I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l
J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
4
6
3
1
~
4
6
3
8
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
10
i
5
.
pp
4
6
3
1
-
4
6
3
8
4631
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JE
C
E
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
M
g
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:
T
b
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
i
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
um
i
n
o
u
s
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
a
n
d
c
o
l
o
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
m
u
l
t
i
-
c
h
i
p
wh
i
t
e
L
E
D
s
Ng
uy
en
T
h
i P
hu
o
ng
L
o
a
n
1
,
Ng
uy
en
Do
a
n Q
uo
c
An
h
2
1
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
2
,
P
o
sts
a
n
d
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s In
sti
tu
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
V
ietn
a
m
2
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
Re
se
a
rc
h
G
ro
u
p
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
T
o
n
Du
c
T
h
a
n
g
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
V
ietn
a
m
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
No
v
1
3
,
2
0
1
9
R
ev
i
s
ed
Ma
r
1
3
,
2
0
2
0
A
cc
ep
ted
Ma
r
2
7
,
2
0
2
0
In
th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
r,
w
e
in
tro
d
u
c
e
d
y
e
ll
o
w
-
g
re
e
n
M
g
Ce
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
a
s
a
n
e
w
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
in
g
re
d
ien
t
to
a
d
a
p
t
to
th
e
q
u
a
li
ty
re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts
o
n
th
e
c
h
ro
m
a
ti
c
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
e
it
y
a
n
d
e
m
it
ted
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
m
o
d
e
rn
m
u
lt
i
-
c
h
ip
w
h
it
e
L
ED
li
g
h
ts
(M
CW
-
L
E
Ds
).
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
f
ro
m
e
x
p
e
rime
n
ts
a
n
d
sim
u
latio
n
sh
o
w
th
a
t
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
M
g
Ce
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
c
a
n
lea
d
to
m
u
c
h
b
e
tt
e
r
o
p
ti
c
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
a
n
d
th
e
re
f
o
re
is
a
p
e
r
f
e
c
t
su
p
p
o
r
ti
n
g
m
a
t
e
rial
to
a
c
h
iev
e
th
e
g
o
a
ls
o
f
th
e
re
se
a
rc
h
.
W
h
e
n
th
e
M
g
Ce
A
l
11
O
19
:
T
b
3+
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
is
a
d
d
e
d
in
t
o
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
ru
s
c
o
m
p
o
site
w
h
ich
a
lrea
d
y
c
o
n
tain
s
YA
G
:
Ce
3+
p
a
rti
c
les
,
a
n
d
th
e
sili
c
o
n
e
g
lu
e
,
it
a
ff
e
c
ts
th
e
o
p
ti
c
a
l
p
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s
sig
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
.
In
o
t
h
e
r
w
o
r
d
s
,
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
c
a
n
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
lu
m
e
n
o
u
tp
u
t
a
n
d
c
h
r
o
m
a
ti
c
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
e
it
y
o
f
W
L
ED
s.
In
sp
e
c
if
ic,
a
s
th
e
c
o
n
c
e
n
trati
o
n
o
f
M
g
Ce
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
g
o
u
p
,
t
h
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
y
i
e
ld
w
il
l
in
c
re
a
se
a
c
c
o
rd
in
g
ly
,
th
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
re
is
a
n
in
sig
n
if
ica
n
t
d
e
c
re
a
s
e
in
CQS.
M
o
re
o
v
e
r,
if
th
e
M
g
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:
T
b
3+
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
re
d
u
c
e
a
li
tt
le
b
it
,
it
is
p
o
ss
ib
le
to
b
e
t
ter
th
e
c
o
rre
late
d
c
o
lo
r
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
u
n
if
o
r
m
it
y
a
n
d
lu
m
e
n
e
ff
ic
a
c
y
o
f
L
ED
p
a
c
k
a
g
e
s.
In
a
d
d
it
i
o
n
,
th
e
M
ie
sc
a
tt
e
rin
g
th
e
o
ry
,
M
o
n
te
Ca
rl
o
sim
u
latio
n
a
n
d
L
ig
h
tT
o
o
ls
8
.
3
.
2
s
o
f
twa
re
a
re
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
to
a
n
a
ly
z
e
a
n
d
sim
u
late
th
e
L
ED
p
a
c
k
a
g
e
s’ stru
c
tu
re
a
s w
e
ll
a
s th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
s
ca
le
L
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
Mg
C
e
Al
11
O
19
:Tb
3+
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
t
h
eo
r
y
W
L
E
Ds
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
2
0
I
n
stit
u
te o
f
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ng
u
y
e
n
Do
an
Q
u
o
c
A
n
h
,
P
o
w
er
S
y
s
te
m
Op
ti
m
izatio
n
R
esear
ch
Gr
o
u
p
,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
E
lectr
ical
a
n
d
E
lect
r
o
n
ics E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
T
o
n
Du
c
T
h
an
g
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
,
No
.
1
9
Ng
u
y
e
n
Hu
u
T
h
o
Stre
et,
T
an
P
h
o
n
g
W
ar
d
,
Dis
tr
ict
7
,
Ho
C
h
i M
i
n
h
C
it
y
,
Viet
n
a
m
.
E
m
ail:
n
g
u
y
en
d
o
an
q
u
o
ca
n
h
@
td
tu
.
ed
u
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
W
h
ite
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
i
tti
n
g
d
io
d
es
(
W
L
E
Ds)
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
p
o
ten
tial
li
g
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
t
h
at
c
an
f
u
l
f
i
ll
th
e
f
as
tid
io
u
s
ill
u
m
i
n
atio
n
m
ar
k
et
j
u
s
t
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
y
ar
e
ad
v
an
tag
eo
u
s
in
co
m
p
ac
t
s
ize,
en
er
g
y
s
a
v
i
n
g
,
eco
-
f
r
ie
n
d
l
y
,
a
n
d
lo
n
g
li
f
e
s
p
an
.
T
h
is
also
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
w
h
y
W
L
E
D
s
h
a
v
ea
w
id
esp
r
ea
d
ap
p
licatio
n
o
v
er
th
e
h
u
m
an
li
f
e
th
e
s
ed
a
y
s
,
f
r
o
m
b
ac
k
li
g
h
tin
g
to
s
tr
ee
t
a
n
d
in
d
o
o
r
lig
h
ti
n
g
s
[1
-
3
]
.
Up
to
n
o
w
,
th
e
m
e
th
o
d
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
co
m
m
er
cial
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
co
n
v
er
ted
W
L
E
D
s
i
s
co
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
l
u
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
s
a
n
d
y
ello
w
Y
3
Al
5
O
12
:
C
e
3+
(
Y
AG:C
e
3+
)
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
w
it
h
o
r
g
a
n
ic
r
esi
n
s
[
4
,
5
]
.
Nev
er
th
eles
s
,
w
h
e
n
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
ic
en
ca
p
s
u
lan
t
s
is
ap
p
lied
to
h
i
g
h
-
p
o
w
er
W
L
E
D
s
,
it s
h
o
w
s
p
o
o
r
th
er
m
al
a
n
d
p
h
o
to
n
ic
s
tab
il
it
y
,
m
a
y
w
an
e
ea
s
il
y
an
d
t
u
r
n
s
y
ello
w
a
f
ter
u
s
i
n
g
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
ti
m
e.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
is
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
ef
f
icac
y
(
L
E
)
,
th
e
ch
r
o
m
atic
q
u
alit
y
,
a
n
d
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
6
,
7
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
is
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
Y
AG:C
e
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
w
h
ic
h
h
a
s
r
ef
r
a
ctiv
e
i
n
d
ex
at
ab
o
u
t
1
.
8
3
,
th
at
o
f
t
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
ic
en
ca
p
s
u
lan
t
s
is
lo
w
er
as
its
v
alu
e
is
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
1
.
5
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
ca
u
s
e
s
th
e
r
ef
lec
tio
n
lo
s
s
to
h
ap
p
en
an
d
as a
r
esu
lt,
t
h
e
e
m
itted
lig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles ar
e
d
o
w
n
g
r
ad
ed
[8
,
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
4
6
3
1
-
4638
4632
O
w
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
a
t
d
i
s
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
i
c
e
n
c
a
p
s
u
l
a
n
t
s
,
a
n
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
c
a
l
l
e
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
in
-
g
l
a
s
s
(
P
iG)
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
o
p
r
ep
a
r
e
P
iG
,
g
lass
p
o
w
d
er
s
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
s
in
ter
ed
at
a
lo
w
-
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
(
<8
0
0
°C
)
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
P
iG
as
a
p
o
ten
tial
l
u
m
i
n
e
s
ce
n
t
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
o
w
e
r
W
L
E
Ds
as
it
h
a
s
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
es
s
,
h
i
g
h
t
h
er
m
al
s
t
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
lo
w
t
h
er
m
al
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
[
1
0
-
1
5
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
g
lass
m
atr
i
x
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
a
h
i
g
h
r
e
f
r
a
ctiv
e
i
n
d
ex
f
o
r
th
e
P
iG
co
n
v
er
ter
b
y
ad
d
in
g
h
ig
h
p
o
lar
izab
le
io
n
s
.
L
ast
y
ea
r
,
w
e
s
u
cc
ee
d
ed
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
Y
A
G:
C
e
3+
b
ased
P
iG
co
n
v
e
r
ter
b
y
e
m
b
ed
d
in
g
th
e
y
el
lo
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Y
A
G:C
e
3+
w
it
h
b
o
r
o
s
ilicate
g
las
s
u
s
i
n
g
s
cr
ee
n
-
p
r
in
ti
n
g
an
d
lo
w
-
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
s
i
n
ter
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ca
n
y
ield
co
o
l
w
h
ite
l
ig
h
t
w
it
h
th
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
lu
m
e
n
e
f
f
ic
ac
y
,
co
r
r
elate
d
co
lo
r
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
(
C
C
T
)
,
an
d
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
i
n
d
ex
(
C
R
I
)
o
f
1
1
4
lm
/W
,
5
5
2
4
K
a
n
d
6
9
,
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
el
y
[
1
6
,
1
7
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
i
s
Y
A
G:
C
e
3+
P
iG
d
o
es
n
o
t
g
e
n
er
ate
tr
u
e
w
h
ite
lig
h
t
h
av
i
n
g
h
ig
h
C
R
I
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
lig
h
t
is
s
h
o
r
t
o
f
r
ed
lig
h
t
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
T
o
f
u
l
f
ill
t
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
en
h
an
ci
n
g
th
e
C
R
I
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
u
lti
-
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
P
iG,
w
h
ic
h
is
in
v
en
ted
b
y
h
a
v
in
g
r
ed
C
aA
l
SiN
3
:E
u
2+
(
C
A
SN
:Eu
2+
)
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
ad
d
ed
in
to
th
e
g
la
s
s
m
atr
i
x
[
1
8
-
2
0
]
.
Yet,
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
ticea
b
le
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
P
iG:
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
t
h
er
m
al
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
co
-
s
in
ter
i
n
g
o
n
i
t,
an
d
th
e
i
n
ter
f
ac
ia
l
r
ea
ctio
n
it
ca
u
s
ed
to
th
e
g
la
s
s
m
atr
i
x
.
T
h
ese
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
p
r
o
b
ab
l
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
q
u
an
t
u
m
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
[
2
1
,
2
2
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
l
y
,
w
h
en
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
P
iG
co
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
f
lat
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
th
e
to
tal
in
ter
n
al
r
ef
lectio
n
(
T
I
R
)
at
th
e
g
lass
-
a
ir
in
ter
f
ac
e
also
ex
it
s
as
th
e
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
i
n
d
ex
e
s
o
f
g
las
s
an
d
air
ar
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t; a
n
d
as a
r
esu
lt,
t
h
e
lo
s
s
o
f
li
g
h
t tr
a
p
p
ed
in
th
e
r
e
m
o
te
-
t
y
p
e
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e
o
cc
u
r
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
ai
m
o
f
T
I
R
lo
s
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
lig
h
t
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t,
th
e
m
icr
o
/n
a
n
o
p
atter
n
ed
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
w
er
e
w
id
el
y
ap
p
lied
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
tl
y
,
t
h
er
e
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
m
an
y
s
tr
ate
g
ies
s
u
g
g
ested
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
p
atter
n
ed
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
lit
h
o
g
r
ap
h
y
[
2
3
]
,
p
h
o
t
o
r
esis
t
r
e
f
lo
w
,
d
ir
ec
t
la
s
er
w
r
iti
n
g
,
a
n
d
i
n
k
j
et
i
m
p
r
in
t
in
g
[
2
4
]
.
B
u
t
in
f
ac
t,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
t
h
o
s
e
s
t
r
ateg
ies
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
at
least
o
n
e
p
h
o
to
lith
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
s
tep
w
h
ic
h
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
u
c
h
m
o
n
e
y
a
n
d
ti
m
e
to
d
o
as
w
ell
a
s
lead
s
to
h
ea
v
y
p
o
ll
u
tio
n
.
I
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
ig
h
p
r
ec
is
e
p
atter
n
ed
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
b
y
d
ir
ec
t
laser
w
r
iti
n
g
,
b
u
t
it
is
h
ig
h
-
co
s
t
an
d
i
m
p
r
ac
tica
lf
o
r
m
a
s
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
An
o
th
er
m
e
th
o
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
co
v
er
th
e
d
is
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
is
i
n
k
j
et
p
r
in
tin
g
o
w
in
g
to
it
s
ad
v
a
n
t
ag
es
in
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
m
as
k
-
les
s
,
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le,
an
d
lo
w
-
co
s
t.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
o
f
t
h
is
m
e
th
o
d
is
t
h
e
l
i
m
itatio
n
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
i
n
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
lar
g
e
f
ea
t
u
r
e
s
iz
e.
H
en
ce
,
to
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
ll
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
t
h
e
Y
A
G:
C
e
3+
P
iG
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
t
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
,
th
er
e
is
a
b
ig
ch
alle
n
g
e
i
n
ch
o
o
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
le
x
ib
le
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ap
p
l
y
.
On
t
h
e
h
a
n
d
,
ch
o
o
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
u
itab
le
W
L
E
D
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
is
also
an
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
d
ec
is
io
n
a
s
it
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
q
u
a
lit
y
e
v
al
u
atio
n
o
f
W
L
E
D.
R
e
g
a
r
d
in
g
t
h
i
s
s
u
b
j
ec
t,
th
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
if
f
er
en
t
alter
atio
n
s
th
at
ac
h
iev
ed
ce
r
tai
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
th
e
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
u
tili
z
atio
n
i
n
m
a
n
y
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
co
lo
r
q
u
al
it
y
o
f
W
h
ite
L
E
D
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
at
clai
m
ed
th
e
t
w
o
e
s
s
e
n
tial
q
u
alit
y
i
n
d
i
ca
to
r
s
o
f
W
L
E
D,
C
R
I
an
d
l
u
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t,
ca
n
b
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
w
it
h
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
co
n
v
ex
-
d
u
al
-
la
y
er
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
g
eo
m
etr
y
co
n
tai
n
i
n
g
th
e
r
ed
-
e
m
i
tti
n
g
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Mg
8
Ge
2
O
11
F
2
:Mn
4+
.
T
h
e
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
w
it
h
f
lat
d
u
al
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
e
r
s
ar
e
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
b
e
ef
f
icien
t
i
n
en
h
a
n
cin
g
W
L
E
D,
esp
ec
iall
y
t
h
e
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
ese
r
es
ea
r
ch
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
th
e
l
ig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t
o
r
C
R
I
w
h
i
le
th
er
e
ar
e
o
th
er
m
o
r
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
i
n
-
c
u
p
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
g
eo
m
etr
y
(
I
GP
)
an
d
co
n
f
o
r
m
al
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
g
eo
m
e
tr
y
(
C
P
G)
w
er
e
n
o
t
m
e
n
tio
n
e
d
an
d
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
tili
ze
d
i
n
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ts
i
s
t
h
e
r
ed
-
e
m
itti
n
g
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
co
m
e
u
p
w
ith
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
h
ic
h
u
tili
ze
t
h
e
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
as
a
n
e
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ater
ial
an
d
in
cl
u
d
in
g
o
th
er
asp
ec
ts
o
f
W
L
E
D
s
u
c
h
as
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
an
d
C
Q
S.
T
h
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
o
f
th
e
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
o
n
t
h
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
W
L
E
D
w
i
ll
b
e
esti
m
ated
b
y
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
I
n
t
h
is
ar
tic
le,
th
e
y
e
llo
w
-
g
r
ee
n
M
g
C
e
Al
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
is
u
s
ed
as
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ch
r
o
m
atic
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eit
y
a
n
d
e
m
it
ted
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
to
a
ch
iev
e
t
h
e
g
r
ea
test
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
i
n
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
MCW
-
L
E
Ds
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Sp
ec
if
icall
y
,
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
Mg
C
e
Al
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
p
ar
ticles
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
ill
u
m
in
at
in
g
q
u
al
it
y
a
n
d
c
h
r
o
m
atic
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
it
y
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
i
s
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
3
s
ta
g
es:
(
1
)
B
u
ild
in
g
t
h
e
M
C
W
-
L
E
D
m
o
d
el;
(
2
)
A
d
d
in
g
Mg
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
to
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
MCW
-
L
E
Ds;
(
3
)
I
n
v
est
i
g
at
in
g
h
o
w
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
o
f
Mg
C
e
Al
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
i
m
p
ac
tth
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
an
d
th
e
s
ca
tt
er
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
w
il
l
ca
lcu
lated
th
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a,
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
co
e
f
f
ic
ien
t,
l
u
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
,
an
d
C
QS
o
f
W
L
E
D
w
ith
Mg
C
e
Al
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
in
co
n
f
o
r
m
a
l
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
an
d
in
-
cu
p
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
a
th
e
m
atica
l
eq
u
atio
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ca
lcu
latio
n
ar
e
also
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
B
r
i
ef
l
y
,
co
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
Mg
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
to
g
eth
er
w
i
t
h
YAG:Ce
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
is
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
as
an
o
p
tim
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
p
u
s
h
t
h
e
co
lo
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
a
n
d
lu
m
e
n
o
u
tp
u
t
to
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
v
al
u
e.
T
h
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
a
ctu
r
er
s
i
n
id
en
ti
f
y
th
e
s
u
itab
le
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
to
f
a
b
r
icate
h
ig
h
q
u
a
lit
y
W
L
E
D
.
2.
P
RE
P
ARA
T
I
O
N
AN
D
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
2
.
1
.
P
re
pa
ra
t
io
n o
f
y
ello
w
-
g
re
en
M
g
CeA
l
11
O
19
:
T
b
3+
ph
o
s
ph
o
r
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
o
p
ti
m
a
l
Mg
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
it
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
g
et
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
i
n
a
s
t
r
i
c
t
o
r
d
e
r
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
w
i
l
l
g
o
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
i
x
s
t
e
p
s
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
d
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
.
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
ar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Th
e
effec
tiven
ess
o
f Mg
C
eA
l1
1
O1
9
:
Tb
3
+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
…
(
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i P
h
u
o
n
g
Lo
a
n
)
4633
m
i
x
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
an
au
to
m
atic
m
ill.
Ne
x
t,
t
h
e
m
i
x
ed
p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
ta
k
en
in
to
t
h
e
al
u
m
i
n
a
cr
u
ci
b
les
an
d
f
ir
ed
w
it
h
s
tag
n
a
n
t
ai
t
at
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
1
6
5
0
0
C
i
n
2
h
o
u
r
s
.
Af
ter
th
at,
p
o
w
d
er
izi
n
g
t
h
e
m
ater
ia
l
b
y
a
u
to
m
atic
m
ill
an
d
r
e
-
f
ir
i
n
g
it
i
n
alu
m
i
n
a
b
o
ats
at
1
6
0
0
0
C
in
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
as
th
e
f
ir
s
t
f
ir
i
n
g
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
f
o
r
th
e
r
e
-
f
ir
in
g
s
tag
e,
it
is
v
i
tal
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
(
9
5
%
N
2
/5
%
H
2
)
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
f
ir
ed
m
i
x
tu
r
e
is
p
o
w
d
er
ized
ag
ain
.
Fin
all
y
,
t
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
p
r
o
d
u
ct
w
il
l b
e
s
to
r
ed
in
a
w
ell
-
s
ea
led
co
n
tain
er
.
2
.
2
.
Co
ns
t
ruct
io
n o
f
M
C
-
WL
E
D
s
T
o
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
w
h
i
te
L
E
D,
it
is
ess
e
n
tia
l
to
d
is
p
en
s
e
th
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
m
ad
e
o
f
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
s
ilico
n
e
b
i
n
d
er
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
g
r
ai
n
s
i
n
to
a
d
ie
-
b
o
n
d
ed
lead
f
r
a
m
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
i
n
s
id
e
t
h
i
s
L
E
D
m
o
d
el,
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
y
t
h
at
t
h
e
b
lu
e
l
ig
h
t
s
r
ea
ch
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
is
d
iv
er
s
e
co
n
s
id
er
ab
l
y
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
li
g
h
t
a
n
g
le,
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
to
th
e
lo
w
a
n
g
u
lar
co
lo
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
o
f
th
e
p
ac
k
a
g
e
[7
-
9
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
h
er
e
is
to
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
ch
r
o
m
atic
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
L
E
D
p
ac
k
a
g
es.
T
h
en
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
m
e
u
p
with
t
h
e
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
a
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
o
r
p
late
to
attain
t
h
is
g
o
al
[
10
-
1
2
]
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
w
it
h
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
m
o
t
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
s
o
th
at
w
e
ca
n
ac
h
ie
v
ea
e
m
itt
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
t
h
at
is
u
n
if
o
r
m
with
a
r
ec
ta
n
g
u
lar
s
h
ap
e
o
n
a
n
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e
a
n
d
f
u
lf
i
ll th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t o
f
t
h
e
I
SO
9
6
8
0
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
L
E
D
p
a
ck
ag
e
w
a
s
s
i
m
u
lated
b
y
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
th
e
L
i
g
h
tT
o
o
ls
8
.
3
.
2
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
w
i
th
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
r
ay
tr
ac
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
t
w
o
L
E
D
ch
ip
s
ar
e
p
lace
d
h
o
r
izo
n
tall
y
o
n
th
e
b
o
tto
m
o
f
th
e
r
e
f
lecto
r
cu
p
.
T
h
eir
w
id
th
,
len
g
th
,
a
n
d
h
eig
h
t
ar
e
1
.
3
3
m
m
,
1
.
3
3
m
m
,
a
n
d
0
.
1
7
m
m
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
Fo
r
th
e
ca
v
it
y
o
f
th
e
L
E
D
(
w
id
t
h
/l
en
g
t
h
/
h
ei
g
h
t
=
6
/5
/2
.
8
m
m
)
,
its
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
ar
e
w
id
t
h
=
4
4
m
m
,
le
n
g
th
=
3
.
0
6
m
m
,
a
n
d
d
ep
th
=
1
.
7
m
m
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
b
o
tto
m
o
f
th
e
r
e
f
lecto
r
cu
p
w
as
s
ee
n
as
a
m
ir
r
o
r
w
it
h
th
e
r
e
f
lecti
v
it
y
o
f
9
0
%.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
th
e
s
id
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
g
et
t
h
eir
r
ef
lect
iv
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
f
o
llo
w
ed
Gau
s
s
ia
n
s
ca
tter
in
g
w
it
h
9
0
%
r
ef
lectiv
it
y
an
d
1
0
0
Gau
s
s
ia
n
s
p
r
ea
d
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
g
la
s
s
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
co
v
er
ed
b
y
a
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
is
lo
ca
ted
at
th
e
t
o
p
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
r
e
f
lecto
r
cu
p
to
p
r
o
tect
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
s
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
g
la
s
s
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
a
n
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
il
m
w
h
o
s
e
w
id
t
h
a
n
d
le
n
g
t
h
ar
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
(
5
m
m
x
3
.
5
m
m
)
h
av
e
th
e
th
ick
n
es
s
o
f
0
.
2
m
m
a
n
d
0
.
1
5
m
m
,
in
t
u
r
n
.
I
n
s
id
e
th
e
L
E
D
la
m
p
,
j
u
s
t
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
s
f
r
o
m
L
E
D
c
h
ip
s
ca
n
d
ir
ec
tl
y
g
et
to
th
e
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
g
la
s
s
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
a
n
d
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
,
w
h
ile
th
e
o
t
h
er
s
h
av
e
to
g
o
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
ef
lectio
n
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
ef
lecto
r
cu
p
b
ef
o
r
e
a
r
r
iv
i
n
g
at
t
h
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
r
ef
lecto
r
cu
p
an
d
t
h
e
g
a
p
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
L
E
D
ch
ip
s
w
er
e
a
m
en
d
ed
s
o
as
to
o
b
tain
t
h
e
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
illu
m
i
n
an
ce
at
t
h
e
i
n
ter
f
ac
e.
Af
ter
p
ass
in
g
t
h
e
g
las
s
s
u
b
s
tr
ate,
th
e
b
l
u
e
li
g
h
t
w
ill
b
e
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
g
r
ain
s
o
r
s
ca
tter
ed
w
i
th
o
u
t
an
y
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
y
r
ea
ch
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
il
m
.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
l
y
,
th
e
Sto
k
es
s
h
i
f
t
ca
n
h
av
e
s
o
m
e
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
lu
e
lig
h
ts
d
o
w
n
-
co
n
v
er
ted
to
g
r
ee
n
–
r
ed
lig
h
t.
Me
a
n
w
h
ile,
t
h
e
u
n
co
n
v
er
ted
lig
h
t
is
r
elea
s
ed
as
a
n
o
n
-
r
ad
iati
v
e
lo
s
s
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
w
h
ite
li
g
h
t
is
g
e
n
er
ated
at
t
h
e
to
p
e
m
itti
n
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
b
y
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
g
r
ee
n
-
r
e
d
lig
h
t
a
n
d
b
lu
e
li
g
h
t
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
co
n
v
er
ted
a
n
d
u
n
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fo
r
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
il
m
,
it
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t
s
ilico
n
e
b
in
d
er
,
g
r
ee
n
(
L
u
AG:C
e)
a
n
d
r
ed
(
C
A
SN:E
u
)
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
to
r
ea
ch
t
h
e
C
R
I
o
v
er
9
0
,
in
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
L
u
A
G
:C
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
an
d
C
ASN
:Eu
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
h
av
e
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
d
en
s
i
t
y
o
f
6
g
∕c
m
3
a
n
d
3
.
1
g
∕c
m
3
,
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
1
3
μ
m
a
n
d
1
2
μ
m
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
ex
citatio
n
,
q
u
an
t
u
m
y
ield
,
a
n
d
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
ea
ch
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
ar
e
v
er
if
ied
b
y
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
a
q
u
an
t
u
m
y
ield
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
p
ar
a
m
et
er
s
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
w
er
e
u
p
d
a
ted
to
th
e
o
p
tical
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
w
h
ich
t
h
e
n
s
i
m
u
lated
w
it
h
t
h
e
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
r
a
y
tr
ac
in
g
an
d
Mie
s
ca
tter
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
c)
illu
s
tr
ated
th
e
co
n
f
o
r
m
al
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
(
C
P
G)
,
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
d
)
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
in
-
c
u
p
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
(
I
P
G)
.
Fro
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
c)
,
w
e
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
co
v
er
s
th
e
c
h
ip
s
co
n
f
o
r
m
all
y
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
-
c
u
p
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
ix
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
s
ilico
n
e
le
n
s
,
th
e
m
e
th
o
d
s
o
f
s
ep
ar
atio
n
ar
e
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
Mie
-
t
h
eo
r
y
is
u
s
ed
to
an
al
y
s
e
th
e
s
ca
t
t
er
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
th
ese
t
w
o
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es.
I
n
ad
d
iti
o
n
,
th
e
m
ea
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticl
es
d
ia
m
e
ter
ad
o
p
ted
in
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
i
s
1
4
.
5
μ
m
w
h
ic
h
is
eq
u
al
to
t
h
e
ac
tu
al
p
a
r
a
m
eter
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
in
g
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
i
s
co
m
p
r
i
s
ed
o
f
Mg
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
p
ar
ticles,
YAG:Ce
3+
p
ar
ticle
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
ilico
n
e
g
lu
e
th
a
t
ar
e
co
m
p
let
el
y
m
i
x
ed
to
g
eth
er
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
s
ize
s
o
f
t
h
ese
ele
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
t
h
e
s
i
m
i
lar
to
t
h
e
ac
tu
al
o
n
es
w
h
o
s
e
r
e
f
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
e
x
es
ar
e
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
el
y
o
f
1
.
8
5
,
1
.
8
3
,
an
d
1
.
5
2
.
Af
ter
v
er
i
f
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
in
d
e
x
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
g
r
ain
s
,
it
i
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ix
t
u
r
e.
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
t
w
o
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
alo
n
g
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
Mg
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
:
(
a)
th
e
co
n
f
o
r
m
al
w
it
h
M
g
C
e
Al
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
f
r
o
m
0
%
to
4
%,
a
n
d
(
b
)
t
h
e
i
n
-
cu
p
w
i
th
M
g
C
e
Al
11
O
19
:
T
b
3+
v
ar
y
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
%
to
1
.
4
%
s
o
m
eti
m
e
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
c
h
ar
t,
th
e
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
o
f
MCW
-
L
E
Ds
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
m
o
ted
as
s
o
o
n
a
s
th
e
Mg
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
is
ad
d
e
d
in
to
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
4
6
3
1
-
4638
4634
L
ea
d
f
r
a
m
e:
4
.
7
m
m
J
en
tec
h
S
ize
-
S
L
E
D
ch
ip
: V
4
5
H
Die
attac
h
: S
u
m
ito
m
o
1
2
9
5
SA
Go
ld
W
ir
e:
1
.
0
m
il
P
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
: I
T
C
NYA
G4
_
E
L
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
I
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
d
M
C
W
-
L
E
D
s
a
s
d
o
p
i
n
g
M
g
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:
T
b
3+
:
(
a
)
T
h
e
a
c
t
u
a
l
M
C
W
-
L
E
D
s
a
n
d
(
b
)
i
t
s
p
a
r
am
e
t
e
r
s
;
(
c
)
C
o
n
f
o
r
m
a
l
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
g
e
o
m
e
t
r
y
(
C
P
G
)
;
(
d
)
I
n
-
c
u
p
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
g
e
o
m
e
t
r
y
(
I
PG
)
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
: (
a)
C
P
G
a
n
d
(
b
)
I
P
G
3.
CO
M
P
UT
AT
I
O
N
AND
DI
S
CUSS
I
O
N
In
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
s
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
n
g
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
μ
s
c
a
a
r
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
M
i
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
t
h
r
e
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
:
t
h
e
s
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
n
g
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
(
S
C
)
,
t
h
e
w
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
o
f
M
g
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:
T
b
3+
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
.
(
)
(
)
s
c
a
s
c
a
c
C
m
(
1
)
,
(
)
(
D
)
d
D
()
(
D
)
d
D
s
c
a
D
s
c
a
Cf
C
f
(2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Th
e
effec
tiven
ess
o
f Mg
C
eA
l1
1
O1
9
:
Tb
3
+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
…
(
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i P
h
u
o
n
g
Lo
a
n
)
4635
(
D
)
(
D
)
d
D
(
D
)
d
D
i
mf
m
f
(3
)
()
()
()
s
c
a
s
c
a
inc
P
C
I
(4
)
I
n
th
ese
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
s
,
f(
D
)
i
n
d
icate
s
th
e
s
ize
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ct
io
n
,
c
is
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
(
g
/c
m
3
)
,
a
n
d
C
sca,
D
i
s
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
ar
ticle
d
iam
eter
D
.
B
esid
es,
()
s
c
a
C
an
d
m
p
r
esen
t
t
h
e
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
th
e
p
ar
ticle
m
as
s
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
in
te
g
r
ated
o
v
er
f(
D
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
l
y
,
()
s
c
a
P
is
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
th
e
s
ca
tter
ed
p
o
w
er
b
y
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles,
w
h
ile
()
i
n
c
I
ar
e
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
c
e
i
n
te
n
s
i
t
y
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
ca
t
ter
in
g
co
ef
f
ic
ien
t
(
SC
)
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
a
s
th
e
M
g
C
e
Al
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticip
ates
in
t
h
e
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
a
n
d
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
Mg
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
SC
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
to
ch
an
g
e
g
r
ea
tl
y
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
t
h
i
s
co
n
clu
s
io
n
also
as
s
u
r
es
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
ts
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
an
d
s
t
i
m
u
lat
io
n
o
f
M
g
C
e
Al
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
o
n
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
o
f
b
o
th
C
P
G
an
d
I
P
G
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
,
th
e
in
cr
e
ase
i
n
Mg
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
lead
s
to
th
e
u
p
w
ar
d
ten
d
en
c
y
o
f
SC
n
o
m
atter
w
h
at
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
o
f
Mg
C
e
Al
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
M
g
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticle
is
s
et
a
t
ab
o
u
t
1
μ
m
,
SC
ca
n
r
ea
ch
t
h
e
h
ig
h
es
t
v
alu
e
an
d
b
etter
t
h
e
c
h
r
o
m
a
tic
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
,
w
it
h
o
u
t
co
n
s
i
d
er
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
lar
g
er
s
izes.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
w
i
th
th
e
s
ize
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
7
μ
m
,
th
e
S
C
v
al
u
e
is
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le,
w
h
ic
h
is
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
is
e
in
Mg
C
e
Al
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
.
A
s
a
r
es
u
lt,
w
i
th
t
h
is
s
ize,
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
a
lit
y
(
C
Q
S)
o
f
L
E
D
lig
h
t
s
i
s
ad
v
an
ce
d
.
T
h
u
s
,
if
t
h
e
g
o
al
i
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
C
Q
S,
th
e
s
ize
o
f
Mg
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
at
1
μ
m
a
n
d
les
s
t
h
a
n
7
μ
m
.
O
b
v
i
o
u
s
l
y
,
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
o
f
M
g
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:
T
b
3+
c
a
n
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
S
C
v
a
l
u
e
.
T
h
a
t
’
s
w
h
y
M
g
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:
T
b
3+
c
a
n
b
e
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
t
o
l
i
f
t
u
p
t
h
e
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
c
o
l
o
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
L
E
D
s
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Scatter
in
g
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
in
g
a
t 4
5
3
n
m
a
s
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
an
d
s
ize
o
f
Mg
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
:
(
a)
C
P
G
an
d
(
b
)
I
P
G
T
h
e
ess
en
tial
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
th
at
n
e
ed
s
to
b
e
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
in
th
i
s
ar
ticle
is
f
u
l
f
i
lli
n
g
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
s
o
f
th
e
L
E
D
p
r
o
d
u
ct
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
A
C
C
T
th
at
n
ee
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
MCW
-
L
E
D
i
s
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
8
5
0
0
K.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
as
th
e
Mg
C
e
A
l
11
O
1
9
:T
b
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
y
e
llo
w
YAG:Ce
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
to
k
ee
p
th
e
AC
C
T
at
8
5
0
0
K.
T
h
e
w
ei
g
h
t
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
L
E
D
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
is
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
t
h
e
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
f
o
r
m
u
la.
ow
p
l
y
e
l
l
o
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
e
y
e
l
l
g
r
e
e
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
W
W
W
W
=
1
0
0
%
(5
)
w
h
e
r
e
s
il
ic
o
n
e
W
,
y
e
l
l
o
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
W
a
n
d
y
e
l
l
o
w
g
r
e
e
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
W
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
t
h
e
w
e
i
g
h
t
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
e
g
l
u
e,
th
e
y
el
lo
w
Y
AG:
C
e
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
an
d
th
e
y
ello
w
-
g
r
ee
n
Mg
C
eA
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
r
esp
e
ctiv
el
y
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
Mg
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
is
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
,
th
e
co
lo
r
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
MC
W
-
L
E
D
i
s
af
f
ec
ted
,
as
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ob
v
io
u
s
l
y
,
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
Mg
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
w
il
l
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
ca
u
s
e
th
e
C
C
T
p
ea
k
d
ev
iatio
n
to
d
ec
lin
e
n
o
ticea
b
l
y
.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
th
e
s
p
at
ial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
MCW
-
L
E
D
w
it
h
Mg
C
e
Al
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
is
m
u
c
h
f
la
tter
th
an
t
h
e
ab
s
e
n
ce
o
f
Mg
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
4
6
3
1
-
4638
4636
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
C
C
T
p
ea
k
-
v
alle
y
d
ev
iatio
n
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
an
d
s
ize
o
f
M
g
C
e
Al
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
:
(
a)
C
P
G;
(
b
)
I
P
G
T
o
ac
q
u
ir
e
th
e
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ali
t
y
L
E
D
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
b
o
th
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
s
u
e
s
s
in
ce
th
e
o
p
tical
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
ill
n
o
t
b
e
f
u
l
l
y
o
p
ti
m
ized
i
f
w
e
j
u
s
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
.
I
n
o
t
h
e
r
w
o
r
d
s
,
t
h
e
W
L
E
D
s
c
a
n
n
o
t
a
c
c
o
m
p
l
i
s
h
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
C
Q
S
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
t
t
h
e
s
am
e
t
i
m
e
.
T
h
u
s
,
to
b
e
ab
le
to
s
o
l
v
e
t
h
i
s
p
r
o
b
lem
,
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
a
n
d
w
id
e
s
o
u
r
ce
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
a
x
i
m
ized
i
n
m
o
n
o
ch
r
o
m
atic
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
5
5
5
n
m
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
to
en
h
an
ce
C
R
I
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
C
QS,
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
flu
x
,
a
n
d
C
C
T
P
-
V
d
ev
iatio
n
v
al
u
es a
r
e
p
u
t i
n
to
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
Fro
m
th
e
attai
n
ed
r
esu
lt
s
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
es
5
an
d
6
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
ay
t
h
at
t
h
e
g
r
o
w
th
o
f
lu
m
in
o
u
s
y
ield
i
s
co
m
p
atib
l
e
w
i
th
t
h
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
M
g
C
eA
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Mg
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
w
ill
b
etter
th
e
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
,
th
e
C
QS
w
ill
d
ec
li
n
e.
B
esid
es,
w
h
e
n
th
e
M
g
C
e
Al
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
co
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
b
u
t
i
n
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tl
y
,
th
e
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
o
f
co
r
r
elate
d
co
lo
r
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
l
u
m
en
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
ca
n
b
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
L
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
a
s
a
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
i
z
e
o
f
M
g
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:
T
b
3+
:
(
a
)
C
P
G
a
n
d
(
b
)
I
P
G
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
s
ca
le
a
s
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
an
d
s
ize
o
f
M
g
C
e
Al
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
:
(
a)
C
P
G;
(
b
)
I
P
G
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Th
e
effec
tiven
ess
o
f Mg
C
eA
l1
1
O1
9
:
Tb
3
+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
…
(
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i P
h
u
o
n
g
Lo
a
n
)
4637
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
o
p
tical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
m
u
l
ti
-
c
h
ip
w
h
ite
L
E
D
la
m
p
s
(
MC
W
-
L
E
D
s
)
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
in
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
an
d
d
em
an
d
i
n
g
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
I
n
s
h
o
r
t
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
esu
lts
o
f
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
s
an
d
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
y
ello
w
-
g
r
ee
n
Mg
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
h
as p
r
o
v
ed
its
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
in
g
etti
n
g
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
a
n
d
l
u
m
e
n
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
W
L
E
Dsi
m
p
r
o
v
ed
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
tw
o
n
o
ticea
b
le
r
esu
l
ts
t
h
at
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
th
e
e
f
f
icien
c
y
of
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
t
h
e
y
e
llo
w
-
g
r
e
en
Mg
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
.
First,
w
it
h
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
Mie
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
th
eo
r
y
,
it
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
co
m
p
e
n
s
at
io
n
o
f
li
g
h
t
s
ca
t
ter
in
g
f
o
r
W
L
E
Ds
lead
s
to
t
h
e
d
iv
er
s
it
y
in
co
lo
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
,
r
e
g
ar
d
less
o
f
AC
C
T
v
al
u
es.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
M
o
n
te
C
ar
lo
s
i
m
u
latio
n
w
as
a
p
p
lied
to
co
m
p
u
te
th
e
lu
m
e
n
o
u
tp
u
t
w
h
ic
h
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
w
ed
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
w
h
e
n
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
Mg
C
e
Al
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
On
e
s
m
al
l
n
o
tice
i
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
M
g
C
e
A
l
11
O
19
:
T
b
3+
ca
n
n
eg
ati
v
el
y
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
C
Q
S,
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
q
u
a
lit
y
in
d
icato
r
f
o
r
W
L
E
D,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
k
ee
p
in
g
Mg
C
e
Al
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
u
n
d
er
a
ce
r
tai
n
p
er
ce
n
t
th
at
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
am
ag
e
t
h
e
C
Q
S
is
m
o
s
t
ad
v
is
ab
le.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
v
alu
e
s
ac
h
iev
ed
in
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
o
p
tical
q
u
alities
w
h
en
th
i
s
t
y
p
e
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
is
ap
p
lied
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
,
M
g
C
e
Al
11
O
19
:T
b
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
is
t
h
e
s
t
ill
th
e
m
o
r
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
ch
o
icef
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
m
ater
ials
a
n
d
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
w
h
ite
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e
s
.
T
h
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
ca
n
r
ef
er
to
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
t
h
i
s
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
a
s
g
u
id
eli
n
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
alit
y
L
E
D
o
r
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
q
u
alit
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
t
u
d
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
S
.
K.
A
b
e
y
se
k
e
ra
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
c
ir
c
a
d
ian
tu
n
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
il
lu
m
in
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
rm
it
y
o
f
a
m
u
lt
ich
a
n
n
e
l
lu
m
in
a
ire w
it
h
sp
a
ti
a
ll
y
o
p
ti
m
iz
e
d
L
ED
p
lac
e
m
e
n
t,
”
Op
ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
p
p
.
1
3
0
-
1
4
5
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
]
N.
D.
Q.
A
n
h
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
o
f
a
re
m
o
te
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
c
o
l
o
r
q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
w
h
it
e
L
EDs,”
Cu
rr
e
n
t
Op
ti
c
s
a
n
d
P
h
o
t
o
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
7
8
-
8
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
]
Y.
P
e
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
F
lex
ib
le
f
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
o
f
a
p
a
tt
e
rn
e
d
re
d
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
lay
e
r
o
n
a
YA
G
:C
e
3+
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
-
in
-
g
las
s
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
o
w
e
r
WL
EDs,”
Op
ti
c
a
l
M
a
ter
ia
ls E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
8
,
p
p
.
6
0
5
-
6
1
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[4
]
H.
L
e
e
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
h
o
sp
h
o
r
-
in
-
g
las
s
w
it
h
Nd
-
d
o
p
e
d
g
las
s
f
o
r
a
w
h
it
e
L
ED
w
it
h
a
w
id
e
c
o
lo
r
g
a
m
u
t,
”
Op
ti
c
s
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
p
p
.
6
2
7
-
6
3
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
[5
]
A
.
K.
Du
b
e
y
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Las
e
r
-
li
n
e
-
d
riv
e
n
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
-
c
o
n
v
e
rted
e
x
ten
d
e
d
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
so
u
rc
e
w
it
h
u
n
if
o
rm
il
lu
m
in
a
ti
o
n
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
Op
t
ics
,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
p
p
.
2
4
0
2
-
2
4
0
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[6
]
G
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
p
e
c
tral
o
p
ti
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
lo
r
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
tu
n
a
b
le
w
h
it
e
L
EDs
w
it
h
re
d
LE
Ds
in
ste
a
d
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
o
r
a
n
e
x
c
e
ll
e
n
t
IES
c
o
l
o
r
f
id
e
li
ty
in
d
e
x
,
”
OS
A
Co
n
ti
n
u
u
m,
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
6
-
1
0
6
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[7
]
J.
Ha
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
re
d
ictio
n
o
f
li
f
e
ti
m
e
b
y
lu
m
e
n
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
lo
r
s
h
if
t
f
o
r
L
ED
lam
p
s,
in
a
n
o
n
-
a
c
c
e
lera
ted
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
tes
t
o
v
e
r
2
0
,
0
0
0
h
,
”
A
p
p
li
e
d
O
p
ti
c
s,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
p
p
.
1
8
5
5
-
1
8
6
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[8
]
C.
W
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
h
o
t
o
m
e
tr
i
c
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
h
y
b
rid
w
h
it
e
L
EDs
f
o
r
m
e
so
p
ic
ro
a
d
li
g
h
ti
n
g
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
Op
t
ics
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
p
p
.
4
6
6
5
-
4
6
7
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[9
]
A
.
A
.
A
lat
a
w
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
-
p
o
we
r
b
lu
e
s
u
p
e
rl
u
m
in
e
sc
e
n
t
d
io
d
e
f
o
r
h
ig
h
CRI
l
ig
h
ti
n
g
a
n
d
h
ig
h
-
sp
e
e
d
v
isib
le
li
g
h
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
”
Op
ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
p
p
.
2
6
3
5
5
-
2
6
3
6
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
0
]
J.
F
.
Ru
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
h
a
se
tran
sf
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
in
d
u
c
e
d
re
v
e
rsib
le
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
o
f
u
p
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
l
u
m
in
e
sc
e
n
c
e
o
f
WO
3
:Yb
3+
,Er
3+
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
f
o
r
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
d
e
v
ice
s,”
Op
ti
c
s L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
p
p
.
3
8
8
5
-
3
8
8
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
B.
L
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
-
e
ff
i
c
ien
c
y
c
u
b
ic
-
p
h
a
se
d
b
lu
e
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
Ba
3
Lu
2
B
6
O
15
:Ce
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
rs
f
o
r
u
lt
ra
v
io
let
-
e
x
c
it
e
d
w
h
it
e
-
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s,”
Op
ti
c
s L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
p
p
.
5
1
3
8
-
5
1
4
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
2
]
X
.
W
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Bro
a
d
b
a
n
d
m
u
lt
ico
lo
r
u
p
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
f
ro
m
Yb
3+
–
Mn
2+
c
o
d
o
p
e
d
f
lu
o
ro
si
li
c
a
te
g
las
se
s
a
n
d
tran
sp
a
re
n
t
g
las
s c
e
ra
m
ics
,
”
Op
ti
c
s L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
p
p
.
5
0
1
3
-
5
0
1
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
3
]
Y.
Yu
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
o
re
sc
e
n
c
e
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
u
sin
g
Ce
:YAG
tran
sp
a
re
n
t
c
e
ra
m
ic
e
x
c
it
e
d
b
y
b
lu
e
las
e
r
d
io
d
e
,
”
Op
ti
c
a
l
M
a
ter
ia
ls
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
8
,
p
p
.
2
7
6
0
-
2
7
6
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
4
]
S
.
R.
Ch
u
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
F
u
ll
c
o
l
o
r
d
isp
lay
f
a
b
rica
ted
b
y
Cd
S
e
b
i
-
c
o
lo
r
q
u
a
n
t
u
m
d
o
ts
-
b
a
se
d
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s,”
Op
ti
c
a
l
M
a
ter
ia
ls E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
8
,
p
p
.
2
6
7
7
-
2
6
8
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
5
]
F
.
S
teu
d
e
l,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
ix
e
late
d
p
h
o
sp
h
o
rs
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
re
so
lu
ti
o
n
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
c
o
n
tras
t
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
so
u
rc
e
s,”
Op
ti
c
s
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
p
p
.
2
6
1
3
4
-
2
6
1
4
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
6
]
L
.
T
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
h
o
to
-
in
d
u
c
e
d
lu
m
in
e
sc
e
n
c
e
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
i
n
Ce
,
Yb
c
o
-
d
o
p
e
d
y
tt
riu
m
a
lu
m
in
u
m
g
a
rn
e
t
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
rs,”
A
p
p
li
e
d
Op
ti
c
s,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
p
p
.
7
6
2
7
-
7
6
3
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
7
]
R.
L
e
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
In
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
e
x
c
it
a
ti
o
n
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
d
o
p
i
n
g
c
o
n
c
e
n
tr
a
ti
o
n
o
n
th
e
u
p
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
e
m
issi
o
n
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
tem
p
e
r
a
tu
re
se
n
sin
g
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
o
f
Er3
+
:
Ba
G
d
2
(M
o
O
4
)
4
p
h
o
sp
h
o
rs,”
Op
ti
c
a
l
M
a
ter
ia
ls
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
8
,
p
p
.
3
0
2
3
-
3
0
3
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
8
]
X
.
Hu
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
H
ig
h
-
e
f
f
ici
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
th
e
rm
a
ll
y
sta
b
le
fa
r
-
re
d
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
Na
L
a
M
g
W
O
6
:M
n
4+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
rsf
o
r
in
d
o
o
r
p
lan
t
g
ro
w
th
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s,”
Op
ti
c
s L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
p
p
.
3
3
0
5
-
3
3
0
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
9
]
V
.
V
.
Ba
k
h
m
e
t’e
v
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ef
fe
c
t
o
f
c
o
p
p
e
r
in
tr
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
s
h
o
c
k
-
w
a
v
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
o
f
z
in
c
su
l
f
id
e
o
n
t
h
e
sp
e
c
tral
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
a
m
a
n
g
a
n
e
se
-
a
c
ti
v
a
ted
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
sy
n
th
e
siz
e
d
f
r
o
m
it
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
8
5
,
p
p
.
3
6
7
-
3
7
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
0
]
X
.
L
.
S
o
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Biax
ial
h
y
p
e
rb
o
li
c
m
e
ta
m
a
teria
ls
u
sin
g
a
n
iso
tro
p
ic
f
e
w
-
la
y
e
r
b
lac
k
p
h
o
sp
h
o
ru
s,
”
Op
ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
p
p
.
5
4
6
9
-
5
4
7
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
1
]
J.
Ca
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Up
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
lu
m
in
e
sc
e
n
c
e
o
f
Ba
3
La(P
O
4
)
3
:Yb
3+
-
Er
3+
/Tm
3+
p
h
o
sp
h
o
rs
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
a
l
te
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
se
n
sin
g
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
Op
ti
c
s,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
p
p
.
1
3
4
5
-
1
3
5
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
4
6
3
1
-
4638
4638
[2
2
]
T
.
W
e
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
in
g
le
P
r
3
+
-
a
c
ti
v
a
ted
h
ig
h
-
c
o
lo
r
-
sta
b
i
li
ty
f
lu
o
rid
e
w
h
it
e
-
li
g
h
t
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
f
o
r
w
h
it
e
-
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s,”
Op
ti
c
a
l
M
a
ter
ia
ls E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
9
,
p
p
.
2
2
3
-
2
3
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
3
]
A
.
D
w
i
v
e
d
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
o
n
o
c
h
ro
m
a
ti
c
NIR
UC
e
m
issio
n
in
Tm
3+
/
Yb
3+
co
-
d
o
p
e
d
G
d
V
O
4
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r:
th
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
th
e
Bi
3+
i
o
n
c
o
n
c
e
n
trati
o
n
a
n
d
p
u
m
p
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
a
d
io
d
e
las
e
r,
”
Op
ti
c
s L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
p
p
.
5
7
8
5
-
5
7
8
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
4
]
J.
S
.
L
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
e
ff
ici
e
n
c
y
s
o
li
d
–
li
q
u
i
d
h
y
b
rid
-
sta
te
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
t
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
t
in
g
d
io
d
e
s,”
Ph
o
to
n
ics
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
7
-
1
1
1
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
5
]
A
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
u
n
a
b
le
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
e
m
is
sio
n
o
f
a
larg
e
a
re
a
f
il
m
-
f
o
r
m
in
g
m
a
c
ro
m
o
lec
u
lar
c
o
m
p
lex
w
it
h
a
h
ig
h
c
o
lo
r
re
n
d
e
rin
g
i
n
d
e
x
,
”
Op
ti
c
a
l
M
a
ter
ia
ls E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
8
,
p
p
.
3
6
3
5
-
3
6
5
2
,
2
0
1
8
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.