Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
5
,
Octo
ber
201
9
, pp.
3862
~
38
71
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
5
.
pp3862
-
38
71
3862
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Reviewi
ng effect
ivity in s
ec
u
rity ap
proach
es
t
owar
ds
strength
ening int
er
n
et archite
cture
Vidya
M.S
1
, Mal
a C P
at
il
2
1
Depa
rtment of
Com
pute
r
Scie
n
ce
and
Engi
ne
ering,
BMS
Instit
u
t
e
of Te
chnol
og
y
and
Mana
g
emen
t
(
BMS
IT
&
M
)
,
India
2
Depa
rtment of
Com
pute
r
Scie
n
ce
,
COH
B,
Univ
ersity
of
Horti
cu
lt
ura
l
Sci
ences,
I
ndia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
22
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
A
pr
1
,
201
9
Accepte
d
Apr
10
, 201
9
The
usage
of
ex
isti
ng
Int
ern
et
a
rch
itect
ur
e
is
sh
roude
d
b
y
var
io
us
sec
uri
t
y
loophol
es
and
henc
e
is
highly
i
nef
fecti
ve
towar
ds
resisti
ng
pote
nti
al
thr
eats
over
interne
t.
Henc
e
,
i
t
is
claimed
th
at
fu
ture
in
te
rne
t
ar
chi
t
ectu
re
has
b
ee
n
evol
ved
as
a
s
olut
ion
t
o
addr
ess
thi
s
sec
urity
g
aps
of
exi
st
ing
interne
t
arc
hi
te
c
ture.
Th
ere
fore
,
thi
s
pap
er
initiates
i
ts
d
iscussion
b
y
rev
ie
wing
th
e
exi
sting
pra
ctices
of
web
sec
urity
in
conve
nt
ion
al
interne
t
arc
h
i
te
c
ture
and
has
al
so
d
iscussed
about
som
e
re
ce
nt
soluti
ons
to
wa
rds
m
it
iga
t
ing
pote
n
ti
a
l
l
y
rep
orte
d
thr
ea
ts
e.
g.
c
ross
-
site
script
ing
,
SQ
L
inj
ec
t
,
and
distri
bu
te
d
denial
-
of
-
servic
e
.
The
pape
r
has
al
s
o
discussed
so
m
e
of
the
recent
rese
a
rch
cont
ribution
to
wards
sec
urity
soluti
on
conside
ring
futur
e
int
ern
et
arc
hi
te
c
ture.
Th
e
proposed
m
a
nuscript
s
cont
ri
bute
s
to
show
ca
se
the
true
eff
ective
n
ess
of
exi
sting
appr
oac
hes
with
re
spec
t
to
adva
n
ta
ges
and
li
m
it
ation
of
exis
ti
ng
appr
oa
ches
al
ong
with
ex
pli
cit
high
li
ghts
of
exi
st
ing
rese
arc
h
probl
e
m
s tha
t
r
equi
res im
m
edi
at
e at
t
ention.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Fu
tu
re i
nternet
arc
hitec
ture
In
tr
us
i
on
On
li
ne
th
reats
Secu
rity
Vu
l
ner
a
bili
ty
Web 2
.0
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Vidya M.
S
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f C
om
pu
te
r
Scie
nce &
E
ng
i
nee
rin
g,
BM
S I
nst
it
ute o
f
Tech
nolo
gy
and Ma
na
gem
e
nt
(
BM
S
IT
&
M
),
Be
ng
al
uru,
I
ndia
.
Em
a
il
:
research
20
15ns@gm
ai
l.com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ther
e
a
re
va
ri
ou
s
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
r
unni
ng
on
current
inter
ne
t
arch
it
ect
ur
e
that
offer
s
wi
de
ra
nge
of
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
a
nd
data
e
xch
a
nge
at
present
ti
m
es.
Althou
gh,
m
illi
on
s
of
us
e
rs
an
d
their
ad
op
te
d
app
li
cat
io
ns
r
un
ov
e
r
e
xisti
ng
inter
net
arc
hitec
ture,
it
is
ne
ver
safe
from
al
l
the
pote
ntial
threats
a
rising
ever
y
day
[1
]
.
T
he
e
xisti
ng
versi
on
of
inte
rn
et
a
rc
hitec
ture
has
be
en
ser
ving
sin
ce
40
ye
a
rs
f
or
al
l
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
needs
an
d
has
al
so
co
ntribute
d
to
m
any
su
cc
essfu
l
im
ple
m
e
ntati
on
of
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
pro
tocols.
T
he
sec
ur
it
y
syst
e
m
of
e
xisti
ng
inter
net
ar
chite
ct
ur
e
trem
endo
us
ly
su
f
fe
rs
from
var
ious
crit
ic
al
challen
ge
s
with
co
nsi
ste
nt
changes
i
n
the
internet
te
c
hnology.
At
t
he
s
a
m
e
tim
e,
m
ob
il
e
networks
as
well
as
cl
oud
com
pu
ti
ng
has
al
s
o
boos
te
d
the
ne
ed
of
an
e
ff
i
ci
ent
secur
it
y
syst
e
m
ov
er
the
we
b
-
base
d
serv
ic
es
as
we
ll
as
app
li
cat
i
on
[1
]
.
Ma
j
ori
ty
of
the
app
li
cat
io
n
of
pr
ese
nt
tim
es
are
sup
ported
by
m
ob
il
e
te
chnolo
gies
w
her
e
trem
end
ou
s
a
m
ou
nt
of
data
is
ge
ne
rated,
sto
red,
as
well
as
que
ried.
T
her
e
are
al
so
va
rio
u
s
s
tud
ie
s
t
hat
has
em
ph
asi
zed
on
th
e
cl
oud
sec
uri
ty
[2
-
4];
howe
ver,
chall
e
ng
es
ar
e
ye
t
to
be
res
olv
e
d.
Ma
jorit
y
of
the
re
port
ed
a
nd
stu
die
d
at
ta
cks
ov
e
r
the
e
xisti
ng
i
nter
ne
arc
hitec
ture
a
re
r
el
at
ed
to
fina
nc
ia
l
factor
s
or
pr
i
vacy
facto
rs
[5
-
9].
Howe
ve
r
su
c
h
form
s
of
securi
ty
issues
are
arisi
ng
from
d
iffer
e
nt
form
s
of
in
finite
li
st
of
we
b
-
ba
sed
at
ta
cks
that
keep
s
on
evo
l
ving
al
m
os
t
al
l
days.
E
xisti
ng
resea
rc
her
s
ha
ve
al
so
evo
l
ved
up
wit
h
ce
rtai
n
le
vel
of
so
l
utions
to
wards
su
c
h
pro
blem
s
in
existi
ng
internet
a
rchi
te
ct
ur
e.
S
ome
of
t
he
ne
w
ly
evo
lvin
g
s
olu
ti
ons
are
netw
ork
virtu
al
iz
at
ion [
10
]
,
softwa
re
de
fine
d netw
ork
[11
]
, nam
ed
da
ta
n
et
w
orkin
g [
12
]
, etc.
Howe
ver,
the
above
m
entione
d
te
ch
niques
are
just
in
na
s
cent
sta
ge
of
r
esearch
t
hat
re
qu
i
res
m
or
e
le
vel
of
i
nv
est
igati
on
with
th
e
rising
dem
and
s
of
distrib
uted
net
wor
k
syst
e
m
as
they
a
re
no
m
or
e
po
te
ntial
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Revi
ew
ing
eff
e
ct
iv
it
y in secu
r
it
y a
ppr
oa
c
hes
towar
ds st
ren
gth
e
ning inter
ne
t
ar
c
hitec
ture
(
Vidya
M
.S
)
3863
especial
ly
with
resp
ect
to
sec
ur
it
y
factor.
T
her
e
ar
e
var
i
ous
reas
ons
be
hi
nd
this
viz.
i)
they
us
e
IP
ne
twork
that
is
ho
st
centric
an
d
can
not
cat
er
up
a
ny
fo
r
m
of
distri
bu
te
d
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
,
wh
ic
h
is
the
ne
ed
of
pr
ese
nt
age,
ii
)
the
poli
cy
of
IP
ad
dress
is
encou
nterin
g
exh
a
us
ti
on
w
it
h
the
expone
ntial
rise
of
use
rs,
ii
i)
no
inclusi
on
of
secu
rity
at
tribu
te
s
(e
xce
pt
IPv6
that
offer
s
disti
nct
an
d
uniq
ue
IP
a
d
dr
ess
es
to
pro
m
ot
e
secur
it
y),
iv)
hi
gh
ly
no
n
-
flexi
ble
posin
g
dif
f
ic
ult
to
inc
orp
or
at
e
ne
w
ope
r
at
ion
[13].
T
he
refor
e
,
we
b
se
cur
it
y
has
bec
om
e
on
e
of
the
esse
ntial
co
ncerns
am
on
g
t
he
ne
twork
com
m
un
it
ie
s
[
14
-
16]
and
this
le
ads
to
t
he
form
ation
of
Fu
tu
re
I
nter
ne
t
Ar
c
hitec
ture
(FIA
)
[
17
]
.
On
e
of
t
he
es
sentia
l
pa
rts
of
F
IA
is
it
s
s
ecur
it
y
inclusio
n.
F
un
ded
b
y
Nati
ona
l
Scie
nce
Foundati
on
(
N
SF)
i
n
U
nited
Stat
es,
FIA
pro
j
ect
ha
s
been
init
ia
te
d
that
has
tra
nsfo
rm
e
d
the
existi
ng
ho
st
ce
ntric
we
b
desig
n
to
co
ntent
ce
nt
ric
ar
chite
ct
ur
e
[18]
with
m
or
e
ca
pa
bili
ty
to
perform
an
eff
ect
ive
traf
fi
c
m
anag
em
ent
.
So
m
e
of
the
rep
ute
d
pro
j
e
ct
s
of
FIA
are
Mob
il
it
y
First
[1
9],
XIA
[
20
]
,
SC
ION
[
21
]
,
C
O
AS
T
[
22]
,
et
c.
Howev
e
r,
work
ca
rr
ie
d
out
by
Ding
et
al
.
[23]
has
re
porte
d
sign
ific
a
n
t
le
ve
l
of
pro
blem
s
associat
ed
with
al
m
os
t
al
l
the
ev
olv
e
d
pro
j
ect
s
of
NS
F
.
T
his
le
ads
to
a
con
cl
us
io
n
t
ha
t
there
is
a
ne
ed
to
i
nvest
iga
te
the
secu
rity
dem
and
s
of
F
IA
rig
ht
f
ro
m
gaugin
g
st
reng
th
of
existi
ng w
e
b
s
ecur
it
y ap
proa
ches.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
his
pap
e
r
re
views
the
existi
ng
s
yst
e
m
of
web
secur
it
y
pract
ic
ed
ove
r
prese
nt
sta
te
of
internet
a
rch
it
e
ct
ur
e
a
nd
the
n
discusse
s
a
bout
so
m
e
of
the
r
ecent
resea
rc
h
appr
oach
es
to
wards
sec
uri
ng
fu
t
ur
e
internet
a
rch
it
ect
ur
e
fo
ll
ow
ed
by
in
vestigat
ion
of
un
e
xp
l
or
e
d
pro
ble
m
s
i
n
this
do
m
ai
n
of
re
searc
h.
The
orga
nizat
ion
of
the
pa
pe
r
is
as
f
ollo
wing
:
Se
ct
ion
-
2
discusse
s
ab
ou
t
the
secu
rity
pro
blem
s
associat
ed
with
the
W
e
b
f
ollow
e
d
by
dis
cussion
of
dif
f
eren
t
ap
proac
he
s
to
ensure
w
eb
secu
rity
in
Sect
ion
-
3.
Dis
cussion
of
ap
proac
hes
t
ow
a
rd
s
sec
ur
i
ng
f
uture
inter
net
arch
it
ect
ur
e
is
carried
ou
t
in
Sect
ion
4
f
ollow
e
d
by
dis
cussion
of uns
olv
e
d res
earch
problem
s
in
Sect
io
n 5.Fi
nally
, S
ect
io
n 6 sum
m
arizes th
e
fin
dings
of the
pap
e
r.
Secu
rity
threat
ev
olv
es
in
we
b
in
va
rio
us
sha
pe
a
nd
f
or
m
s
wi
th
diff
e
re
nt
intensit
ie
s
of
at
ta
ck.
T
he
re
ar
e
div
e
rsified
f
orm
s
of
secu
rity
threatsre
porte
d
in
e
xisti
ng
int
ern
et
a
rc
hitec
ture
of
We
b
2.0
an
d
ti
ll
date
t
her
e
is
no
fu
ll
pro
of
s
olu
ti
on
agai
ns
t
m
i
ti
gating
suc
h
threat.
Fi
gure
1
hi
gh
li
ghts
that
there
existi
ng
r
esea
rch
w
or
k
cl
assifi
es secu
r
it
y t
oo
ls t
o resi
sts t
hr
eat
i
nto
va
rio
us
form
s,
wh
e
re m
ajo
rity
are
at
ta
ck
s
pec
ific
.
Figure
1
.
Cl
assifi
cat
ion
of
we
b
-
base
d
at
ta
cks
All
the
at
ta
cks
highli
ghte
d
a
bove
are
al
so
a
ntici
pated
t
o
c
on
ti
nue
t
o
le
ad
in
it
s
e
nh
a
nce
d
ver
si
on
of
internet
arc
hitec
ture
in
fu
t
ur
e
too
.
The
m
os
t
fr
eq
ue
ntly
fo
und
inter
net
-
bas
ed
at
ta
cks
are
m
al
war
e,
ph
is
hing
,
SQ
L
in
j
ect
io
n
at
ta
ck,
cro
s
s
-
sit
e
scripting,
D
enial
-
of
-
Se
r
vice,
Sessi
on
Hij
ac
king,
Ma
n
-
in
-
Mi
ddle
at
ta
ck,
Crede
ntial
r
eus
e, etc. In e
xisti
ng syst
em
, th
ere ar
e tw
o f
or
m
s of tools
wh
e
r
e one is
us
ed
for
att
ac
k
a
nd
a
no
t
he
r
is
us
e
d
for
de
fender
.
T
he
t
ools
us
ed
by
at
ta
cker
s
a
re
m
ai
nly
us
e
d
f
or
l
aun
c
hing
m
al
i
ci
ou
s
pro
gram
s
e.
g.
Troja
ns
,
D
enia
l
-
of
-
Se
rv
ic
e,
pa
cket
forg
i
ng
a
tt
ack,
fin
gerpr
i
nting
at
ta
ck,
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
la
ye
r
at
ta
ck,
us
e
r
at
ta
ck.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
3
8
6
2
-
3
8
7
1
3864
The
init
ia
ti
on
of
De
nial
-
of
-
Ser
vice
is
carried
out
by
de
gr
ee
of
a
utom
at
i
on
,
by
ex
plo
it
ed
vu
l
nerabil
it
y,
by
at
ta
ck
netw
ork
u
se
d,
by
a
tt
ack
rate
dyna
m
ic
s,
by
victi
m
t
ype,
by
im
pact,
a
nd
by
a
gen
t.
T
he
a
ppli
cat
ion
la
ye
r
at
ta
ck
is
again
cl
assifi
e
d
into
ty
pes
i.
e.
bro
wser
at
ta
ck
an
d
ser
ve
r
at
ta
ck.
The
brow
se
r
at
ta
ck
is
again
init
ia
te
d
us
ing
XS
S
re
quest
w
hile
serv
e
r
at
ta
ck
is
init
ia
t
ed
by
protoc
ols,
S
QL
injec
ti
on,
cod
e
in
j
ect
io
n,
buff
e
r
error,
URL
m
isi
nterp
retat
ion.
Thet
oo
ls
us
e
d
by
de
fe
nd
e
r
m
ai
nly
us
er
netw
ork
m
on
it
or
in
g
t
oo
ls
e.
g.
visu
al
iz
at
ion
a
nd
a
naly
sis.
Int
eresti
ng
ly
,
the
re
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
too
l
usa
ge
f
ound
bet
ween
a
tt
acker
an
d
defe
nde
r
i.e.
inf
orm
ation
gather
i
ng
to
ol.
T
his
to
ol
is
us
e
d
for
s
niff
in
g
a
nd
net
work
m
app
ing
operati
on
where
t
he
intenti
on
of
at
t
acker
is
to
lo
ok
f
or
s
uitable
env
i
ronm
ent
of
la
un
c
hing
at
ta
ck
w
hile
intenti
on
of
def
e
nder
is
to
captu
re
the
presence
of
ab
norm
al
or
vu
ln
erab
le
net
work
conditi
on
to
r
eport
a
pr
oble
m
.
Ther
e
is
no
doubt
m
axi
m
u
m
inf
or
m
at
ion
is
cir
culat
ed
th
rou
gh
the
web
a
nd
it
beco
m
es
the
hub
of
a
ll
the
attacker
s
too
.
Unfortu
natel
y,
existi
ng
i
nter
net
arc
hitec
tur
es
la
cks
r
obust
ness
as
well
as
capa
bili
ti
es
to
identify
a
nd
preve
nt
al
l
the
lethal
form
s
of
at
tack
s
irres
pecti
ve
of
us
a
ge
of
exp
e
ns
ive
fi
r
ewall
syst
e
m
.
Ther
e
are
va
rio
us
researc
hers
e.g.
[24]
w
ho
ha
ve
al
read
y
sta
te
d
the
chall
eng
e
s
associat
e
d
with
e
xisti
ng
cy
ber
sec
ur
i
ty
that
po
s
sible
i
m
m
e
ns
e
threat
to
e
xisti
ng
web
use
rs.
T
his
le
ads
to
evo
l
ution
of
FIA,
ho
wev
e
r,
it
is
still
un
know
n
how
m
uch
e
xi
sti
ng
we
b
sec
uri
ty
is
pr
e
pa
re
d
to
be
c
us
tom
iz
ed
f
or
s
hap
i
ng
it
sel
f
t
o
offe
r
m
axi
m
u
m
secur
it
y
wh
e
n use
d wit
h
F
IA. T
he ne
xt
secti
on
disc
usse
s abo
ut ex
ist
i
ng w
e
b
s
ecu
rity
ap
pr
oach
es
.
Ap
a
rt
from
the
above
m
entioned
discuss
i
on
of
threats,
the
re
exists
di
ff
e
r
ent
oth
er
form
s
of
at
ta
cks
,
r
efe
r
Fig
ur
e
2.
Ou
t
of
dif
fer
e
nt
oth
e
r
form
s
of
at
ta
cks
Cross
Sit
e
Scripting
(X
S
S)
is
co
ns
ide
red
to
th
e
m
os
t
le
thal
threats
wh
e
n
it
c
om
es
to
at
ta
cki
ng
web
-
based
a
ppli
cat
ion
s.
H
oweve
r,
the
re
a
r
e
ot
her
f
or
m
s
of
at
ta
ck
al
so
that is
nea
rly
si
m
il
ar to
XSS i.e.
L
ocal F
il
e inclusio
n,
F
il
e U
plo
a
d, S
Q
L in
j
ect
ion,
ge
ner
al
bypas
s,
e
tc
.
0
.
0
6
%
0
.
1
9
%
0
.
6
3
%
1
.
6
9
%
2
.
1
9
%
2
.
1
9
%
2
.
4
4
%
2
.
7
5
%
4
.
5
7
%
8
.
6
3
%
9
.
6
9
%
1
8
.
0
1
%
4
6
.
9
7
%
1
0
%
0
%
2
0
%
3
0
%
4
0
%
5
0
%
D
e
n
i
a
l
o
f
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
X
M
L
E
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
E
n
t
i
t
y
O
p
e
n
R
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
B
y
p
a
s
s
A
u
t
h
e
n
t
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
B
y
p
a
s
s
R
e
m
o
t
e
F
i
l
e
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
F
u
l
l
P
a
t
h
D
i
s
c
l
o
s
u
r
e
R
e
m
o
t
e
C
o
d
e
E
x
e
c
u
t
i
o
n
L
o
c
a
l
F
i
l
e
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
C
r
o
s
s
S
i
t
e
R
e
q
u
e
s
t
F
o
r
g
e
r
y
F
i
l
e
U
p
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
S
Q
L
I
n
j
e
c
t
i
o
n
C
r
o
s
s
S
i
t
e
S
c
r
i
p
t
i
n
g
Figure
2 St
at
istics
of
we
b
-
bas
ed
at
ta
cks
2.
APP
ROAC
H
ES ON WE
B
SECURIT
Y
This
sect
io
n
discuss
es
ab
out
var
i
ou
s
ap
proa
ches
repor
te
d
i
n
the
existi
ng
l
it
eratur
es
t
ow
a
rd
s
secu
rin
g
web
-
based
ser
vices.
Web
ser
vices
as
well
as
it
s
correspo
ndin
g
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
is
f
reque
ntly
us
e
d
an
d
acce
s
sed
by
m
illi
on
s
of
use
rs
world
wide.
W
it
h
i
ncr
easi
ng
inc
orporati
on
of
sec
ur
i
ng
the
w
eb
,
it
is
eq
ually
i
m
po
r
ta
nt
t
o
enh
a
nce
t
he
use
r’
s
e
xperie
nce
too.
Acc
ordi
ng
to Stritt
er
et
al.
[25], W
e
b
2.0
is hig
hly
pro
ne
to d
if
fer
e
nt f
orm
s
of
i
ntrusio
n
ov
er
it
s
cro
s
s
-
sit
e
scriptin
g
w
hil
e
adv
e
rsely
af
f
ect
ing
D
om
ai
n
Nam
e
Syst
e
m
.
Usa
ge
of
pu
blic
key
infr
a
struct
ur
es
for
secu
rin
g
Web
2.0
is
al
so
c
la
i
m
ed
to
be
unjusti
fied
.
Stu
dy
towa
rd
s
i
de
ntific
at
ion
of
a
tt
acks
on
we
b
-
ap
plica
ti
on
is
ca
rr
ie
d
ou
t
by
Ko
zi
k
et
al
.
[
26
]
by
introd
ucin
g
a
joint
im
plem
entat
ion
of
m
achine
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Revi
ew
ing
eff
e
ct
iv
it
y in secu
r
it
y a
ppr
oa
c
hes
towar
ds st
ren
gth
e
ning inter
ne
t
ar
c
hitec
ture
(
Vidya
M
.S
)
3865
le
arn
in
g
a
nd
cl
us
te
rin
g
a
ppr
oa
ches.
A
ve
ry
un
i
qu
e
pr
oto
ty
pe
has
bee
n
in
tro
du
ce
d
by
T
sal
aportas
et
al
.
[
27]
that
us
es
cr
os
s
-
platf
or
m
env
i
ronm
ent.
The
com
plete
pr
ot
otype
is
desi
gned
by
m
aking
it
ind
e
pende
nt
fro
m
any
ser
ver
side
an
d
is
pu
rely
sel
f
-
c
on
ta
ine
d.
This
is
a
li
ght
weig
ht
co
nce
pt
of
secu
rity
bu
t
la
cks
c
on
si
derat
io
n
of
ide
ntific
at
io
n
of
any
s
pecific
secur
it
y
in
dicat
or
s
.
Th
e
work
ca
rr
ie
d
ou
t
by
Tat
li
a
nd
Urg
un
[28]
hav
e
evo
l
ved
up
wit
h
a
be
nc
hm
ark
ed
to
ol
with
ca
pab
il
it
y
of
in
ve
sti
gating
int
rusion
w
hile
sear
chin
g
the
we
b
us
in
g
Java
s
cripts
.
Accor
ding
to
t
he
m
echan
ism
,
the
syst
em
per
f
or
m
s
an
i
niti
al
con
fi
gurati
on
of
t
heir
cra
wlin
g
process
,
w
hic
h
is
the
n
f
ollo
w
ed
by
f
orwardi
ng
al
l
f
or
m
s
of
HTT
PP
reque
st.
A
r
obus
t
to
ol
to
c
a
pture
phishi
ng
even
t
wa
s
d
isc
us
se
d by Ma
o
et
al. [29
]
.
The
aut
hors
ha
ve
us
e
d
certa
in
featur
e
th
at
are
no
t
possi
ble
to
be
co
rrup
te
d
by
at
ta
cker
s
a
nd
has
e
m
ph
asi
zed
m
or
e
on
sc
ript
s
ecur
it
y.
T
he
fe
at
ur
es
we
re
f
orm
ed
from
whit
el
ist
ed
databa
se,
ta
r
get
pa
ge
,
an
d
su
s
picious
page
wh
ic
h
wh
e
n
su
bject
e
d
to
sim
il
arity
co
m
par
iso
n
detect
s
phishi
ng.
The
a
naly
sis
of
the
s
tud
y
is
carried
out
co
ns
ide
rin
g
data
set
if
ph
is
hing
even
t
wh
e
rea
s
the
outc
om
e
is
assessed
c
on
si
der
i
ng
acc
ur
acy
par
am
et
ers
e.f.
recall
,
preci
sion,
et
c.
St
ud
y
towa
rds
resis
ti
ng
ph
is
hing
has
been
car
ried
ou
t
by
Ma
rcha
l
et
al
.
[3
0]
w
he
re
the
ap
proac
h
is
to
identify
diff
e
ren
t
c
on
s
trai
nt
encou
nte
red
by
at
ta
cker
to
con
st
ru
ct
f
orge
d
pag
e
.
Lit
erature
has
al
so
witnesse
d
certai
n
hybri
dized
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
f
or
secur
i
ng
we
b
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
.
Go
l
dst
een
et
al
.
[31]
hav
e
hybri
dized
network
la
ye
r
a
nd
presentat
io
n
la
ye
r
to
introdu
ce
a
sec
ur
e
m
asking
poli
cy
to
s
afegua
rd sensi
ti
ve
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
The
aut
hors
ha
ve
al
so
discusse
d
ab
out
the
certai
n
m
asking
ru
le
s
that
sho
uld
be
ad
her
e
d
upon
w
hi
le
work
i
ng
on
s
uc
h
sec
ur
it
y
poli
ci
es.
Howe
ver,
the
lo
ophole
of
t
his
w
ork
is
that
it
do
es
n’
t
su
pp
or
t
sec
uri
ng
a
ny
con
te
nts
ge
nerat
ed
by
m
ulti
pl
e
par
ti
es
on
we
b.
This
prob
le
m
is
rep
ort
ed
t
o
be
ad
dr
e
ssed
by
Ph
un
g
et
al.
[32]
wh
e
re
sec
ur
it
y
of
Ja
vaSc
ript
and
m
ixed
flas
h
co
ntents
are
su
bject
e
d
to
se
cur
it
y.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
work
does
n’
t
safegua
rd
m
any
oth
e
r
f
or
m
s
of
at
ta
c
ks
e.
g.
den
ia
l
-
of
-
Se
rv
i
ce
(DoS
)
at
ta
c
k.
T
he
refor
e
,
it
is
essenti
al
to
stud
y
the
internal
kn
ow
le
dg
e
a
bout
the
at
ta
ck
stra
te
gy
and
m
ining
ap
proach
is
m
os
t
su
it
able
fo
r
this
ta
sk
.
A
doptio
n
of
m
ining
a
pp
ro
ac
h
was
see
n
in
w
ork
of
Me
dier
os
et
al
.
[33]
w
he
re
po
li
cy
f
or
at
ta
ck
detect
io
n
was
form
ulate
d
and
then
it
wa
s
use
d
to
ca
pture
di
ver
se
at
ta
cks
.
Howe
ver,
owi
ng
t
o
incl
us
io
n
of
it
erati
ve
r
ules,
it
cou
l
d
off
er
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
al
com
plexity
that
has
not
bee
n
assesse
d.
Sim
il
ar
directi
on
of
resea
rc
h
w
as
al
so
carried
out
by
An
t
un
e
s
an
d
Viera
[34]
co
nsi
der
in
g
be
nchm
ark
in
g
a
pproach
f
or
S
QL
i
nj
ect
io
n
a
nd
w
ork
of
Gillm
an
et
al. [35
]
who disc
usse
d
a
bout
deliv
erin
g
c
on
te
nts
secur
el
y.
Fr
om
the
ab
ov
e
existi
ng
a
ppr
oach
e
s
to
ward
s
secu
rin
g
th
re
at
s
ov
e
r
we
b,
it
can
be
vis
ua
li
zed
from
above
ta
ble
th
at
researc
her
s
hav
e
offe
red
s
olu
ti
on
to
ward
s
ph
is
hing
pro
blem
s,
Do
S
at
ta
ck,
ide
ntific
at
ion
of
at
ta
ck
pro
blem
s
et
c.
Ap
a
rt
from
this
gen
e
ri
c
researc
h
w
ork,
the
re
are
s
om
e
exclusive
r
esearch
w
ork
towa
r
ds
identify
in
g
a
nd preve
ntin
g
s
om
e let
hal thr
ea
ts as bel
ow
:
2.1
.
Studi
es
t
owards
resi
sti
ng
cr
os
s
-
site
s
cri
pt
ing
attac
k
(
X
SS
)
Ba
sic
al
ly
,
this
is
the
m
os
t
fr
e
qu
e
ntly
re
ported
at
ta
cks
on
w
eb
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
that
le
t
the
ad
ve
rsar
y
i
nj
ect
m
al
ic
iou
s
co
de
in
the
we
b
-
pag
e
s
f
or
in
vo
king
at
ta
cks
.
Existi
ng
li
te
ratur
e
has
re
port
ed
to
wa
rd
s
pr
om
oting
identific
at
ion p
ro
ces
s o
f
X
SS
at
ta
ck.
T
he
w
ork
car
ried
out by
Da
s
et
al
[
36]
ha
ve
prese
nted
a
n
uniq
ue
m
et
ho
d
of
ide
ntifyi
ng
on
ly
le
gal
set
of
act
io
ns
exe
cuted
by
norm
al
us
er
as
well
as
adv
ersa
ry
consi
der
i
ng
m
ulti
ple
at
ta
ck
exam
ples.
Howe
ver,
the
i
so
la
ti
on
proces
s
rec
omm
end
e
d
by
t
he
a
uthor
s
has
not
bee
n
check
e
d
for
it
s
m
it
igati
on
qu
al
it
y.
Re
sear
ch
to
wards
e
vo
lving
up
with
a
n
ef
fecti
ve
m
itigati
on
poli
cy
has
been
car
ried
ou
t
by
Y
usof
an
d
Pathan
[
37]
wh
ere
the
aut
hors
ha
ve
e
m
phasi
zed
m
or
e
on
co
ns
tr
ucting
secur
it
y
po
li
cy
fo
r
sensiti
ve
we
b
con
te
nts.
The
research
e
r
ha
s
con
str
ucted
a
pr
oto
ty
pe
web
-
based
a
ppli
cat
ion
in
ord
e
r
to
te
sti
fy
their
al
gorithm
s
ov
er
var
i
ou
s
bro
w
sers.
Stu
dy
to
wards
resist
in
g
si
m
il
ar
at
ta
ck
has
al
so
bee
n
pr
ese
nted
by
Sh
ar
an
d
Tan
[
38
]
.
H
oweve
r,
they
ha
ve
spok
e
n
th
eor
et
ic
al
ly
the
streng
t
h
of
va
rio
us
too
ls
a
nd
pr
act
ic
es.
Si
m
il
a
r
theo
reti
cal
stud
y
of
sec
ur
it
y
loo
ph
oles
of
W
e
b
2.0
a
nd
existi
ng
we
b
a
ppli
cat
ion
is
al
so
discusse
d
by
Saie
dian
[
39
]
.
Acc
ordin
g
t
o
a
uthor
,
do
m
ai
n
-
base
d
X
SS
at
ta
cks
a
r
e
quit
e
ha
rd
to
m
i
ti
gate.
Sala
s
an
d
Ma
rtins
[40]
hav
e
pr
ese
nte
d
a
black
-
box
based
m
echan
ism
to
resist
at
ta
cks
on
w
eb
-
se
r
vices.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
stu
dy
la
ck
s
any
disc
us
si
on
of
possi
ble
ov
e
r
head
s
.
W
ork
car
ried
out
by
Fagha
ni
a
nd
N
gu
ye
n
[
41]
ha
ve
discusse
d
ab
ou
t
a
sec
ur
it
y
m
e
chan
ism
us
in
g
so
ci
al
net
wor
k
an
d
cl
us
te
rin
g
co
nce
pt
to
f
orm
ula
te
a
strat
e
gy
f
or
resist
ing
s
prea
d
of XSS a
tt
ac
ks
. An
a
naly
ti
cal
m
od
el
ing
ha
s b
ee
n
car
ried ou
t
us
in
g gr
a
ph the
or
y t
o
im
plem
en
t
this
co
ncep
t
w
her
e
t
he
ou
tc
om
e
is
assessed
us
in
g
nu
m
ber
of
c
om
pr
om
ised
us
ers
as
well
as
dif
fer
e
nt
form
s
of
cl
us
te
rin
g
m
etr
ic
s
of
soc
ia
l
netw
orks.
Sh
a
r
et
al
.
[
42
]
ha
ve
ad
op
te
d
m
achine
le
ar
ning
-
base
d
ap
pro
ach
f
or
forecast
in
g
the
at
ta
ck
e
ven
ts
f
or
we
b
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s.
T
he
t
echn
i
qu
e
us
es
validat
io
n
i
nputs
as
well
a
s
co
de
patte
rn
s
f
or
ca
rr
yi
ng
out
the
com
pu
ta
ti
on
usi
ng
sem
i
-
su
pe
rv
ise
d
le
ar
ning
appr
oach.
S
ha
r
an
d
Ta
n
[
43]
hav
e
pr
ese
nted
a
stu
dy
to
wards
a
udit
ing
t
he
def
e
ns
ive
c
ha
recter
ist
ic
s
of
XS
S
.
An
interest
in
g
par
t
of
this
st
udy
is
that
it
offers
a
com
pr
e
hensi
ve
asses
sm
e
nt
of
t
he
defense
m
easur
es
a
dopte
d
t
o
r
est
rict
XS
S
a
tt
acks.
The
te
ch
nique
adopted
by
this
author
is
qu
i
te
un
iq
ue
an
d
adh
e
res
to
the
secur
it
y
requir
e
m
ents
discusse
d
by
Halde
rm
an
[4
4]
.
Hen
ce,
resea
rch
wor
k
to
wards
resist
in
g
XSS
base
d
at
ta
cks
are
quit
e
new
and
le
ss
num
ber
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
3
8
6
2
-
3
8
7
1
3866
sta
nd
a
rd
resea
rch
w
ork
e
xis
ts
at
pr
e
sent.
Ma
jority
of
the
existi
ng
r
esearche
rs
ha
ve
m
ade
the
ore
ti
cal
discuss
i
on
towa
rd
s
X
SS
at
ta
cks
w
hile
le
ss
nu
m
ber
of
w
ork
are
carrie
d
out
towards
i
m
ple
m
enting
ro
bust
so
luti
on.
How
ever,
apar
t
f
r
om
XS
S,
ther
e
are
oth
e
r
le
thal
at
ta
cks
o
n
web
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
to
o
th
at
are
discusse
d ne
xt.
2.2
.
Studi
es
t
owards
resi
sti
ng
SQL
in
ject
ion
SQ
L
in
j
ect
io
n
is
a
kin
d
of
at
ta
ck
te
chn
i
que
w
her
e
a
n
a
tt
acker
inse
rts
their
own
c
od
e
into
a
pre
-
existi
ng
databa
se
in
order
to
ste
al
data
-
inf
orm
at
ion
by
ta
rget
ing
we
b
-
base
d
ap
plica
ti
on
s.
It
can
be
m
it
i
gated
by
ens
ur
i
ng
th
at
a
syst
e
m
has
powerf
ul
secur
it
y
syst
e
m
.
This
sect
ion
di
scusses
the
e
xisti
ng
Web
s
ecur
it
y
appr
oach
es
to
avo
i
d
the
SQL
inj
ect
io
n
at
ta
cks.
T
he
w
ork
c
arr
ie
d
ou
t
by
Appelt
et
al
.
[4
5]
hav
e
c
on
si
de
red
the
fail
ur
e
of
we
b
secur
it
y
syst
em
in
pr
esence
of
S
QL
in
j
ect
ion
at
ta
cks
a
nd
form
ul
at
ed
this
issue
as
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
pro
blem
.
The
auth
or
s
hav
e
use
d
m
achine
lear
ni
ng
a
ppro
ac
h
an
d
ge
netic
al
gorithm
to
fix
the
vulner
abi
li
ty
of
secur
it
y
syst
em
.
The
exp
e
rim
ental
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
de
m
on
strat
es
that
the
presente
d
ap
proac
h
e
f
fici
ently
blo
c
ks
th
e att
a
cks.
K
houry
et al
. [
46]
hav
e i
nvest
igate
d ef
fe
ct
iveness
t
he
e
xisti
ng
secu
rity
scan
ner that
use
d
to
detect
stored
att
acks.
The
a
uthor
ha
ve
perform
ed
custom
te
st
-
be
d
sce
nar
i
o
that
show
that
e
xisti
ng
sec
ur
it
y
s
cann
e
r
is
not
m
uch
eff
ect
ive
in
detect
ing
store
d
SQL
inj
e
ct
ion
vulne
rab
i
li
ti
es.
Li
et
a
l.
[47]
hav
e
pr
es
ented
a
ne
w
dy
nam
ic
m
od
el
based
on
Hidde
n
Ma
r
kov
Mo
del
to
detect
at
ta
cks
and
to
a
naly
ze
the
beh
a
vior
of
at
ta
cker
and
t
he
le
gal
us
er
.
The
e
xp
erim
ental
per
fo
rm
ance
of
pro
posed
m
od
e
l
rev
eal
s
that
it
achie
ves
higher
acc
ur
a
cy
rate
com
par
ed
t
o
K
-
m
eans
te
chn
iq
ue
in
te
rm
s
of
detect
in
g
m
al
ic
iou
s
us
e
r
an
d
at
ta
cks
.
Ping
et
al
.
[
48]
ha
ve
dev
el
op
e
d
pro
toty
pe
arch
it
ec
ture
to
pr
e
vent
the
at
ta
cks
in
the
W
e
b
a
ppli
cat
ion
s.
T
he
auth
or
s
have
us
ed
Ra
ndom
iz
ation
te
chn
i
que
th
at
ra
ndom
iz
es
the
SQL
qu
e
ries
w
hich
res
ult
in
to
detect
SQL
in
j
ect
ed
at
ta
cker.
Ex
per
im
ental
e
ff
ect
s
dis
play
that
pro
posed
a
rch
it
ect
ure
obta
ins
good
perf
or
m
ances
to
pr
even
ti
ng
at
ta
ck
s
with
the
lo
w
-
c
os
t
ra
te
.
Xiao
et
al
.
[49]
ha
ve
i
nv
e
sti
gated
e
xisti
ng
a
ppr
o
aches
to
at
ta
cks
detec
ti
on
a
nd
f
ound
that
these m
et
ho
ds
hav
e
s
om
e d
efects w
hich d
o no
t m
eet
f
ull re
qu
i
rem
ents o
f
t
he dete
ct
ion s
yst
e
m
.
The
outc
om
es
of
this
stu
dy
sh
ow
that
th
e
pr
ese
nted
a
ppr
oac
h
overc
om
es
the
issues
of
existi
ng
appr
oach
with
highe
r
acc
ur
a
c
y.
Yassi
n
et
al
.
[
50
]
ha
ve
pr
ese
nted
intr
usi
on
detect
io
n
fr
am
ewo
r
k
for
cl
ou
d
serv
ic
e
pro
vide
r
to
de
te
ct
ed
at
ta
cks.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
fr
am
ework
prov
i
des
inter
relat
ion
s
hi
p
be
twee
n
the
HTT
P
request
a
nd
th
e
SQL
qu
e
ries
w
hich
hel
ps
t
o
ide
ntify
the
at
ta
cks
with
ou
t
m
o
difyin
g
s
ource
co
de
of
c
loud
app
li
cat
io
n.
T
he
aut
hor
ha
ve
al
so
pro
pose
d
that
the
pre
sented
fr
am
ewo
r
k
is
integ
rated
in
Am
azon
W
eb
Ser
vices
w
hic
h
al
lo
ws
a
cl
oud
pro
vid
e
r
to
re
duce
it
s
infr
a
struct
ur
e
costs
by
po
oling
m
any
com
pu
ti
ng
resou
rces
to
pr
ov
i
de
m
ulti
p
le
cl
ie
nts
or
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s.Maj
ori
ty
of
the
rese
arch
w
ork
is
not
be
nc
hm
ark
ed
a
nd
ye
t t
he
pro
ble
m
is op
e
n
-
e
nd.
2.3
.
Studi
es
t
owards
resi
sti
ng
D
DoS
attacks
At
prese
nt,
t
he
us
a
ge
of
i
ntern
et
or
web
serv
ic
es
bec
om
ing
ver
y
es
s
entia
l
for
e
ve
r
yone
su
c
h
as
orga
n
iz
at
ion
s
,
gove
rn
m
ents,
as
well
as
in
the
edu
cat
io
n
sect
or.
Unf
or
tu
nat
el
y,
with
the
grow
t
h
of
the
num
ber
of
hosts,
the
num
ber
of
at
ta
c
ks
on
the
inter
net
is
al
s
o
inc
red
i
bly
increas
ing
fast.
Th
us,
there
are
dif
f
eren
t
kinds of atta
cks,
o
ut of th
em
DDoS
at
ta
ck
is t
he
m
os
t co
m
m
on
an
d
sign
i
f
ic
ant thr
eat
. To p
rev
e
nt su
c
h
ki
nd
of
at
ta
cks,
se
ver
al
r
esea
rch
e
rs
i
ntrod
uced the
dif
fer
e
nt app
ro
ac
hes, are
bri
efly
d
isc
us
sin
g
i
n
t
his secti
on.
In
[
51]
,
Lu
o
et
al
.
hav
e
pro
po
s
ed
pr
e
ven
ti
on
m
echan
ism
against
D
DoS
at
ta
cks,
i.e.,
identifie
r
or
locat
or
se
pa
rati
on
m
et
ho
d
whic
h
show
s
that
how
ca
n
preve
nt
&
de
fend
th
e
web
se
r
vices
from
DD
oS
at
ta
ck
s
.
Also
int
rod
uce
d
the
m
app
in
g
appro
ac
h
of
i
den
ti
fier
onto
locat
or
a
nd
de
m
on
strat
ed
ho
w
this
m
echan
i
s
m
m
akes
it
diff
i
cult
for
t
he
a
tt
ackers
t
o
m
a
nag
e
botnets
.
But
pro
posed
“Id
e
ntifie
r
or
locat
or
”
sepa
r
at
ion
m
echan
ism
ha
s
it
s
featur
es
wh
ic
h
are
m
ain
ly
intende
d
to
so
lve
the
r
outi
ng
pr
ob
le
m
s
i
n
the
inter
netw
orkin
g.
Sh
ea
et
al
.
[
52
]
,
ha
ve
pr
ese
nt
ed
a
n
e
xp
e
rim
ental
stu
dy
on
m
od
ern
virtu
al
iz
at
ion
m
ac
hin
es
un
der
netw
orke
d
DoS
at
ta
cks.
In
this
stu
dy,
ha
ve
exam
ined
th
e
perform
ance
of
v
irtual
iz
at
io
n
te
ch
niques
be
neath
sta
nd
a
r
d
TCP
base
d DDoS a
tt
acks.
Fo
r
the
re
su
lt
analy
sis,
hav
e
com
par
ed
the
sam
e
DD
oS
on
non
-
vi
rtuali
zat
ion
ser
ver
s
.
Sh
ia
el
es
an
d
Papa
dak
i
[
53
]
,
pro
pose
d
a
n
enh
a
nce
d
m
ulti
-
la
ye
r
IP
-
S
po
of
detect
io
n
m
et
hod,
was
na
m
ed
as
a
hy
bri
d
I
P
sp
oo
fin
g
detect
ion
m
et
ho
d
f
or
i
nter
net
D
D
oS
at
ta
cks
.
T
he
pro
posed
m
echan
ism
based
on
f
uzzy
em
pirical
po
li
ci
es
w
hic
h
can
ide
ntify
th
e
IP
offe
ns
ive
as
well
as
m
iti
gate
the
tra
ff
ic
offendin
g.
Th
e
ex
per
im
ental
resu
lt
s
sh
owe
d
that
hy
br
id
spo
of
in
g
ap
proac
h
ana
ly
zed
te
n
th
ou
san
d
pac
kets,
and
preci
sel
y
identifie
d
99.
9%
of
traff
ic
w
it
hin
5
sec.
T
he
pr
im
ary
lim
it
a
ti
on
of
t
his
ap
proac
h
is,
t
her
e
is
t
he
nee
d
f
or
ge
ogra
phic
al
inf
o
r
m
at
ion
,
so
t
hat h
as
to m
ai
ntain a d
at
a
base
with a
ppr
opriat
e TTL
v
a
lues
f
orm
s the I
Ps
with t
he
c
ount
ry.
Tan
g
et
al
.
[5
4]
hav
e
in
vestigat
ed
the
im
pa
ct
of
low
rate
DoS
at
ta
ck
on
feedback
c
on
t
ro
l
syst
em
.
Also
pro
pose
d
a
m
et
ho
do
l
og
y
to
c
om
pu
te
th
e
effe
ct
of
l
o
w
rate
Dan
ie
l
of
ser
vice
at
ta
ck
on
fee
dback
co
ntr
ol
syst
e
m
wh
ic
h
identifie
s
the
di
ff
ere
nt
at
ta
ck
scenari
os
an
d
cal
culat
es
the
im
pact
of
al
l
a
t
ta
ck
scena
rios.
Th
e
si
m
ulati
on
res
ults
dem
on
stra
te
d
the
trade
off
bet
ween
th
e
eff
ect
of
D
oS
at
ta
ck
an
d
it
s
rev
enu
e
,
wh
ic
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Revi
ew
ing
eff
e
ct
iv
it
y in secu
r
it
y a
ppr
oa
c
hes
towar
ds st
ren
gth
e
ning inter
ne
t
ar
c
hitec
ture
(
Vidya
M
.S
)
3867
represe
nts the e
xistence
of
optim
a
l Do
S att
a
ck.
Z
hou
et
al.
[55] h
a
ve
intr
oduce
d
a li
ghtw
ei
gh
t m
et
ho
d
t
o
filt
er
the
DoS
at
ta
ck
s
on
S
IP
(i.e
.,
Sessio
n
I
niti
at
i
on
P
r
oto
c
ol)
a
nd
def
eat
the
DoS
at
ta
cks
by
blo
c
king
SI
P
pack
et
s
.
The
em
pirical
cal
culat
ion
s
howe
d
that
pr
opos
e
d
history
based
IP
filt
ering
m
et
ho
d
reac
hes
t
he
us
ef
ul
i
m
pr
ovem
ent i
n
CP
U uti
li
zat
i
on b
e
neath
d
e
ni
al
o
f
se
r
vice at
ta
cks.
Yoo
n
[56],
propose
d
a
D
D
oS
at
ta
ck
m
it
ig
at
ion
m
echan
i
sm
fo
r
c
riti
cal
we
b
se
r
vices.
The
stu
dy
no
ti
ced
that
c
r
it
ic
al
we
b
ser
vi
ces
can
c
on
ti
nu
e
their
busi
ness
if
sig
nific
ant
u
se
rs
ca
n
acce
ss
their
se
rv
ic
es.
The
pr
im
ary
aim
was
to
des
ign
a
w
hite
li
sti
ng
i.e.
ve
ry
im
po
rtant
IP
a
ddresses
.
Fin
al
ly
,
the
ex
per
i
m
ental
analy
sis
showe
d
that
the
pro
pose
d
w
hite
li
sti
ng
sc
hem
e
eff
ic
ie
n
tl
y
m
it
iga
t
e
the
D
DoS
a
tt
acks
an
d
pr
ovides
a
ne
w
de
fe
ns
e
m
echan
is
m
for
com
plex
we
b
se
rv
ic
es.
But
m
ajo
r
draw
ba
ck
was
that
th
ere
s
hould
be
strong
bindin
g
am
on
g
the
ap
plica
ti
on
le
vel I
D
&
L
og
i
n
I
Ps.
Hon
g
et
.al
[57], h
ave
pro
posed
a
no
vel
of n
et
w
ork
base
d
DDoS
at
ta
ck
def
e
ns
e
schem
e,
wh
ic
h
was
assist
ed
by
S
DN
w
hich
ca
n
ide
ntifie
s
a
nd
m
i
ti
gates
the
HTT
P
distrib
uted
D
oS
at
ta
ck
in
the
internet.
T
he
sim
ula
ti
on
ou
tc
om
es
sh
ow
e
d
th
at
pr
op
os
ed
D
DoS
def
e
ns
e
s
chem
e
eff
ic
ie
ntly
pro
t
ect
s the in
te
rn
e
t sever
s a
gainst
D
ist
rib
ut
ed
DoS
at
ta
ck
s.
3.
STUDIE
S TO
WA
RDS SE
C
UR
I
NG F
UTUR
E
INTE
R
NET
Ba
sic
al
ly
,
Fu
ture
In
te
rn
et
A
rch
it
ect
ure
(FI
A)
is
m
eant
for
overc
om
ing
the
pitfal
ls
of
c
onve
ntion
al
arch
it
ect
ure
of
cur
re
nt
versi
on
of
inte
rn
et
.
The
disc
us
sio
n
of
Pan
et
al
.
[58]
has
el
aborated
ab
out
dif
fer
e
nt
scal
e
of
c
on
tri
bu
ti
ons
to
ward
s
f
uture
inte
rnet
arch
it
ect
ure.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
pro
j
ect
s
ca
rr
ie
d
out
in
FIA
sti
ll
ha
ve
op
e
n
sc
ope
of
secur
it
y
inc
orporati
on.
A
go
od
i
niti
at
ive
towards
in
vestig
at
ing
sec
ur
it
y
ov
e
r
F
IA
(call
ed
a
s
CoLo
R
)
was
c
arr
ie
d
ou
t
by
C
hen
et
al
.
[
59
]
wh
e
re
t
he
a
uthors
ha
ve
car
ried
ou
t
com
par
at
i
ve
stre
ngth
a
na
ly
sis
of
var
i
ous
th
re
at
le
vels.
Acc
ordi
ng
t
o
aut
hor
s,
desi
gn
i
ng
FIA
co
ns
i
der
in
g
serv
ic
e
l
ocati
on
an
d
i
nter
-
do
m
ai
n
routin
g
c
ou
l
d
offer
bette
r
res
ource
m
anag
e
m
ent
as
well
a
s
it
s
pac
ket
f
orwardin
g
st
rategy
is
highly
re
sist
ive
against
ref
le
ct
i
on
at
ta
cks,
po
i
so
ni
ng
of
D
N
S
cache,
prefi
x
hij
ac
king,
ba
ndwidt
h
de
pleti
on
,
falsi
fica
ti
on
of
routin
g path,
etc. H
oweve
r, t
he
stu
dy does
n’
t
conside
r
a
ny for
m
o
f
e
nhan
ci
ng task
for net
work sec
ur
it
y.
This
pro
blem
was
furthe
r
inv
est
igate
d
by
Chen
et
al
.
[6
0]
w
her
e
i
t
was
discusse
d
that
path
identifie
rs
play
s
a
crit
ic
al
r
ole
in
sec
ur
i
ng
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
i
n
F
IA.
It
was
discusse
d
t
hat
if
the
path
i
de
nt
ifie
rs
wer
e
c
ha
ng
e
d
dynam
ic
al
l
y
that
it
cou
ld
sig
ni
ficantl
y
escal
at
e
networ
k
sec
ur
it
y.
The
fin
di
ng
s
of
Ma
ly
uk
an
d
Mi
losl
avsk
ay
a
[6
1]
sho
w
tha
t
a
hig
hly
struc
ture
d
form
of
data
secur
it
y
is
de
m
and
e
d
in
FIA.
Just
li
ke
Io
T,
Re
config
ur
a
bl
e
Com
pu
ti
ng
is
al
so
cl
aim
ed
to
be
us
e
d
e
xt
ensively
in
FIA.
The
disc
us
s
ion
of
Me
s
qu
it
a
an
d
Rosa
[
62
]
sho
ws
that
there
i
s
an
ongoin
g
r
esearch
to
w
a
rds
secur
i
ng
inc
orp
or
at
io
n
of
su
ch
c
on
ce
pts
in
FIA
.
As
cl
oud
a
nd
virtu
al
iz
at
ion
env
i
ronm
ent
i
s
highly
requi
red
for
sec
ur
e
ho
sti
ng
of
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
on
FI
A
s
o
Netw
ork
virt
ua
li
zat
ion
beco
m
es
hig
hly
esse
ntial
to
be
consi
der
e
d.
Cha
nc
es
to
intrude
ne
twork
vi
rtua
li
zat
ion
is
m
or
e
ow
i
ng
to
vu
l
ner
a
bili
ty
of
virt
ual
m
achines
irre
sp
e
ct
ive
of
var
i
ous
existi
ng
st
udie
s
towa
rds
se
cur
i
ng
v
irtual
m
achin
es over
clo
ud [63,
64
]
.
Th
e
re
are certai
n des
per
at
e
resea
rch
at
tem
pts tow
a
rd
s
sec
ur
in
g FI
A.
A
uniq
ue
te
st
-
bed
of
secu
rity
has
bee
n
form
ulate
d
by
Ozce
li
k
et
al
.
[65]
that
deals
with
data
secu
rity
m
ai
nly.
The
wo
r
k
car
ried
out
by
Re
bah
i
et
al
.
[66]
has
in
vestigat
ed
a
bout
the
secur
it
y
streng
t
h
of
ne
twork
te
chnolo
gies
of
auto
nom
ic
typ
e.
T
he
auth
or
s
ha
ve
discuss
ed
ab
ou
t
Gen
e
ric
Au
t
onom
ic
Netw
ork
A
rch
i
te
ct
ur
e
(GANA
)
as
a
r
efere
nce
m
od
el
an
d
discuss
e
s ab
out var
i
ou
s
h
yp
oth
et
ic
al
m
eans
t
o
el
evate
the
sec
ur
it
y
st
rength
of
GAN
A.
Sa
m
ad
et
al
.
[6
7]
hav
e
discuss
e
d
ab
ou
t
diff
e
re
nt
strat
egies
th
at
cou
ld
protec
t
Io
T
f
ro
m
different
risk
facto
rs.
T
he
auth
ors
ha
ve
de
velo
ped
a
te
chn
iq
ue
th
at
per
f
or
m
s
as
sessm
ent
of
risk
us
i
ng
co
nte
xtu
al
at
tribu
te
s.T
he
r
e
are
al
s
o
w
ork
bein
g
ca
r
ried
out
to
wa
rd
s
resist
in
g
s
pecific
f
orm
s
of
at
ta
cks
i
n
cl
oud
env
i
ronm
ent as w
el
l as cy
ber
-
ph
ysi
cal
syst
e
m
o
wing
t
o
in
c
rease
of com
plexity
in
de
sig
n.
Wor
k
of
Ge
et
al
.
[6
8]
ha
ve
prese
nted
arch
it
ect
ure
w
it
h
do
uble
lo
op
syst
em
fo
r
le
ver
agi
ng
the
op
ti
m
al
secur
it
y
syst
e
m
.
The
pro
blem
of
poll
utio
n
at
ta
ck
was
ad
dr
ess
ed
by
G
uo
et
al
.
[69]
us
in
g
si
m
ulati
on
-
b
as
ed
ap
proach
th
at
us
es
div
ersit
y
factor
of
path
in
po
i
nt
-
of
-
presence
netw
ork.
The
a
uthors
have
us
e
d
bloom
filter
for
inc
orp
orat
ing
secu
rity
.
Io
T
a
nd
a
dhoc
netw
orks
are
s
om
e
of
the
pro
m
inent
backb
one
of
FI
A
w
hich
re
quires
higher
de
gr
ee
of
sec
uri
ty
.
Fr
om
th
ese
existi
ng
co
nt
rib
ution
it
is
f
ound
to
be
res
il
ie
nt
against
certai
n
set
of
le
thal
at
ta
cks.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
pr
ob
le
m
s
c
on
ti
nue
to
e
xi
st
as
these
so
l
utions
has
thei
r
ow
n
sco
pe
a
nd ow
n l
i
m
i
ta
ti
on
s tha
t cou
l
dn’t e
nca
ps
ulate
all
the
secur
it
y p
r
ob
le
m
s asso
ci
at
ed
with
F
IA.
4.
OPEN
RESE
ARCH
ISSUE
S
Fr
om
the
pr
i
or
sect
ion,
it
is
e
vid
e
nt
that
t
he
re
is
var
i
ous
r
esearch
w
orks
bein
g
ca
rr
ie
d
ou
t
t
ow
a
r
ds
web
sec
ur
it
y
as
well
as
towards
secu
rin
g
f
ut
ur
e
inter
net
arc
hitec
ture.
T
hes
e
sect
ion
f
ur
th
er
br
ie
fs
of
the
op
e
n
researc
h
iss
ues
ex
plored
as
fol
lows
:
−
So
luti
on
Highl
y
Fo
c
us
on
Atta
ck:
Ma
jority
of
the
e
xisti
ng
secu
rity
so
luti
on
s
to
wards
FIA
is
de
velo
pe
d
on
the
basis
of
sp
eci
fic
at
ta
cks
e.g
.
poll
utio
n
at
ta
cks,
ta
ble
ov
e
rf
l
ow
at
ta
ck,
sup
pr
es
sio
n
at
ta
ck,
collusi
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
3
8
6
2
-
3
8
7
1
3868
at
ta
ck,
et
c.
T
he
re
are
fe
w
st
ud
ie
s
t
o
em
phasi
ze
the
ef
fec
ti
ven
ess
of
s
uc
h
at
ta
ck
-
sp
eci
f
ic
so
luti
on
to
be
functi
onal
if t
he
adversa
ry c
ha
ng
e
s.
−
Less
Em
ph
asi
s
on
Com
ponent
:
FI
A
is
co
ns
i
der
e
d
as
a
who
le
so
m
e
arch
it
ect
ur
e
of
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
that
i
s
const
ru
ct
e
d
on
m
ult
iple
com
pone
nts.
Since
,
la
st
deca
de,
there
ha
ve
be
en
var
i
ou
s
ch
ang
e
s
in
eve
r
y
pro
j
ect
s
of
F
IA
with
e
vo
l
ution
of
ne
w
char
act
e
risti
cs.
H
owev
e
r,
none
of
t
he
pro
j
ect
s
on
F
IA
(e.
g.
NEB
UL
A,
Mo
bili
ty
F
irst,
et
c)
have
been
f
ound
to
em
ph
asi
ze
on
the
cha
ngin
g
tren
d
of
r
obust
com
po
ne
nts
f
or
de
velo
pi
ng
pote
ntial
FIA
e.
g.
C
on
te
nt
Ce
ntric
Net
w
ork
(CCN)
,
I
nter
ne
t
-
of
-
T
hings,
an
d
So
ft
war
e
Def
i
ned
Netw
ork.
Ther
e
is
no
do
ub
t
that
the
re
e
xists
m
assive
l
it
eratur
e
ta
lkin
g
ab
out
pro
blem
s
associat
ed
with
ab
ove
m
entio
ne
d
c
om
po
ne
nts
but
none
of
them
are
act
ually
cor
relat
ed
with
FIA
or
th
ere
was
no
visu
al
i
zat
ion
ab
out
it
s
us
a
ge
in
F
I
A.
T
his
le
ads
to
ave
nu
e
of
m
or
e
set
of
pr
ob
le
m
s
in
these
com
po
ne
nt inc
lusio
n wit
h
re
s
pect to
secu
rity
as:
−
Gap
betw
een
Web
Sec
ur
it
y
and
FIA
sec
ur
i
ty
:
A
cl
os
er
l
ook
i
nto
e
xi
sti
ng
li
te
ratur
es
shows
that
the
re
are
qu
a
ntit
at
ively
m
or
e
researc
h
pap
e
rs
for
w
eb
sec
ur
it
y
as
com
par
ed
to
FI
A
secu
rity
.
Howe
ver,
neit
her
researc
h
to
wa
r
ds
web
secu
rity
h
as no c
onsiderati
on
of
FIA stan
da
rd
s a
nd v
ic
e
-
ve
rsa. H
ence,
a
ppli
cabil
it
y
of
bo
t
h
on
ea
c
h
ot
her
rem
ai
ns
undisclose
d
at
pr
ese
nt.
Mo
reover
,
ve
ry
fe
w
resea
rch
w
ork
is
f
ound
to
be
ben
c
hm
ark
ed
a
s the c
oncept
of F
IA secu
rity
is quit
e no
vel.
−
Secu
rity
Thr
ea
ts
in
CC
N:
T
he
re
are
va
rio
us
stud
ie
s
t
hat
ha
s
cl
aim
ed
that
con
te
nt
cent
ric
netw
ork
is
on
e
of
t
he
m
os
t
effe
ct
ive
and
sec
ur
e
data
delive
ry
syst
e
m
fo
r
FI
A
ow
i
ng
to
ver
ifia
ble
integrity
,
abse
nce
of
address
,
resist
a
nce
a
gainst
D
oS,
a
nd
nam
e
reso
luti
on.
H
oweve
r,
t
hey
al
so
pr
ese
nt
s
ome
of
the
pote
nt
ia
l
chall
enges to
w
ard
s
privacy
e
.
g.
c
onve
rsati
on
clon
i
ng,
ti
m
in
g
at
ta
ck, et
c.
−
Secu
rity
Thr
ea
t
in
SDN:
SDN
offe
rs
a
s
uitable
netw
ork
m
anag
em
ent
fo
r
IoT
operati
on
s
i
n
F
IA
but
is
vu
l
ner
a
ble
to
var
i
ou
s
f
or
m
s
of
at
ta
cks.
The
e
xisti
ng
interface
de
sig
n
of
SDN
is
nev
e
r
m
eant
f
or
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
it
s
con
t
ro
ll
er
syst
e
m
co
m
ple
te
ly
and
sec
urel
y.
This
rests
in
poor
acce
ss
c
ontrol
syst
em
when
existi
ng S
DN s
yst
e
m
is u
sed
i
n
F
IA.
−
Secu
rity
Thr
ea
t
in
I
oT:
T
he
c
on
ce
pt
of
I
oT
in
F
I
A
is
ve
ry
va
st
an
d
he
nce
i
s
al
so
vulne
ra
bl
e
to
at
ta
cks
on
diff
e
re
nt
la
ye
rs
of
prot
oco
l
sta
ck.
Alth
ough,
t
h
ere
e
xists
som
e
no
vel
secu
r
it
y
so
luti
on
in
Io
T
,
but
it
is
yet
unknow
n
that
wh
ic
h
on
e
of
them
cou
ld
be
possible
use
d
for
a
giv
e
n
scena
rio
of
resist
ing
th
rea
ts.
Ra
ther
tha
n
r
e
sist
ing
th
reat,
Io
T
re
qu
i
res
a
un
i
ver
sal
fr
a
m
ewo
r
k
that
c
ou
l
d
offe
r
tr
ue
picture
of
th
r
eat
sp
eci
fical
ly
.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pa
per
ha
s
discuss
e
d
ab
out
the
existi
ng
te
chn
iq
ues
of
secur
it
y
-
base
d
ap
proach
e
s
us
e
d
bo
t
h
in
existi
ng
syst
em
as
well
as
in
F
IA.
Af
te
r
r
eviewin
g
t
he
e
xisti
ng
ap
proa
ches,
it
is
reali
zed
now
t
hat
there
is
a
long
way
to
g
o
for
cu
stom
iz
i
ng
t
he
e
xisti
ng
web
secu
rity
appr
oach
es
.
T
he
esse
ntial
fin
dings
of
th
e
pr
opos
e
d
rev
ie
w
w
ork
a
re:
i)
Existi
ng
internet
a
rch
it
ect
ur
e
ca
nnot
be
m
od
ifie
d
or
cha
nged
as
i
t
is
no
t
flexi
bl
e
and
hen
ce
a
c
om
plete
ly
no
vel
a
ppr
oac
h
is
re
quired
f
or
en
ha
nc
ed
we
b
sec
uri
ty
,
ii
)
existi
ng
appr
oach
es
of
web
secur
it
y
as
well
as
so
m
e
of
the
novel
researc
h
at
tem
pts
towar
ds
sec
ur
i
ng
FI
A
a
re
quit
e
exp
e
rim
ental
an
d
le
ss
pr
act
ic
al
as
the
y
wer
e
ne
ve
r
be
ing
j
oi
ntly
stud
ie
d.
The
re
co
uld
be
fair
pos
sibil
it
ie
s
that
s
om
e
o
f
the
exi
sti
ng
web
sec
ur
it
y
a
ppr
oach
es
co
ul
d
be
desig
ne
d
consi
der
i
ng
F
I
A
in
m
ind
,
but
there
was
no
s
uch
resea
rc
h
at
tem
pt
.
ii
i)
even
the
se
cur
it
y
so
l
utio
ns
co
ns
ide
rin
g
F
IA
has
not
c
on
sidere
d
s
om
e
of
the
esse
ntial
com
po
ne
nts
e.
g.
IoT,
SDN,
CC
N
,
a
nd
m
any
m
or
e
.
W
it
hout
s
uc
h
con
si
der
at
io
n,
the
cl
aim
ed
syst
e
m
m
ay
of
f
er
secu
rity
bu
t
they
m
ay
be
le
ss
functi
on
al
as
co
m
par
ed
to
the
cl
aim
ed
enh
a
nc
ed
f
unct
ion
al
i
ty
of
F
IA.
He
nc
e,
a
seri
ou
s
re
searc
h
gap
e
xisted
bet
ween
e
xisti
ng
appr
oach
es
a
nd
w
hat
is
act
ually
de
m
and
ed
.
T
her
e
f
or
e,
our
fu
t
ur
e
work
will
be
in
di
recti
on
of
addressi
ng
su
c
h
researc
h
ga
p.
W
e
will
li
ke
t
o
in
vestigat
e
by
inclusio
n
of
SDN,
CC
N,
a
nd
IoT
ver
y
s
pecifica
ll
y
us
ing
m
at
he
m
at
ic
al
m
od
el
ing
to
e
vo
l
ve
up
with
m
or
e
secur
e
s
olu
ti
on
in
F
IA
with
m
or
e
pr
act
ic
al
as
s
um
pt
ion
.
O
ur
f
ut
ur
e
w
ork
will
al
so
i
nvolve
pe
rfor
m
ing
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
of
th
e
existi
ng
a
ppr
oach
e
s
to ch
ec
k f
or
vi
able sec
ur
it
y re
su
lt
s.
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at
iv
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te
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ec
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t
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-
ce
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ic
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N _ve
y
ea
rs l
a
t
er:
Revi
si
ti
ng
sc
al
ab
il
ity
,
control
,
and
isol
at
ion
on
next
-
gen
era
t
ion net
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''
[Onli
ne]
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Available:
ht
tp:
//arxiv
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org/a
b
s/1508.016
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ab
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r
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on
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ls
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on
Succ
essful
SQ
L
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ct
ion
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cks,
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2017
IEE
E
28th
Inte
r
nati
onal
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war
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Re
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ab
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n
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y
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Box
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ti
on
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i
t
y
Sc
anne
rs
aga
inst
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S
QL
Inje
ction,
"
2
011
IEE
E
Thir
d
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Privacy
,
S
ec
urit
y,
R
i
sk
and
Tr
ust
and
IEE
E
Thir
d
Int
e
rnational
Co
nf
ere
nce on
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ci
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den
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in
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te
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ti
on
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2017
IEEE
41st
Annual
Comput
e
r
Soft
ware
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Ap
pli
cations Conf
e
renc
e
(
COMPSA
C)
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W
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Jinshuang,
Pan
Li
n
and
Yu
Han,
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rch
and
implementation
of
SQ
L
inj
ec
t
ion
pre
ventio
n
m
et
hod
base
d
o
n
ISR,"
2016
2nd
IEE
E
In
te
rn
ati
onal
Conf
ere
nce
on
Comput
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Comm
u
nic
ati
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ICCC)
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for
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inj
e
ct
ion
d
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e
cti
on
base
d
on
beh
avi
or
and
respon
se
ana
l
y
sis,"
2017
IEE
E
9
th
Int
ernati
onal
Con
fe
renc
e
on
Co
mm
unic
ati
on
S
oft
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and
N
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works
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C.
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H.
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n
eb,
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SQ
LII
Daa
S:
A
SQ
L
Inje
ction
I
ntrusion
Detect
i
on
Fram
ework
as
a
Servic
e
for
SaaS
Providers,
"
201
7
IEE
E
4th
Inte
r
nati
onal
Confe
r
enc
e
on
Cybe
r
S
ec
urit
y
and
Cloud
Computing
(
CSCloud)
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H.
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M.
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rm
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DD
oS
at
ta
cks
b
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id
e
nti
fier/lo
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tor
se
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Net
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r
iments
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sis
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f
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te
r
ne
t
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Rat
e
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ct
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Z.
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future
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r
net
arc
h
it
e
ct
ur
e,"
20
13
21st
IEE
E
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Networ
k
Protoc
o
l
s (
ICNP)
,
Goett
ing
en
,
pp
.
1
-
6
,
2013
.
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In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
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8708
Revi
ew
ing
eff
e
ct
iv
it
y in secu
r
it
y a
ppr
oa
c
hes
towar
ds st
ren
gth
e
ning inter
ne
t
ar
c
hitec
ture
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Vidya
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3871
[
6
0
]
Z.
Chen
,
H.
Luo
,
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ng
and
J.
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g
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rity
b
y
D
y
n
amic
al
l
y
Chang
ing
Path
Ide
n
ti
fi
ers
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ern
e
t
,"
2015
IE
EE Glo
bal
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unic
at
ions
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ren
ce
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LO
BE
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[
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1
]
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Mal
y
uk
and
N.
Milosla
vska
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a,
"Inform
at
ion
Secur
ity
The
o
r
y
for
the
Future
Inte
rne
t,
"
2015
3rd
Inte
rnational
Confe
renc
e
on
F
uture
Int
erne
t
o
f T
hings and
Clou
d
,
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e,
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0
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157
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[
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2
]
D.
Gom
es
Mes
quit
a
and
P.
Fros
i
Rosa,
"Rec
onfigura
bl
e
Com
puti
ng
and
F
uture
Inte
rn
et
:
Considera
ti
ons
on
Flexi
bilit
y
and
S
ec
uri
t
y
,
"
in
I
EEE
Latin
Ame
rica
Tr
ansacti
ons
,
v
ol.
15
,
no
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7
,
pp
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1326
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1334,
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7.
[
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3
]
M.
As
la
m
,
C.
G
ehr
m
ann
and
M.
Björkman,
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ecurit
y
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Trust
Preserving
VM
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ions
in
Public
C
louds,"
20
12
IEE
E
11
th
Int
ernati
onal
Conf
ere
nce
on
Tr
ust,
Sec
urit
y
and
Pri
v
acy
in
Comput
in
g
and
Comm
unic
ati
ons
,
Li
v
erp
o
ol,
pp.
869
-
876
,
20
12.
[
6
4
]
Yaqia
ng
Mao,
Xujia
n
Chen
an
d
Yuan
Luo,
"
HV
SM
:
An
In
-
Out
-
VM
sec
urit
y
m
onit
oring
ar
chi
t
ec
tur
e
in
IAA
S
cl
oud,
"
ICINS
2
014
-
2014
In
ter
nati
onal
Conf
e
renc
e
on
Information
and
N
et
w
ork
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ur
i
ty
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1
92,
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[
6
5
]
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Ozc
el
ik
,
I.
Ozc
elik
and
S.
Akle
y
le
k
,
"T
RC
y
ber
La
b
:
An
infra
struc
ture
for
future
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t
and
sec
u
r
i
t
y
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s,"
2018
6
th
Inte
rnat
ional
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on
Digit
al
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and
Sec
urity
(
I
SDFS)
,
Ant
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a
,
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[
6
6
]
Y.
Reba
hi,
N.
Tc
holtchev
,
R.
Chapa
rad
za
and
V.
N.
Mere
kouli
as,
"A
ddre
ss
ing
sec
urity
issues
in
the
aut
onom
ic
Future
Internet
,
"
2011
IE
EE
Co
nsum
er
Comm
u
nic
ati
ons
and
N
e
tworki
ng
Con
f
er
enc
e
(
CCNC)
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La
s
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as,
N
V
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517
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518
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20
11
.
[
6
7
]
J.
Sam
ad,
K.
R
e
ed
and
S
.
W
.
L
oke,
"A
risk
awa
re
d
eve
lopment
and
dep
lo
y
m
en
t
m
et
hodolog
y
f
or
cl
oud
ena
b
led
Inte
rne
t
-
of
-
Thi
n
gs,"
2018
IEE
E
4th
World
Forum
on
Inte
r
net
of
Things
(
WF
-
Io
T)
,
Sing
apor
e,
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e
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433
-
438
,
20
18
.
[
6
8
]
H.
Ge
and
Z.
Z
hao,
"S
ec
uri
t
y
Anal
y
sis
of
En
e
rg
y
Int
ern
e
t
wit
h
Robust
Control
Approac
hes
an
d
Defe
nse
Design,
"
in
IE
EE A
c
ce
ss
,
vol.
6
,
pp
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11203
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11214,
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[
6
9
]
H.
Guo,
X.
W
a
ng,
K.
Chang
a
nd
Y.
Ti
an
,
"Ex
ploi
ti
ng
Pa
th
Di
ver
sit
y
for
Thw
art
ing
Pollu
ti
on
Atta
cks
in
Nam
ed
Data
Networki
n
g,
"
in
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Information
Forensic
s
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urit
y
,
vol.
11
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.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Vidy
a
M
.
S
.
co
m
ple
te
d
B
.
E
fro
m
Gulbar
ga
Uni
ver
sit
y
,
M.
Te
ch
from
VTU
and
pursuing
PhD
under
VTU.
Her
are
a
of
Rese
arch
is
Network
Secur
ity
,
and
has
t
ea
ch
ing
expe
r
ie
n
ce
of
14
y
ea
rs.
Published
pap
ers
in
Na
ti
on
al
and Inte
rna
ti
ona
l jou
rna
ls.
Mal
a
C
.
Patil
c
om
ple
te
d
B.
E
from
Karna
ta
ka
Univer
sit
y
,
Dha
rwad,
M.S
from
bit
s
Pila
ni
and
PhD
from
Anna
Univer
sit
y
.
She
has
teac
h
ing
e
xper
ie
n
ce
of
25
y
ea
rs.
Her
are
a
of
rese
arc
h
is
Software
Eng
ineeri
ng.
She
h
as
Published
p
ape
rs
i
n
var
ious n
ation
al
and int
ern
at
io
nal
jour
nal
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.