Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
Vol
.
4
,
No
. 5, Oct
o
ber
2
0
1
4
,
pp
. 78
2~
78
9
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
7
82
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
Perform
a
nce E
v
aluati
on of Ra
in Attenuation Models in a
Tropi
c
al
Stati
o
n
Yuss
uf
f Ab
ay
omi
IO
1,2
,
Nor Hish
am Bin
Haji Kh
amis
1
,
Az
li Yah
y
a
1
1
Department of
Communications
Engineering
,
U
n
iversiti
Teknologi Malay
s
ia, M
a
lay
s
ia
2
Department of
Electronic
and C
o
mputer Engi
n
e
ering,
L
a
gos
S
t
at
e Univers
i
t
y
,
Ni
geria
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
J
u
l 20, 2014
Rev
i
sed
Sep 7, 20
14
Accepted
Sep 24, 2014
The non-unifor
m
ity
of rainf
a
ll
in both th
e horizontal and vertical dir
ections
m
a
kes the
estim
ation
of slan
t p
a
t
h
at
tenuation co
mplex.
At
frequencies abov
e
10 GHz, th
e ef
fects of
attenu
ation and
noise
induced
b
y
rain
are quite
significant. One
y
ear satellite attenua
tion data
were sourced f
r
o
m Malay
s
ia
East Asia Sate
ll
ite a
t
Ku freque
nc
y
b
a
nd; using
ASTRO beacon signals to
m
onitor and m
e
asure the slant
path rain rat
e
a
nd attenua
tion a
t
Universiti
Teknologi Malay
s
ia, Skudai. Fo
ur
y
ears’
on
e minute rain r
a
te gr
ound data at
0.01% of tim
e
exce
eded wer
e
coll
ect
ed us
ing
rain gaug
e.
The
attenu
at
ion
exce
eded for
ot
her per
cent
a
ges
of th
e
tim
e w
a
s
obtain
e
d
usi
ng statisti
ca
l
methods. Differ
e
nt rain attenuation pred
iction models were inves
tigated and
their p
e
rforman
ces compared
.
The valid
ation r
e
sults
clear
ly
suggested th
at
the Breakpoin
t
attenuation pred
iction m
odel pr
oduced better results when
compared with o
t
her models
of in
terest.
Keyword:
Atten
u
a
tion pred
ictio
n
s
B
r
eak
poi
nt
at
t
e
nuat
i
o
ns
Convective rai
n
s
Specific attenuations
Stratiform
rain
s
Copyright ©
201
4 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Y
u
ssuf
f Ab
ayomi I
O
,
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
C
o
m
m
uni
cat
i
o
ns E
n
gi
nee
r
i
n
g
,
Un
i
v
ersiti Tekn
o
l
o
g
i
Malaysia, Malaysia.
Em
a
il: ayu
ssu
ff@yahoo
.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
Rain
fall in
trop
ical reg
i
on
s i
s
characterize
d
by bot
h stratiform
a
nd con
v
ect
i
v
e rai
n
fal
l
t
y
pes, but
m
o
re p
r
edo
m
i
n
an
tly b
y
th
e latter. Stratifo
r
m rain
fall
is c
h
aracterize
d
by widespread,
low or m
e
dium rain
rates with
lo
ng
er
d
u
ratio
ns.
Co
nv
ectiv
e rai
n
is u
s
u
a
lly
confi
n
ed to a smaller area
th
an lig
h
t
er rain
, an
d
th
e
rain
cells m
a
y
tak
e
an
y sh
ap
e. If
rain
rate is
m
easu
r
ed
on
ly at a sin
g
l
e po
in
t, it is d
i
fficu
lt to
h
a
v
e
adeq
u
a
t
e
inform
ation about the st
ruct
ure of a rai
n
cell at som
e
di
st
ance away
fr
om
the p
o
i
n
t
of
obs
ervat
i
o
n;
he
nc
e, t
h
e
in
-h
o
m
o
g
e
n
ous n
a
t
u
re
of rai
n
fall m
a
y lead
to
in
correct esti
mates o
f
th
e specific atten
u
a
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
e is
a
l
so
a d
e
ar
th
of
d
a
ta
on
d
i
rect
attenu
atio
n
m
easure
m
ent along t
h
e
slant
path for
estim
a
ting
atten
u
a
tion
due to
rai
n
fall in th
e tro
p
i
cal reg
i
on
s
o
f
t
h
e
wo
rl
d
.
M
o
st of t
h
e stud
ies
repo
rted
in
t
h
e literatu
re
have
bee
n
ca
rr
i
e
d o
u
t
i
n
t
e
m
p
erat
e
regi
ons
whe
r
e s
o
l
i
d
pr
eci
pi
t
a
t
i
on i
s
p
r
eval
e
n
t
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
The
di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
on
o
f
rain
fall al
o
n
g
th
e slan
t
p
a
th
may lie with
in
a sing
le ce
ll
d
i
am
e
t
er if th
e elev
ation
an
gle is v
e
ry
h
i
gh. Th
e
higher t
h
e ele
v
ation angle, t
h
e lower
th
e
nu
m
b
er of rai
n
cells alo
n
g
th
e slan
t p
a
t
h
. Rain
fall with h
i
gh
rai
n
rat
e
s o
f
sh
o
r
t
du
rat
i
o
ns an
d
whi
c
h are al
so c
ont
ai
ne
d
within a sm
all geographi
cal area are
features
of
convective rai
n
fall types. Ha
nss
o
n’s the
o
ry
of the
accum
u
lation tim
e
factor (ACCF
) [3] was use
d
by [4] to
estim
a
te
the effective rain
hei
ght
from
the exceeda
n
ce
ratio at
the breakpoints. T
h
e c
o
incident pai
r
s of
poi
nts
th
ro
ugh
ou
t th
e fu
ll rang
e of atten
u
a
tion
and
rain
rate can
be fou
n
d
fro
m
[3
]
and
[5]
by
s
cal
i
ng t
h
e dB
val
u
es
to
th
e
ratio
of rain
rates
referen
ced to
t
h
e
rain
fall
b
r
eak
p
o
i
nt. Th
is is g
i
v
e
n b
y
[6
] as:
-
B
R
B
R
R
A
A
*
01
.
0
01
.
0
(1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 4
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
14
:
782
–
7
89
7
83
whe
r
e
B
A
and
01
.
0
R
A
are attenuations
(dB
)
at breakpo
int a
n
d
0.01% of the
tim
e
exceede
d
,
respectively. Also,
B
R
a
n
d
01
.
0
R
ar
e rain
r
a
tes
(
mm/
h
)
at br
eakpo
int an
d 0.01
% of
th
e ti
m
e
.
Un
i
v
ersiti Tekn
o
l
o
g
i
Malaysia (UTM) is a trop
ical statio
n
(103
.7
5
o
E,
1
.
45
o
N) with
an
altitu
d
e
o
f
37
m
above m
ean sea l
e
vel
;
an
d
wi
t
h
m
ean an
nual
rai
n
fal
l
o
f
2
3
5
7
m
m
. It
expe
ri
ences
c
o
nvect
i
v
e
,
st
rat
i
f
o
r
m
,
t
r
o
p
i
cal
st
orm
and m
ons
o
on
preci
pi
t
a
t
i
ons
[
2
]
.
T
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
eval
uat
e
s t
h
e
per
f
o
r
m
a
nces of s
o
m
e
of t
h
e
m
o
st
wi
del
y
use
d
rai
n
at
t
e
nuat
i
o
n
m
odel
s
. These
i
n
cl
ude t
h
e IT
U-R
,
D
A
H
,
S
A
M
,
M
a
n
d
ee
p,
C
r
ane a
nd B
r
e
a
kp
oi
nt
m
odel
s
.
1.
1.
An Over
view of
Rain Attenuati
o
n Prediction Models Us
ed
In
tern
ation
a
l
Teleco
mm
u
n
i
c
a
tio
n
Un
ion-Rec. P.6
18-11
rain
attenu
ation
m
o
d
e
l [7
] is th
e m
o
st
widely accepte
d inte
rnational
m
e
thod for the pre
d
iction
of rain e
ffects on satellite comm
unication syste
m
s.
Th
e
p
r
ed
icted
slan
t p
a
t
h
attenu
atio
n ex
ceed
ed
fo
r a
n
a
v
era
g
e year at
0.01
% of the
tim
e is:
dB
L
A
eff
01
.
0
01
.
0
(2
)
whe
r
e
01
.
0
A
and
01
.
0
a
r
e attenuation
(dB
)
and speci
fic atte
nuat
i
o
n
(dB
/
km
) at
0.01
% o
f
t
h
e t
i
m
e
exceede
d
Leff
is th
e
effectiv
e slan
t
p
a
th
len
g
t
h
(km
)
.
The predicte
d attenuation exc
eedance
s fo
r o
t
her pe
rcent
a
g
e
s of t
h
e t
i
m
e
of
an a
v
era
g
e
year
m
a
y be a
c
qui
red
fr
om
t
h
e val
u
e
of
01
.
0
A
u
s
ing
th
e follo
wing
ex
trapo
l
atio
n
[7
]:
dB
p
A
A
p
z
A
p
P
)]
1
(
sin
ln
045
.
0
ln
033
.
0
655
.
0
[
01
.
0
%
01
.
0
)
01
.
0
(
(3
)
whe
r
e
p
is th
e p
e
rcen
tag
e
prob
abilit
y o
f
i
n
terest
an
d
z
i
s
gi
ve
n
b
y
:
0
%,
0
.
1
z
p
For
(4
)
0
0
0
0
0
36
/
/
25
,
sin
25
.
4
8
.
1
/
36
/
005
.
0
36
/
/
25
)
36
/
(/
005
.
0
36
/
/
;
0
%,
0
.
1
and
for
z
and
for
z
for
z
p
For
(5
)
DA
H m
odel
[
8
]
i
s
based
on l
o
g
-
no
rm
al
di
stri
b
u
t
i
on
of
rai
n
rat
e
a
nd at
t
e
nuat
i
o
n.
The
m
odel
i
s
very
m
u
ch
si
m
ilar t
o
th
e ITU-R mo
d
e
l
sin
ce t
h
e
rain
related
i
n
p
u
t
t
o
the m
o
del is also
rain
i
n
ten
s
ity at 0.01
% of
t
h
e t
i
m
e
. It
i
s
appl
i
cabl
e
t
o
bot
h t
e
rre
st
ri
al
and sl
a
n
t
pat
h
s wi
t
h
i
n
t
h
e f
r
e
que
ncy
ra
n
g
e
4-
35
G
H
z, a
n
d t
h
e
p
e
rcen
tag
e
p
r
ob
ab
ility rang
e o
f
0
.
0
0
1
–
10%. Th
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r of th
e lo
cal
ized
DAH m
o
del can
b
e
m
o
d
e
lled
b
y
th
e expr
ession
:
dB
p
A
A
A
p
P
]
ln
045
.
0
ln
033
.
0
655
.
0
[
01
.
0
%
01
.
0
)
01
.
0
(
(6
)
whe
r
e
%
p
A
and
01
.
0
A
are
attenuation e
x
c
eeded for
%
p
and
0.01%
of t
h
e time respectivel
y.
Sim
p
l
e
At
t
e
nu
at
i
on M
odel
(
S
AM
)
by
[9]
i
s
one
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
st
wi
del
y
used sl
a
n
t
pat
h
at
t
e
nuat
i
o
n
pre
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
m
odel
s
, w
h
i
c
h i
n
co
rp
orat
es t
h
e i
n
di
vi
d
u
al
c
h
aracteristics o
f
t
h
e stratiform
an
d
co
nv
ectiv
e t
y
p
e
s
of
rain
fall.
In
conv
ectiv
e rai
n
st
o
r
m
s
, wh
en
R
>1
0
mm
/h
[9
], th
e effectiv
e rain
h
e
igh
t
,
R
H
de
pen
d
s o
n
t
h
e r
a
i
n
rate b
ecau
s
e st
rong
storm
s
p
u
sh
rain h
i
g
h
e
r i
n
to th
e atm
o
sph
e
re, an
d th
ereb
y leng
th
en
ing th
e slan
t
p
a
th
[10
]
.
To
d
e
term
in
e th
e slan
t p
a
t
h
at
ten
u
a
tion
,
a mo
d
i
fied
v
a
lu
e of effectiv
e
p
a
th len
g
t
h
is
u
s
ed
, as fo
llow:
dB
mm/h
10
;
cos
)
10
(
ln
cos
)
10
(
ln
exp
1
%
%
%
01
.
0
p
p
S
p
R
R
b
L
R
b
A
(7
)
w
h
er
e
22
1
b
and,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Perfor
ma
nce E
v
alu
a
tion
of
R
a
in
Attenu
atio
n M
o
dels in
a
Tro
p
ical
Statio
n
(Yussuff Abayomi
IO)
78
4
km
dB
R
k
p
/
%
01
.
0
(8
)
whe
r
e
k
and
are ITU
-
R
reg
r
es
si
on c
o
ef
fi
ci
en
t
s
[11]
w
h
ose
val
u
es a
r
e de
p
e
nde
nt
o
n
f
r
eq
uency
of
ope
ration, elevation angle of
the ante
nna,
polarization
of t
h
e signal bein
g transm
itted or
receive
d,
drop size
d
i
str
i
bu
tio
n of
r
a
in
d
r
op
an
d te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e an
tenn
a.
M
a
ndee
p
’
s
pr
op
ose
d
m
odel
[10]
ad
opt
e
d
t
h
e SAM
t
o
cal
cul
a
t
e
t
h
e effect
i
v
e pat
h
l
e
ngt
h. He
pr
o
pose
d
e
ffec
t
i
v
e pat
h
l
e
n
g
t
h
as
a
p
o
wer-fi
ttin
g
fun
c
tio
n
o
f
rain rate as:
km
R
Leff
p
21
.
0
*
367
.
13
(9
)
Cran
e (Glob
a
l) rain attenu
ation
p
r
ed
ictio
n mo
d
e
l
[
12]
i
s
i
n
t
e
nde
d
f
o
r
rai
n
at
t
e
nuat
i
o
n
pre
d
i
c
t
i
ons
o
n
ei
t
h
er t
e
rrest
ri
al
or sl
ant
pr
opa
gat
i
o
n pat
h
s. It
was est
a
bl
i
s
he
d wi
t
h
geo
phy
si
cal
i
n
t
e
r
p
ret
a
t
i
o
ns of t
h
e
measu
r
em
en
ts
o
f
po
in
t rai
n
rate o
f
the hori
zontal struct
ure of rainfall as
well as th
e
v
e
rtical v
a
riatio
n
s
of
atm
o
sphe
ri
c
t
e
m
p
erat
ure.
B
a
sed on ra
dar o
b
ser
v
at
i
o
ns
in
the cha
r
acteriz
ation of
th
e meltin
g
layer, it was
obs
er
ved
t
h
at
t
h
e co
rre
sp
o
nde
nce
bet
w
e
e
n t
h
e
C
0
i
s
ot
h
e
rm
hei
ght
(
0
H
) values
and t
h
e e
x
cessive
preci
pi
t
a
t
i
on e
v
ent
s
s
h
owe
d
a t
e
nde
ncy
t
o
w
a
rd a l
i
n
ea
r rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
bet
w
een
p
R
and
0
H
. Sinc
e, at high rai
n
rat
e
s, t
h
e rai
n
rat
e
di
st
ri
but
i
on
fu
nct
i
o
n di
spl
a
y
s
a nearl
y
l
i
n
ear rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p bet
w
ee
n
p
R
and
P
log
,
bet
w
ee
n
0.
00
1
%
an
d
1.
0 %
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
rm
[1
2]
:
km
P
b
a
H
log
0
(1
0)
whe
r
e
0
H
is mean
C
0
i
s
ot
herm
hei
ght
abo
v
e m
ean sea l
e
vel
and
p
R
is th
e rain
rate fo
r
%
p
of
the tim
e
excee
ded.
km
R
H
p
65
.
1
0
log
0005
.
0
5
.
4
(1
1)
whe
r
e
R
H
is
m
ean rain hei
ght
above m
ean sea le
vel.
The h
o
ri
zo
nt
al
(su
rface
) pr
o
j
e
c
t
e
d
pat
h
l
e
ngt
h, D
i
s
ex
pre
s
s
e
d
as:
10
;
tan
0
1
;
sin
2
sin
cos
sin
0
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
H
H
R
H
H
H
H
H
R
R
H
R
H
R
R
e
R
R
e
e
R
e
R
e
D
(1
2)
whe
r
e R
e
i
s
t
h
e effect
i
v
e radi
us of t
h
e eart
h
[8
5
00 km
]
and
θ
(degrees
) is the elevation angle of the
an
tenn
a to th
e
satellite. Ho
wev
e
r, for m
o
st tro
p
i
cal station
s
,
km
H
H
D
R
tan
0
(1
3)
The m
ean slant
path attenuation at
each probability of
occurrence
(
p
) is:
dB
A
d
D
U
e
kR
D
d
Y
e
X
Y
e
X
U
e
kR
p
D
U
p
D
Y
d
Y
d
U
p
0
;
1
cos
5
.
22
;
1
cos
(1
4)
d
Xe
U
R
d
R
Y
R
X
Yd
p
p
p
ln
;
ln
6
.
0
8
.
3
;
ln
003
.
0
026
.
0
;
3
.
2
17
.
0
(1
5)
The B
r
ea
k
poi
nt
m
odel
whi
c
h i
s
t
h
e IT
U-R
P
.
6
1
8
-
1
1
rai
n
at
t
e
nuat
i
on
pre
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
m
odel
,
was
m
odi
fi
ed by
[
4
]
;
and f
u
rt
her
m
odi
fi
ed by
[
1
3]
, i
s
base
d
o
n
t
h
e p
r
em
i
s
e that
t
h
e
AC
C
F
at
t
h
e b
r
eak
p
o
i
n
t
s
i
s
in
v
a
rian
t in the trop
ics. Also, fo
r elev
ation ang
l
es less than
6
0
o
an
d
wit
h
hig
h
rain
rat
e
s, se
veral
rai
n
cells
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 4
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
14
:
782
–
7
89
7
85
were ob
serv
ed
to
in
tersect
alon
g th
e slan
t
p
a
th
[5
].
T
h
e at
t
e
nuat
i
o
n e
x
cee
d
e
d i
s
pr
o
j
ect
ed
by
t
w
o e
x
pres
si
ons
v
e
ry m
u
ch
similar to
th
e
ITU-R m
o
d
e
l; with
o
n
e
exp
r
ession
fo
r rain rates lo
wer th
an
th
e b
r
eakp
o
i
n
t
rai
n
rat
e
(stratiform
rain
fall) wh
ile
the
o
t
h
e
r fo
r rai
n
rates
ab
ov
e
it rep
r
esen
t t
h
e con
v
ectiv
e
rain
fall typ
e
s,
wh
ich
is
sy
no
ny
m
ous w
i
t
h
t
r
o
p
i
cal
re
g
i
ons
. T
h
e
brea
kp
oi
nt
at
t
e
nuat
i
on e
x
cee
da
nc
e,
AB
P
,
and
rai
n
ra
t
e
excee
dance
,
RB
P
is related
as [13
]
:
RB
AB
P
P
14
.
2
(1
6)
The approxim
a
t
e value of
AB
P
as
%
021
.
0
fo
r m
easured a
nd
brea
k
poi
nt
attenuation exc
eedance
for
UTM, Malaysia at 12
GHz is
sh
own
in Fi
g
u
re 1
.
The b
r
ea
kp
oi
n
t
(or m
odi
fi
ed
B
r
y
a
nt
) m
odel
i
s
speci
fi
cal
ly
devel
o
pe
d f
o
r t
r
opi
cal
re
g
i
ons
. Thi
s
i
s
because of the
peculiar
nature of th
e
rainfa
ll precipitations existing in s
u
ch
regi
ons. T
h
e m
odel took into
account both
s
t
ratiform
and c
o
nvective
rainfall types as experie
n
ced i
n
the tropical and
sub-tropical regions
in
its
m
a
th
e
m
atical fo
rm
u
l
at
io
n
s
t
o
arriv
e
at th
is
m
o
d
e
l. It prov
id
ed
av
enu
e
for break
po
in
t an
alysis of
attenuation e
x
ceedanc
e
s a
n
d
accounted for
m
u
ltiple (intersecting) rai
n
c
e
lls
along the
slant pat
h
. T
h
e
m
ode
l
has al
so
bee
n
fo
u
nd t
o
p
r
od
u
ce go
o
d
re
sul
t
s w
h
en a
p
pl
i
e
d f
o
r
sl
ant
pat
h
at
t
e
n
u
at
i
on
p
r
edi
c
t
i
o
ns i
n
t
r
opi
cal
and
equatorial stations [14].
Fi
gu
re 1.
M
eas
ure
d
a
n
d
brea
k
poi
nt
at
t
e
n
u
at
i
o
n
ex
cee
da
nce
for
UTM, Mal
a
ysia at 12 GHz
The brea
k
poi
nt
at
t
e
nuat
i
o
n (
B
A
)
is com
puted from:
dB
C
Leff
kR
A
f
B
B
*
*
(1
7)
whe
r
e, correcti
o
n fact
or
60
40
;
3
.
2
175
.
0
002
.
0
60
;
1
2
f
C
(1
8)
whe
r
e
k
and
are f
r
eq
ue
ncy
dep
e
nde
nt
pa
ram
e
ters w
h
i
c
h ca
n
be det
e
rm
i
n
ed
l
o
cal
l
y
or o
b
t
a
i
n
ed
fr
om
ITU-R
P.
83
8
-
3
[
11]
.
B
R
is assu
m
e
d
to o
c
cu
r at
01
.
0
R
du
e
to
p
a
u
c
ity of l
o
ng
term
rain
fall d
a
tab
a
se t
o
wo
rk
with
in
th
e
t
r
o
p
i
cal
re
gi
o
n
s
. C
o
nse
q
uent
l
y
, t
h
e c
o
r
r
es
po
ndi
ng
at
t
e
n
u
at
i
ons
at
ot
her
pe
rcent
a
ges a
r
e c
o
m
put
ed as
f
o
l
l
o
ws:
Fo
r stratifo
r
m
rain
fall,
dB
p
A
A
p
z
A
p
B
P
B
]
)
989
.
0
(
sin
ln
045
.
0
)
011
.
0
(
ln
033
.
0
655
.
0
[
)
01
.
0
011
.
0
(
1
p
0.021
;
(1
9)
Fo
r co
nv
ectiv
e rainfall,
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0.
001
0.
01
0.
1
1.
0
0.
021
A
t
t
e n
u a
t
i
o
n
(
d B
)
P
e r
c
e
n t
a
g e
o f
t
i
m
e
(
%
)
M
e
as
ur
ed
B
r
eak
po
i
n
t
M
odel
B
r
eak
P
o
i
n
t
s
PA
B
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Perfor
ma
nce E
v
alu
a
tion
of
R
a
in
Attenu
atio
n M
o
dels in
a
Tro
p
ical
Statio
n
(Yussuff Abayomi
IO)
78
6
dB
p
A
A
p
z
A
p
B
P
B
]
)
989
.
0
(
sin
ln
045
.
0
)
011
.
0
(
ln
033
.
0
655
.
0
[
)
021
.
0
(
0.021
;
p
(2
0)
Eq
uat
i
ons
(
1
9)
an
d
(2
0)
are
m
odi
fi
ed
ver
s
i
o
n
s
o
f
I
T
U
-
R
P
.
6
1
8
-
11
[7]
of
eq
uat
i
o
n
(
3
)
.
2.
METHO
D
OL
OGY
2.1 Experimental
Setup
and Data Collecti
o
n
On
e year (March
20
01
t
o
Febru
a
ry
2
002
) satellite
atten
u
a
tio
n data was sou
r
ced
fro
m
Malaysia East
Asia
Satellite
(MEASAT). MEASAT o
ffers d
i
rect
to
ho
m
e
(DTH) satellite b
r
o
a
d
c
ast serv
ices to Sou
t
h-
East
ern
regi
on
s of
Asi
a
at
K
u
fre
que
ncy
ba
n
d
.
ASTR
O bea
c
on si
g
n
al
l
e
ve
l
s
are use
d
t
o
m
oni
t
o
r an
d m
easur
e
th
e slan
t p
a
t
h
rain
rate and
atten
u
a
tion
at lo
catio
n
site (3.3
o
N, 10
1.
7
o
E) at an
altitu
d
e
o
f
21
.9
5
m
ab
ov
e
mean
sea lev
e
l. MEASAT 3
was p
o
s
ition
e
d
at 9
1
.
5
o
E and at an eleva
t
i
o
n an
gl
e of
77
.4
o
. T
h
e beac
on si
gnal was
receive
d with
an offset pa
ra
bolic antenna di
sh of 2.
4 m
dia
m
eter. The vertically
polarized Ku-ba
nd
beacon
si
gnal
was
do
wn
-c
on
vert
e
d
usi
n
g a l
o
w
-
n
o
i
se bl
ock c
o
n
v
e
rt
er (L
NB
C
)
.
The n
o
i
s
e fi
g
u
r
e an
d ba
nd
wi
dt
h
o
f
th
e LNBC are
0
.
3
d
B
an
d
9
50 MHz resp
ectiv
ely. Th
e
o
u
t
pu
t o
f
LNBC was p
a
ssed
th
roug
h
a
3
d
B
sp
litter and
fed into a
digi
tal receiver and a
spect
rum
analyzer
w
ith a
post-detection ba
ndwidt
h
of
0
Hz. The
s
p
e
c
trum
an
alyzer
was set to
10
.98
2
GHz an
d th
e
v
i
deo
filter ou
tp
u
t
of th
e sp
ect
rum
an
alyzer was reco
rd
ed
an
d sto
r
ed
i
n
a com
put
er
at
a sam
p
l
i
ng rat
e
of
1.
0 Hz
,
usi
n
g a dat
a
l
o
g
g
e
r
. A C
a
s
e
l
l
a
rai
n
ga
uge
was i
n
st
al
l
e
d
at
t
h
e
measu
r
em
en
t site to
reco
rd
the rain rate.
Shown in
Figu
re
2
is the e
x
p
e
rim
e
ntal setu
p f
o
r
rain
rate an
d
b
eaco
n
sig
n
a
l lev
e
l.
One
m
i
nute ra
in rate
data were c
o
llected for a
pe
riod
of four years
(Ja
nua
ry,
1997 to Decem
ber,
20
0
0
) at
UT
M
,
Sku
d
ai
, M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
usi
ng t
h
e C
a
sel
l
a
rai
n
gau
g
e. Th
i
s
t
i
ppi
ng
buc
ket
rai
n
ga
u
g
e
has a
sen
s
itiv
ity is 0.5
mm
/
m
in
; with
op
er
ating
t
e
m
p
eratu
r
e ran
g
e
of -10
to
C
50
. It has
a tippi
ng
accuracy of
%
100
. Scin
tillatio
n
s
are rem
o
v
e
d with
a low-p
a
ss
filter b
y
p
a
ssing
l
o
w-freq
u
e
n
c
y sign
als wh
ile
atten
u
a
ting
sign
als
with
freq
uen
c
ies ab
ov
e t
h
e cu
t-o
f
f frequ
e
n
c
y.
Fi
gu
re 2.
Expe
rim
e
ntal
setup for rain rate
a
n
d
beacon
signa
l
level [15]
Therea
fter, the
corres
pond
ing p
a
th
attenu
atio
n
is calcu
lated
b
y
find
ing
t
h
e d
i
fferen
c
e
b
e
tween
th
e
receive
d signal
level (RSL)
duri
ng cl
ear sky conditions a
n
d th
e R
S
L
during rai
n
y eve
n
ts for the
ve
rtically
pola
r
ized
recei
ved signal at
va
rious rain rate
s.
T
h
at
is,
rainy
sky
clear
RSL
RSL
n
Attenuatio
(dBm
)
(2
1)
The slant path
attenuation exceedanc
e
s for
othe
r perce
n
ta
ges of the tim
e
for the a
v
era
g
e year were
obt
ai
ne
d
usi
n
g
st
at
i
s
t
i
cal
i
n
t
e
r
pol
at
i
o
n a
n
d e
x
t
r
a
pol
at
i
o
n m
e
t
h
o
d
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 4
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
14
:
782
–
7
89
7
87
3.
RESULTS
A
N
D
DI
SC
US
S
I
ONS
SAM
pre
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
m
odel
pe
rf
orm
e
d p
o
o
rl
y
at
al
l
perce
n
t
a
ges
of
t
i
m
e
(
F
igu
r
e 3)
. It
largely
ove
r-
est
i
m
a
t
e
d t
h
e
m
easured
dat
a
;
and t
h
ere
f
o
r
e not
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
i
n
subse
que
n
t
pl
ot
s. There
i
s
goo
d cor
r
e
l
at
i
o
n
betwee
n DAH
and ITU-R m
o
dels for 0.
01% perce
n
tages of the
tim
e
exceeded
, since the rain intensity at 0.01
% o
f
t
h
e ti
m
e
was th
e inpu
t fo
r
b
o
t
h
m
o
d
e
ls. Th
e
resu
ltin
g
p
l
o
t
s of lo
cal rain
d
a
ta for all th
e
m
o
d
e
ls u
nder
in
v
e
stig
ation
(ex
c
lud
i
ng
SAM) sho
w
s th
at
h
i
gh
er
p
e
rcen
tag
e
s of un
av
ailab
ility
tran
slates to
h
i
gh
er
rain
fall
at
t
e
nuat
i
o
ns as
seen
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
s 4
an
d
5.
Fi
gu
re 3.
Eq
u
a
l p
r
ob
ab
ility p
l
o
t
s
o
f
slan
t
p
a
th
attenu
ation
at 1
2
GHz
fo
r
UTM with
SAM
Fi
gu
re
4.
Sl
a
n
t
pat
h
at
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
on
vers
us
pe
r
cent
a
ge
Fi
gu
re
5.
As i
n
Fi
g
u
re
3,
b
u
t
wi
t
h
o
u
t
SAM
of tim
e
exceeded at 12
GHz
for
UTM, Mal
a
ysia
Next
,
M
a
n
d
ee
p’s
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
m
odel
ove
r-est
im
at
ed t
h
e m
e
asurem
ent
s
f
o
r
m
o
st
of t
i
m
e (
a
t
%
5
.
0
p
).
Equally, Crane
m
odel over-es
t
im
a
t
ed the
m
e
asurem
ent data a
ll th
ro
ugh
(ex
cep
t at
%
5
.
0
p
,
%
0
.
1
p
, and
%
03
.
0
p
). I
n
t
h
e sam
e
m
a
nner
,
t
h
e m
odi
fi
ed B
r
y
a
nt
(B
rea
k
p
o
i
n
t
)
m
odel
m
a
t
c
hes t
h
e m
easurem
ent
s
be
st
fo
r stratifo
r
m
rain eve
n
ts
(
b
el
ow t
h
e b
r
ea
kp
oi
nt
at
02
1
.
0
p
), as
sho
w
n in Fi
gu
re 4
.
Fu
rthe
rm
ore, the
B
r
eak
poi
nt
m
o
del
be
gan t
o
sl
i
ght
l
y
devi
at
e
fr
om
t
h
e
m
easure
d
val
u
es at
%
03
.
0
p
. The IT
U
-
R
m
odel
,
o
n
t
h
e ot
he
r ha
n
d
,
si
gni
fi
cant
l
y
un
de
r-est
i
m
at
ed t
h
e m
easure
d
dat
a
at
%
5
.
0
002
.
0
p
, ex
cep
t f
o
r
0.001% o
f
th
e tim
e.
Th
is u
n
d
e
r
-
e
stim
at
i
o
n of
t
h
e m
easu
r
em
en
t b
e
yond
1
02 mm/h
is an ind
i
catio
n
o
f
th
e
I
T
U
-
R
m
o
d
e
l
u
n
s
u
itab
ility
fo
r
attenu
ation
p
r
ed
ictio
n
for trop
ical
re
g
i
o
n
s, wh
ich
are id
en
tified
with
p
r
ev
alen
t
co
nvectiv
e
rain
fall p
r
eci
p
itatio
n
s
.
Sh
ow
n i
n
Ta
bl
e 1 a
r
e t
h
e
pe
r
cent
a
ge m
ean,
R
M
S an
d st
a
nda
r
d
de
vi
at
i
o
n er
r
o
rs
f
o
r t
h
e res
p
ect
i
v
e
pre
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
m
odel
s
of i
n
t
e
rest
at
va
ri
o
u
s
per
cent
a
ge
o
f
t
i
m
e excee
de
d.
T
h
e m
odi
fi
ed
B
r
y
a
nt
m
odel
es
t
i
m
a
t
e
was ob
serv
ed
to
b
e
clo
s
ely correlated
with
t
h
e m
easu
r
e
m
e
n
t d
a
ta for stratifo
r
m
rain
ev
en
ts, wh
ich
is defin
e
d
b
y
attenu
atio
n v
a
l
u
es
b
e
low th
e
breakpo
in
t. Th
e
IT
U-
R
m
odel
pre
d
i
c
t
i
on m
o
st
l
y
un
de
r-est
i
m
at
ed t
h
e
measurem
ent for m
o
st perce
n
tages
of t
h
e
ti
me,
except
for 0.001 % of
t
h
e tim
e
.
20
40
60
80
10
0
12
0
14
0
160
180
5
0
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
50
0
60
0
R
a
i
n
r
a
t
e
( m
m
/
h
)
A
t
t
e n
u a
t
i
o n
( d
B
)
M
eas
ured
IT
U
-
R
DA
H
M
andeep
C
r
ane
M
odi
f
i
ed B
r
y
ant
SAM
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.
0
0
1
0.
0
1
0.
1
1.
0
A
t
t
e n u a
t
i
o n (
d B
)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t a
g
e
o
f t i
m
e
(
% )
Me
a
s
u
r
e
d
IT
U
-
R
DA
H
M
a
ndee
p
Cr
a
n
e
M
o
di
f
i
ed B
r
y
ant
Br
e
a
k
Po
i
n
t
20
40
60
80
10
0
12
0
140
160
180
5
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1.
1
R
a i
n r
a t
e (
m
m
/
h
)
A
t
t
e n u
a t
i
o n
(
d B
)
M
e
a
s
ur
ed
IT
U
-
R
DA
H
M
a
n
deep
C
r
ane
M
o
d
i
f
i
ed
B
r
y
a
nt
B
r
ea
k
P
oin
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Perfor
ma
nce E
v
alu
a
tion
of
R
a
in
Attenu
atio
n M
o
dels in
a
Tro
p
ical
Statio
n
(Yussuff Abayomi
IO)
78
8
Acco
r
d
i
n
g t
o
t
h
e eval
uat
i
o
n
pro
ced
ure
s
ado
p
t
e
d
fo
r co
m
p
ari
s
on o
f
p
r
edi
c
t
i
o
n m
e
t
hods
by
t
h
e
R
ecom
m
e
ndat
i
ons
IT
U
-
R
P.
31
1
-
1
3
[1
6]
, t
h
e
best
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
on m
e
t
hod
p
r
o
d
u
ces t
h
e
s
m
al
l
e
st
val
u
es of
t
h
e
st
at
i
s
t
i
cal para
m
e
t
e
rs. There
f
ore
,
t
h
e m
odi
f
i
ed B
r
y
a
nt
m
odel
was
ob
ser
v
ed t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
t
h
e best
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
on
co
m
p
ared
to
oth
e
r pred
ictio
n
m
o
d
e
ls o
f
in
t
e
rest sin
ce it h
a
s th
e lo
west ro
o
t
m
ean
sq
u
a
re (RMS)
v
a
lues, for
maj
o
rity of t
h
e ti
m
e
p
e
rcen
tag
e
s.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
NS
The m
odi
fi
ed
B
r
y
a
nt
m
odel
pr
o
duce
d
t
h
e
best
pre
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce, f
o
l
l
o
we
d
by
t
h
e IT
U
-
R
m
o
d
e
l in
co
m
p
arison
t
o
o
t
h
e
r pred
iction
m
o
d
e
ls
o
f
in
te
rest
. Th
is is
b
ecause th
e m
o
d
i
fied
Bryan
t
m
o
d
e
l to
ok
in
to
accou
n
t
bo
th
stratiform
an
d co
nv
ective rainfall ty
pe
s as e
x
peri
en
c
e
d i
n
t
h
e
t
r
opi
cal
an
d s
u
b
-
t
r
opi
cal
regi
ons i
n
i
t
s
f
o
rm
ul
at
i
ons.
F
u
rt
herm
ore, t
h
e use sem
i
-em
p
i
r
i
cal
ap
pr
oac
h
(as
d
one i
n
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
)
save
s cos
t
an
d ti
m
e
. More im
p
o
r
tan
tly, th
e
pred
iction
m
o
d
e
l can
q
u
ite easily be ex
trapo
l
ated to
o
t
h
e
r sites with
relativ
ely g
o
od d
e
gree o
f
accu
r
acy; th
u
s
, mak
i
ng
it p
o
ssible to
esti
mate
t
h
e slan
t p
a
th
atten
u
a
tion
ex
ceed
ed
for an
y lo
cation
an
d fo
r all p
e
rcen
tag
e
s
o
f
time.
T
a
b
l
e
1
.
Mean error, standard
de
viation and RMS values
for different percen
tage of
time exceeded
Pa
ra
m
e
ter
Predic
tion
Models
Ti
m
e
perce
ntage (
%
P)
0.
001
0.
002
0.
003
0.
005
0.
01
0.
02
0.
03
0.
1
0.
5
1.
0
M
ean
I
T
U-
R
0.
0008
-
0
.
0045
-
0
.
0073
-
0
.
0116
-
0
.
0168
-
0
.
0222
-
0
.
0231
-
0
.
0173
-
0
.
0149
-
0
.
0147
E
r
r
o
r
DAH
0.
0482
0.
025
0.
0133
-
0
.
0008
-
0
.
0168
-
0
.
0306
-
0
.
0357
-
0
.
0416
-
0
.
0387
-
0
.
0147
SAM
0.
3083
0.
3279
0.
3447
0.
3678
0.
449
0.
5551
0.
6682
1.
3233
20.
385
1
-
8
.
0366
M
a
ndeep
0.
0936
0.
0762
0.
072
0.
0693
0.
0502
0.
0414
0.
04
0.
0327
0.
005
-
0
.
022
Cr
ane
0.
0548
0.
0393
0.
0353
0.
0325
0.
0151
0.
0066
0.
0043
0.
0355
-
0
.
0257
-
0
.
0294
Br
eakPt.
-
0
.
0276
-
0
.
0206
-
0
.
0161
-
0
.
0108
-
0
.
0028
0.
0074
0
-
0
.
0004
0
0
I
T
U-
R
0.
1502
0.
1501
0.
15
0.
1497
0.
1492
0.
1485
0.
1484
0.
1492
0.
1494
0.
1495
Std.
DAH
0.
297
0.
2999
0.
3006
0.
3009
0.
3004
0.
2994
0.
2988
0.
298
0.
2984
0.
3006
Dev.
SAM
109.
76
1
109.
76
1
109.
76
1
109.
76
1
109.
76
109.
76
109.
75
9
109.
75
3
107.
85
2
106.
12
M
a
ndeep
0.
5575
0.
5601
0.
5607
0.
561
0.
563
0.
5638
0.
5639
0.
5643
0.
5652
0.
5648
Cr
ane
0.
3104
0.
3127
0.
3132
0.
3135
0.
3148
0.
3151
0.
3152
0.
3132
0.
3141
0.
3138
Br
eakPt.
0.
1243
0.
1256
0.
1263
0.
1268
0.
1273
0.
1271
0.
1273
0.
1273
0.
1273
0.
1273
I
T
U-
R
0.
1502
0.
15
0.
1498
0.
1493
0.
1483
0.
1469
0.
1466
0.
1482
0.
1487
0.
1487
RM
S
DAH
0.
2931
0.
2988
0.
3003
0.
3009
0.
3
0.
2978
0.
2967
0.
2951
0.
2959
0.
3002
SAM
109.
76
109.
76
109.
76
109.
76
109.
75
9
109.
75
8
109.
75
7
109.
74
5
105.
90
82
102.
35
M
a
ndeep
0.
5496
0.
5549
0.
556
0.
5567
0.
5608
0.
5622
0.
5624
0.
5634
0.
5652
0.
5644
Cr
ane
0.
3055
0.
3102
0.
3112
0.
3118
0.
3145
0.
3151
0.
3151
0.
3112
0.
3131
0.
3124
Br
eakPt.
0.
1212
0.
1239
0.
1253
0.
1264
0.
1273
0.
1269
0.
1273
0.
1273
0.
1273
0.
1273
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BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
Abay
omi Isiaka O Yussuff
obtain
ed his
bachelor and m
a
s
t
er’s
degrees
in
Electron
i
c and
Computer Engineering from Lag
o
s State Univer
sity
, Niger
i
a in 1
994 and 2003; and a PhD in
Electri
cal
Engin
eering
from
Universiti
Tekno
log
i
Malay
s
i
a
(UT
M
), Skuda
i, Malay
s
ia
in 2014
.
He is
curren
t
l
y
a res
e
arch
er a
nd lec
t
urer
in
the Depar
t
ment
of Electron
ic
and Computer
Engine
ering,
La
gos
S
t
ate Univ
ers
i
t
y
,
Epe c
a
m
pus
, Nigeria.
His
res
earch a
r
ea of in
teres
t
s
includ
es radio propagation and
rain attenuatio
n
s
t
udies
in the tropics
,
com
puter s
ecuri
t
y
,
electronic
instru
mentation and m
easurements.
He has published a
few pap
e
rs
in int
e
rnat
ional
journals re
lat
e
d
to sate
llit
e ra
in
att
e
nuat
i
on issues in the
tropic
a
l reg
i
ons. He i
s
a m
e
m
b
er of
Nigeria Soci
et
y
of Engineers (NSE) and IEEE;
and licens
e
d b
y
the Council for
Regulation of
Engineering in Nigeria
(COREN).
Nor Hisham H
a
ji Khamis
is
a
s
e
nior le
ctur
er i
n
the Dep
a
rtmen
t
Communicatio
ns Engineer
ing,
Facult
y
of
Electr
ical Engin
eering
Departm
e
nt
,
Universiti
Tekno
lo
gi Malay
s
i
a
, Sku
d
ai, Johor. H
e
received his B.S
c
.E
.E
. from
the
Universit
y
of
E
v
ansville, Indi
an
a, USA in 1988, M.E.Sc.E
.E
.
from the University
of New S
outh Wales, Australia in 1992,
an
d PhD fro
m
UTM in 2005. He
joined UTM in 1989 and currently
is the Head of
Radar Laborator
y
.
He is also the subject
coordinator for the Microwave E
ngineer
ing, RF Microwave Circu
it Design, and
Radar courses at
the f
acul
t
y
. H
e
als
o
le
ads
th
e S
onar and
M
a
rine
Ins
t
rum
e
ntat
ion
Res
ear
ch Grou
p (S
TAR). His
research
interest includ
es antenn
a design
especi
ally
microstrip
an
tenna, microwav
e components,
wireless transmission, and prop
agat
ion s
t
udies
.
Dr. Kham
is
is
a m
e
m
b
er of
Eta Kapp
a Nu
(Electrical Eng
i
n
eering
Honor
So
ciety
,
USA) and
IEEE.
Az
li Yahya
is a
senior lectur
er in
Universiti
Tekn
ologi Mal
a
y
s
ia s
i
nce 1998 un
til n
o
w. He holds
a degree
in Electro Mechan
ical Power Sy
stem
and Master’s Degree in Electro
n
ic Production
from Glamorga
n University
,
UK. He is a
doctorate of Loughborough University
, UK
s
p
ecia
liz
ing in
E
l
ec
tronic
and
El
ectr
i
ca
l Eng
i
ne
e
r
ing. His
ar
eas
o
f
res
ear
ches
ar
e
Analog/Digit
a
l
Circuit Design,
Electrical
Disch
a
rge Machin
ing
and Power Supp
ly
Design.
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