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2
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r
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T
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Du
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Un
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,
No
.
1
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Ng
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Ho
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Hig
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p
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[
1
-
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]
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A
s
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late,
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ir
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[
6
-
8
]
.
A
f
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w
s
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ac
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s
s
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et
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p
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[
9
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1
2
]
.
B
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W
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D
w
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s
r
ep
o
r
ts
ab
o
u
t
b
len
d
in
g
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
an
d
L
E
Ds
to
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
a
n
d
an
ticip
ate
t
h
e
r
an
g
e.
T
h
e
ex
a
m
i
n
atio
n
w
i
th
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
s
an
d
s
cien
t
if
ic
m
o
d
els
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
d
ec
a
y
o
f
th
e
L
E
D
a
n
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
ar
e
g
en
er
all
y
u
s
ed
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
li
g
h
t
co
lo
r
an
d
C
R
I
[
1
3
,
1
4
]
.
B
e
th
at
as
it
m
a
y
,
i
t
is
a
r
esear
ch
to
cr
ea
te
a
w
h
ite
L
E
Ds
w
it
h
c
h
an
g
ea
b
le
co
r
r
elate
d
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
(
C
C
T
s
)
th
a
t
ca
n
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
a
d
eq
u
ate
v
al
u
e
o
f
C
R
I
[
1
5
]
.
A
b
lu
e
L
E
D
w
i
th
t
w
o
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
is
u
t
ilized
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
a
h
i
g
h
C
R
I
,
y
e
t
t
h
e
ad
eq
u
ac
y
is
lo
w
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
S
to
k
es
s
h
if
t.
B
l
u
e
a
n
d
r
ed
L
E
Ds
w
i
th
o
n
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
C
R
I
a
n
d
h
ig
h
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
co
m
e
u
p
s
h
o
r
t
o
n
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
to
tu
n
e
t
h
e
s
h
ad
in
g
co
n
tr
asted
i
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
t
h
e
t
w
o
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
[
1
6
]
.
A
s
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
lo
ts
o
f
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
o
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
W
L
E
D
q
u
alit
y
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
y
o
f
te
n
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
at
ed
o
n
o
n
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
q
u
alit
y
i
n
d
icato
r
w
h
i
le
n
eg
lectin
g
o
t
h
er
s
a
n
d
t
h
er
e
ar
e
n
o
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
ac
k
ag
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
to
t
h
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
w
e
s
u
g
g
est
s
,
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ti
m
e,
a
w
h
ite
-
li
g
h
t
L
E
D
p
ac
k
a
g
e
w
i
th
t
w
o
s
o
r
ts
o
f
L
E
D
s
an
d
t
w
o
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
w
ith
t
h
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
h
ig
h
er
C
R
I
,
h
ig
h
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
e
f
f
icac
y
w
h
ile
r
etai
n
i
n
g
a
tu
n
ab
le
c
o
lo
r
.
T
h
e
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
o
f
t
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
is
to
k
ee
p
th
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
f
o
u
n
d
in
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
a
n
d
d
is
ca
r
d
th
e
u
n
w
a
n
ted
tr
aits
b
y
e
v
al
u
ati
n
g
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
W
L
E
D
w
it
h
th
e
n
e
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ac
k
ag
e
w
h
i
le
ad
j
u
s
tin
g
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
u
n
til
r
e
ac
h
in
g
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
es
t
v
alu
e
s
i
n
q
u
alit
y
i
n
d
icato
r
s
.
W
e
also
b
ased
o
n
B
ee
r
'
s
la
w
[
1
7
-
1
9
]
to
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
a
n
d
ex
cl
u
s
i
v
e
s
h
ad
i
n
g
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
m
o
d
el
th
at
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
to
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
to
t
h
e
r
eq
u
e
s
t
f
o
r
a
n
u
n
o
b
tr
u
s
i
v
e
co
lo
r
d
is
tin
ctio
n
o
f
w
h
ite
-
li
g
h
t
L
E
Ds.
T
h
is
n
e
w
m
et
h
o
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lts
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
r
esu
lts
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
ch
a
n
g
in
g
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ac
k
ag
e
a
n
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
is
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
h
a
s
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
b
ef
o
r
e.
T
h
e
d
etai
l
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
3
p
ar
ts
:
th
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ater
ial
s
an
d
th
e
W
L
E
D
m
o
d
el
s
,
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
es
u
lt
s
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
c
h
ar
ts
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
i
s
cu
s
s
io
n
o
n
t
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
e
s
u
l
ts
.
I
n
t
h
is
o
cc
asio
n
,
w
h
ite
-
li
g
h
t
L
E
D
m
o
d
u
les
w
e
r
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ed
u
tili
zi
n
g
y
ttr
iu
m
al
u
m
i
n
u
m
g
ar
n
et
(
Y
AG:
C
e
3+
)
[
2
0
,
2
1
]
an
d
n
itrid
e
-
b
ased
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
i
n
b
lu
e
an
d
r
ed
L
E
Ds
w
ith
h
ig
h
C
R
I
an
d
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
ef
f
icac
y
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
e
x
t
en
ts
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
a
n
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
e
n
s
ities
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
in
s
il
ico
n
e
w
it
h
t
w
o
k
i
n
d
s
o
f
r
ed
L
E
D
s
w
er
e
u
til
ized
i
n
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
h
ite
L
E
Ds.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es e
x
h
ib
it t
h
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
lo
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
s
ettled
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
.
T
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
i
s
a
co
n
d
en
s
atio
n
o
f
f
i
n
d
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
a
n
d
it
r
esu
l
ts
ar
e
u
s
ef
u
l
i
n
g
u
id
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
to
w
ar
d
s
an
u
p
d
ated
an
d
o
p
tim
a
l
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
i
n
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
h
ig
h
q
u
ali
t
y
W
L
E
D.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
re
pa
ra
t
io
n o
f
ph
o
s
ph
o
r
m
a
t
er
ia
ls
Gr
e
en
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
i
s
u
s
ed
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
g
r
ee
n
l
ig
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
W
L
E
D
s
,
l
ea
d
in
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
lu
x
a
n
d
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
it
y
.
R
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Z
n
O:B
i
3+
is
u
s
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
r
ed
lig
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
n
W
L
E
Ds,
lead
i
n
g
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
C
R
I
an
d
C
Q
S
[
2
2
,
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
th
e
s
e
t
w
o
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
t
y
p
es
is
a
s
f
o
llo
w
s
:
T
o
cr
ea
te
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
p
ar
ticle
s
,
f
ir
s
t
w
e
n
ee
d
to
m
ix
b
y
s
lu
r
r
y
in
g
in
w
ater
o
r
m
eth
a
n
o
l,
th
e
n
d
r
y
in
air
a
n
d
co
llect
th
e
p
o
w
d
er
w
h
e
n
it
d
r
y
.
C
o
n
ti
n
u
e
to
f
i
r
e
in
ca
p
p
ed
q
u
ar
tz
tu
b
es
w
it
h
s
tag
n
a
n
t
air
at
1
3
0
0
º
C
f
o
r
1
h
o
u
r
,
r
esu
lti
n
g
in
p
o
w
d
er
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Z
n
O:B
i
3+
is
m
i
x
i
n
g
b
y
d
r
y
g
r
i
n
d
in
g
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
tw
o
w
a
y
s
:
th
e
f
ir
s
t
is
to
f
ir
e
i
n
o
p
en
air
at
8
0
0
º
C
w
it
h
i
n
1
h
o
u
r
;
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
is
t
o
f
ir
e
in
ca
p
p
ed
q
u
a
r
tz
tu
b
es
w
it
h
s
ta
g
n
an
t
air
at
1
1
2
0
º
C
f
o
r
2
h
o
u
r
s
.
Fin
al
l
y
,
s
to
r
e
th
e
f
i
n
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct
i
n
well
-
s
ea
led
co
n
tai
n
er
s
.
B
ef
o
r
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
o
p
tical
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticle
s
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
a
n
d
Z
n
O:B
i
3+
,
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
u
c
h
as
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
tic
le
s
ize,
ex
citatio
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ac
c
u
r
atel
y
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
s
.
O
u
t
o
f
th
e
f
iv
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ab
o
v
e,
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
a
n
d
s
ize
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
ar
e
th
e
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
t
h
at
w
e
n
ee
d
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
co
lo
r
a
n
d
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
q
u
ali
t
y
o
f
th
e
L
E
D.
Sp
ec
tr
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t.
B
as
ed
o
n
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
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tr
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e
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r
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I
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,
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YL
class
ca
n
d
o
th
is
as
th
e
C
R
I
o
f
R
Y
L
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
is
b
en
e
f
ite
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
ed
lig
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
ad
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
Z
n
O:B
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T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
o
s
itio
n
is
R
G
Y
L
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
C
R
I
v
alu
e
ac
h
iev
ed
.
Me
a
n
w
h
ile,
C
R
I
is
lo
w
e
s
t
i
n
GY
L
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
.
On
ce
a
g
ain
,
i
t
ca
n
b
e
af
f
ir
m
ed
,
w
it
h
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
C
R
I
,
it
is
ad
v
is
ab
le
to
ch
o
o
s
e
R
YL
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
to
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
W
L
E
Ds
in
b
u
l
k
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
C
R
I
is
j
u
s
t
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
i
n
d
icato
r
s
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
C
QS
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
tar
g
et
o
f
r
es
ea
r
ch
.
C
QS
is
a
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
o
f
th
r
ee
ele
m
e
n
ts
:
C
R
I
,
th
e
v
ie
w
er
's
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
an
d
co
lo
r
c
o
o
r
d
in
ates.
W
ith
t
h
is
t
h
r
ee
-
f
ac
to
r
co
v
er
ag
e,
C
QS
b
ec
o
m
e
s
a
b
i
g
tar
g
et
a
n
d
"
s
ee
m
s
"
to
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
in
d
icato
r
to
ass
es
s
co
lo
r
q
u
ali
t
y
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
C
Q
S
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
c
t
u
r
es
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
I
f
th
e
R
Y
L
r
ea
c
h
es
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
C
R
I
,
t
h
e
R
GY
L
r
ea
ch
e
s
th
e
h
i
g
h
es
t
C
QS.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lai
n
ed
b
y
th
e
b
alan
ce
o
f
3
b
asic
co
lo
r
s
y
ello
w
,
r
ed
an
d
g
r
ee
n
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
e
C
Q
S
v
al
u
e,
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
al
it
y
.
T
h
e
C
QS
is
th
e
lo
w
e
s
t
in
t
h
e
YL
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
t
h
e
Y
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
h
as
a
h
ig
h
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
,
b
u
t
it
is
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
b
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
ed
an
d
g
r
ee
n
lig
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
i
n
th
i
s
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
Desp
ite
th
e
d
i
s
a
d
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
,
YL
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
h
as
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
i
n
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
w
ill
b
e
s
i
m
p
ler
th
a
n
th
e
r
est,
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
ts
ar
e
also
lo
w
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
in
d
e
x
es o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
A
C
C
T
s
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
s
ca
le
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
A
C
C
T
s
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
F
ig
u
r
e
5
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
i
f
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
r
er
'
s
g
o
al
is
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
to
s
elec
t
R
GYL
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
if
t
h
e
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
i
s
b
etter
,
w
ill
t
h
e
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
b
e
af
f
ec
ted
?
T
o
an
s
w
er
th
is
q
u
e
s
t
io
n
,
th
e
tea
m
co
m
p
ar
ed
th
e
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
e
m
itted
b
et
w
ee
n
1
lay
er
an
d
2
la
y
er
s
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
.
T
h
e
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
w
h
e
n
u
s
i
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
is
d
e
f
i
n
itel
y
h
i
g
h
e
r
th
an
w
h
e
n
u
s
in
g
a
s
in
g
le
la
y
er
.
T
h
e
ev
id
en
ce
is
ill
u
s
tr
ated
i
n
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
,
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
Y
r
ea
ch
es
t
h
e
lo
w
es
t
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
i
n
al
l
AC
C
T
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
is
ac
h
ie
v
ed
i
n
th
e
R
GY
L
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e.
S
o
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
m
o
r
e
d
o
u
b
t
ab
o
u
t
R
G
YL
’s
o
p
tical
g
ain
ev
e
n
w
h
e
n
t
he
R
GY
L
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
also
h
as
th
e
b
est
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
.
Stan
d
i
n
g
s
ec
o
n
d
i
n
o
p
tical
g
a
in
is
GY
L
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
th
a
n
k
s
to
t
h
e
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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ct
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ct
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r
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h
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n
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ter
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h
e
Y
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e
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n
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en
tr
atio
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d
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r
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s
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t
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y
s
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r
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c
h
ip
s
ar
e
ea
s
il
y
tr
a
n
s
m
it
ted
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h
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
Y
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G:
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e
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a
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er
t
h
r
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u
g
h
o
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er
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y
er
s
.
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n
o
th
er
w
o
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s
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G
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s
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s
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l
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e
li
g
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t
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t
h
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n
v
er
t
e
f
f
icien
tl
y
.
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h
er
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o
r
e,
th
e
R
GY
L
s
p
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tr
al
in
te
n
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it
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s
h
i
g
h
est
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m
p
ar
ed
to
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th
er
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
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i
n
t
h
e
w
h
ite
lig
h
t
w
av
e
len
g
t
h
r
an
g
e.
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h
er
ef
o
r
e
, t
h
e
lu
m
i
n
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u
s
f
l
u
x
o
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t
h
e
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GY
L
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
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is
also
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i
g
h
es
t.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
R
GY
L
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
ca
n
b
e
s
elec
ted
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
in
cl
u
d
in
g
C
QS
a
n
d
L
E
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
co
lo
r
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n
i
f
o
r
m
i
t
y
i
s
also
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
f
ac
to
r
w
h
en
it
co
m
es
to
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
f
a
cto
r
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T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
i
m
p
r
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o
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h
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er
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iev
e
t
h
e
h
ig
h
es
t
tr
an
s
f
er
e
n
er
g
y
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
o
f
co
lo
r
d
ev
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n
b
et
w
ee
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s
tr
u
c
tu
r
es.
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e
s
m
aller
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e
co
lo
r
d
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iatio
n
,
th
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
co
lo
r
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u
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u
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iatio
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ct
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R
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an
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ct
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r
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d
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u
ctu
r
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all
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n
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r
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th
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lo
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s
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n
ad
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itio
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th
e
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tio
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at
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ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
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th
e
l
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m
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s
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ce
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h
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ig
h
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s
t
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m
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x
i
s
also
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h
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i
n
t
h
e
R
G
Y
L
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e.
W
ith
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e
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e
r
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ts
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it
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th
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f
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co
n
f
i
g
u
r
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o
n
to
cr
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te
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RE
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NC
E
S
[1
]
J.
Ch
e
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
h
o
to
l
u
m
in
e
sc
e
n
c
e
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
Ca
4
La
6
(S
iO
4
)
4
(P
O
4
)
2
O
2
-
b
a
se
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
rs
f
o
r
wL
EDs,”
Ch
in
.
Op
t.
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
issu
e
5
,
p
p
.
0
5
1
6
0
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
]
G
.
Z.
Zh
a
n
g
,
Ke
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
p
e
c
tral
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
lo
r
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
tu
n
a
b
le
w
h
it
e
L
EDs
w
it
h
re
d
LE
Ds
in
ste
a
d
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
o
r
a
n
e
x
c
e
ll
e
n
t
IES
c
o
l
o
r
f
id
e
li
ty
in
d
e
x
,
"
OS
A
Co
n
ti
n
u
u
m
,
v
o
l.
2
,
issu
e
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
6
-
1
0
6
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
]
Y.
P
e
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
-
in
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g
las
s
b
a
se
d
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s
th
ro
u
g
h
o
p
ti
m
ize
d
p
a
c
k
a
g
in
g
stru
c
tu
re
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
Op
t
ics
,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
n
o
.
2
9
,
p
p
.
8
1
8
9
-
8
1
9
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
]
Q.
W
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Dim
m
a
b
le
a
n
d
Co
st
-
Ef
f
e
c
ti
v
e
DC
Driv
in
g
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
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F
li
c
k
e
r
M
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
i
n
L
ED
L
i
g
h
ti
n
g
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Disp
l
a
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
7
6
6
-
7
7
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
H.
T
.
L
in
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
W
h
it
e
th
i
n
-
f
il
m
f
li
p
-
c
h
ip
L
EDs
w
it
h
u
n
if
o
rm
c
o
lo
r
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
u
sin
g
las
e
r
li
f
t
-
o
ff
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
o
rm
a
l
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
c
o
a
ti
n
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
”
Op
ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
issu
e
2
6
,
p
p
.
3
1
6
4
6
-
3
1
6
5
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
Y.
J.
P
a
rk
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
ig
h
lu
m
in
o
u
s
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
re
d
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
-
in
-
g
las
s
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
o
w
e
r
L
ED
li
g
h
ti
n
g
sy
ste
m
s u
sin
g
o
u
r
o
rig
in
a
l
lo
w
T
g
a
n
d
T
s g
la
ss
,
”
Op
t.
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
issu
e
2
4
,
p
p
.
6
0
5
7
-
6
0
6
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[7
]
X
.
L
iu
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Up
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
l
u
m
in
e
sc
e
n
c
e
,
in
tri
n
sic
o
p
ti
c
a
l
b
i
sta
b
il
it
y
,
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
th
e
rm
o
m
e
tr
y
in
Ho
3+
/
Yb
3+
:
Ba
M
o
O
4
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
rs,”
Ch
i
n
.
O
p
t.
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
issu
e
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
6
0
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[8
]
C.
T
ian
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
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M
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W.
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1
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J.
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.
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4
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R.
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6
]
Q.
W
.
X
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“
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[1
7
]
C.
C.
S
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t
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l
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,
“
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o
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8
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N.
A
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s,
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[1
9
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T
.
Ha
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0
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.
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1
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2
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N.
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u
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3
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Z.
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lah
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l
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s E
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4
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X
.
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.
W
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t
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l
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,
“
A
n
Im
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[2
5
]
Z.
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a
o
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t
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l
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,
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s
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5
,
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p
.
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-
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0
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.
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