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[
1
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.
Mo
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O
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2
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t
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[
3
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4
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pa
t
h
r
out
i
n
g or
opt
i
m
i
z
i
n
g
O
F
i
n
t
h
e
w
a
y
o
f
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
ces
s
[9
].
H
o
we
v
e
r
,
i
n
t
he
pr
op
os
e
d m
e
t
ho
d of
t
h
i
s
r
es
ear
ch
,
a
l
oa
d
ba
l
a
nc
i
ng
s
ol
ut
i
on
i
n L
L
N
i
s
u
t
l
i
z
e
d
i
n
or
de
r
t
o
s
ol
ve
t
he
c
o
nge
s
t
i
o
n
no
de
p
r
o
bl
e
m
a
nd
e
nha
nc
i
n
g
ne
t
w
or
k l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
.
I
n
t
hi
s
m
e
t
ho
d,
t
he
r
o
ut
i
n
g
p
a
t
h
w
i
l
l
be
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d ba
s
e
d o
n
a
ve
r
a
ge
va
l
ue
of
(
e
xpe
c
t
e
d
n
um
be
r
o
f
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
ons
(
E
T
X
)
,
r
e
m
a
i
ni
n
g e
ne
r
gy
)
o
f
a
l
l
t
he
no
de
s
t
ha
t
c
o
ns
t
r
uc
t
s
t
he
r
o
ut
e
f
r
o
m
t
he
c
hi
l
d
no
d
e
vi
a
t
he
pa
r
e
n
t
t
o t
he
r
o
ot
n
ode
.
A
l
s
o,
e
a
c
h c
hi
l
d
no
de
s
e
l
e
c
t
s
t
he
i
r
pa
r
e
nt
n
o
de
ba
s
e
d
o
n “
m
i
ni
m
u
m
r
a
nk
w
i
t
h
h
ys
t
e
r
e
s
i
s
o
bj
e
c
t
i
ve
f
u
nc
t
i
on”
(
M
H
O
F
)
b
ut
ba
s
e
d
on
t
w
o
p
ar
am
et
er
s
(
“R
e
cei
v
ed
S
i
n
g
l
e
S
t
r
a
i
n
I
ndi
c
a
t
o
r
”
(
R
S
S
I
)
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
a
n
d
t
hr
e
s
hol
d
va
l
ue
)
t
o
c
ho
os
e
t
he
be
s
t
pa
r
e
nt
.
T
he
r
e
s
t
o
f
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
o
r
ga
ni
z
e
s
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
2
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
s
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
w
o
r
k
,
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
3
de
s
c
r
i
be
s
R
P
L
r
o
ut
i
ng
pr
ot
o
c
ol
.
W
hi
l
e
,
s
e
c
t
i
on
4
c
ove
r
s
t
he
pr
o
pos
a
l
m
e
t
ho
d
t
o
s
el
ect
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
r
out
e
b
et
w
ee
n
c
hi
l
d
n
ode
a
n
d
r
o
o
t
no
de
,
w
he
r
e
a
s
s
e
c
t
i
on
5
p
r
e
s
e
nt
s
t
he
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
t
he
p
r
op
os
e
d
m
e
t
ho
d.
F
i
na
l
l
y,
s
e
c
t
i
on
6
e
l
a
bo
r
a
t
e
s
s
t
ud
y
c
onc
l
us
i
o
n.
2.
R
ELA
TED
W
O
R
K
Ma
ny
of
t
he
t
e
c
hni
que
s
ha
ve
be
e
n
us
e
d
t
o
e
nh
a
n
ce
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce o
f
R
P
L
b
as
e
d
o
n
t
h
e s
el
ect
i
o
n
of
t
he
be
s
t
pa
r
e
nt
.
A
s
vi
e
w t
o
,
o
pt
i
m
i
z
e
t
he
I
oT
ne
t
w
or
ks
’
e
ne
r
g
y c
o
ns
um
pt
i
on
.
Th
e
[
1
0]
s
t
ud
y,
us
e
d
m
e
t
ho
d
t
o s
e
l
e
c
t
t
he
o
pt
i
m
a
l
r
out
e
s
t
o t
he
t
a
r
ge
t
n
ode
vi
a
us
i
ng
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
(
s
uc
h
a
s
i
n
di
vi
d
ua
l
no
de
t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
p
o
we
r,
r
e
c
e
i
ve
d p
o
we
r
a
n
d E
T
X
)
i
n
t
he
o
bj
e
c
t
i
ve
f
u
nc
t
i
o
ns
.
I
n
ot
he
r
w
or
ds
,
t
he
y c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
d
th
e
wh
o
le
ne
tw
or
k
e
ne
r
g
y c
o
ns
u
m
pt
i
o
n
ba
s
e
d
on
t
he
i
ndi
vi
d
ua
l
no
de
e
ne
r
g
y c
o
ns
um
pt
i
on
.
A
l
s
o
,
s
t
u
dy
[1
1
]
i
s
pr
o
pos
e
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
i
ci
en
t
(
E
R
-
R
P
L
)
pr
o
t
o
c
o
l
to r
e
du
c
e
pow
e
r
us
a
ge
of
t
he
n
ode
.
I
n
t
hi
s
pr
ot
oc
ol
o
nl
y
a
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
n
u
m
be
r
of
n
o
d
es
cal
l
ed
“
r
ef
er
e
n
ce n
o
d
e
”
a
r
e
us
e
d,
t
o
s
pe
c
i
f
y t
he
r
o
ut
i
ng
pa
t
h
be
t
we
e
n l
e
a
f
no
de
a
nd
r
o
ot
no
de
.
W
hi
l
e
,
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
et
al
[
1
2
]
,
ar
e
p
r
e
s
en
t
ed
i
n t
he
i
r
s
t
ud
y a
n
ew
t
e
c
hni
que
t
o s
e
l
e
c
t
a
dy
na
m
i
c p
ar
en
t
i
n
R
P
L
,
b
as
e
d
o
n
(
r
ece
n
t
l
y
l
o
ad
p
ac
k
et
s
a
n
d r
e
m
a
i
ni
n
g
e
ne
r
g
y
)
of
e
a
c
h nod
e
t
h
a
t
f
or
m
th
e
p
a
th f
r
om
c
h
ild nod
e
t
o
w
a
r
d
t
he
s
i
n
k
n
ode
.
W
h
i
l
s
t
,
i
n
s
t
u
d
y
[
1
3
]
i
s
r
e
duc
e
d e
ne
r
g
y
c
o
ns
u
m
pt
i
o
n
vi
a
m
i
ni
m
i
z
i
ng t
he
l
a
t
e
nc
y o
f
pa
c
ke
t
t
r
a
n
smi
ssi
o
n
.
Th
e
y
a
r
e
r
e
s
t
r
i
ct
ed
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
,
t
h
at
n
ea
r
e
ach
o
t
h
e
r
i
n
t
h
e s
am
e a
r
ea.
B
es
i
d
es
,
a
voi
di
n
g b
ot
t
l
e
ne
c
k
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
l
oa
d
b
y
s
e
ndi
n
g
d
a
t
a
f
r
o
m
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
pa
r
e
nt
s
t
o
t
he
s
i
n
k
no
de
.
I
n
a
n
ot
he
r
s
t
u
d
y
[
14
]
,
A
l
vi
e
t
a
l
a
r
e
pr
o
pos
e
d a
ne
w O
F
f
or
R
P
L
,
i
n
whi
c
h t
he
be
s
t
p
a
r
e
n
t
i
s
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
(
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d b
y
E
T
X
)
a
n
d l
e
n
gt
h
(
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
d
by
nu
m
be
r
o
f
h
ops
)
.
S
o
as
t
o
r
ed
u
ce t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
ar
en
t
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
p
r
oc
e
s
s
i
n
o
r
de
r
t
o
,
e
nha
n
c
e
t
he
ne
t
w
o
r
k
e
ne
r
g
y
u
s
a
ge
.
In
s
t
u
d
y
[
1
5
]
,
t
h
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h
er
s
a
r
e
u
s
ed
,
f
u
zz
y
l
ogi
c
t
o s
e
l
e
c
t
be
s
t
r
out
i
ng
pa
t
h ba
s
e
d
on
t
hr
e
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
:
r
e
m
a
i
ni
n
g e
ne
r
g
y,
E
T
X
a
n
d l
o
a
d o
f
da
t
a
i
n
the
r
ou
te
,
as
v
i
ew
to r
e
du
c
e
e
n
e
r
gy
us
a
ge
.
A
l
s
o
,
[
1
6
]
au
t
h
o
r
s
ar
e
p
r
e
s
en
t
ed
a n
ew
O
F
cal
l
ed
O
F
-
E
C t
o
s
e
l
e
c
t
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
p
a
r
e
n
t
v
i
a
u
t
i
l
i
z
i
n
g
t
h
r
e
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
(
H
O
P
c
o
unt
,
E
T
X
a
n
d
no
de
r
e
s
i
d
ua
l
e
ne
r
g
y)
.
As
w
e
l
l
s
t
ud
y
[
1
7
],
a
re
p
r
es
e
n
t
ed
a n
e
w
O
F
cal
l
ed
“
O
F
RRT
-
F
U
ZZY
” v
i
a
u
t
i
l
i
z
i
n
g
f
uz
z
y l
o
gi
c
ba
s
e
d o
n t
h
r
ee
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
(
R
S
S
I
,
n
ode
r
e
s
idu
a
l e
n
e
r
gy
a
nd
thr
oug
hp
u
t
)
to
im
pr
ove
th
e
(
0O
F
)
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
R
P
L
.
S
o
,
t
h
r
e
e m
et
r
i
cs
ar
e
u
s
e
d
as
i
n
p
u
t
t
o
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
,
t
o
g
e
t
t
h
e
i
d
e
a
l
p
a
t
h
a
s
o
u
t
p
u
t
.
W
h
e
r
e
a
s
,
J
a
m
i
l
e
t
a
l
[
1
8
]
,
a
r
e
pr
op
os
e
d
a n
ew
O
F
c
a
l
l
e
d
e
x
p
ect
ed
l
i
f
et
i
m
e
(
E
L
T
)
,
i
n
w
h
i
ch
t
h
ey
d
ep
en
d
on
t
he
n
o
de
e
n
e
r
g
y
us
a
ge
i
n
a
c
t
i
ve
m
ode
.
I
n ot
he
r
w
o
rd
,
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
e
ne
r
g
y
us
a
ge
of
E
L
T
i
s
e
v
l
a
u
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
wo
O
F
s
(M
R
HO
F
a
n
d
0
O
F
)
a
c
c
or
di
n
g t
o
t
h
e d
i
s
t
an
ce
be
t
we
e
n
t
he
c
h
i
l
d
n
ode
a
n
d
r
o
ot
n
o
de
.
I
n
r
es
ea
r
ch
[
1
9]
,
t
he
a
ut
ho
r
s
us
e
d l
oa
d
ba
l
a
nc
i
n
g t
e
c
hni
q
ue
t
o
o
pt
i
m
i
z
e
t
he
R
P
L
e
ne
r
gy
u
s
a
ge
.
T
h
e c
o
r
e i
d
ea
o
f
t
h
ei
r
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
i
s
a
bo
ut
di
s
a
bl
i
n
g a
c
hi
l
d n
o
de
f
r
o
m
t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
da
t
a
t
o
t
he
pa
r
e
nt
,
w
he
n
i
t
pa
r
e
nt
ha
s
a
hi
ghe
r
n
um
be
r
o
f
c
hi
l
d
n
o
de
s
.
F
ur
t
he
r
m
o
r
e
,
i
t
e
na
bl
e
c
hi
l
d
t
o
j
oi
n
pa
r
e
nt
t
h
a
t
ha
s
m
i
ni
m
u
m
c
hi
l
d
no
de
s
,
i
ns
t
e
a
d
of
j
oi
n pa
r
e
n
t
t
ha
t
ha
ve
l
o
w
es
t
r
a
n
k
v
al
u
e an
d m
a
xi
m
i
um
n
um
be
r
o
f
c
hi
l
d
no
de
s
.
A
l
s
o
,
i
n
s
t
u
d
y [
2
0]
p
r
o
p
os
e
d
a
m
e
t
ho
d
t
o r
e
d
uc
e
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
pa
c
ke
t
s
c
on
ge
s
t
i
o
n vi
a
a
ve
r
t
i
n
g f
or
w
a
r
di
ng
o
f
da
t
a
p
a
c
ke
t
s
t
hr
ou
g
h
c
on
ge
s
t
no
de
.
T
he
y
a
c
hi
e
ve
d
t
ha
t
i
n
t
w
o
s
t
e
ps
:
f
i
r
s
t
l
y,
t
he
c
on
ge
s
t
n
ode
i
s
s
p
e
c
i
f
ye
d
ba
s
e
d
o
n
(
b
u
ffe
r
s
i
z
e
a
n
d
da
t
a
pa
c
ke
t
s
de
l
i
ve
r
y
r
a
t
e
)
a
n
d a
l
l
e
vi
a
t
e
s
c
on
ge
s
t
i
on i
n t
he
ne
x
t
s
t
e
p,
vi
a
c
ha
ngi
ng
r
o
ut
i
ng
pa
t
h
t
o
a
ve
r
t
c
o
nge
s
t
i
o
n.
W
hi
l
s
t
,
K
he
a
ks
on
g e
t
a
l
[
2
1]
,
a
r
e
us
e
d
a
n
ot
he
r
m
e
t
ho
d
o
f
c
hos
e
n
pa
r
e
n
t
i
n R
P
L
t
o
a
l
l
e
vi
a
t
e
c
on
ge
s
t
i
o
n a
c
c
or
di
n
g t
o
t
h
r
e
e
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
i
n
vol
v
i
ng E
T
X
,
r
e
a
m
i
ng
e
ne
r
gy
a
nd
h
o
p c
ou
nt
t
o
opt
i
m
i
z
e
t
he
l
oa
d
b
al
an
ci
n
g
an
d
i
n
cr
eas
i
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
l
i
f
et
i
m
e
.
A
l
s
o
,
i
n
s
tudy
[
2
2
]
a
ut
ho
r
s
ar
e u
t
i
l
i
zed
a
n
e
w
t
ech
n
i
q
u
e
t
o
av
o
i
d
c
on
ge
s
t
i
o
n i
n
R
P
L
.
i
n
t
hi
s
t
e
c
hni
que
a
no
d
e
r
e
m
a
i
ni
n
g t
i
m
e
i
s
us
e
d
,
w
hi
c
h
i
s
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
t
h
a
t
n
o
d
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
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d
t
o
l
o
s
s
a
l
l
o
f
i
t
r
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s
i
d
u
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
(
i
.
e
.
t
i
m
e
t
o
d
i
e
)
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
y
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
e
c
o
n
g
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
o
d
e
s
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
u
s
i
o
n
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
l
o
a
d
u
n
i
f
or
m
ly
thr
ou
gh
e
ne
r
g
y c
o
nge
s
t
i
on
n
o
de
s
a
c
c
o
r
di
ng
t
o
t
he
no
de
s
’
r
e
m
a
i
n
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-
87
08
I
nt
J
E
l
e
c
&
C
om
p
E
n
g,
V
o
l
.
11
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
b
ru
a
ry
20
21
:
224
-
2
31
2
26
3.
R
P
L
R
O
U
TI
N
G
P
R
O
TO
C
O
L
R
P
L
r
out
i
n
g pr
ot
oc
ol
wa
s
c
r
e
a
t
e
d by
R
O
L
L
(
r
out
i
n
g
ove
r
L
L
Ns
)
gr
o
up m
e
m
be
r
of
“
i
nt
e
r
ne
t
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
t
a
s
k
fo
rc
e
(
IE
T
F
)”
IE
T
F
f
o
r
Io
T
n
e
t
wo
rk
.
R
P
L
i
s
a
d
i
s
t
an
ce v
ect
o
r
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
an
d
u
s
es
t
r
ee
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
c
a
l
l
e
d
“
D
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
O
r
i
e
n
t
e
d
D
i
r
e
c
t
e
d
A
c
y
c
l
i
c
g
r
a
p
h
”
(
D
O
D
A
G
)
[
2
3
]
t
o
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
e
le
a
f
nod
e
(
c
h
i
l
d
)
a
n
d r
o
ot
n
ode
(
s
ink
)
.
I
n a
D
O
DA
G f
o
ur
ki
n
ds
of
c
o
nt
r
ol
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
a
r
e
u
s
e
d i
n
or
de
r
t
o
de
f
i
ne
t
h
e
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
,
w
h
i
c
h
a
re
:
“
D
O
D
A
G
I
n
fo
rm
a
t
i
o
n
Ob
j
e
c
t
”
D
I
O
,
“
D
O
D
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G
A
d
v
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rt
i
n
g
Ob
j
e
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t
”
D
I
S
,
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DO
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AG
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n
f
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m
a
t
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c
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A
O
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D
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j
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c
t
A
c
k
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o
w
l
e
d
g
e
m
e
n
t
”
D
AO
-
A
C
K
[2
4
,
25
]
,
s
e
e
F
igu
r
e
1.
H
o
we
v
e
r,
t
h
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
a
re
t
ra
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
d
i
n
t
w
o
d
i
re
c
t
i
o
n
s
(d
o
wn
w
a
rd
s
a
n
d
up
w
a
r
ds
)
,
i
n d
ow
n
w
a
r
ds
di
r
e
c
t
i
on
i
s
f
or
m
e
d
a
s
f
o
llow
:
−
T
he
r
o
ot
no
de
s
e
n
ds
D
I
O
m
e
s
s
a
ge
t
o
a
l
l
t
he
n
o
de
s
i
n
t
he
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
t
he
m
e
s
s
a
ge
c
ont
a
i
ns
r
o
ot
I
D
a
n
d
O
F
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
he
D
I
O
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
e
nt
s
pe
r
i
od
i
c
a
l
l
y
t
o
up
da
t
e
t
he
ne
t
w
or
k.
−
E
ach
n
o
d
e,
r
ec
ei
v
es
D
I
O
m
es
s
ag
e an
d
a
d
d
s
i
t
r
an
k
(
d
i
s
t
an
c
e b
et
w
ee
n
i
t
s
l
oc
a
t
i
on a
n
d r
o
ot
n
ode
l
oc
a
t
i
o
n)
t
o
t
he
D
I
O
m
e
s
s
a
ge
a
n
d
f
o
r
w
a
r
di
ng
i
t
t
o
t
he
ne
i
g
hb
o
r
s
.
−
T
h
e
D
I
O
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
w
i
l
l
b
e
s
e
n
t
p
e
r
i
o
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
f
r
o
m
r
o
o
t
n
o
d
e
,
u
n
t
i
l
D
I
O
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
b
y
a
l
l
n
o
d
e
s
i
n
t
he
ne
t
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
ge
t
s
a
l
l
n
o
de
s
'
r
a
nk
.
W
h
e
r
eas
,
u
p
w
ar
d
s
d
i
r
ect
i
o
n
i
s
f
or
m
e
d
a
s
f
ol
l
ow
:
−
E
a
c
h
n
ode
,
s
e
n
ds
DA
O
m
e
s
s
a
ge
t
o
t
he
r
oot
n
ode
b
y
ut
i
l
i
z
i
ng
t
he
ne
a
r
e
s
t
p
a
t
h
be
t
w
e
e
n
i
t
a
nd
r
o
ot
n
o
de
.
−
E
a
c
h
n
ode
,
m
a
y
r
e
q
ue
s
t
DA
O
-
A
C
K
m
es
s
ag
e
s
o
as
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
s
t
h
e
d
el
i
v
er
y
o
f
D
A
O
m
e
s
s
ag
e.
−
W
h
i
l
e,
D
I
S
m
e
s
s
ag
e
w
i
l
l
b
e
u
s
ed
w
h
en
a
n
e
w
n
o
d
e
j
o
i
n
s
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
an
d
r
eq
u
es
t
s
D
I
O
m
es
s
ag
e
.
S
o,
a
c
c
or
di
n
g
t
o
t
he
r
a
n
k
va
l
u
e
e
a
c
h
n
ode
c
a
n
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
i
t
s
p
a
r
e
nt
o
n
t
he
pa
t
h
t
owa
r
d
r
o
ot
.
Al
s
o,
e
a
c
h
no
de
c
a
n c
ha
n
ge
i
t
s
'
pa
r
e
nt
dy
na
m
i
c
a
l
l
y
d
e
pe
n
d
o
n t
he
O
F
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
o
n s
uc
h
a
s
H
O
P
c
o
u
n
t
e
r,
E
T
X
a
n
d
r
em
ai
n
i
n
g
e
ne
r
gy
.
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
I
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
s
RP
L
D
O
D
A
G
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
t
w
o
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
4.
R
ES
EA
R
C
H
M
ETH
O
D
T
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
e
t
ho
d i
s
b
ui
l
t
a
c
c
or
di
n
g t
o
l
oa
d
ba
l
a
nc
i
n
g
t
e
c
hni
q
ue
t
o a
ve
r
t
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
c
o
n
ge
s
t
i
o
n a
n
d
r
e
d
uc
i
n
g bot
h no
de
s
’
e
ne
r
gy
co
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
an
d
l
at
en
cy
.
S
o
as
t
o
ach
i
e
v
e t
h
a
t
t
ech
n
i
q
u
e t
h
r
ee l
ay
er
s
a
r
e
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
s
tudy
m
e
t
ho
d
wh
ic
h
a
r
e
:
−
P
a
r
e
n
t
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
−
Ro
u
t
i
n
g
p
a
t
h
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
−
Ch
i
l
d
n
o
d
e
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
.
4
.
1
.
P
a
ren
t
s
e
l
ect
i
o
n
E
ach
c
h
i
l
d
n
o
d
e s
el
ect
o
n
e
n
o
d
e as
p
a
r
en
t
acco
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e cal
cu
l
at
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
r
ee
p
ar
am
et
er
s
E
TX
,
r
e
m
a
i
ni
ng e
ne
r
g
y a
nd R
S
S
I
.
T
he
E
T
X
i
s
t
he
r
e
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on c
o
unt
e
r
t
ha
t
r
e
qui
r
e
d t
o d
e
l
i
ve
r
pa
c
ke
t
t
o
t
he
de
s
t
i
na
t
i
on
n
ode
.
T
h
us
,
m
i
ni
m
u
m
E
T
X
va
l
ue
m
e
a
ns
t
he
de
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
n
o
d
e
i
s
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
o
n
e
t
o
b
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
a
s
pa
r
e
nt
.
T
he
E
T
X
i
s
c
om
p
ut
e
d
vi
a
u
s
i
n
g
(
1
)
[2
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
l
e
c
&
C
om
p
E
n
g
IS
S
N
:
208
8
-
87
08
O
pt
i
mi
z
i
ng
R
P
L
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
b
as
e
d
on
t
he
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e
l
e
c
t
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on
of
…
(
A
hm
e
d
R
.
Z
ar
s
o
o
r
)
2
27
=
1
(
.
)
(
1)
w
h
er
e
_
,
i
s
t
h
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p
ro
s
p
ect
o
f
r
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v
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p
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f
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m
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h
b
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d
_
,
i
s
t
h
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p
ro
s
p
ect
of
g
e
t
t
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g
an
a
c
kno
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le
d
gm
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cces
s
f
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l
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W
h
i
l
e,
r
em
ai
n
i
n
g
en
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y
p
ar
am
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t
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ul
a
t
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by
us
i
n
g
(
2
)
[
1
5]
.
(
)
=
(
2)
F
or
R
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pa
r
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n
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fe
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c
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)
va
l
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s
[
9
]
ar
e
u
s
e
d
t
o
s
el
ect
pa
r
e
nt
,
(
,
)
>
ℎ
(
)
(
3)
Th
e
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t
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e
n
e
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gh
bor
s
of
no
d
e
A
,
i
s
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m
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ne
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y i
n c
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h
n
ode
3.
W
he
n n
ode
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r
ecei
v
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m
a
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y
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g
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n
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h
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s
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i
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e R
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ce
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n
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t
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t
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p
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e
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ode
3
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ig
ur
e
2
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l
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a
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R
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2,
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of
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1
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3
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s
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r
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r
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nt
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r
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6
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us
i
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g
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t
P
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a
c
c
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di
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o
t
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T
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va
l
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s
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t
h
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ar
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cal
cu
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at
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t
h
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p
ar
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t
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el
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l
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hu
s
,
the
nu
m
b
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of
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h
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l
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n
ode
s
a
r
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m
i
ni
m
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z
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d
f
o
r
n
ode
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-
87
08
I
nt
J
E
l
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c
&
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om
p
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n
g,
V
o
l
.
11
,
No
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1
,
F
e
b
ru
a
ry
20
21
:
224
-
2
31
2
28
F
ig
ur
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3
.
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
at
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c
on
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e
s
t
i
on
n
ode
6
a
nd
n
o
de
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i
s
us
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d
t
o
ha
n
dl
e
t
h
e
p
r
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bl
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b
y
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n
gi
n
g
i
t
c
ur
r
e
nt
pa
r
e
nt
f
r
om
n
o
de
(
6
to
4
)
5.
R
ES
U
LTS
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t t
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2
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r
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m
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ab
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e 1
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h
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ch
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t
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s
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u
m
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nd
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r
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s
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r
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a
r
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m
pl
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m
e
nt
e
d i
n
t
hi
s
s
t
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y.
i
n t
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f
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r
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t
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na
r
i
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s
t
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r
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e
f
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om
c
hi
l
d
t
o
r
oot
n
ode
.
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hi
l
e
,
t
he
s
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c
o
nd
s
c
e
na
r
i
o
i
s
us
e
d
R
P
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w
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t
h
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n
h
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M
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OF
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t
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te
c
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ique
in
th
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ab
l
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1
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S
i
m
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l
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t
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Par
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s
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m
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be
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of
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ode
s
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AC
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r
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,
t
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63
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,
w
h
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l
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i
n
M
H
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s
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1
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C
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I
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hi
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,
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w
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pr
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pos
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i
m
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e
t
he
R
P
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g
pr
ot
oc
ol
pe
r
f
o
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m
a
nc
e
i
n
I
oT
n
e
t
wo
r
k
.
T
he
m
e
t
ho
d i
s
c
o
m
p
os
e
d
o
f
t
h
r
e
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l
a
y
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p
a
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n
t
s
e
l
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c
t
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o
n
l
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y
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r
t
h
a
t
i
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
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e
m
e
tr
ic
s
(
E
T
X,
R
S
S
I
a
nd
n
ode
s
’
r
e
s
idu
a
l e
ne
r
gy
)
,
a
r
o
ut
i
ng
pa
t
h
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on l
a
ye
r
,
i
n
whi
c
h t
h
e
be
s
t
r
o
ut
e
f
r
om
c
hi
l
d t
o t
h
e
r
o
ot
n
ode
i
s
c
hos
e
n a
c
c
or
di
n
g t
o
t
he
m
i
ni
m
um
a
ve
r
a
ge
va
l
ue
of
t
he
n
ode
s
’
E
T
X
va
l
ue
a
n
d
m
a
xi
m
u
m
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ve
r
a
ge
va
l
ue
of
no
de
s
’
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m
a
i
ni
ng
e
ne
r
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y.
W
hi
l
e
,
t
he
c
hi
l
d
n
o
d
e
m
i
ni
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
l
a
ye
r
i
s
us
e
d t
o ha
n
dl
e
t
h
e
c
on
ge
s
t
i
o
n n
o
de
pr
o
bl
e
m
vi
a
us
i
ng
R
S
S
I
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
a
n
d
t
h
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e
s
hol
d
va
l
ue
.
H
o
we
ve
r
,
t
wo
s
c
e
na
r
i
os
ha
ve
be
e
n
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
b
y
u
s
i
ng
C
o
oj
a
s
i
m
ul
a
t
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s
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t
w
a
r
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,
t
h
e
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r
s
t
s
c
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na
r
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o i
s
us
e
d t
o
r
u
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st
a
nd
a
r
d R
P
L
w
i
t
h
M
HO
F
a
n
d the
s
e
c
ond
s
c
e
n
a
r
io
is
us
e
d to
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
RP
L
b
a
s
e
d
on t
he
E
-
M
H
O
F
.
T
he
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
on r
e
s
ul
t
s
ha
ve
be
e
n s
ho
wn t
ha
t
n
ode
s
i
n E
-
M
HO
F
us
e
d l
e
s
s
e
ne
r
gy i
n
c
om
pa
r
i
s
on
wi
t
h M
HO
F
.
A
l
s
o,
t
he
r
o
ut
i
n
g pa
t
h
in E
-
M
H
O
F
t
a
k
e
l
e
s
s
t
i
m
e
f
o
r
d
a
t
a
t
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
t
i
o
n
i
n
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
t
o
t
he
r
out
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n
g
p
a
t
h
i
n
M
H
OF
.
A
C
K
N
O
W
L
E
D
G
E
ME
NT
S
I
w
o
u
l
d
l
i
k
e
t
o
ap
p
r
eci
at
e
al
l
t
h
e ex
cel
l
en
t
s
u
g
g
es
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
r
ev
i
e
w
er
s
t
o
en
h
a
n
c
e
t
he
q
ua
l
i
t
y
of
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
R
EF
ER
E
N
C
ES
[1]
D.
B
An
sa
r
i
,
A
. R
eh
m
an
,
R.
A
l
i
,
“
Int
e
rn
e
t
of
T
hi
ngs
(IoT
) P
rot
oc
ol
s
:
A
Bri
e
f E
x
pl
ora
t
i
on
of M
Q
T
T
a
nd Co
A
P,
”
Int
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
o
ur
nal
of
Com
put
e
r
A
ppl
i
c
at
i
ons
,
vol
.
179
, n
o
.
27
,
pp.
9
-
14
,
2018
.
[2]
M
i
s
h
r
a,
D
.
, et
al
.
, “
V
i
s
i
on,
a
p
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
a
nd f
ut
ure
c
ha
l
l
e
ng
e
s
of Int
e
rne
t
of
T
hi
ngs
:
A
b
i
bl
i
om
e
t
ri
c
s
t
u
d
y of
t
h
e
r
ec
en
t
l
i
t
er
a
t
u
r
e,”
Ind.
Mana
g.
D
at
a
Sy
s
t
.
,
v
ol
.
116
,
n
o.
7,
p
p.
1331
-
1355,
201
6.
[3]
S
.
S
a
nka
r a
nd P
.
S
ri
ni
va
s
a
n,
“
Co
m
pos
i
t
e
M
e
t
ri
c
Ba
s
e
d E
ne
rgy
E
ffi
c
i
e
nt
Rout
i
ng
P
rot
oc
ol
for Int
e
rne
t
of
T
hi
n
g
s
,
”
I
n
t
. J.
I
n
t
el
l
. E
n
g
.
S
ys
t
.,
vol
.
10
,
n
o.
5
,
pp
.
278
-
28
6,
2017
.
[4]
P
. R
.
L
u
t
u
i
,
B
.
C
u
s
ack
an
d
G
.
M
ae
ak
af
a
,
“
E
n
e
rgy
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
c
y for
IoT
de
v
i
c
e
s
i
n
hom
e
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
s
,
”
I
E
EE
Int
e
r
nat
i
onal
Co
nf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
al
E
ng
i
n
e
e
r
i
ng (
E
E
)
,
p
p.
1
-
6,
2018
.
[5]
J
. L
ee
an
d
S
.
Y
o
o
,
“
A
da
pt
i
ve
E
ne
rgy
E
ffi
c
i
e
n
t
RP
L
A
voi
di
ng
U
ns
t
a
bl
e
N
ode
s
for
S
m
a
rt
F
a
c
t
ory,
”
IE
E
E
18t
h
Int
e
r
nat
i
onal
Sy
m
pos
i
um
on Ne
t
wor
k
Com
put
i
ng
and A
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
s
(NCA
)
, p
p
. 1
-
4
,
2019
.
[6]
M
. A
. M
ah
m
u
d
, A
.
A
b
d
el
g
aw
a
d
an
d
K
. Y
e
l
a
m
ar
t
h
i
,
“
E
n
e
rgy
e
ffi
c
i
e
nt
ro
ut
i
n
g for In
t
e
rne
t
of T
hi
ngs
(IoT
)
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
,
”
IE
E
E
In
t
e
r
nat
i
ona
l
Conf
e
r
e
n
c
e
on
E
l
e
c
t
r
o Inf
or
m
at
i
on T
e
c
hno
l
ogy
(
E
IT
),
p
p.
4
42
-
44
6,
2017
.
[7]
S.
A
.
A
l
v
i
, F.
U
.
Ha
ssa
n
a
n
d
A.
N.
Mi
a
n
,
“
O
n t
he
e
n
e
rgy
e
ffi
c
i
e
nc
y
a
nd s
t
a
bi
l
i
t
y of RP
L
rou
t
i
n
g prot
oc
o
l
,
”
13t
h
Int
e
r
nat
i
onal
Wi
r
e
l
e
s
s
Com
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
and
Mob
i
l
e
Com
put
i
ng C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
(IWC
MC),
pp
.
1927
-
1
932,
2017
.
[8]
F
. J
av
ed
, M
.
K
.
A
f
zal
,
M
. S
h
ar
i
f
an
d
B
. K
i
m
,
“
I
nt
e
rne
t
of T
h
i
ng
s
(IoT
) O
pe
ra
t
i
n
g S
ys
t
e
m
s
S
upport
,
N
e
t
w
orki
ng
T
e
c
hno
l
ogi
e
s
,
A
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
,
a
nd
Cha
l
l
e
ng
e
s
:
A
C
om
pa
ra
t
i
ve
Re
vi
e
w
,
”
I
E
E
E
Com
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
Sur
v
e
y
s
&
T
ut
or
i
al
s
,
vol
.
20
,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
2062
-
2100
,
20
18.
[9]
L
i
m
, C
.
,
“
A
S
urve
y on Conge
s
t
i
on Cont
rol
for
RP
L
-
B
as
ed
Wi
r
e
l
e
ss S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
wo
r
k
s,
”
S
e
n
so
rs,
vol
.
1
9,
no.
11
,
pp.
1
-
30
,
2019
.
[10]
Z
.
M
.
Wa
n
g
,
W
.
Li
a
n
d
H
.
L.
D
ong,
“
A
na
l
ys
i
s
of
E
ne
rgy
Cons
um
pt
i
on
a
nd
T
opo
l
ogy of
Rout
i
ng
P
rot
oc
ol
for
L
o
w
-
P
ow
e
r a
nd
L
os
s
y N
e
t
w
orks
,
”
IO
P
Conf
.
S
e
r
i
e
s
:
J
our
nal
of
P
hy
s
i
c
s
: Conf
.
S
e
r
i
e
s
,
vol
.
1087
, n
o
. 5
,
pp
.
1
-
8
,
2018
.
[11]
M
.
Z
ha
o
,
I.
W
.
H
o a
nd P
.
H
.
J
.
Chong,
“
A
n E
n
e
rgy
-
E
ffi
c
i
e
nt
Re
gi
on
-
Ba
s
e
d RP
L
Rout
i
ng P
rot
oc
ol
for L
o
w
-
P
o
w
e
r
a
nd L
os
s
y N
e
t
w
orks
,
”
I
E
E
E
Int
e
r
ne
t
of
T
hi
ngs
J
o
ur
nal
,
vol
.
3
,
no
.
6,
pp.
1319
-
133
3,
2016
.
[12]
M.
Na
ssi
r
i
,
M
.
Bouj
a
ri
,
S
. A
zh
ar
i
,
“
E
n
e
rgy
-
aw
ar
e an
d
l
o
ad
-
ba
l
a
nc
e
d
pa
r
e
nt
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on i
n RP
L
r
out
i
ng for w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
or ne
t
w
orks
,
”
Int
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
and Mobi
l
e
C
om
put
i
ng,
v
ol
.
9 no.
3
,
pp
.
231
-
2
39,
2015
.
[13]
Z
hu,
L
i
cai
,
W
a
ng,
Ruc
hu
a
n
,
Y
a
ng,
H
a
o,
“
M
u
l
t
i
-
P
a
t
h
D
a
t
a
D
i
s
t
ri
but
i
on
M
e
c
h
a
ni
s
m
Ba
s
e
d
on
RP
L
for E
n
e
rgy
Cons
um
pt
i
on
a
n
d T
i
m
e
D
e
l
a
y
,
”
I
nf
or
m
at
i
on,
v
ol
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“
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n
t
h
e
e
ne
rgy
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ff
i
c
i
e
nc
y
a
nd s
t
a
bi
l
i
t
y
of
RP
L
rou
t
i
ng
prot
o
c
ol
,
”
13t
h
Int
e
r
nat
i
onal
Wi
r
e
l
e
s
s
Com
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
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l
e
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i
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e
r
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ni
va
s
a
n
,
“
F
uz
z
y L
og
i
c
B
a
s
e
d E
n
e
rgy
A
w
a
re
Rout
i
ng P
rot
oc
ol
for In
t
e
rne
t
of
T
h
i
ngs
,
”
I.
J
.
I
n
te
llig
e
n
t
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an
d
N
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am
ar
,
“
OF
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E
C:
A
nov
e
l
e
n
e
rgy
c
ons
um
pt
i
on
a
w
a
r
e
ob
j
e
c
t
i
ve
func
t
i
on
f
or RP
L
ba
s
e
d
o
n
fuz
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y l
ogi
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i
si
a
n
d
M.
M
a
di
,
“
A
n
E
ffi
c
i
e
n
t
D
e
s
i
gn
of
RP
L
O
bj
e
c
t
i
v
e
F
unc
t
i
on
for
Rout
i
ng
i
n Int
e
rne
t
of T
h
i
ngs
us
i
ng F
uz
z
y L
ogi
c
,
”
Int
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
A
dv
a
nc
e
d
Co
m
put
e
r
Sc
i
e
nc
e
and A
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at
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am
i
l
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h
an
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a
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o
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d
a
n
d A
.
Iqba
l
,
“
Co
m
pa
ra
t
i
ve
P
e
rfo
rm
a
nc
e
A
na
l
ys
i
s
of RP
L
for L
o
w
P
ow
e
r a
nd L
os
s
y N
e
t
w
orks
ba
s
e
d on D
i
ffe
r
e
nt
O
bj
e
c
t
i
ve
F
unc
t
i
o
ns
,
”
Int
e
r
nat
i
on
al
J
our
nal
of
A
d
v
anc
e
d
Com
put
e
r
Sc
i
e
n
c
e
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pp
l
i
c
at
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ons
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S
e
ba
s
t
i
a
n
,
A
.
,
a
nd S
i
va
guruna
t
h
a
n,
S
,
“
L
oa
d
Ba
l
a
nc
i
ng O
pt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
on for RP
L
B
a
s
e
d E
m
e
rge
n
c
y
Re
s
pons
e
U
s
i
ng
Q
-
L
ear
n
i
n
g
. M
A
T
T
E
R
,
”
Int
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
Sc
i
e
n
c
e
and T
e
c
hnol
ogy
,
vol
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,
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
l
e
c
&
C
om
p
E
n
g
IS
S
N
:
208
8
-
87
08
O
pt
i
mi
z
i
ng
R
P
L
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
b
as
e
d
on
t
he
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
of
…
(
A
hm
e
d
R
.
Z
ar
s
o
o
r
)
2
31
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M
.
L
odh
i
,
et
al
.
,
“
T
ra
ns
i
e
n
t
M
ul
t
i
pa
t
h
rout
i
n
g pr
ot
oc
ol
for
l
ow
p
ow
e
r a
nd
l
os
s
y
ne
t
w
orks
,
”
KSII
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
O
n
Int
e
r
ne
t
A
nd
Inf
or
m
at
i
on Sy
s
t
e
m
s
,
vol
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no
.
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2017
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A
.
K
he
a
ks
ong
,
K
.
S
ri
s
om
boon,
A
.
P
ra
yot
e
a
nd
W
.
L
e
e
,
“
M
ul
t
i
c
ri
t
e
r
i
a
P
a
re
nt
S
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
U
s
i
ng C
ogni
t
i
ve
Ra
d
i
o
f
or
RP
L
i
n S
m
a
rt
G
r
i
d N
e
t
w
ork
,
”
W
i
re
l
e
ss
Com
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
and
Mob
i
l
e
Com
put
i
ng,
v
ol
.
2018
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pp
1
-
1
3,
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O
. I
o
v
a,
F
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T
h
eo
l
ey
r
e
an
d
T
.
N
o
el
,
“
E
xpl
o
i
t
i
ng
m
ul
t
i
p
l
e
pa
r
e
nt
s
i
n
RP
L
t
o
i
m
pr
ove
bo
t
h
t
he
ne
t
w
ork l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e a
n
d
its
s
ta
b
i
lity
,
”
IE
E
E
In
t
e
r
nat
i
ona
l
Conf
e
r
e
n
c
e
on
Com
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
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6,
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S
an
m
ar
t
i
n
, P
.,
et
al
.,
“
S
i
gm
a
Rou
t
i
ng M
e
t
ri
c
for R
P
L
P
rot
oc
ol
,
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o
v
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om
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d C.
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i
ra
l
y,
“
RP
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:
T
he
Rout
i
ng
S
t
a
nda
rd for
t
h
e
Int
e
rn
e
t
of
T
h
i
ngs
.
.
.
O
r Is
It
?
,
”
IE
E
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m
uni
c
at
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e
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ri
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ha
g
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.
J
a
ya
v
a
di
ve
l
,
“
E
xp
e
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
A
na
l
ys
i
s
O
f
R
P
L
Rout
i
ng
P
rot
oc
ol
In IO
T
,
”
Int
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
o
ur
nal
O
f
Sc
i
e
nt
i
f
i
c
&
T
e
c
hnol
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R
e
s
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ar
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ak
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m
,
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ad
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i
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,
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RP
L
Rout
i
n
g P
rot
oc
ol
P
e
rfo
rm
a
nc
e
i
n
S
m
a
r
t
G
ri
d A
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
o
ns
Ba
s
e
d W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
ors
:
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
a
nd S
i
m
u
l
a
t
e
d A
na
l
ys
i
s
,”
Ele
c
tr
o
n
ic
s
,
vol
.
8,
no.
2
,
pp 1
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2
3,
2019
.
B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
Y
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
A
hm
e
d R
.
Zar
z
oor
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
a
M
S
c
.
de
gr
e
e
i
n S
oft
w
a
r
e
E
ngi
ne
e
ri
ng fro
m
U
ni
ve
s
i
t
y of
Bra
dford,
U
K
,
Bra
dford i
n 200
6,
a
nd
a
P
hD
from
Ins
t
i
t
ut
e
for
P
os
t
-
gra
dua
t
i
on
S
t
udi
e
s
Ira
qi
Com
m
i
s
s
i
on
for Com
put
e
r
&
i
nf
orm
a
t
i
c
s
,
Ba
ghd
a
d
-
Ira
q i
n 2019
.
H
e
i
s
c
urre
nt
l
y I
T
M
a
na
ge
r
i
n
D
i
r
ect
o
r
at
e
of
I
ns
pe
c
t
i
on
,
M
i
ni
s
t
ry of
H
e
a
l
t
h,
B
a
ghda
d
-
Ira
q
.
Hi
s
f
ie
ld
s
o
f
in
te
r
s
t a
r
e
W
ir
e
le
s
s
S
e
ns
or N
e
t
w
orks
,
IoT
a
nd Co
m
p
ut
e
r N
e
t
w
orks
&
S
e
c
uri
t
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.