
ion
with
m
ini
m
al
topolo
gy
disco
ver
y
tim
e.
Howev
e
r,
without
pro
per sche
duli
ng and
delay
s in
tr
an
sm
issi
on
s,
m
any p
ackets
sti
ll
co
ll
ide.
Fr
om
extensi
ve
survey
it
ca
n
be
seen
the
s
patia
l
reuse
m
echan
ism
has
been
wi
dely
a
pp
li
ed
acr
os
s
sta
te
-
of
-
art
m
e
thod
to
util
iz
e
resou
rce
ef
fici
ently
.
Howe
ve
r,
it
induces
va
rio
us
sec
ur
it
y
issues.
Furthe
r,
sens
or
node
c
oope
rati
vely
transm
it
a
m
on
g
ad
j
ace
nt
sen
sor
dev
i
ce
to
m
ini
m
ize
energy
c
on
s
um
ption
an
d
util
iz
e
sp
ect
r
um
reso
ur
ce
e
ff
ic
ie
ntl
y.
Howev
e
r,
t
hese
m
od
el
do
not
co
ns
ide
r
physi
cal
la
yer
inf
or
m
at
ion
into
consi
der
at
io
n.
Th
us
,
af
fecti
ng
netw
ork
pe
rfor
m
ance.
Alon
g
with,
c
on
si
de
rs
sche
du
li
ng
of
cha
nn
el
to
util
iz
e
resou
rce
eff
ic
ie
ntly
.
Ho
we
ve
r,
w
hen
us
e
r
are
sel
fis
h
it
incur
s
c
ol
li
sion
ov
e
rh
e
ad
am
on
g
ad
j
acent
sens
or
de
vice.
Fu
rt
her
,
ver
y
lim
it
ed
wo
r
k
is
carried
ou
t
f
or
detect
ing
re
act
ive
j
am
m
er.
Ther
e
fore,
th
ere
is
a
requirem
ent
for
ne
w
m
odel
that
that
detect
j
am
m
ing
eff
ect
ively
an
d
at
the
sam
e
tim
e
uti
li
ze
resour
ce
eff
ic
ie
ntly
.
T
his
w
ork
pr
ese
nt
a
m
axi
m
iz
e
reso
urce
al
locat
i
on
base
d
c
ha
nnel
al
locat
ion
m
od
el
with
pr
esence
of j
am
m
er n
od
e f
or
unde
r
water se
nsor netw
ork.
3.
MA
X
I
MIZ
E
RESOUR
C
E
UTILIAT
ION
BA
SED
CHA
NN
E
L
AC
CE
SS
MOD
EL
FOR
UNDER
WAT
ER WI
RELE
SS
SE
NS
O
R NET
WO
RK
Thi
s
w
ork
present
Ma
xim
i
ze
Re
so
urce
Util
iz
at
ion
bas
ed
cha
nnel
acce
ss
(MRUC
A)
m
od
el
f
or
unde
rw
at
er
wi
reless
se
nsor
ne
twork
(
U
WSN)
with
the
pr
esence
of
j
am
m
ing
se
ns
or
de
vice.
For
m
axi
m
izing
resou
rce
util
iz
at
ion
w
it
hout
a
ff
ect
in
g
a
dj
ace
nt
co
nten
ding d
evice
a
c
ha
nnel
acce
ss
m
od
el
adoptin
g
cr
oss
la
ye
r
desig
n
(i.e
.,
c
oope
rati
ve
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
a
m
ong
ph
ysi
cal
and
M
AC
la
ye
r)
is
pr
es
ente
d.
Firstl
y,
the
syst
e
m
m
od
el
is
def
ined.
T
hen,
the
r
eact
ive
j
am
m
i
ng
m
od
el
ad
opte
d
for
resea
rc
h
w
ork
is
desc
ribe
d.
Th
en
,
th
e
cro
ss
la
ye
r
desig
n
of
physi
cal
an
d
MAC
la
ye
r
is pr
ese
nted
.
F
urt
her,
the
m
et
ho
d
f
or
ide
ntifyi
ng
a
uth
e
ntica
te
d
sens
or
dev
ic
e
is
pr
e
s
ented.
Along
with,
cr
os
s
la
ye
r
base
d
cha
nnel
acce
ss
m
od
el
is
def
ine
d.
Last
ly
,
chan
ne
l
load
capaci
ty
is esti
m
at
ed
to m
axim
iz
e reso
urce
util
iz
at
ion
u
si
ng eit
he
r direct
or thro
ugh h
op b
ase
d
tra
ns
m
i
ssion.
3.1.
S
ys
te
m m
od
el
Let
’s
co
ns
i
der
an
underwate
r
wireless
se
nsor
netw
ork
t
hat
is
com
po
se
d
of
set
of
authe
ntic
sens
or
dev
ic
e.
F
urt
he
r,
each
se
ns
or
dev
ic
e
is
co
m
po
sed
of
s
ource
-
de
sti
natio
n
pai
r
of
de
vi
ces.
Con
si
der
i
ng
this
scenari
o,
the
wireless
sen
sor
netw
ork
can
be
seen
as
a
s
et
of
co
ncurr
e
nt
dev
ic
e
-
to
-
de
vice
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s.
This
work
ass
um
es
that
the
com
m
un
ic
at
ing
se
nsor
de
vic
e
queue
s
are
a
lway
s
flo
oded/
back
l
ogge
d,
t
he
n
we
can
desc
ribe
e
ach
tra
ns
cei
ver
pair
s
as
a
ses
s
ion
.
We
descr
i
be
t
he
tra
ns
m
itti
ng
a
nd
receiv
ing
de
vices
of
each
session
∈
as
(
)
an
d
(
)
,
res
pecti
vely
.
Furthe
r,
f
or p
e
rfor
m
ing
tra
nsm
issi
on
by
a
ut
hen
ti
c
se
nsor
de
vice
there a
re s
et
of
ort
ho
gonal fr
equ
e
ncy c
hann
el
s.
3.2.
Re
ac
tive jam
mi
ng mo
d
el
Let
’s
c
onside
r
that
t
her
e
is
on
e
j
am
m
er
de
vice
wh
ic
h
ha
s
li
m
it
ed
p
ower
c
on
st
raint
an
d
trie
s
t
o
degra
de
the
th
r
oughput
perfor
m
ance
of
a
uthe
ntic
sens
or
de
vice
by
ge
ner
a
ti
ng
inte
rf
e
rence
on
t
he
acce
ssible
channel.
Furth
er,
t
his
w
ork
c
on
si
ders
that
t
he
j
am
m
er
can
em
it
wideb
a
nd
inte
rf
e
ren
ce
si
m
ultaneou
sly
acr
os
s
al
l t
he
acce
s
sib
le
ch
an
nel.
Th
e
j
am
m
er p
ower
all
ocati
on stra
te
gy is d
e
note
d as f
ollo
ws
:
=
(
)
∈
,
(1)
wh
e
re
is t
he p
ow
e
r give
n o
n chan
nel
, thus
we ob
ta
in
,
1
≤
↑
,
(2)
wh
e
re
1
de
picts
an
1
∗
|
|
vecto
r
of
‘1’,
a
nd
↑
is
the
m
axi
m
u
m
po
wer
of
t
he
j
am
m
er.
D
ue
t
o
t
he
dive
rsity
of
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
c
hannels,
the
j
a
m
m
er
m
us
t
as
sign
it
s
powe
r
con
str
ai
nt
in
a
way
that
ai
d
in
at
ta
ining
good
j
am
m
ing
ef
fect
.
3.
3
.
M
A
C
la
ye
r mo
del
The
co
operati
ve
(m
utu
al
)
jamm
ing
detec
ti
on
m
od
el
is
desig
ned
bas
ed
on
m
utu
al
functi
on
al
com
pu
ta
ti
on
a
m
on
g
physi
cal
and
M
AC
la
ye
rs.
I
n
M
AC
la
ye
r,
sens
or
de
vi
ce
con
tr
ols
th
ei
r
cha
nn
el
acc
essible
pro
bab
il
it
y
to
at
ta
in
highe
r
cha
nces
to
c
omm
un
ic
at
e
t
o
dev
ic
es
t
hat
are
bein
g
j
a
m
m
ed.
Fo
r
sa
ti
sfying,
an
oppo
rtu
nisti
c
sp
ect
ru
m
ac
cess
(O
S
A
)
m
od
el
with
a
djust
able
sp
ect
r
um
acce
ss
pr
ob
abil
it
y
is
req
ui
red
at
MAC
la
ye
r.
F
or
s
uc
h
c
on
si
der
at
io
n,
slott
ed
m
ulti
chan
ne
l
CSM
A
is
c
on
si
der
e
d
w
he
re
se
ns
or
dev
i
ce
can
adjust
t
he
c
ha
nn
el
a
ccess
prob
a
bili
ty
.
O
ur
MAC
m
od
el
is
sim
il
ar
to
st
at
e
-
of
-
art
m
od
el
(i.e.,
it
is
ba
sed
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020 :
32
84
-
3394
3288
con
te
ntion)
w
he
re
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
tim
e
is
di
vid
e
d
into
set
of
tim
e
slots,
a
nd
al
l
sens
or
de
vice
is
con
sid
ered
t
o
be
sync
hro
nize
d.
At
each
ti
m
e
slots,
a
se
nso
r
de
vice
at
m
os
t
sel
ect
on
ly
one
c
hannel
at
a
tim
e
fo
r
pe
rfo
rm
ing
transm
issi
on
,
si
m
il
ar
to
fr
equ
e
ncy
ho
pp
i
ng
m
et
ho
dolo
gy.
H
oweve
r,
the
cha
nn
el
is
arb
it
rar
il
y
sel
ect
ed
(i.e.
,
a
sen
sor
dev
ic
e
sel
ect
e
ach
c
ha
nn
el
wi
th
certai
n
pro
ba
bili
ty
)
.
A
sen
s
or
de
vice
is
al
so
per
m
it
te
d
to
sel
ect
none
a
nd
in
thi
s
scena
rio
the
s
ens
or
de
vices
a
ct
s
as
ho
p
dev
i
ce
f
or
oth
e
r
c
onte
ndin
g
se
nso
r
de
vice.
I
f
a
s
ens
or
dev
ic
e
sel
ect
channel
∈
,
it
init
ially
sense
the
channel
at
the
sta
rt
of
the
ti
m
e
slots,
to
deci
de
if
the
cha
nn
el
is
acce
ssible.
Con
te
ntion
m
ay
arise
as
ther
e
m
ay
be
m
ult
iple
co
nten
der
(senso
r
de
vic
e)
sel
ect
ing
t
he
sam
e
channel.
Sim
ilar
to
CS
AM,
a
con
te
nd
i
ng
se
ns
or
dev
ic
e
se
t
arb
it
ra
ry
bac
k
off
tim
e
and
i
niti
al
iz
e
cou
nt
er,
a
nd
the
fi
rst
de
vice
co
un
te
r
tu
r
ns
t
o
ze
ro
wi
n
t
he
con
te
ntion
f
or
channel
acce
s
s
.
F
or
easi
nes
s
and
at
ta
in
neg
l
igible
colli
sion
pr
obabili
ty
,
the
con
te
ntio
n
wi
ndow
is
ke
pt
fe
asi
bly
la
rg
e.
The
pro
pose
d
MAC
des
ig
n,
al
lows
the
se
ns
or
de
vice
to
al
te
r
it
ch
ann
el
acce
ssibl
e
pro
ba
bili
ty
by
j
ust
fi
ne
-
tu
ni
ng
the
cha
nnel
sensi
ng
pr
ob
a
bili
ty
of
diff
e
re
nt
c
ha
nn
el
.
T
hus,
l
et
,
∈
de
picts
t
he
ch
an
nel
s
ens
ing
pr
ob
a
bili
ties
of
se
nsor
de
vice
on
channel
.
Fu
rt
he
r,
the
se
nsor
dev
ic
e
m
ay
in
du
ce
s
delay
of
it
s
transm
issio
n
for
ser
ving
as
hop
de
vice
for
oth
e
r
se
nor de
vice due t
o n
onzero p
roba
bili
ty
o
f
sen
s
or
devi
ce
.
Th
us
we h
ave
:
∑
≤
1
∈
3.
4
.
Ph
ys
ic
al l
ay
er
m
od
el
Ph
ysi
cal
la
ye
r
inf
or
m
at
ion
i
s
receive
d
t
hroug
h
hoppin
g.
Ra
ther
t
ha
n
t
ran
sm
it
t
ing
it
s
own
traf
fic,
a
sen
sor
de
vice
can
be
ha
ve
as
a
hop
de
vic
e
an
d
c
oope
rat
ively
com
m
un
ic
at
e
a
pa
cket
on
be
half
of
a
no
t
her
sens
or
de
vice.
Cooperati
ve
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
i
s
at
ta
ined
by
distribu
ti
ng
t
he
a
ccessi
ble
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
tim
e
into
two
sta
ge.
Fir
stl
y,
the
s
ourc
e
(se
nder
)
bro
adcast
the
pa
cket
(i
nfor
m
at
ion)
to
bo
t
h
t
he
hop
de
vice
an
d
the
recei
ver
(
de
sti
nation).
Se
condl
y,
t
he
hop
de
vice
f
orwa
rd
the
obta
ine
d
pac
ket
to
the
receiver
,
w
hich
t
hen
cum
ulate
these
pac
kets
an
d
perform
deco
di
ng.
I
n
this
wor
k,
we
c
on
si
der
dec
od
e
-
an
d
-
f
orward
base
d
coope
rati
ve
tra
ns
m
issi
on
,
unde
r
wh
ic
h
the
hop
de
vice
for
ward
t
he
m
essage
on
ly
wh
e
n
the
pack
et
col
le
ct
ed
from
the
so
urc
e
de
vices
ca
n
be
decode
d
s
uc
cessf
ully
.
To
handle
with
s
uc
h
dynam
ic
beh
avi
or
of
the
jamm
er,
we
co
ns
ide
r
a
dynam
ic
ho
p
dev
ic
e
sel
ect
io
n
m
e
tho
d
po
li
cy
to
al
low
the
sensor
de
vice
fo
rm
virtu
al
MISO
li
nk
s.
At
each
tim
e
slots,
a
se
nsor
dev
ic
e
that
decide
not
to
per
f
orm
s
ensin
g
any
f
re
qu
e
ncy
cha
nne
l
will
beh
a
ve
a
s a
ho
p dev
ic
e
f
or
ot
her sen
sor
dev
i
ce if the
re is a
n o
pti
m
ist
ic
co
op
erati
ve
g
ai
n.
3.
5
.
Str
ateg
y of authe
nt
ic
ated sens
or devi
ce
The
be
ha
vior
of
a
uth
e
ntic
sensor
de
vice
is
o
btaine
d
as
f
ol
lows
.
When
a
sens
or
dev
ic
e
is
flooded,
it
cho
ses
it
s
ch
ann
el
se
ns
in
g
pro
bab
il
it
y
fo
r
each
cha
nn
el
.
The
se
ns
or
de
vice
will
serv
e
as
a
po
te
ntial
hop
or
coope
rator
f
or
oth
e
r
aut
hent
ic
at
ed
sens
or
dev
ic
es
i
f
it
decide
not
to
se
ns
e
any
channel.
Na
tu
rall
y,
the
co
op
e
rati
ve
hoping
tra
nsm
issi
on
pro
ba
bili
ty
is
a
f
un
ct
io
n
repres
entat
ion
of
t
he
channel
se
ns
in
g
pro
bab
il
it
y
,
of
the
poli
ci
es
of
j
am
m
er
,
an
d
th
e
wireless
se
nsor
netw
ork
t
opogra
ph
y.
The
s
ens
or
de
vice
that
deci
de
to
sense
the
sa
m
e
channel
by
init
ia
li
zi
ng
an
a
rb
it
ra
ry
ba
ck
off
a
nd
t
he
se
nsor
de
vi
ce
with
m
axi
m
u
m
pr
obabili
ty
will
ob
ta
in
c
on
te
ntion
f
o
r
tra
nsm
issi
on
.
The
featur
e
descr
i
bing
the
co
operati
ve
transm
issi
on
at
bo
t
h
la
ye
rs,
i
.
e.,
c
hannel
acc
essible
pro
ba
bili
ty
and
co
op
e
rati
ve
ho
ping
pro
bab
il
it
y,
ar
e
bo
t
h
functi
onal
re
presentat
ion
of
the
ch
an
nel
ac
cessi
ble
pro
ba
bili
ty
,
network
topogra
ph
y,
a
nd
f
or
a
res
pe
ct
ive
j
am
m
er
po
li
ci
es.
Th
us
,
we
ca
n
util
iz
e
chann
el
acce
ssible
pr
oba
bili
ty
as
the
po
li
cy
sp
ace
of
a
n
aut
hen
ti
c
at
ed
sens
or
de
vice a
nd can
b
e
r
e
pr
e
sented
as
fo
ll
ows
:
=
(
)
∈
̃
(3)
w
ith
,
̃
=
∪
{
0
}
(4)
wh
e
re
de
picts
the se
ns
in
g pro
bab
il
it
y of cha
nn
el
, and
0
de
pi
ct
s the
prob
a
bi
li
ty
that
do
es
n’t
sense a
ny
of the c
ha
nn
el
.
Th
e
n, it
m
us
t sat
isfy fo
ll
owi
ng con
diti
on
:
>
0
,
∀
∈
,
∀
∈
̃
(5)
≤
1
,
∀
∈
,
∀
∈
̃
(6)
1
=
1
,
∀
∈
(7)
Fu
rt
her
, th
e
se
ns
in
g pro
bab
il
it
y st
rategy o
f
a
ll
sen
sor
de
vice in
is ex
pr
e
ss
ed
as
foll
ows
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Maximize
reso
ur
ce
util
izati
on base
d
c
ha
nnel
a
ccess
…
(
Sh
e
et
al Bag
ali
)
3289
=
(
)
∈
(8)
and sim
i
la
rly
, th
e se
ns
in
g p
robab
il
it
y st
rateg
y
of all
u
se
r
e
xc
ept for
can
be
obtai
ned as
f
ollows
:
−
=
(
)
∈
⁄
(9)
3.
6
.
C
hannel
accessibl
e pr
obabil
it
y
e
va
lu
at
i
on
Let
us
ass
ume
that,
t
he
es
tim
a
te
d
siz
e
of
a
a
uth
e
ntica
te
d
se
nsor
de
vice
∈
,
is
ex
presse
d
as foll
ows
:
(
,
)
=
∑
(
,
)
(
,
)
,
∈
(10)
wh
e
re
(
,
)
is
the
pro
bab
il
it
y
that
sensor
dev
ic
e
is
able
to
res
ourcef
ully
acce
ss
the
c
hanne
l,
is
the
pro
ba
bili
ty
that
sens
or
de
vice
senses
frequ
e
ncy
cha
nn
el
,
and
(
,
)
is
the
at
ta
inable
siz
e
on
t
hat
channel
(t
hrough
ei
the
r
usi
ng
a
cooper
at
i
ve
hop
dev
ic
e
or
by
us
in
g
direct
transm
issi
on
),
for
a
give
n
j
a
m
m
ing
powe
r
strat
e
gy
an
d
se
ns
i
ng
pr
ob
a
bili
ty
strat
egy
.
A
s
desc
ribe
d
a
bove,
MAC
l
ay
er
co
operati
ve
transm
issi
on
i
s
at
ta
ined
thr
ough
st
och
a
sti
c
cha
nnel
acc
ess.
T
hat
is,
t
he
se
nsor
de
vi
ce
∈
is
able
t
o
resou
rcef
ully
acce
ss
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
cha
nn
el
∈
if
sessio
n
wi
ns
the
c
ha
nn
el
acce
ssible
c
om
pet
it
ion
an
d
the
c
hannel
s
e
ns
e
d
is
idle
at
session
’s
tra
nsm
itti
ng
se
nsor
dev
ic
e
(
)
.
Let
̂
(
)
de
picte
d
a
s
t
he
pro
bab
il
it
y
that
sessio
n
wins
the
c
on
te
nt
ion
gam
e
and
̃
(
)
be
re
presente
d
as
the
pr
ob
a
bi
li
ty
that
chan
ne
l
is
idle,
the ch
a
nn
el
ac
cessi
bili
ty
p
rob
abili
ty
(
,
)
in
(10)
can
be
c
om
pu
te
d
as
foll
ows
:
(
,
)
=
̃
(
)
̂
(
)
(11)
If
we
c
onside
r
ℎ
as powe
r
t
hr
es
ho
l
d belo
w whi
ch
a
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y chan
nel is se
ns
e
d
idle,
th
us
̃
(
)
can
be
e
xpress
ed
as
foll
ows
:
̃
(
)
=
(
(
)
∙
(
(
)
)
2
+
(
(
)
)
2
)
≤
ℎ
(12)
wh
e
re
(
)
,
(
)
is
t
he
c
aptu
rin
g
fa
ding
a
nd
pat
h
l
os
s
com
pone
nt
of
the
li
nk
am
on
g
ja
m
m
er
an
d
se
ssion
’s
transm
itti
ng
s
ens
or
dev
ic
e
(
)
on
fr
e
quency
channel
,
res
pecti
vely
,
an
d
(
(
)
)
2
is
the
no
ise
powe
r.
As
(
)
Ra
yl
ei
gh
di
stribu
te
d wit
h fadi
ng co
m
pone
nt
(
)
, th
e
̃
(
)
in
(
1
1)
can
be rew
ritt
en
as
foll
ows
:
̃
(
)
=
∫
1
−
−
2
(
)
⁄
↑
0
(13)
Using
(12),
↑
ca
n be c
om
pu
te
d as f
ollows
:
↑
=
√
(
ℎ
−
(
ℎ
−
(
(
)
)
2
)
(
(
)
)
⁄
)
.
(14)
We
f
urt
her
c
om
pu
te
the
pro
bab
il
it
y
that
a
sens
or
de
vice
∈
wins
t
he
m
edium
acce
ssible
gam
e
po
st
perform
i
ng
se
ns
in
g
th
e
f
reque
ncy
c
hannel
∈
to
be
idle.
Let
c
on
si
der
set
of
se
ns
or
de
vic
e
con
te
nd
i
ng
wit
h
se
nsor
de
vic
e
on
fr
e
quenc
y
channel
re
presente
d
as
⊂
⁄
,
th
e
winnin
g
pro
bab
il
it
y
for
se
nsor de
vi
ce
can
b
e
e
xpr
essed
a
s foll
ow
s:
1
1
+
|
|
wh
e
re
|
|
is
the num
ber
o
f
sen
sor d
evice
in
.
Si
nc
e
each
p
r
obab
le
co
nten
ding s
ens
or
de
vice
∈
joins
the
acce
ss
co
n
t
ention
gam
e
with
pro
ba
bili
ty
̃
(
)
,
the
ca
rd
i
nalit
y
of
,
that
is
|
|
is
consi
der
e
d
to
be
Po
iss
on d
ist
ri
bute
d wit
h
m
ean a
nd is e
xpres
sed
as
foll
ows:
(
|
|
)
=
∑
̃
(
)
.
∈
⁄
(15)
The
n,
the
cum
ulate
d
pro
ba
bili
ty
of
est
ablish
ing
a
cha
nnel
a
ccess
c
on
te
ntio
n
gam
e
for
sen
so
r
dev
ic
e
,
t
hat
is
,
̂
(
)
in
(11), ca
n be
co
m
pu
te
d
a
s foll
ows
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020 :
32
84
-
3394
3290
̂
(
)
=
∑
1
1
+
∙
(
(
|
|
)
)
−
(
|
|
)
!
.
|
|
−
1
=
0
(16)
3.
7
.
E
stim
at
e
d ch
an
nel l
oad capaci
ty
Let
us
ass
um
e
that
∈
sens
or
de
vice
w
on
the
channel
acce
ss
gam
e
to
per
f
orm
trans
m
issi
on
on
channel
.
Now
we
e
xpress
t
he
ex
pected
c
hannel
loa
d
c
apacit
y
at
ta
inable
us
in
g
dire
ct
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
i.e.,
(
,
in
(10) is
com
pu
te
d
as
fo
ll
ow
s:
,
(
)
=
log
(
1
+
,
2
(
)
)
(17)
wh
e
re
is t
he d
at
a rate of eac
h cha
nn
el
,
and
,
2
(
)
i
s co
m
pu
te
d as
fo
ll
ows
:
,
2
(
)
=
.
(
ℎ
)
2
(
(
)
)
2
+
(
)
.
(
(
)
)
2
(18)
wh
e
re
is
the
transm
issi
on
po
wer
of
sen
or
de
vice
,
a
nd
ar
e
the
fa
ding
a
nd
path
loss
,
r
especti
vely
,
(
(
)
)
2
is
the
p
ow
e
r
of
noise
at
th
e
receiv
er
sid
e
of
se
nsor
de
vice
dep
ic
te
d
as
(
)
on
cha
nnel
.
The
est
im
a
te
d
channel
load
capaci
ty
at
tainab
le
us
i
ng
direct
li
nk
ca
n
be
cal
culat
ed
by
m
eaning
al
l
the
c
on
cei
vab
l
e
cha
nnel
fa
di
ng
c
om
po
ne
nt
of
al
l
the
li
nks
am
on
g
(
)
and
(
)
,
and
the
j
am
m
e
r
dev
ic
e
an
d
(
)
.
Sim
il
arly
,
the
co
operati
ve
hop
tra
ns
m
issi
on
,
i.e.,
in
(10)
can
be
c
om
pu
te
d.
Let
us
ass
um
e
that
eac
h
so
urce
de
vice
∈
⁄
f
unct
ions
as
a
possi
ble
hop
dev
ic
e
with
pr
ob
a
bili
ty
0
.
Th
us,
w
it
h
res
pect
t
o
ce
rtai
n
pro
bab
il
it
y,
sensor
dev
ic
e
w
il
l
ob
ta
in
co
op
erati
ve
gai
n
by
on
e
of
the
po
t
entia
l
cooper
at
ive
sens
or
de
vi
ces.
In
s
uc
h
case,
a
sens
or
dev
ic
e
sel
ect
s
(
)
as
the
hop
dev
ic
e,
t
he
n,
the
res
ultant
cooper
at
i
ve
ca
pacit
y
can
be
express
e
d
as
fo
ll
ow
s
:
,
(
)
=
2
(
1
+
min
(
,
2
,
,
2
+
,
2
)
)
(19)
wh
e
re
,
2
=
,
2
(
)
an
d
,
2
=
,
2
(
)
de
picts
th
e
sig
nal
to
noise
r
at
io o
f
t
he
li
nk
am
on
g
t
ransm
i
tt
e
r
to
hop
de
vice
and
hop
de
vice
to
receive
r,
re
sp
ect
ively
.
A
n
i
m
po
rtant
thi
ng
to
be
note
d
he
re
is,
f
ro
m
(18)
a
nd
(19)
the
c
oope
rati
ve
ca
pacit
y
can
be
lo
we
r
or
highe
r
tha
n
the
di
rect
cap
aci
ty
.
This
is
du
e
t
o
½
c
oe
ffi
ci
ent
consi
der
at
io
n
in
(19
).
Th
us
,
t
he
overall
est
i
m
at
ed
capaci
ty
at
ta
inable
by
sens
or
de
vice
ov
e
r
c
ha
nnel
can
be
c
om
pu
te
d
a
s foll
ow
s
:
(
,
=
∑
,
(
)
∈
⁄
+
∑
,
(
)
∈
⁄
)
(20)
Fo
rm
(20)
it
can
be
see
n,
t
he
above
e
qu
at
i
on
ca
n
be
sat
isfie
d
only
w
he
n
the
p
r
ob
a
bili
ty
that
m
or
e
than
one
c
oope
rati
ve
sens
or
dev
ic
e
j
oi
ns
in
cooper
at
ive
tr
ansm
issi
on
is
ver
y
lo
w.
Ot
he
rw
ise
,
th
e
capaci
ty
functi
on
will
be
c
om
pu
te
d
as
a
su
m
m
at
i
on
of
the
e
sti
m
at
ed
coope
ra
ti
ve
capaci
ti
es
offer
e
d
by
di
ff
e
ren
t
coope
rati
ve
hop
dev
ic
e.
F
ur
ther
,
this
work
ai
m
s
to
util
iz
e
reso
ur
ce
eff
ic
ie
ntly
witho
ut
af
fecti
ng
oth
e
r
con
te
nd
i
ng se
nsor
d
e
vice.
Th
us
, t
he uti
li
ty
p
aram
et
er o
f
ea
ch
se
nsor
d
e
vi
ce can
be e
xpr
essed
a
s foll
ow
s
:
(
,
)
=
log
(
(
,
)
)
(21)
a
nd
t
he
pro
pos
ed
ob
j
ect
ive
pa
ram
et
er
to
m
ax
i
m
iz
e
the
resour
ce
util
iz
at
ion
of
se
nsor
dev
i
ce
without
af
fe
ct
in
g
oth
e
r
le
giti
m
a
t
e senso
r device
can be e
xpres
s
ed
as
foll
ows
:
:
Max
imi
ze
∈
(
0
,
1
)
|
|
(
,
)
=
∑
(
,
)
∈
(22)
:
(
5
)
,
(
6
)
,
(
7
)
This
w
ork
pre
sent
a
distrib
ut
ed
strat
egy
to
m
eet
pr
op
os
e
d
res
ource
util
iz
at
ion
obj
ect
i
ves
of
(22
).
This
wor
k
a
dopt
an
it
erati
ve
fine
-
grai
ne
d
(
best
re
spo
ns
e)
m
od
el
us
in
g
cost
par
am
et
er.
At
eve
ry
it
er
at
ion
,
each
sessio
n
trie
s
to
m
axi
m
iz
e
it
s
obj
e
ct
ive
par
am
eter
m
inu
s
a
c
os
t
facto
r
t
hat
act
s
a
s
a
pe
nalty
incu
rr
e
d/levie
d
to
eac
h
c
on
t
end
i
ng
sessio
n
for
bein
g
to
o
sel
fis
h
in
s
el
ect
ing
it
s
own
poli
ci
es
and
th
us
aff
ect
in
g
ot
her
con
te
ndi
ng
se
ssion
s
.
Since
t
his
w
ork
assu
m
es
that
fo
r
each
aut
hen
ti
ca
te
d
sens
or
devi
ce
for
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t J
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8708
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reso
ur
ce
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izati
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ha
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e
et
al Bag
ali
)
3291
wh
ic
h
the
poli
cy
of
t
he
j
am
m
er,
that
is,
is
a
gi
ven
pa
ra
m
et
er,
for
easi
nes
s,
it
is
not
consi
der
e
d
i
n
from
the
ob
j
ect
ive
strat
egy.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
c
ha
nnel
acce
ss
m
od
el
at
ta
in
s
uperior
pe
rfo
rm
a
nce
tha
n
sta
te
-
of
-
a
rt
m
od
el
w
hich
is
experim
ental
l
y pro
ved in
ne
xt secti
on
belo
w.
4.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULT
A
ND AN
NA
L
Y
SIS
This
sect
ion
present
ex
pe
rim
ent
analy
sis
of
pr
op
os
e
d
m
ax
i
m
iz
e
reso
urce
util
iz
at
ion
based
cha
nn
el
acce
ss
(MRU
CA)
m
od
el
with
and
with
out
pr
ese
nce
of
j
am
m
er
no
de
s
and
com
pares
the
ou
tc
om
e
with
sta
te
-
of
-
art
m
od
el
[18].
F
or
c
onduct
ing
e
xp
erim
ent
analy
s
is,
this
wor
k
use
d
MAc
oS
im
[23
-
25]
.
MAc
oSim
is
op
e
rated
by
both
GUI
a
nd
MATLAB
c
om
m
and
li
ne
inte
rf
ace
an
d
i
s
wr
it
te
n
on
top
of
N
S2
sim
ula
tor.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
c
entrali
zed
par
a
m
et
er
m
ang
er
was
em
plo
ye
d
to
acq
uire
easy
config
ur
at
io
n.
The
ou
t
pu
t
tra
ce
is
wr
it
te
n
i
n
NAM
file
w
hich
c
an
be
us
e
d
la
te
r
to
an
al
yz
e
th
e
sim
ulatio
n
e
xp
e
rim
ent.
The
pa
ram
et
er
consi
de
re
d
for
e
xp
e
rim
ent
analy
sis
is
si
m
il
ar
to
[18].
This
wor
k
c
onsidere
d
a
t
opol
og
y
with
8,
12
,
an
d
16
se
nso
r
de
vice
placed
ra
ndom
ly
in
a
reg
i
on
of
16
m
*16m
with
one
j
am
m
er
node
.
Along
wit
h
e
xp
e
ri
m
ent
are
c
onduct
ed
consi
der
i
ng
t
opol
og
y
with
28
,
32,
a
nd
36
se
ns
o
r
dev
ic
es
pl
aced
in
gr
i
d
re
gion
of
16
m
*16m
with
pr
ese
nce
of
sing
e
j
am
m
er
node.
Jam
m
er
will
sen
d
8
-
bi
t
pack
et
i
n
ea
ch
ti
m
e
slot
and
eac
h
node
will
ge
ner
at
e
t
raffi
c
(transm
i
t)
3
bit
of
data.
E
xp
erim
ent
is
carried
out
consi
de
rin
g
100
sim
ulati
on
cy
cl
es
and
t
he
outc
om
e
is
logged
i
n
te
rm
s
of
pac
ket
re
cei
ved
,
co
nten
ti
on
pa
cket
r
ec
ei
ved
,
am
ou
nt
of
pac
ket
bei
ng
dro
pped
,
bi
t
err
or
rate,
pack
et
se
nd
i
ng r
at
io
and
b
it
er
ror rat
e.
4
.
1.
P
acket tr
an
smissi
on
pe
rfo
rm
an
ce
for
ra
n
do
m
top
ol
ogy depl
oyme
nt
Fig
ure
1
s
hows
the
pa
c
ke
t
transm
issi
on
perform
ance
at
ta
ined
by
pro
po
se
d
MR
UCA
m
od
el
consi
der
i
ng
wi
th
an
d
with
out
j
am
m
ing
co
nsi
der
in
g
var
ie
d
nodes
.
The
outc
om
e
sh
ow
s
w
it
ho
ut
a
ny
j
am
m
ing
nodes
the
MR
UCA
m
od
el
suc
cessf
ully
transm
it
10
1,
11
2,
and
129
pac
ke
ts
con
si
der
in
g
8,
12,
a
nd
16
nodes
,
resp
ect
ively
.
S
i
m
i
la
rly
,
with
pr
ese
nce
of
si
ngle
j
am
m
er
node
MR
UCA
m
od
el
s
uccess
ful
ly
trans
m
it
96
,
106,
and
119
pack
e
ts.
An
a
ver
a
ge
of
6.1
4%
pac
ket
dro
p
is
induced
due
to
pr
esence
of
j
am
m
er
nodes
co
nsi
der
in
g
var
ie
d
nodes
s
iz
e.
F
ur
the
r,
e
xp
e
rim
en
t
is
cond
ucted
to
e
valuate
t
he
Bi
t
Erro
r
Ra
te
(
BER
)
perform
ance.
The
outc
om
e
sh
ows
pr
opos
e
d
m
od
el
with
presence
of
j
am
m
er
at
ta
in
BE
R
of
0.0
204,
0.036
36,
an
d
0.0
325
f
or
8,
12,
a
nd
16
nodes
,
resp
e
ct
ively
with
signa
l
to
no
ise
rati
o
(SNR)
=
4d
B.
Fig
ure
2
show
s
c
on
te
ntio
n
pac
ket
transm
issi
on
pe
rfor
m
ance
at
ta
ined
by
pro
pose
d
MR
UCA
m
od
el
co
ns
id
erin
g
with
a
nd
with
out
j
am
m
ing
.
The
outc
om
e
s
hows
without
any
j
am
m
ing
node
s
the
MR
U
CA
m
od
el
su
c
cessf
ully
trans
m
it
10
1,
112,
a
nd
129
pack
et
s
.
Sim
i
l
arly
,
with
pr
es
ence
of
si
ng
le
j
am
m
er
node
MR
UCA
m
odel
su
ccessf
ully
transm
it
98
,
110,
a
nd
123
pac
kets
c
on
si
der
i
ng
8,
12,
a
nd
16
no
des,
res
pecti
ve
ly
.
A
3.22%
pa
cket
dr
op
of
con
te
ntion
pac
ket
is
induced
due
to
pr
ese
nce
of
j
a
m
m
er
no
des
.
F
ro
m
,
Fig
ure
1
and
Fi
g
ure
2
it
can
be
see
n
th
at
without
j
am
m
ing
node
the
MR
UCA
m
od
el
at
ta
in
100%
slo
t
(b
an
dwidth
)
util
iz
at
ion
eff
i
ci
ency.
H
ow
e
ver,
with
pr
es
ence
of
j
am
m
ing
no
des
the MRUC
A m
od
el
att
ai
ns
93.86%
slot
util
iz
at
ion
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y.
Figure
1. Pac
ke
t recei
ving
pe
rfor
m
ance
Figure
2. Co
nten
ti
on p
ac
ket t
ran
sm
issi
on
perform
ance co
ns
i
der
i
ng v
a
ri
ed nodes
Fu
rt
her,
the
MR
UCA
m
od
el
is
evaluated
for
detect
ing
j
am
m
ing
nodes
(packets)
a
nd
pa
cket
sen
ding
rati
o
perform
a
nce.
I
n
Fi
g
ure
3
the
j
am
m
ing
detect
io
n
perf
or
m
ance
of
M
RUCA
is
eval
uated.
F
ro
m
f
ig
ure
it
can
be
see
n
th
e
j
am
m
er
node
induce
78,
82,
and
82
duplic
at
e
or
fa
ke
pac
kets
in
net
wor
k
co
ns
ide
rin
g
8,
12,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020 :
32
84
-
3394
3292
and
16
nodes,
resp
ect
ively
.
O
ut
of
w
hich
is
76,
80,
an
d
78
pack
et
is
identi
fied
an
d
dro
pp
ed
from
the
network
consi
der
i
ng
8,
12,
a
nd
16
node
s,
r
esp
ect
ively
.
T
hu
s
,
th
e
MR
UCA
m
od
el
at
ta
in
a
detect
ion
accu
racy
of
96.69%
.
I
n
F
ig
ure
4
pac
ket
sen
ding
rati
on
pe
rfo
rm
ance
is
show
n.
From
resu
lt
,
it
can
be
seen
without
j
am
m
ing
ou
r
m
od
el
at
ta
ins
100%
pac
ket
s
end
i
ng
rati
o.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
with
presence
of
j
am
m
er
node
,
an
a
ver
a
ge
of
97.
02%
pac
ket
se
nd
i
ng
rat
io
is
at
ta
ine
d
c
on
si
der
i
ng
var
i
ed
nodes
.
F
r
om
ov
erall
res
ul
t
at
ta
in
it
show
s
that
the
pro
pose
d
MR
UCA
m
odel
at
ta
in
su
pe
r
ior
perform
ance
(less
c
olli
sion)
wh
e
n
c
om
par
ed
with
existi
ng
m
od
el
[
18]
.
Figure
3. Jam
m
i
ng
d
et
ect
io
n pe
rfor
m
ance
consi
der
i
ng v
a
ried n
od
es
Fig
ure
4. Pac
ke
t sen
ding r
at
i
o per
form
ance
consi
der
i
ng v
a
ried n
od
es
4
.
2
.
P
acket tr
an
smissi
on
pe
rfo
rm
an
ce
for
g
ri
d
t
opolo
gy deplo
yme
nt
Fig
ure
5
s
hows
the
pac
ke
t
transm
issi
on
perform
ance
at
ta
ined
by
pro
p
os
e
d
MR
UCA
m
od
el
consi
der
i
ng
with
and
without
j
am
m
ing
unde
r
var
ie
d
no
des
(
i.e.,
28,
32,
a
nd
36).
F
r
om
F
ig
ure
5
it
can
be
seen
without
j
am
m
e
r
no
pac
ket
dro
p
ca
n
be
see
n.
Howe
ver,
with
presence
of
j
a
m
m
er
it
can
be
seen
25.
33
pa
ckets
been
dro
pp
e
d.
Howe
ver,
th
es
e
pack
et
are
be
en
co
rru
pted
by
the
j
am
m
er
node.
As
a
res
ult,
are
ide
ntifie
d
an
d
el
i
m
inate
d
f
rom
network.
T
hus,
will
ai
d
in
r
edu
ci
ng
co
nge
sti
on
in
netw
or
k.
F
urt
her,
with
prese
nce
of
jamm
e
r
on
ly
2
pac
ket
is
been
retra
nsm
itted.
Howe
ve
r,
in
case
of
no
j
am
m
er
4.
66
pac
ket
has
been
retransm
i
tt
ed.
Fu
rt
her,
f
r
om
Fig
ure
6
the
pr
opos
e
d
m
od
el
at
ta
in
92.26%
and
10
0%
pac
ket
sen
ding
rat
io
pe
rfor
m
anc
e
with
and
without
presence
of
j
am
m
er,
resp
ect
iv
el
y.
An
aver
a
ge
dr
op
or
unde
ru
ti
li
zat
ion
of
sp
ect
r
um
of
7.
74%
is
induced
du
e
to
presence
of
j
a
m
m
er
nodes
c
on
si
der
i
ng
va
ri
ed
nodes
siz
e.
Fu
rt
her,
e
xp
e
ri
m
ent
is
co
nduc
te
d
to
evaluate
the
Bi
t
Err
or
Ra
te
(BER)
perf
orm
ance.
T
he
outc
om
e
sh
ows
pro
posed
m
od
el
with
prese
nce
of
j
am
m
er
at
ta
in
BER
of
0.0
588,
0.0
588,
a
nd
0.0
571
for
28,
32,
a
n
d
36
sen
s
or
de
vice,
res
pe
ct
ively
with
s
ign
al
to noise
rati
o (
SN
R)
=
4d
B.
Figure
5. Pac
ke
t t
ran
sm
issi
on
p
e
rfor
m
ance for g
rid
env
i
ronm
ent co
ns
i
der
i
ng v
a
ri
ed
se
nsor
d
e
vi
ce
Figure
6. Pac
ke
t sen
ding r
at
i
o per
form
ance f
or
gr
i
d
env
i
ronm
ent co
ns
i
der
i
ng v
a
ri
ed
se
nsor
d
e
vi
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Maximize
reso
ur
ce
util
izati
on base
d
c
ha
nnel
a
ccess
…
(
Sh
e
et
al Bag
ali
)
3293
4
.
3
.
Res
ult
and discussi
on
This
sect
io
n
pr
ese
nt
perfor
m
ance
eval
uation
disc
us
sio
n
of
pr
opos
e
d
MR
UCA
ov
er
e
xisti
ng
m
od
el
[1
8].
Ta
ble
1,
s
how
s
re
su
lt
at
ta
ined
by
pr
op
os
e
d
MR
UCA
ov
e
r
ex
ist
ing
m
od
el
.
I
n
[
18
]
e
valuate
d
thei
r
m
od
el
us
ing
u
ti
li
ty
fu
nctio
n
(i.e
.,
slot
util
iz
at
ion
),
ne
ar
fa
r
no
de
pair
(
NFNP
)
detect
io
n
a
ccur
acy
(i.e.,
detect
ion
rate)
an
d
pac
ket
colli
sion
(
dro
p
rate)
.
H
oweve
r,
pac
ket
transm
issi
on
perform
ance
is
not
evaluate
d
by
t
hem
.
Fr
om
overall
resu
lt
at
ta
ined
by
existi
ng
m
od
el
s
ho
ws
they
reduc
e
topolo
gy
dis
cov
e
ry
tim
e.
Fu
rthe
r,
adoptio
n
of
s
pa
ti
al
reu
se
ai
de
d
in
at
ta
inin
g
be
tt
er
res
ource
util
iz
at
ion
.
Howev
e
r,
pac
ket
sti
ll
get
colli
ded
due
to
i
m
pr
oper
sche
du
li
ng
a
nd
tra
ns
m
issi
on
dela
y.
In
ot
her
sid
e
the
propose
d
m
od
el
at
ta
in
b
et
te
r
slot
util
iz
at
ion
,
pack
et
dro
p
ra
te
,
and
detect
ion
rate
w
hich
was
ex
pe
rim
en
ta
ll
y
pr
ov
e
n
a
bove
.
T
he
sig
nif
ic
ant
resu
lt
at
ta
ined
by
pr
op
os
e
d
m
od
el
is
du
e
adoption
of
cro
ss
la
ye
r
wh
e
re
the
m
o
del
j
oi
ntly
optim
iz
es
the
co
op
e
rati
ve
hoppin
g
pro
bab
il
it
ie
s
and
channel
acce
ss
ibil
it
y
pr
ob
a
bili
ti
es
of
authe
nt
ic
at
ed
sens
or
de
vice)
.
Along
with
ch
ann
el
loa
d
cap
aci
ty
of
authe
ntica
te
d
sens
or
is
est
i
m
at
ed
fo
r
m
axi
m
izing
resour
ce
al
loc
at
io
n
without a
ff
ect
i
ng n
ei
ghbouri
ng se
nsor de
vic
e.
Table
1
.
Per
for
m
ance co
m
par
ison o
f pro
pose
d
m
od
el
MR
U
CA ove
r
e
xisti
ng m
od
el
[
1
8
]
Prop
o
sed
M
RUC
A
Drop
r
ate
(collis
io
n
)
3
3
.33
%
-
5
7
.1
5
%
3
.22
% to
6.1
4
%
Bit err
o
r
r
at
e
-
0
.20
4
to 0
.0325
Pack
et Send
in
g
r
at
io
-
9
7
.02
%
Detectio
n
accura
c
y
-
9
6
.69
%
Slo
t utilizatio
n
9
0
.0%
9
3
.86
%
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Firstl
y,
this
work
co
nducte
d
extensi
ve
su
r
ve
y
to
identify
is
su
es
an
d
chall
e
ng
e
s
in
desig
ni
ng
ef
fici
ent
channel
acce
s
s
m
od
el
unde
r
pr
ese
nce
of
j
am
m
er
no
de
.
Fu
rt
her,
identifie
d
secu
ri
ty
and
per
f
or
m
ance
ven
e
ra
bili
ty
of
U
WSNs
with
pr
ese
nce
of
j
a
m
m
ing
node.
Am
on
g
j
am
m
i
ng
at
ta
ck,
reac
ti
ve
j
am
m
ing
at
ta
ck
is
consi
der
e
d
t
o
be
ver
y
diff
ic
ul
t
to
identify
a
nd
rem
ov
e
it
f
ro
m
the
netw
ork
.
N
um
ber
of
ap
proac
hes
ha
s
bee
n
pr
ese
nted
t
o
preve
nt
su
c
h
at
ta
ck
in
U
WS
N.
Howe
ver
,
t
he
existi
ng
m
od
el
fail
e
d
to
disti
nguish
be
tween
the
corr
up
te
d
and
unco
rru
pted
pa
rts
of
a
pa
cket.
As
a
res
ul
t
are
no
t
ef
fici
ent
in
identify
ing
j
am
m
ing
node
s.
Th
us
aff
ect
in
g
network
perform
ance
(i.e.,
induce
ba
ndwi
dth
wasta
ge).
Fo
r
ov
e
rc
om
in
g
r
esearc
h
cha
ll
eng
es
,
this
wor
k
pres
ented
m
axi
m
ize
resou
rce
util
iz
at
ion
ba
sed
c
hannel
acce
ss
m
od
el
ado
ptin
g
cr
os
s
la
ye
r
de
sign.
A
no
vel
coop
erati
ve
sche
du
li
ng
m
echan
ism
is
pr
esente
d
that
m
i
ti
gat
e
j
am
m
ing
no
des
an
d
ai
d
i
n
bette
r
resou
rce
util
iz
at
ion
by
joint
l
y
op
ti
m
iz
ing
the
co
operati
ve
hoppin
g
pro
ba
bili
ti
es
and
channel
acce
ssi
bili
ty
pro
bab
il
it
ie
s.
Fu
rt
her,
f
or
m
axi
m
iz
ing
r
eso
ur
ce
util
iz
at
ion
without
aff
ect
in
g
perform
ance
of
adj
ace
nt
con
te
nd
i
ng
se
ns
or
de
vice
a
channel
load
capaci
ty
is
esti
m
at
ed
us
ing
ei
ther
d
irect
or
thr
ough
hop
based
transm
issi
on
.
Ex
per
im
ent
are
cond
ucted
to
evaluate
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
MR
UCA
ov
er
existi
ng
m
od
el
consi
der
i
ng
bo
th
rand
om
and
gr
id
to
polo
gy
dep
l
oym
ent.
The
outc
om
e
sh
ows
the
MR
UCA
at
ta
ins
good
bit
error
rate
perf
or
m
ance
with
6.14%
an
d
7.7
4%
pack
et
dro
p
du
e
t
o
pr
ese
nce
of
j
am
m
er
nodes
co
ns
id
eri
ng
rand
om
and
gri
d
de
plo
ym
ent,
resp
ect
ively
.
Si
m
i
la
rly
,
3.
22%
con
te
ntio
n
pac
ket
drop
is
attai
ned
due
to
pr
ese
nce
of
j
a
m
m
er n
od
e
under
rand
om
d
eploym
ent. Th
e
MR
UCA
at
ta
in
9
7.0
2%
a
nd
93.
86% p
ac
ket s
e
nd
i
ng
rati
o
an
d
slot
util
iz
at
ion
eff
ic
ie
ncy,
res
pe
ct
ively
with
detect
ion
accur
acy
of
96.
69%
under
dep
l
oym
ent.
Si
m
il
arly
,
un
de
r
gr
i
d
en
vir
onm
ent
with
pr
es
ence
of
j
am
m
e
r
m
od
el
the
pr
opos
e
d
m
od
el
at
ta
in
92
.
26%
pack
et
sen
ding
rati
o
perform
ance.
The
overall
re
s
ult
at
ta
ined
s
hows
supe
rior
perform
ance
than
sta
te
-
of
-
ar
t
m
od
el
.
The
f
ut
ur
e
w
ork
would
c
onside
r
prese
nt
ing
distrib
uted
resou
rce
al
lo
cat
ion
sc
hem
e
to
sup
port
di
ver
se
real
-
ti
m
e app
li
cat
ion
unde
r U
WSNs.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
W
.
Am
an,
M.
M.
U.
Rahman
,
an
d
Junaid
Qadir
,
“
Im
per
sonati
on
Dete
c
ti
on
in
AW
GN
-
li
m
it
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Underwat
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e
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ila
bil
ity
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W
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K.
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W
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pp
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an
d
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ng,
“
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m
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c
k
and
Defe
nse
Strat
egies
,
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IE
E
E
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