Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
C
om
put
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
4
,
Aug
us
t
201
9
, p
p.
2274
~
2280
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
4
.
pp2274
-
22
80
2274
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
A transit
ion from
manual
to
int
elligent aut
omated
power sy
stem
operatio
n
-
a in
dicati
ve re
view
Ya
m
anap
pa
N.
D
od
d
am
ani
1
,
U. C. K
apa
le
2
1
Governm
ent
Pol
y
technic,
Ind
ia
2
Depa
rt
m
ent
of
Mec
hanica
l
Eng
i
nee
ring
.
S.
G.
Bal
ekundr
i
Insti
tu
te
of
T
ec
hnolog
y
,
Indi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
y
2
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
Jan
16
, 201
9
Accepte
d
Ma
r
4
, 2
01
9
Thi
s
pape
r
rev
i
ews
the
tra
nsit
i
on
of
the
power
sy
st
em
oper
ati
on
from
the
tra
ditiona
l
m
anua
l
m
ode
of
power
sy
st
em
oper
at
ions
to
the
l
eve
l
wher
e
aut
om
at
ion
usin
g
Inte
rne
t
of
Th
ings
(IOT)
and
int
ellige
n
ce
usin
g
Artifi
cial
Inte
lligen
ce
(AI
)
is
implemented.
To
m
ake
th
e
rev
i
ew
pape
r
brie
f
on
l
y
indi
c
at
iv
e
pape
r
s
are
chose
n
to
cove
r
m
ult
ipl
e
po
wer
sy
st
em
oper
at
ion
-
b
ase
d
implementa
t
ion.
Care
is
ta
k
e
n
the
re
is
l
esser
rep
eata
t
ion
of
sim
il
ar
te
chno
log
y
or
a
ppli
c
at
ion
be
re
vie
wed.
Th
e
ind
ic
a
ti
ve
rev
ie
w
is
to
ta
ke
on
l
y
a
rep
r
ese
ntative
li
t
era
tur
e
to
b
y
pass
scrut
ini
z
i
ng
m
ult
ipl
e
li
t
e
rat
ure
s
with
sim
il
ar
objecti
v
e
s
and
m
et
hods.
A
brie
f
rev
i
ew
of
the
slow
tra
n
siti
on
from
the
tr
adi
t
iona
l
to
the
intel
li
gen
t
a
utomate
d
wa
y
of
ca
rr
y
ing
ou
t
po
wer
s
y
stem
oper
ations
li
ke
the
ene
rg
y
audit,
loa
d
for
ecasti
ng,
fau
lt
d
et
e
cti
on,
power
qual
ity
cont
rol
,
sm
art
grid
te
chno
log
y
,
isl
andi
ng
detec
ti
o
n,
ene
r
g
y
m
ana
gement
e
tc
is
discussed.
T
he
Mec
h
ani
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng
Per
spec
ti
v
e
on
the
basis
of
applications
would
b
e
noticed
in
the
pape
r
a
lt
hough
t
he
ene
r
g
y
m
ana
gement and
power
d
el
iv
er
y
conc
ep
ts a
r
e el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ar
ti
fici
al
intel
li
gen
ce
In
te
ll
igent a
utom
at
ion
IOT
Power
syst
em
op
e
rati
ons
Sm
art g
rid
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Yam
anap
pa N.
Doddam
ani
,
Pr
inci
pal,
Gov
ern
m
ent Po
ly
te
chn
ic
,
Be
la
gav
i,
Karn
at
aka,
India
.
Em
a
il
:
yndab
hi
@r
e
diff
m
ai
l.com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Un
li
ke
th
e
usu
al
rev
ie
w
pa
pe
r
w
hich
inten
sifie
s
in
getti
ng
deep
e
r
insi
gh
t
on
a
pa
rtic
ular
do
m
ai
n
or
su
bd
om
ai
n
this
rev
ie
w
pa
per
i
s
ind
ic
at
ive
a
nd
th
us
is
a
broa
d
way
of
glanc
ing
m
ulti
ple
tech
nolo
gies
in
volve
d
in
powe
r
syst
em
op
erati
on
w
hich
le
d
to
a
ut
om
ation
of
the
process.
T
he
m
ot
ivati
on
of
this
re
view
pa
pe
r
is
to
gen
e
rate
a
br
i
ef
ov
e
rtu
re
to
the
tra
ns
it
ion
that
occu
r
red
fr
om
the
m
a
nu
al
po
wer
syst
e
m
op
erati
on
to
the
autom
at
ed
intel
li
gen
t
powe
r
s
yst
e
m
op
erati
ons.
T
he
tra
ns
it
ion
w
hich
highli
gh
ts
the
tr
ansi
ti
on
f
ro
m
m
anu
al
to
fu
ll
y
aut
om
ati
c
powe
r
syst
e
m
op
erati
on
s
is
giv
e
n
im
po
r
ta
nce
rat
her
t
ha
n
detai
li
ng
th
e
dif
fer
e
nt
m
e
thod
s
involve
d
in
the
pow
e
r
syst
em
o
pe
rati
ons a
nd
con
t
ro
l.
Trad
it
io
nal
po
wer
syst
em
op
erati
on
s
,
the
i
nvolv
em
ent
of
hu
m
an
interv
ention
i
n
m
any
m
echan
ic
al
industries
an
d
m
anu
fact
ur
i
ng
ind
ust
ries
for
energy
con
se
r
vation
as
a
n
overall
goal
is
dealt
in
this
sect
ion
.
A
duty
cy
cl
e
-
ba
sed
ene
r
gy
au
dit
with
rate
of
heat
trans
fer
,
t
her
m
os
ta
t
set
tin
gs,
outd
oor
te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
d
aud
it
data
f
r
om
the
hous
e
is
us
ed
to
est
im
at
e
the
load
cu
rv
e
s
of
the
ai
r
c
onditi
oner
.
T
he
var
ia
t
ion
i
n
t
her
m
os
ta
t
for
t
he
a
ud
it
is
not
c
on
si
der
e
d
f
or
the
e
sti
m
at
ion
.
T
he
du
ty
cy
cl
es
a
r
e
easy
to
m
od
el
us
in
g
t
he
outd
oor
tem
per
at
ur
e
is
a
ra
ndom
sam
ple
of
house
ho
l
ds
is
know
n
[
1].
Hou
rly
data
of
the
A
m
erican
an
d
C
anad
ia
n
con
t
ro
l
ar
ea
is
gathe
red
t
o
te
s
t
the
co
ntro
l
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
the
powe
r
network.
T
he
data
gathe
red
w
hile
there
is
disruptio
n
c
ause
d
by
sam
e
netw
ork
(
pri
m
ary)
or
ca
us
ed
by
an
oth
e
r
net
work
(sec
onda
ry)
f
or
both
pe
ak
an
d
off
-
pea
k
load
was
analy
zed
.
The
M
Wh
co
m
po
nen
ts
are
exam
ined
fo
r
t
he
dif
fer
e
nt
scenari
os
by
desi
gn
a
ting
the
value
syst
em
wh
ic
h
woul
d
be
ca
rr
ie
d
f
or
one
-
hour
ti
m
e.
The
dec
om
po
sit
ion
te
c
hn
i
que
use
d
w
ou
l
d
pro
j
ect
the
M
Wh
com
pone
nt
int
o
doll
ar
w
or
t
hs
[2
]
.
T
he
process
of
the
au
dit
in
cl
ud
e
d
t
he
inte
rv
ie
w
with
t
he
pla
nt
office
w
hich
inclu
ded
10
fos
sil
s
fu
el
-
ba
se
d
powe
r
pla
nts
a
long
with
the
s
it
e
insp
ect
io
n,
plant
e
qu
i
pm
e
nt
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A tra
ns
it
ion f
ro
m
ma
nual to
intel
li
gen
t
au
t
omate
d
…
(
Y
amana
ppa
N
. Do
ddam
an
i
)
2275
the
oper
at
ion
al
data
[
3].
T
he
le
vel
of
reli
abi
li
ty
and
the
rate
of
heat
tr
ans
fer
is
im
pr
ove
d
[
3].
A
c
om
pu
te
r
-
base
d
pac
ka
ge
is
dev
el
op
e
d
us
in
g
P
AS
C
A
L
nam
ed
Si
m
ulati
on
f
or
Ma
na
gem
ent,
Con
t
r
ol
a
nd
A
naly
ti
cs
of
Ele
ct
rici
ty
End
–
us
e
(S
IMC
A
-
E
2
)
us
e
d
or
te
sti
ng
,
pe
rfor
m
ance
e
valuati
on
of
dem
and
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
a
nd
c
on
t
ro
l
al
gorithm
s,
PC
base
d
a
naly
sis
f
or
e
ne
rg
y
a
ud
it
,
c
reati
ng
diff
e
re
nt
ge
ne
r
at
ion
patte
rn
a
ccordin
g
t
o
dif
fer
e
nt
load
dem
and
r
equ
i
rem
en
t.
Au
tom
at
ic
log
gi
ng
based
or
m
anu
al
ent
ry
of
data
for
energ
y
aud
it
in
SI
MC
A
-
E
2
pro
du
ces
an ef
fecti
ve glo
bal load cu
r
ve of
t
he
f
aci
li
ty
an
d
l
oad pr
of
il
es th
at
h
ave
p
e
ak
c
oin
ci
de
nce
[4].
The
el
ect
rical
energy
m
ana
gem
ent
(EEM)
co
ns
ide
rin
g
the
reco
m
m
e
nd
e
d
e
n
er
gy
conser
vati
on
gu
i
delines
is
fo
ll
owe
d
on
m
oto
rs,
po
wer
facto
r
an
d
t
ariff
c
ontr
ol
[
5].
T
he
ene
r
gy
aud
it
f
or
e
nergy
conser
vation
i
n
t
he
te
xtil
e
in
du
st
ry
of
t
he
s
ta
te
of
Tam
il
n
adu
a
nd
Ke
ral
a
in
I
nd
ia
with
a
bu
dg
et
co
ns
trai
nt
resu
lt
ed
in
re
duced
e
nergy
c
os
t
al
on
g
with
ecol
og
ic
al
a
dvanta
ge
[6
]
.
T
he
a
udit
inclu
des
e
xam
inatio
n
of
econom
ic
us
age
of
m
oto
rs,
ai
r
conditi
oner
s,
li
gh
ti
ng
in
door
an
d
ou
t
door,
el
ect
rici
ty
bill
patte
rn
,
lo
adin
g
patte
rn,
heati
ng syst
em
an
d v
entil
at
ing
syst
e
m
[
6].
2.
RECE
NT
I
MP
ROVEME
NTS
I
N
PO
WER
SYST
EM
O
PER
A
TI
ONS
I
N
PRO
DUCTIO
N
INDUST
RIES
The
ene
rg
y
a
udit
fo
r
reli
abili
ty
as
the
pr
i
m
e
con
cer
n
w
it
h
i
m
pr
ov
em
ent
of
reli
a
bili
t
y
aud
it
and
annual
repo
rt
gen
e
rati
on
on
reli
abili
ty
in
powe
r
syst
em
i
s
dem
on
strat
e
d
[7
]
.
The
vo
l
ta
ge
c
on
tr
ol,
s
ecur
it
y
al
er
t
syst
e
m
,
c
le
aran
ce
ti
m
e
of
s
hort
ci
rc
uit
fau
lt
,
ad
justi
ng
t
he
f
reque
nc
y
dev
ia
ti
on
a
re
the
fe
w
im
portant
crit
eria
co
ns
id
ered
w
hile
reli
abili
ty
aud
it
[7]
.
Energy
a
ud
it
ing
is
c
ruci
al
wh
e
n
t
he
m
oto
r
in
se
r
vice
is
inclu
de
d
for
accu
racy
e
stim
ation
.
T
he
eff
ic
ie
n
cy
est
i
m
ation
of
t
he
in
-
se
rv
ic
e
m
oto
r
is
dev
el
oped
by
est
im
at
i
ng
t
he
equ
i
valent
ci
rc
uit
par
am
et
ers
of
the
m
oto
r
in
ser
vice
in
corp
or
at
in
g
th
e
bacteria
l
for
agin
g
al
gorith
m
and
com
par
ed wit
h t
he parti
cl
e s
w
arm
o
pti
m
iz
ati
on, a
nt co
l
on
y
op
ti
m
iz
ation
a
nd o
t
her t
rad
it
i
on
al
m
et
hods
[8].
The
bu
il
dings
ei
ther
c
omm
ercial
or
reside
nt
ia
l
com
pr
ise
the
key
portion
of
t
he
ca
rbo
n
footp
rint
in
the
w
orl
d.
A
s
yst
e
m
is
dev
el
op
e
d
nam
ed
as
“EC
vie
w”
fr
a
m
ewo
r
k
w
hich
ex
plo
it
s
t
he
e
xisti
ng
po
wer
us
a
ge
accor
ding
to
the
w
orkf
l
ow
to
pr
e
dict
the
carbon
em
iss
ion
f
ro
m
the
bu
il
di
ng
c
onsideri
ng
the
we
at
he
r
conditi
on in
th
e surr
oundin
gs, com
m
uting
a
nd tra
vel p
at
te
r
ns
a
nd
dynam
i
c re
gu
la
ti
ons
from
g
ov
e
r
nm
ent [
9].
By
colle
ct
ing
dif
fer
e
nt
e
nvir
on
m
ental
and
el
ect
rical
pa
ram
et
ers
and
data
f
rom
di
ff
eren
t
adm
inist
rati
ve
un
it
s
in
the
university
a
Hum
an
Com
pu
te
r
In
te
r
face
(
HC
I)
to
ol
is
dev
e
lop
e
d
that
trac
ks
th
e
ecolo
gical
foo
tprin
t
of
an
insti
tuti
on
a
nd
al
so
in
dicat
e
the
sco
pe
of
i
m
pr
ovem
ent
in
the
f
ootpr
int
[
10]
.
The
ce
ntrali
zat
ion
of
the
re
so
urce
in
f
or
m
at
ion
in
an
i
ns
ti
tuti
on
al
ong
with
t
he
s
ugge
sti
on
syst
e
m
is
dem
on
strat
ed
and
te
ste
d
by
the
us
e
of
the
c
loud
integ
rated
ov
e
rall
m
anage
m
ent
syst
e
m
.
The
detai
ls
of
each
br
a
nc
h
of
t
he
insti
tuti
on
a
re
centrali
zed
to
be
seen
by
the
head
of
the
i
ns
ti
tuti
on
[1
1
]
.
And
vie
wing
of
the
su
m
m
ary of
th
e obser
vatio
n
i
n
the
inter
net i
s possible
.
A
sm
art
gr
id
env
i
ronm
ent
with
the
a
dva
nced
m
et
ering
infrast
r
uctur
e
is
adopte
d
f
or
the
i
ntrusio
n
detect
ion
wh
ic
h
is
a
decisi
on
m
aking
of
the
energy
theft
de
te
ct
ion
from
th
e
infor
m
at
ion
fu
sio
n
obta
ine
d
fr
om
bo
t
h
the
sen
sors
a
nd
t
he
c
onsu
m
ption
da
ta
[12].
T
he
no
n
in
vasive
loa
d
m
on
it
or
i
ng
us
e
d
in
e
ne
rgy
aud
i
t
syst
e
m
is
fu
rth
ered
t
o
act
as
t
he
de
m
and
res
pons
e
im
ple
m
entat
ion
both
i
n
s
of
twa
re
a
nd
hard
war
e
as
pe
ct
,
by
exclusi
ve
scr
utiny
o
f
the
nee
d
of
dem
and
r
esp
on
se
[13].
The
data
ac
quisi
ti
on
m
od
ule
is
connecte
d
to
the
even
t
detect
io
n m
od
ule which
wou
l
d diag
nos
e the
dem
and
re
spon
se
of t
he sy
stem
[
13
]
.
A
novel
hybri
d
cl
assifi
cat
ion
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
us
ed
f
or
cl
ass
ify
ing
the
load
identific
at
ion
for
dif
fer
e
nt
com
bin
at
ion
of
ho
us
e
ho
l
d
a
ppli
ances
us
a
ge
sign
at
ur
es
.
Pa
rtic
le
Sw
arm
Op
ti
m
iz
ation
ba
sed
F
uzzy
C
m
eans
cl
us
te
rin
g
with
Neur
o
-
F
uzzy
cl
assifi
cat
ion
i
s
ap
plied
to
a
ddress
t
he
am
biguit
ie
s
in
th
e
el
ect
rical
sign
at
ure
sense
d [
14]
.
Power
a
udit
of
a
L
E
D
bu
l
b
c
on
si
der
i
ng
the
powe
r
c
on
s
umpti
on
in
LED
waf
e
r,
phosp
hor
coati
ng
a
nd
lam
p
transluce
nt
co
ver
is
ex
per
im
ented
to
fin
d
the
c
riti
cal
area
of
i
m
pr
ov
in
g
the
LED
bulb
des
ign
is
identifie
d
[15]
.
The
Ho
m
e
Energy
Ma
na
gem
ent
Syst
e
m
(EMS)
f
or
dem
and
res
ponse
i
n
a
Sm
art
Gr
i
d
env
i
ronm
ent
us
in
g
non
i
ntru
si
ve
loa
d
m
anag
em
ent
syst
e
m
so
lving
a
m
ulti
-
ob
j
e
ct
ive
in
-
hom
e
pow
e
r
sche
du
li
ng
al
gorithm
is
est
ab
li
sh
ed
us
in
g
t
he
non
-
dom
inate
d
s
or
ti
ng
ge
ne
ti
c
al
go
rithm
–
I
I
without
the
us
e
r
interfe
ren
ce
[1
6].
The
Inf
or
m
at
ion
te
ch
nolo
gy
/
Inform
at
ion
S
yst
e
m
s
inv
est
m
ents
are
gove
rn
e
d
by
the
pa
ram
et
ers
li
ke
the
be
ha
vioral
eco
no
m
ic
s,
causali
ty
,
input
-
outp
ut
e
qu
il
ibri
um
and
c
om
m
on
co
nce
pt
ion
of
re
duct
ion
of
execu
ti
ve
ene
rg
y
f
unct
ion.
A
f
uzzy
co
gn
it
ive
m
ap
is
dev
el
op
e
d
for
the
m
ulti
di
m
e
ns
ion
al
a
nd
no
n
qu
a
ntifia
ble
pr
ob
le
m
o
f
i
nv
es
t
m
ents [
17]
.
To
sat
isfy
t
he
i
ncr
easi
ng
dem
and
an
d
t
o
pro
vid
e
reli
able
e
nergy
the
sync
hro
-
phas
or
unit
s
are
us
e
d
i
n
a
wide
area
m
on
it
ori
ng
an
d
con
t
ro
l
syst
em
s.
Trad
it
io
nal
m
anu
al
ly
dev
e
lop
e
d
ru
le
s
are
no
t
su
it
able
f
or
bu
g
data
pr
ob
le
m
s.
A
syst
em
fo
r
detect
ing
t
he
i
ntr
us
io
n
is
devel
op
e
d
in
volvi
ng
the
c
omm
o
n
path
m
ining
wh
ic
h
i
s
an
ad
va
nced
da
ta
m
ining
te
chn
i
qu
e
t
o
le
ar
n
the
patte
r
n
of
intr
us
io
n
aut
om
atical
ly
fr
om
data
ob
ta
ine
d
f
ro
m
synch
ro phas
or m
easur
e
m
ent u
nit
[1
8].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
4
,
A
ugust
201
9
:
22
74
-
2280
2276
The
c
harge
of
el
ect
rici
ty
is
dep
en
de
nt
on
t
he
bill
ing
rate,
t
hu
s
to
a
void
t
he
irrati
onal
co
nc
ept
the
us
e
and
c
ons
um
pti
on
of
el
ect
rici
t
y
is
util
iz
ed.
Ph
ysi
cal
conditi
on,
eq
uip
m
ent
and
num
ber
of
us
ers
i
n
com
bi
nation
of
the
rate
ty
pe
are
c
onside
r
ed
to
c
ha
nge
t
he
act
io
ns
t
hat
w
ou
l
d
le
a
d
to
re
du
ct
io
n
i
n
t
he
c
os
t
of
bill
ing
is
dem
on
strat
ed
[19
]
.
3.
IOT BASE
D POWE
R
S
YST
EM OPE
RAT
ION
S
IN P
R
O
D
UC
TI
ON I
NDUST
RIES
Lo
w
powe
r
wi
de
area
net
wor
k
(LPWA
N
)
usi
ng
Na
rro
wb
a
nd
I
OT
(
NB
I
OT)
is
intr
oduc
ed
f
or
the
sm
art
gr
id
te
chn
o
l
og
y.
Narr
ow
ba
nd
is
c
ho
s
en
to
av
oid
t
he
traff
ic
that
is
avail
able
in
th
e
crowd
e
d
un
li
cense
d
band.
T
he
pro
po
s
ed
narrow
band
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
is
com
par
ed
with
the
NB
IOT
de
velop
e
d
by
s
pecif
ic
at
ion
and
facil
it
ie
s
of
LTE
[20].
T
he
IO
T
act
s
as
a
pros
pecti
ve
s
olu
t
io
n
in
pow
er
an
d
e
nergy
syst
e
m
s
by
real
tim
e
com
pu
ta
ti
on
c
apab
il
it
ie
s,
higher
sec
uri
ty
,
cl
oud
c
onnecti
vi
ty
and
en
ga
ge
a
seam
le
ss
cooper
at
io
n
betwe
en
the
real
world
a
nd
inter
net
[
21]
.
The
ene
rg
y
m
anag
em
ent
syst
e
m
that
wo
ul
d
pro
vide
the
dy
nam
ic
c
on
t
ro
l
accor
ding
to
the
ge
ner
at
io
n
and
loa
d,
pow
er
qual
it
y
pr
ob
lem
s,
reli
abili
t
y,
cost
and
s
ust
ai
nab
il
it
y
is
p
os
sible
wh
il
e the
IOT
dev
ic
es
are use
d [22].
An
IPV6
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
bas
ed
com
plete
network
of
t
he
I
OT
ba
sed
sm
art
gr
i
d
co
nce
ptu
al
m
od
el
is
dev
el
op
e
d
co
nsi
der
in
g
the
c
on
t
ro
l
de
vices
li
ke
the
s
witc
hes,
capaci
to
r
banks
,
sm
art
sens
or
s,
recl
os
e
rs
a
nd
act
uator
s
as
th
e
obj
ect
[
23]
.
All
the
ob
j
ect
s
are
co
nnect
ed
to
the
ce
ntral
data
centre
fro
m
wh
ere
t
he
c
on
t
ro
l
sign
al
s a
re tra
nsm
it
te
d
back
a
s the
decisi
on
m
aking
.
T
he
IOT
us
ag
e
in
S
uper
visory
Co
ntr
ol
an
d
Data
Ac
quis
it
ion
(
SCA
DA)
a
nd
A
dvanc
ed
Me
te
r
i
ng
Infr
ast
ru
ct
ur
e
(A
MI
)
f
or
ecas
t
the
a
pp
li
cat
ion
i
n
fu
t
ur
e
gri
d
te
c
hnol
og
y.
A
n
intel
li
gen
t
gr
id
a
nd
it
s
m
ai
ntenan
ce
a
nd
dev
el
op
m
ent
need
a
hi
gh
-
pro
file
le
adership
wit
h
good
te
chn
ic
al
w
ork
force
on
the
IO
T
in
order t
o
e
xec
ut
e an
d
m
ai
ntain the im
ple
m
ent
at
ion
[24].
In
te
r
net
P
ro
t
oc
ol
Sm
art
Obje
ct
s
(I
P
SO),
Eu
ropea
n
Tele
c
omm
unic
atio
ns
Standar
ds
Insti
tute
(
ET
SI
),
Zigb
ee
a
re
work
i
ng
on
the
feasi
bili
ty
of
the
po
te
ntial
us
age
o
f
these
te
ch
nolo
gies
on
th
e
IO
T
app
li
cat
io
ns
[
25]
.
T
he
dep
e
ndent
sens
ors
t
hat
cha
nges
it
s
value
s
wit
h
c
hange
i
n
the
ot
her
se
nsors
va
lue
is
identifie
d
by
c
ollec
ti
ng
data
from
the
netw
ork
of
sen
sors,
an
d
updated
in
the
cl
oud
spa
ce,
the
data
wh
i
c
h
cou
l
d
be
us
ed
to
gu
e
ss
the
se
ns
or
val
ue
in
c
ase
of
se
ns
or
f
ai
lure
[26].
T
he
sp
eed
of
upda
ti
on
of
the
ph
ysi
ca
l
data
on
to
the
i
nter
net
is
discu
ssed
f
ollo
wed
b
y
the
su
r
vey
of
f
uture
of
I
O
T
and
it
s
chall
eng
e
s
[27].
A
c
utti
ng
-
edg
e
te
ch
nolo
gy
cal
le
d
Fo
g
com
pu
ti
ng
, w
hi
ch
is
an
i
m
p
le
m
entat
ion
that
us
es
the
en
d
use
r
cl
ie
nts
or
ne
ar
us
e
r
edg
e
de
vices
t
o
us
e
th
os
e
no
des
as
t
he
st
or
a
ge
un
li
ke
us
i
ng
the
cl
ou
d
s
pac
e,
is
disc
us
se
d
[28].
F
og
c
ompu
ti
ng
gu
a
ra
ntees
rea
l
tim
e
decisi
on
m
aking
us
in
g
data
analy
ti
cs
in
IO
T
’s
s
et
up
in
la
r
ge
r
ge
ogra
phic
al
area
s
.
A
theo
reti
cal
m
od
el
of
Fo
g
com
pu
ti
ng
im
plem
entat
ion
i
s
dev
el
op
facil
it
at
ing
the
com
par
ison
betw
een
the
cl
oud
com
pu
ti
ng
platf
or
m
and
infe
rred
th
at
the
ene
rg
y
c
os
t
of
us
in
g
F
og
c
om
pu
ti
ng
woul
d
re
duce
40.
48%
of
the cost
unli
ke wh
il
e
us
in
g
cl
oud
com
pu
ti
ng
[
29
]
.
4.
FRO
M A
RTI
FICI
AL I
NT
E
LL
IGENC
E
TO
AU
TO
M
ATE
D
I
NTEL
LIGE
NC
E
A
dif
fer
e
nt
sec
ur
it
y
pro
blem
that
m
ay
occu
r
al
ong
with
dif
fer
e
nt
secu
rity
te
chnolo
gies
that
can
be
i
m
ple
m
ented
i
s
discuss
e
d
[
30
]
.
The
data
analy
ti
cs
fo
r
t
he
data
colle
c
te
d
ei
ther
in
the
cl
oud
or
t
he
f
og
com
pu
ti
ng
w
ould
nee
d
the
A
rtific
ia
l
In
te
ll
igence
for
in
fer
e
nce
or
decisi
on
m
aking
.
T
he
i
ntell
igent
c
on
tr
ol
of
wind
ene
rg
y
c
onve
rsion
syst
e
m
s
with
fau
lt
patte
rn
ide
ntif
ic
at
ion
of
t
he
Sm
ar
t
Gr
id
syst
e
m
us
ing
A
rtific
ia
l
In
te
ll
igence
on
a r
eal
ti
m
e si
m
ula
tor
is
pr
es
ented [
30
]
.
A
m
achine
intel
li
gen
ce
-
base
d
sh
i
p
na
vig
at
i
on
st
rategy
sel
ect
ion
is
de
vel
op
e
d
to
ha
ve
be
tt
er
energy
eff
ic
ie
ncy
whic
h
inclu
des
t
he
data
e
xpa
ns
io
n,
i
nteg
rity
ver
ific
at
io
n
and
data
re
gr
essi
on
ste
ps
[31].
Applic
at
ion
s
of
intel
li
ge
nc
e
in
the
sm
art
gr
i
d
with
ren
e
wab
le
e
nergy
source
s
us
in
g
sop
his
ti
cat
ed
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
an
d
data
pr
ocessin
g
te
c
hniqu
es
t
o
ha
ve
a
co
ntro
ll
ed
powe
r
qu
al
it
y
and
reli
abili
ty
wh
ic
h
involves
isl
an
ding,
st
or
a
ge
m
anag
em
ent
and
im
po
rtant
autom
at
ion
in
the
po
wer
syst
e
m
is
rev
ie
we
d
[
32]
.
The
stres
s
on
a
dap
ta
ti
on
of
th
e
ren
e
wa
ble
ba
sed
s
ources
a
nd
the
us
a
ge
of
direct
DC
gr
i
d
is
ta
ken
int
o
ac
count
for
the
intel
li
ge
nt
DC
hom
es
co
ns
ide
rin
g
both
i
ntell
igenc
e
an
d
e
nergy
eff
ic
ie
ncy
[33]
.
T
he
vu
l
ner
a
bi
li
t
ie
s
occurri
ng
w
hile
app
ly
in
g
the
intel
li
gen
ce
a
nd
a
ut
om
ation
on
sm
art
gr
id
app
li
cat
io
ns
c
ause
d
by
the
public
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
in
fr
a
struct
ur
e
and the
inter
ne
t
-
base
d
protoc
ols is
discusse
d
in
an
I
OT
e
nvir
on
m
ent [
34]
.
A
s
olu
ti
on
that
av
oid
s
t
he
ba
d
data
detect
io
n
by
est
i
m
at
ing
any
one o
f
t
he
DC
or A
C
sta
te
est
i
m
at
ion
is
pro
po
se
d
[
34]
.
L
oad
f
or
ec
ast
ing
is
a
ppli
ed
incl
ud
i
ng
the
c
om
plex
exter
nal
fact
or
s
li
ke
the
cl
im
at
e
a
nd
so
ci
al
conven
t
ion
us
i
ng
the
deep
le
ar
ning
te
chnolo
gies
in
I
O
T
for
accurate
f
utu
re
lo
ad
est
i
m
at
ion
[35]
.
Sens
i
ng
syst
e
m
s
adv
ancem
e
nt
to
c
on
tr
ol
t
he
ene
r
gy
flo
w
di
recti
on
i
n
the
gri
d
e
ff
ic
ie
ntly
,
abidi
ng
t
he
IE
EE
sta
nd
a
rd
1459
-
2010
f
or
a
naly
zi
ng
the
volt
ag
e
and
c
urre
nt
sign
al
s,
by
m
ea
ns
of
a
pp
ly
in
g
the
su
it
able
de
ci
sion
crit
eria
us
i
ng
t
he
IO
T
im
ple
m
entat
ion
[
36]
.
A
c
o
sim
ulato
r
is
dev
el
op
e
d
to
e
valuate
diff
e
re
nt
I
OT
ai
de
d
con
t
ro
l
al
gorit
hm
s,
fo
r
sch
ed
uling
t
he
energy
consum
ption
w
hich
ca
n
be
i
m
ple
m
ented
by
util
it
y
co
m
pan
ie
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A tra
ns
it
ion f
ro
m
ma
nual to
intel
li
gen
t
au
t
omate
d
…
(
Y
amana
ppa
N
. Do
ddam
an
i
)
2277
and
strat
egy
in
it
ia
tor
[37].
By
ap
plyi
ng
th
e
I
OT
te
ch
nolo
gy
the
co
ntext
a
w
are
te
ch
no
l
ogy
is
de
velo
ped
whi
c
h
would
us
e
the
s
m
art
m
et
ers
to
fin
d
out
the
flow
e
ne
rg
y
f
ro
m
the
gr
id
a
nd
t
o
the
gri
d
from
the
ren
ewabl
e
energy
produc
ed
f
r
om
the
hom
es
instal
le
d
with
e
nv
i
ronm
ent
f
rien
dly
po
wer
ge
ner
at
or
s
.
A
day
a
hea
d
pr
ic
i
ng
schem
e is dev
e
lop
e
d by the
use
of the
d
y
nam
ic
p
rici
ng sc
he
m
e in an
opti
m
iz
at
ion
dual
prob
le
m
[
38]
.
An
i
nterfac
e
betwee
n
the
AI
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
a
nd
t
he
EMS
f
o
r
i
ntell
igent
al
arm
processi
ng,
fau
lt
dia
gnos
is
an
d
po
wer
syst
e
m
restor
at
io
n
are
pre
se
nted
f
or
a
powe
r
syst
e
m
m
od
el
an
d
th
ree
differen
t
EMS
arc
hitec
ture
is
de
velo
pe
d
f
or
a
c
omm
on
syst
em
[3
9].
The
re
is
a
co
gn
it
ive
ba
rr
ie
r
that
is
face
d
by
m
os
t
of
the
powe
r
s
yst
e
m
op
erators
du
e
the
la
r
ge
inru
s
h
of
da
ta
fr
om
the
diff
e
ren
t
po
rtion
of
the
powe
r
sys
tem
wh
il
e
there
is
an
em
erg
ency.
A
relay
fau
lt
diagnosis
syst
e
m
is
i
ll
us
trat
ed
us
in
g
the
AI
w
hich
s
olve
s
the
decisi
on m
aking
barrier
w
hich
o
cc
urred d
uri
ng the
usage
of t
rad
it
io
nal num
erical
m
e
tho
d
[
40
]
.
The
li
te
ratur
e
rev
ie
w
of
di
fferent
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
of
A
I
to
ol
s
us
ed
i
n
the
powe
r
in
du
st
ry
in
Japa
n,
pro
ving
that
Japan
wer
e
m
or
e
wides
pr
ea
d
in
app
ly
ing
Ar
ti
fici
al
In
te
ll
igence
by
ci
tin
g
pap
e
rs
that
wer
e
dev
el
op
e
d
by
the
industry
people
an
d
colla
borati
ve
researc
h
in
volvin
g
in
dustry
[
41]
.
A
c
oo
per
at
i
ng
arch
i
te
ct
ure
ca
ll
ed
co
operati
ve
intel
li
ge
nt
real
tim
e
con
t
ro
l
a
rc
hitec
tur
e
(CIRC
A)
w
hich
com
pen
s
at
es
the
reacti
vity
issue
of
the
A
I
by
creati
ng
real
ti
m
e
su
bs
yst
em
s
f
or
a
bette
r
pe
rfor
m
ance
go
al
s
includi
ng
pr
eci
sion,
com
plete
ness
of
ou
t
pu
t a
nd ti
m
el
iness [
42]
.
An
A
rtific
ia
l
Neural
Net
wor
k
(
A
NN)
base
d
loa
d
forecast
ing
c
onside
rin
g
the
relat
io
n
betwee
n
the
load
a
nd
t
he
te
m
per
at
ur
e
gi
ve
n
the
seas
on,
da
y
ty
pe,
hour
of
t
he
day
is
i
m
ple
m
ented
th
at
would
forec
ast
th
e
load
befo
re
24
hours
[
43
]
.
Th
e
dynam
ic
load
m
od
el
in
g
of
t
he
po
wer
syst
em
fo
r
ca
rr
yi
ng
ou
t
sta
bili
ty
analy
sis
is
i
m
ple
m
ente
d
by
usi
ng
the
ANN
[44].
A
c
om
pu
te
r
pro
gra
m
that
w
ou
l
d
fin
d
the
pr
ob
le
m
s
du
e
to
ha
r
m
on
ic
s
by
getti
ng
the
inputs
li
ke
the
top
ol
ogy,
eq
ui
pm
ent,
ty
pe
a
nd
rati
ngs,
po
we
r
sig
nat
ur
e,
sy
m
pto
m
s,
op
erati
ng
pr
act
ic
es
et
c.
,
us
in
g
the
ex
pe
rt
syst
e
m
i
m
plem
entat
ion
us
in
g
AI
[
45
]
.
An
opti
m
a
l
on
li
ne
rea
ct
ive
powe
r
con
t
ro
l
te
c
hn
i
que
is
im
ple
m
e
nted
by
c
on
si
de
rin
g
an
unce
rtai
n
reacti
ve
lo
ad
a
pp
li
ed
.
ANN
e
nh
a
nce
d
by
fu
zzy
set
s is u
se
d
t
o determ
ine the
m
e
m
ber
sh
ip
of
the c
on
t
ro
l
va
r
ia
bles f
or d
if
fe
ren
t l
oad cha
nges
[46].
The
volt
age
c
ol
la
ps
e
is
pr
e
dicte
d
us
in
g
AI
du
e
t
o
the
vul
ner
a
bili
ty
on
powe
r
syst
em
,
wh
ic
h
cause
s
local
volt
age
i
ns
ta
bili
ty
and
secur
it
y
issues
.
The
i
nd
ic
es
of
volt
age
sec
ur
it
y
and
the
l
oc
al
vo
lt
age
c
oll
apse
is
pr
e
dicte
d
with
hig
h
r
obust
ne
ss,
by
giv
i
ng
t
he
real
powe
r,
reacti
ve
powe
r
and
vo
lt
a
ge
(
PQV)
s
urface
as
the
input
to
the
AI
[47].
The
m
anu
al
super
visio
n
of
the
powe
r
s
yst
e
m
is
auto
m
at
ed
by
ap
plyi
ng
t
he
A
I
te
ch
nique
whi
c
h
not
onl
y
con
si
der
s
t
he
local
fau
lt
c
le
aran
ce
bu
t
a
lso
supe
rv
ise
s
the
volt
age
l
evels,
har
m
on
ic
s
an
d
powe
r
fact
or of the
d
esi
red sta
te
w
hile m
aking the
decisi
on
unli
ke
the
m
a
nu
al
super
visio
n [48].
The
AI
m
od
e
l
for
no
n
para
m
et
ric
app
r
oa
ch
cal
le
d
as
ada
ptiv
e
Ba
c
k
P
ropa
gation
netw
ork
i
s
inco
rpor
at
e
d
f
or
a
pp
ly
in
g
the
load
m
od
el
ing
fo
r
tra
ns
ie
nt
st
abili
ty
analy
sis
,
wh
ic
h
ga
ve
accurate
resem
blance
with
the
act
ua
l
fiel
d
te
st
data
in
a
syst
e
m
in
china
[
49
]
.
Re
placi
ng
the
m
easur
em
ent
-
base
d
load
m
od
el
ing
wh
ic
h
on
ly
c
oncent
rates
on
the
sym
m
e
tric
al
disturba
nce
i
n
th
ree
phases
an
a
sym
m
et
ri
cal
load
m
od
el
ing
is
dev
el
op
e
d
without
the
us
e
of
e
xtra
data
acqu
isi
ti
on
eq
uip
m
ents.
A
t
oo
l
cal
le
d
C
O
MTR
AD
E
is
us
e
d
t
o
acqu
i
re
data an
d
in
fer t
he
a
sym
m
e
tric
al
load m
od
el
ing
[50].
A
DS
T
ATC
O
M
co
ntro
l
bas
ed
on
arti
fici
a
l
i
m
m
un
e
syst
e
m
(A
I
S)
f
or
rob
us
t
co
ntr
ol
in
orde
r
to
m
ai
ntain
the
c
on
sta
nt
volt
age
at
the
PCC
f
or
el
i
m
inati
ng
t
he
power
qual
it
y
issue
due
to
pulse
loa
ds
in
the
on
sh
ip
el
ect
ric
s
yst
e
m
[5
1].
A
DS
P
base
d
im
ple
m
entat
ion
of
the
A
NN
con
t
ro
ll
ed
U
nified
P
ow
e
r
Q
ualit
y
Condit
ion
e
r
(
UPQC)
is
devel
op
e
d
wh
ic
h
is
trai
ned
fro
m
the
logge
d
data
recei
ved
from
the
PI
c
on
t
ro
ll
e
r
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n [52] f
or p
e
rfor
m
ance im
pr
ovem
ent.
Fu
zzy
inf
e
re
nc
e syst
e
m
o
r
Gen
et
ic
A
lg
or
it
hm
is u
sed
to d
e
velo
p
the g
ai
n param
et
er esti
m
at
ion
in
the
autom
at
ic
generati
on
c
on
tr
ol
(A
GC)
in
t
he
load
f
re
quency
con
t
ro
l
(LFC)
m
aking
a
balance
be
tween
gen
e
rati
on
an
d
dem
and
[
53]
.
AI
S
base
d
c
on
trolle
r
f
or
the
ge
ner
at
or
e
xcita
ti
on
syst
em
to
com
pen
sat
e
th
e
high
energy
loa
ds
.
The
pa
ram
et
er
for
the
c
ontr
oller
is
opti
m
i
zed
f
or
the
be
st
con
t
ro
l
act
ion
on
the
ge
ne
rato
r
excit
at
ion
co
nt
ro
ll
er
du
rin
g
the
distu
rb
a
nce
s
[54].
Gen
et
i
c
Algorithm
b
ased
opti
m
a
l
l
ay
ou
t
of
the
offs
hore
wind
fa
rm
al
o
ng
with
the
li
ne
co
nnect
ion
topolo
gy
opti
m
iz
ed
us
in
g
a
nt
colo
ny
opti
m
iz
at
ion
al
go
r
it
h
m
.
The
te
ch
nique
pro
po
ses
an
e
f
fici
ent
an
d
eco
no
m
ic
al
wind
f
arm
[5
5].
Th
e
dynam
ic
char
act
erist
ic
s
of
th
e
loa
d
wh
ic
h
is
extre
m
el
y
no
n
li
nea
r
an
d
tim
e
var
yi
ng
an
d
th
us
m
us
t
be
m
od
el
ed
accu
ratel
y.
An
Im
pr
oved
Partic
le
Sw
arm
O
ptim
i
zat
ion
(
IP
S
O)
par
am
et
er
est
i
m
at
ion
m
et
ho
d
is
us
e
d
to
a
ccur
at
el
y
deter
m
ine
the
load
m
od
el
us
in
g
A
I
base
d
loa
d
m
od
el
ing
[
56]
.
Actu
at
or
a
nd
se
nso
r
fa
ult
detect
ion
with
lo
w
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
al
cost
is
dev
el
op
e
d
us
in
g
a
no
vel
AI
m
et
ho
d
wh
ic
h
us
es
sin
gle
fa
ul
t
de
te
ct
ion
est
i
m
at
or
instea
d
of
bank
of
est
i
m
at
or
s
e
m
plo
ye
d
in
tr
aditi
on
al
m
et
h
od
s
[57
].
The
l
it
eratur
e
ta
lks
about
the
dif
fe
ren
t
intel
li
gen
t
te
chn
iq
ues
th
at
can
be used
to gath
er d
ee
pe
r
m
eaning
of the
big d
at
a o
btaine
d from
d
iffer
e
nt s
ource li
ke
physi
cal
so
c
ia
l an
d
c
yber
env
i
ronm
ent
[5
8].
A
rand
om
m
at
rix
theo
ry
-
ba
sed
im
ple
m
entat
ion
f
or
big
data
a
naly
ti
cs
on
a
sm
art
gri
d
powe
r
syst
e
m
is
carried
out
with
sit
uation
awar
e
ness
se
nsi
ti
vity
and
feasibil
it
y
to
be
i
m
pl
e
m
ented
on
real
tim
e
s
m
art
gr
id
syst
em
s
[5
9]
.
Ar
ti
fici
al
i
m
m
un
e
syst
e
m
(A
IS)
ba
sed
lo
ad
f
or
ecast
in
g
is
i
m
ple
m
ented
an
d
com
par
ed
with
the
neu
ral
ne
twork
,
auto
regressive
integ
ra
te
d
m
ov
in
g
av
erag
e
,
and
e
xpon
e
ntial
s
m
oo
thi
ng
m
et
ho
ds an
d f
ound to
b
e
do
m
inati
ng
in
p
e
r
form
ance [
60]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
4
,
A
ugust
201
9
:
22
74
-
2280
2278
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
A
bri
ef
rev
ie
w
of
li
te
rature
involvin
g
t
he
tra
diti
on
al
way
of
po
wer
syst
em
op
e
rati
on
in
m
anu
fact
ur
i
ng
an
d
m
echan
ic
al
industries,
a
nd
a
slo
w
im
pr
ovem
ent
to
th
e
ad
van
ce
d
po
wer
syst
e
m
operati
on
m
et
ho
ds
are
i
ntr
oduce
d.
Th
e
power
syst
em
op
erati
ons
li
ke
the
ener
gy
aud
it
,
load
forecast
in
g,
e
nergy
m
anag
em
ent,
load
m
od
el
in
g,
sm
art
gr
id,
load
fr
e
quency
con
t
ro
l,
pow
er
qual
it
y
i
m
p
rovem
ent,
m
icr
ogr
i
d
app
li
cat
io
ns
ar
e
the
fe
w
that
are
analy
zed
t
o
reali
ze
the
tr
ansiti
on
from
t
he
tra
diti
on
al
way
of
po
wer
syst
e
m
op
e
rati
on
t
o
th
e
power
syst
e
m
op
erati
on
carried
ou
t
usi
ng
ad
van
ce
d
int
el
li
gen
t
based,
IO
T
bas
ed
a
nd
Bi
g
data
-
based
ope
rati
on
s
.
T
his
is
an
in
dicat
ive
rev
ie
w
w
hich
giv
es
the
rea
der
a
view
of
how
well
the
powe
r
syst
e
m
o
per
at
i
on in
i
ndus
trie
s can
b
e
au
t
oma
te
d
intel
li
gen
t
ly
in
f
utu
re
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
J.
H.
Ree
d,
R.
P.
Broadwa
te
r
,
A.
Chandra
seka
ran
,
and
A.
Oka,
"P
red
ic
ti
ng
Ai
r
Condit
ione
r
L
oad
Curves
from
Ene
rg
y
Audi
t
D
at
a
:
A
Com
par
is
on
of
Predi
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ult
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ed
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blicati
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i
n
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g
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nc
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Elec
&
C
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p
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A tra
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it
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ma
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li
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t
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t
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d
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Y
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ca
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cul
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m
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m
m
et
ric
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m
et
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t
an
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ons
in
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e
lectr
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c
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fi
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a
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int
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ad
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ration
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apt
iv
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trol
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r
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nsm
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sy
stem
pl
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la
rg
e
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sca
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rm
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rs
using
an
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par
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l
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big
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a
rch
i
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c
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e
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for
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art
gr
ids
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on
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i
al
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te
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BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Yaman
ap
pa
N
.
Dod
daman
i
cur
ren
tly
work
ing
as
the
Prin
ci
p
al
in
Governt
m
en
t
Pol
y
technic,
Bel
ag
avi
,
has
2
6
y
ea
rs
of
t
ea
c
hing
exp
eri
en
ce
at
diffe
r
ent
le
v
el
s
comple
te
d
h
is
M.
T
ec
h
i
n
Nati
ona
l
Instit
ut
e
of
Te
chnol
og
y
in
the
y
ea
r
200
4
and
cur
ren
tly
pursuing
his
Ph
D
in
El
ec
tr
ical
Engi
ne
eri
ng
in
VTU
Bel
aga
v
i.
His
rese
arc
h
int
ere
sts
are
ene
rg
y
audit
a
nd
m
ec
hani
cal
engi
ne
eri
ng,
Int
e
rne
t
of
Th
ings (
I
OT).
Dr.
U.
C.
Kapale
,
has
pursued
B.
E.
(Mec
h
.
;
19
88),
M.
E.
(The
r
m
al
Pow
er
Eng
g.
;
1994)
from
PDA
Coll
ege
of
Engg.
,
K
al
burgi
,
and
Ph.
D.
(He
at
Pow
er;
2007)
from
MNNIT
,
Alla
hab
ad.
H
e
has
30
y
ears
of
te
a
chi
ng
and
0
1
-
y
e
ar
industri
a
l
expe
r
ie
nc
e.
He
has
cont
r
ibuted
12
rese
arc
h
pape
rs
in
Inte
r
nat
ion
al
journal
and
04
rese
ar
ch
pape
rs
in
Nati
on
al
journal.
At
pr
ese
nt
08
ca
ndid
at
es
are
p
ursuing
Ph.
D.
under
his
guid
a
nce
and
pre
sen
tly
working
as
Profess
or,
Hea
d
,
Mec
h.
Engg.
an
d
Dea
n
(Aca
d
.
)
at
SS
ET
’S.
S.
G
.
Ba
le
kundri
Ins
ti
tute
of
T
ec
hnol
og
y
,
Be
la
g
avi
,
Karna
ta
k
a.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.