Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
4603
~
4618
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v8
i
6
.
pp4603
-
46
18
4603
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
A Criti
cal Re
view of Tim
e
-
f
re
qu
en
cy
Dist
ributi
on An
alysis
for
Detectio
n and Cl
assificati
on of
Harmonic
S
ignal in
Power
Distribu
tion Syst
em
M.
H. J
op
ri
1
, A.
R. A
bdulla
h
2
, T. Sutik
no
3
,
M
. Ma
nap
4
,
M
.
R.
Ab
.
Gh
an
i
5
, M.
R.
Yusoff
6
1,4,6
Cent
er
for
R
oboti
cs
and
Indu
stria
l
Autom
at
io
n
(CeRIA), Fac
u
lty
of
Engi
n
ee
r
in
g
Technol
og
y
,
U
nive
rsiti T
ekni
ka
l
Malay
s
ia Mel
ak
a
,
Ma
lay
si
a
2,5
CeRIA,
Fa
cul
t
y
of
E
lectr
i
ca
l
E
ngine
er
ing, Univ
ersit
i
Te
kn
ika
l
Malay
s
ia Mel
ak
a
,
Ma
lay
si
a
3
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersitas Ahm
ad
Dahlan (UAD
),
Indon
esia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
9
, 201
8
Re
vised
Ju
l
14
,
201
8
Accepte
d
Aug
30
, 201
8
Thi
s
pape
r
pre
se
nts
a
cr
it
i
ca
l
rev
ie
w
of
t
ime
-
fre
q
uency
distr
ibut
i
ons
(TFDs
)
ana
l
y
sis
for
d
etec
t
ion
and
class
ifi
cation
of
h
a
rm
onic
signal.
100
unique
har
m
onic
signals
comprise
of
num
ero
us
cha
rac
te
r
isti
c
ar
e
detec
t
ed
and
cl
assifi
ed
b
y
usi
ng
spec
trogra
m
,
Gabor
tra
nsform
and
S
-
tra
nsform.
The
rul
e
-
ba
sed
c
la
ss
ifier
and
th
e
th
reshol
d
settings
of
the
ana
l
y
sis
are
a
ccording
to
th
e
IEE
E
Stand
ard
1
159
2009.
The
b
est
TFD
for
har
m
onic
signal
s
de
te
c
ti
on
and
cl
assifi
ca
t
ion
is
sele
c
te
d
through
per
form
ance
a
naly
s
is
with
r
eg
ard
s
to
th
e
ac
cur
acy
,
computat
ion
al
comp
lexit
y
and
m
emor
y
size
th
at
be
en
used
during
the
ana
l
y
sis
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Cl
assifi
cat
ion
Detect
ion
Gabo
r
tra
ns
f
or
m
Har
m
on
ic
Sp
ect
r
ogram
S
-
tra
ns
f
orm
Ti
m
e
-
f
reque
nc
y
d
ist
rib
ution
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights
reserv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
M. H. J
opri
,
Adva
nced Di
gital
Sign
al
P
r
oc
essing G
rou
p,
Ce
nter fo
r
R
obotics an
d Ind
ust
rial
A
ut
om
ation
(CeR
IA),
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
Engineer
ing
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knikal M
al
ay
sia
Mel
aka (UTe
M),
Hang T
ua
h
Jay
a,
76100 D
ur
ia
n
Tu
nggal, Mel
a
ka,
Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
:
hatta
@u
te
m
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
po
wer
qua
li
ty
(P
Q)
te
rm
or
i
gin
at
es
f
rom
the
idea
that
the
AC
volt
ag
e
su
ppli
ed
to
t
he
dom
est
ic
and
in
dustria
l
equ
i
pm
ent
m
u
st
be
unpoll
uted
sin
us
oi
dal
and
it
s
fr
e
quenc
y
and
m
agn
it
ud
e
as
m
us
t
be
in
th
e
range
of
IEEE
and
IEC
sta
nd
ard
s
.
N
owaday
s,
one
of
the
m
ai
n
issue
of
P
Q
is
ha
rm
on
ic
po
ll
utio
n,
t
his
is
du
e
to
the
us
e
of
diff
e
re
nt
powe
r
el
ect
ronics
e
qu
i
pm
ent
and
nonlinea
r
loa
ds
[
1],
[2
]
.
A
har
m
on
ic
po
l
luti
on
m
on
it
or
ing
i
n
the
distri
bu
ti
on
s
yst
e
m
is
vital
fo
r
t
he
stu
dy
of
t
he
r
oo
t
ca
use
s,
ha
rm
on
ic
le
vel
and
m
it
igati
on
[3]
-
[5
]
.
T
his
ha
rm
on
ic
po
ll
ut
ion
can
de
cl
ine
the
PQ
,
it
addi
ti
on
al
ly
can
increase
the
pow
er
losses
an
d
le
ad
to
the m
al
fu
nctio
n of eq
uip
m
ent and m
easur
em
ent [6]
,
[7
]
.
A
c
om
pr
ehe
n
s
ive
re
searc
h
is
neces
sary
for
pro
du
ci
ng
an
a
ccur
at
e,
fast
a
nd
reli
able
m
e
thod
for
t
he
har
m
on
ic
sig
na
l
detect
ion
a
nd
cl
assi
ficat
ion
[
8],
[
9].
N
um
ero
us
m
et
ho
ds
are
pro
posed
f
or
detect
i
on
a
nd
cl
assifi
cat
ion
of
a
har
m
on
ic
s
ign
al
,
a
s
strai
ghtf
orward
a
nd
fast
s
uc
h
a
s
F
ast
Four
ie
r
T
r
ansfo
rm
(F
FT)
[10].
FFT
is
eff
ect
iv
el
y
e
m
plo
ye
d
on
sta
ti
onary
s
ign
al
s
[
11
]
,
[12].
Yet,
FF
T
is
no
t
an
a
ppr
opriat
e
m
et
ho
d
f
or
non
-
sta
ti
on
ary
sig
na
l
analy
sis
and
con
t
rib
utes
ti
m
e
inform
ation
loss
thr
ough
ou
t
t
he
f
reque
nc
y
do
m
ai
n
conver
si
o
n
[13],
[14].
T
o
deal
with
non
-
sta
ti
on
ary
si
gnal
,
short
-
tim
e
Four
ie
r
tra
ns
f
orm
(S
TFT)
is
i
ntr
oduce
d
[
14]
,
[
15]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4603
-
4618
4604
Nev
e
rtheless
, STFT is n
ot pr
of
ic
ie
nt to dete
ct
the d
ynam
ic
sign
al
prop
e
rt
y because t
he win
dow width fi
xe
d
to
aff
ect
the
fr
e
quency
-
tim
e
reso
luti
o
n
[
6],
[8
]
,
[16].
Wh
erea
s,
the
tim
e
-
fr
equ
e
ncy
res
olu
t
ion
de
pe
nd
s
upon
the
siz
e o
f
the
window
[17],
[
5].
The
co
ns
t
raint
of
ST
FT
is
re
so
lve
d
by
util
i
zi
ng
Gabor
t
ra
ns
f
or
m
(G
T
)
a
nd
GT
has
the
featur
e
of
extracti
on
to
ol
,
due
t
o
the
op
ti
m
al
i
ty
concerni
ng
the
ti
me
-
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
un
ce
rtai
nty
ch
aracte
risti
c
[
18]
.
A
s
su
ggest
e
d
by
GT,
t
he
functi
on
s
are
well
-
de
fine
d
as
Ga
ussi
an
e
nv
el
op
e
m
od
ulate
d
by
com
plex
sin
usoids
with
a
fixe
d
en
velo
p
e
f
or
al
l
fr
e
quencies
[19]
-
[
21
]
.
H
ow
e
ver,
the
res
ult
shows
that
the
m
et
ho
d
requir
es
hig
h
com
pu
ta
ti
on
c
om
plexity
co
m
par
e
d
to
the
S
TFT
due
to
th
e
us
e
of
discre
te
Fo
uri
er
tran
sform
(D
FT)
[
10
]
.
I
n
order
t
o
ove
rcom
e STFT
an
d GT lim
it
ation
, t
he
wa
velet
tran
sf
or
m
(W
T
)
is pro
po
se
d [22
]
. W
T can
e
xtr
act
the
sign
ific
a
nt
inf
or
m
at
ion
from
non
-
sta
ti
on
a
r
y
and
it
can
di
sti
ng
uis
h
the
sign
al
ch
aracte
risti
cs
[6
]
,
[18],
[23].
The
m
ajor
dr
a
wb
ac
k
of
WT
are
the
acc
ur
ac
y
thoro
ughly
r
el
ie
s
on
the
ch
os
e
n
m
oth
er
w
avelet
,
se
ns
it
iv
e
to
t
he
le
vel
of
noise
and
high
com
pu
ta
ti
on
com
plexity
[1
8],
[
24]
,
[2
5].
S
ubseq
ue
ntly
,
a
c
o
m
bi
nation
of
ST
F
T
an
d
WT
kn
own
as
S
-
tra
ns
f
orm
(S
T)
is
presente
d
du
e
t
o
m
i
ti
gat
e
the W
T p
r
oblem
[6
]
,
[26],
[
27
]
.
F
urt
her
m
or
e,
th
e
ST
is
a
reli
abl
e
te
chn
iq
ue
to
char
act
erize
t
he
ha
rm
on
ic
pa
ram
et
ers
[2
6]
,
[28],
[
22]
.
T
he
ST
al
s
o
off
ers
an
extra
ordina
ry
m
ul
ti
reso
luti
on
analy
sis
w
hile
char
a
ct
erizi
ng
the
ha
rm
on
ic
com
po
ne
nts
[9
]
,
[18],
[16],
[22].
Ba
sed
on
a
bove
discu
ssio
n,
a
n
e
valuati
on
a
nd
a
crit
ic
al
re
view
of
TF
Ds
for
har
m
on
ic
s
ign
al
detect
ion
an
d
cl
assifi
cat
ion
a
re crucial
a
nd
need to
be d
one.
The
m
ai
n
co
nc
er
n
of
this
pa
pe
r
is
to
e
val
uate
an
d
re
view
the
best
TF
Ds
i
n
har
m
on
ic
sig
nal
detect
io
n
and
cl
assifi
cat
ion
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
.
The
as
sessm
e
nt
of
the
ha
r
m
on
ic
sign
al
analy
sis
is
us
i
ng
the
T
FD
s
su
c
h
as
sp
ect
r
ogram
,
GT
a
nd
ST
are
act
ualiz
ed
i
n
t
i
m
e
-
fr
eq
ue
ncy
do
m
ai
n
[
29
]
,
[
30
]
.
The
pe
rfo
rm
ance
of
eac
h
TF
D
is
com
par
ed
and
validat
ed
with
re
gards
to
accu
racy,
co
m
pu
ta
ti
on
al
com
plexit
y
and
the
us
e
d
m
e
m
o
ry
siz
e
durin
g
t
he
a
naly
sis
.
The
pe
rfo
rm
ance
of
thes
e
TF
Ds
a
re v
al
idate
d
by d
et
ect
ing
a
nd
cl
assif
yi
ng
the
1
00 uniq
ue
sign
al
s
wi
th
num
ero
us
c
ha
ra
ct
erist
ic
s
of
ha
rm
on
ic
sign
al
accor
dingly
to
the
IEEE
Std
.
1159
-
20
09.
T
he
best
TFD
is
ch
os
e
n
by
determ
ining
t
he
m
os
t
accurate
m
et
ho
d,
us
ed
lo
w
m
e
m
or
y
siz
e
and
ad
diti
on
al
ly
low
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
com
plexity
.
2.
HARM
ONIC
SIGNAL
A
N
ALYSIS
Ther
e
are
f
our
pr
im
ary
ph
ase
s
in
t
he
har
m
onic
sign
al
detect
ion
an
d
cl
assi
ficat
ion
a
naly
sis
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
1.
T
he
1s
t
ph
a
se
i
s
the
si
gnal
no
rm
alizat
ion
an
d
represe
ntati
on
of
tim
e
-
fr
e
quency
re
pr
ese
ntati
on
(TFR).
Me
an
w
hile,
the
2nd
phase
is
the
est
i
m
ation
of
f
undam
ental
sign
al
s
par
am
et
ers.
Moreove
r,
th
e
3rd
ph
a
se
is
t
he
sign
al
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs
identif
ic
at
ion
a
nd
fi
nally
,
the
4th
phase
is
the
ha
rm
on
ic
signa
l
cl
assifi
cat
ion
.
The
har
m
on
ic
sign
al
is
sta
nd
ard
iz
e
d
w
her
e
the
volt
age
m
a
gn
it
ude
is
c
ha
ng
e
d
int
o
the
pe
r
-
un
it
sy
stem
. Meanw
hile,
via T
FDs, the
outcom
e o
f
the a
naly
sis
is pr
e
sente
d
in
the tim
e
-
fr
e
qu
e
ncy dom
ai
n.
The
par
am
et
ers
com
pr
ise
of
t
he
RM
S
fun
da
m
ental
vo
lt
age
,
total
wa
ve
for
m
distor
ti
on
,
i
ns
ta
nta
neous
of
RM
S
vo
lt
ag
e,
total
nonhar
m
on
ic
distor
ti
on
a
nd
total
harm
o
nic
distor
ti
on
a
re
cal
c
ulate
d.
Last
ly
,
acco
rdi
ng
to
the
IEEE
Std.
1159
-
2009,
this
inf
or
m
at
ion
is
util
iz
ed
as
the
r
ule
-
base
d
cl
assifi
er
in
put
du
e
t
o
cl
assif
y
the
har
m
on
ic
sig
na
ls.
Figure
1. Flo
w
ch
a
rt of
har
m
on
ic
sig
nal
detect
ion
a
nd class
ific
at
ion
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A
Cri
ti
cal Revi
ew
o
f Ti
me
-
f
re
q
ue
ncy
Distri
buti
on A
na
ly
sis
for
… (
M.
H. J
op
ri)
4605
3.
HARM
ONIC
SIGNALS
MODEL
IN
G
Du
e
to
m
od
el
the
sign
al
s
f
or
analy
sis,
a
few
par
am
et
ers
for
each
uniq
ue
sign
al
are
propose
d
an
d
per
m
it
te
d
to
be
al
te
red
acc
ord
ing
t
o
the
IEE
E
Std.
1159
-
20
09.
T
he
sig
nal
m
od
el
can
be
wr
it
te
n
as
a
c
om
plex
expo
nen
ti
al
sig
nal and
well
-
de
fine
d
as
[
31
]
,
t
f
j
t
f
j
wd
Ae
e
t
x
1
0
2
2
)
(
(1)
Wh
e
re
by,
f
o
is
the
f
undam
ental
sign
al
fr
e
quency
a
nd
f
1
is
the
ha
rm
on
ic
or
i
nterh
a
rm
onic
fr
eq
ue
ncy
a
nd
t
is
the tim
e,
f
1
=250 Hz,
A=
0.25 f
or h
a
rm
on
ic
and
f
1
=2
75 H
z
, A=
0.2
5 f
or
i
nterh
a
rm
on
ic
.
4.
THE
TIME
-
F
REQU
E
N
CY
DIS
T
RIBUTI
ONS
Ti
m
e
-
fr
eq
ue
nc
y
distribu
ti
ons
(TFDs)
are
excell
ent
m
e
t
hods
that
pre
sented
a
sig
na
l
in
tim
e
-
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
re
presentat
ion
a
nd
recog
nized
as
tim
e
-
fr
eq
ue
ncy
represe
ntati
on
(TFR).
I
n
the
su
bse
que
nt
sect
ion
s
,
the TF
Ds
c
onsi
st of the
sp
ect
r
ogram
, G
T a
nd ST
a
re e
xp
la
i
ne
d.
4.1. Spec
trogr
am
The
s
pectr
ogr
a
m
is
a
m
et
ho
d
to
represe
nts
a
si
gn
al
energy
distr
ib
ution
in
jointl
y
tim
e
and
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
[32]
.
It
is
well
-
defi
ned
as,
i
n
t
his
resea
rch,
t
he
Hannin
g
wi
ndow
is
ca
refull
y
ch
os
e
n
as
it
s
lowe
r
peak
si
de
lo
pe
has
a
featu
re
of
narrow
ef
fe
ct
on
the
fr
e
quency
com
po
ne
nts.
F
or
this
re
search
,
the
le
ngth
of
the w
i
ndow is
512
a
nd the
fre
qu
e
ncy a
nd ti
m
e reso
luti
on for spect
rogr
am
is fix
e
d f
or
all
fr
e
qu
e
ncies.
(2)
4.2. Ga
bo
r
Tr
an
s
fo
rm
The
descr
i
pto
r
of
si
gn
al
’s
loca
l
prop
e
rty
of
Gabor
tra
ns
f
orm
(G
T
)
is
obta
in
ed
f
ro
m
a
set
of
f
un
ct
io
ns
that
are
c
onde
ns
e
d
in
fr
e
que
ncy
an
d
ti
m
e
do
m
ai
ns
[
25
]
.
The
GT
is
w
el
l
expresse
d
by,
i
n
GT
,
Ha
nn
i
ng
window
is
us
e
d
as
well
as
a
sp
ect
r
ogram
,
ho
we
ve
r
dissim
i
la
r
of
wind
ow
le
ng
th
.
T
he
res
olu
ti
on
of
f
requen
c
y
and tim
e fo
r
GT i
s alway
s sa
m
e fo
r
al
l fre
quencies
.
(3)
4.3. S
-
transf
or
m
S
-
tra
ns
f
orm
(S
T)
is
a h
yb
rid
of
shor
t
ti
m
e
Fo
uri
er
t
ran
s
f
orm
(S
TFT)
a
nd
w
avelet
tra
nsf
or
m
and
u
se
d
as
a
tim
e
-
fr
e
quency
sp
ect
ral
local
iz
at
ion
m
e
thod
[
17
]
.
ST
util
iz
es
a
scal
a
ble
of
the
Gaussi
an
wind
ow
and
t
h
e
reso
l
ution
of
f
r
equ
e
ncy
base
d
on
the
sim
ultan
eo
us
local
iz
at
ion
of
the
real
and
im
aginar
y
sp
ect
ra
[
5]
.
Th
e
ST
is well
writ
te
n as,
(4)
(5)
(6)
Wh
e
re
by
h(t
)
is
the
sig
nal,
g(t)
is
the
scal
able
Ga
us
sia
n
window
a
nd
σ(
f
)
is
a
con
tr
ol
pa
ram
et
er
fo
r
t
he
Gau
s
sia
n
wi
ndow.
ST
offe
r
s
supe
rio
r
f
re
qu
e
ncy
res
olu
t
ion
f
or
lo
wer
freq
ue
ncy.
M
eanwhil
e,
for
higher
fr
e
qu
e
ncy, ST deli
ver
s
good tim
e reso
luti
on
.
Th
e extracti
on
o
f
fr
e
quency c
om
po
ne
nts is achieve
d
by u
ti
li
zi
ng
wide
wi
ndow
(low
f
re
qu
e
nc
y)
and
narrow
wind
ow
(hi
gh
f
reque
ncy
)
d
ue
to
com
po
s
e
high
f
re
qu
e
ncy
2
2
)
(
)
(
)
,
(
d
e
t
w
x
f
t
P
f
j
x
d
k
n
h
x
k
n
C
)
,
(
)
(
)
,
(
*
22
()
2
2
(
,
)
(
)
2
tf
j
f
t
f
S
T
f
h
t
e
e
d
t
2
2
2
1
()
2
t
g
t
e
1
()
f
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4603
-
4618
4606
com
po
ne
nts
[32]
.
In
this
rese
arch,
sp
ect
r
ogr
a
m
and
GT
wi
th
the
util
iz
at
i
on
of
Ha
nnin
g
window
ar
e
use
d
to
cal
culat
e the ti
m
e and
fr
e
que
ncy. Mea
nwhile
, th
e
scal
able
Gau
s
sia
n win
dow
is used
for
ST m
et
ho
d.
5.
SIGNAL P
A
R
AM
ET
E
RS
Har
m
on
ic
sig
na
ls
par
am
et
ers
are
est
im
a
te
d
from
the
TFR
and
t
he
si
gnal
pa
ram
et
ers
co
ns
ist
of
instanta
ne
ous
RM
S
vo
lt
ag
e
and
RM
S
f
u
nd
a
m
ental
vo
lt
ag
e,
instanta
neou
s
total
wav
e
f
orm
distor
ti
on
(
TWD
),
instanta
ne
ous t
otal ha
rm
on
ic
d
ist
or
ti
on
(
T
H
D
) a
nd i
ns
ta
nta
neous
total
inte
rh
a
rm
on
ic
d
ist
or
ti
on
(
T
nHD
).
5.1.
I
nstan
t
aneous
R
MS V
oltage
Roo
t
-
m
ean s
quare (
RM
S
) v
oltage,
V
rms
is de
f
ined
a
s
[
32]
,
(7)
Wh
e
re
by
Px(
t,f
)
is t
he
TFR sign
al
a
nd
fs
is
s
a
m
pling
fr
e
que
ncy.
5.2.
I
nstan
t
aneous
R
MS Fu
nda
me
ntal
Volta
ge
Fr
om
the TF
R
,
the inst
antane
ou
s
RM
S
fun
dam
ental
v
oltag
e,
V
1rms
(
t
)
, can
be
cal
culat
e
d u
sing
[
31
]
,
(8)
Wh
e
re
by
P
x
(
t,f
)
is t
he
TFR sign
al
,
f
o
is
the
fundam
ental
f
re
qu
e
ncy.
5.3
Instan
taneo
us
Total W
avef
or
m D
is
to
r
tion
The
total
wav
e
form
distor
ti
on,
TWD
is
well
-
def
i
ned
as
the
relat
ive
sign
al
energy
existi
ng
at
a
no
n
-
fun
dam
ental
f
req
ue
ncy a
nd e
xpresse
d
as
[
31]
,
(9
)
5.4.
I
nstan
t
aneous T
otal
Har
mon
ic
Dist
or
tion
Total
har
m
on
i
c
distor
ti
on,
T
HD
,
is
util
iz
ed
du
e
t
o
m
easur
e
the
har
m
on
ic
con
te
nt
in
a
w
aveform
and
form
ulate
d
as
[
31
]
,
(10)
5.5.
I
nstan
t
aneous T
otal
N
onharm
on
ic
D
i
sto
r
tio
n
A
sig
nal
al
s
o
com
pr
ise
s
inte
rh
a
rm
on
ic
co
m
po
nen
ts
a
nd
the
inter
har
m
on
ic
le
vel
ca
n
be
cal
culat
ed
us
in
g
[31]
,
(11)
df
f
t
P
t
V
s
f
x
r
m
s
0
)
,
(
)
(
HZ
25
Hz
25
)
,
(
2
)
(
0
0
1
f
f
f
f
df
f
t
P
t
V
lo
hi
f
f
x
r
m
s
hi
lo
)
(
)
(
)
(
1
2
1
2
t
V
t
V
t
V
TW
D
(
t
)
r
m
s
r
m
s
r
m
s
(
t
)
V
(
t
)
V
T
H
D
(
t
)
r
m
s
H
h
r
m
s
h
1
2
2
,
)
(
)
(
)
(
1
0
2
,
2
t
V
t
V
t
V
T
n
H
D
(
t
)
r
m
s
H
h
r
m
s
h
r
m
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A
Cri
ti
cal Revi
ew
o
f Ti
me
-
f
re
q
ue
ncy
Distri
buti
on A
na
ly
sis
for
… (
M.
H. J
op
ri)
46
07
6.
SIGNAL
CHAR
A
CTERIS
TIC
The
c
har
act
eri
zat
ion
of
si
gn
a
ls
is
ob
ta
ine
d
f
ro
m
the
cal
culat
ed
sig
nal
pa
r
a
m
et
ers.
A
verage
of
total
har
m
on
ic
disto
rtion,
T
H
D
ave
a
nd
total
nonhar
m
on
ic
distor
ti
on,
TnH
D
ave
ca
n
be
cal
culat
ed
from
instanta
ne
ous
total
har
m
on
ic
distor
ti
on,
T
HD
(
t)
and
ins
ta
ntaneo
us
t
otal
nonh
a
rm
on
ic
distor
ti
on,
T
nHD(t
)
,
resp
ect
ively
.
These c
ha
racteri
sti
cs can be e
xpresse
d
as
[
31]
,
(12)
(13)
(14)
7.
SIGNAL
CL
AS
SI
FIC
ATI
ON
A
dete
rm
inist
i
c
cl
assifi
cat
ion
m
e
tho
d
w
hich
is
the
r
ule
-
bas
ed
cl
assifi
er
e
xt
ensively
em
pl
oyed
i
n
the
pr
act
ic
al
ap
plica
ti
on
.
T
his
m
et
hod
is
easy
to
be
im
ple
m
e
nted
a
nd
it
s
pe
rfor
m
ance
is
m
uch
reli
ant
on
the
thres
ho
l
d
set
ti
ng
s
a
nd
ex
pert
ru
le
s.
The
fl
ow
c
har
t
in
F
igure
2
desc
ri
bes
a
ru
le
-
bas
ed
cl
assifi
er
f
or
the
har
m
on
ic
sig
na
ls. Furthe
rm
or
e, the
t
hr
es
hold
s
et
ti
ng
s a
re s
et
acco
rd
i
ng to I
EEE St
d.
1159
-
20
09.
Figure
2. The
rule
-
based cl
ass
ifie
r
fl
ow ch
a
rt
for
ha
rm
on
ic
sign
al
s
8.
PERFO
R
MANC
E
ME
ASU
REME
NTS
O
F TIME
-
FRE
QUENC
Y DI
STRIBUTI
O
NS
The
perform
ance
and
viabili
ty
of
pr
opos
e
d
m
et
ho
d
dep
e
nd
on
the
acc
ura
cy
of
this
te
ch
nique
an
d
the
evaluati
on
of a
ccur
acy
ca
n be
don
e
as
fo
ll
ow
s.
T
r
m
s
a
v
e
r
m
s
dt
t
V
T
V
0
,
)
(
1
T
a
v
e
dt
t
T
H
D
T
T
H
D
0
)
(
1
T
a
v
e
dt
t
T
n
H
D
T
T
n
H
D
0
)
(
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4603
-
4618
4608
8
.
1.
Th
e
An
al
ys
is
Accur
acy
The
analy
sis
accuracy
is
cal
culat
ed
thr
ough
the
sig
na
l
char
act
erist
ic
s
m
easur
em
e
nt
accuracy
.
To
m
easur
e
th
e
m
easur
em
ent
accuracy,
th
e
m
ean
abso
l
ut
e
per
centa
ge
error
(M
AP
E
)
is
e
m
plo
ye
d
as
an
accuracy
in
de
x.
T
he
lo
we
r
the
MAP
E,
the
bette
r
t
he
pe
rfo
rm
ance
of
t
he
si
gn
al
c
har
act
e
risti
cs
m
easur
em
ent
[32]
.
I
t ca
n be
wr
it
te
n
as
,
(15)
Wh
e
re
by
x
i
(
n)
is
an
act
ual
val
ue,
x
m
(
n)
is
m
e
asur
e
d
value
a
nd
N
is
the
dat
a
nu
m
ber
.
T
he
sm
a
ll
er
value
of
t
he
MAPE,
the
bet
te
r
the acc
urac
y i
s.
8
.
2.
Th
e
Co
m
putat
i
onal C
om
plexit
y of th
e A
n
aly
sis
The
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
al
c
om
plexity
of
TF
Ds
to
represe
nt
the
TFR
of
si
gn
al
s
reli
ant
on
th
e
pa
ram
et
ers
set
ti
ng
of
each
TF
D.
T
he
sp
ect
r
ogram
and
ST
both
use
d
fast
F
ourier
trans
form
(F
FT)
that
deals
fast
com
pu
ta
ti
on
.
Me
anwhil
e,
G
T
exec
utes
discrete
F
ourier
trans
f
or
m
(DFT)
a
nd
has
m
or
e
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
c
om
plexity
co
m
par
e to F
FT
[18
]
.
The
co
m
pu
ta
ti
on
al
c
om
plexity
ind
e
x
ca
n be calc
ulate
d as f
ollo
ws,
(16)
(
17
)
(
18
)
8
.
3
. Th
e
Mem
ory Siz
e o
f
t
he
A
n
aly
sis
The
si
gn
al
le
ngth
nu
m
ber
a
nd
TF
D
pa
ra
m
et
ers
set
ti
ng
influ
e
nce
t
he
siz
e
of
m
e
m
or
y
us
ed
f
or
TFR [
18]
. T
he m
e
m
or
y i
s ex
presse
d
as,
(19)
9.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
This
sect
ion
di
scuss
the
res
ults
of
ha
rm
on
ic
sign
al
s
detect
ion
a
nd
cl
assif
ic
at
ion
analy
sis
by
us
i
ng
TFD
s
an
d
the
best
TF
D
is
c
hose
n
ba
sed
on
the
accu
racy,
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
al
c
om
plexity
and
m
e
m
or
y
siz
e
duri
ng
the
TFD
s
a
nal
ysi
s.
This
sect
ion
discuss
the
resu
lt
s
of
ha
r
m
on
ic
sign
al
s
d
et
ect
ion
a
nd
cl
assifi
cat
ion
analy
sis
by
us
in
g
TF
D
s
and
the
best
TFD
is
ch
os
e
n
based
on
t
he
accuracy,
c
ompu
ta
ti
onal
com
plexity
and
m
e
m
or
y
siz
e during t
he TFDs
an
al
ysi
s.
9
.1
. Har
mo
nic Sign
al
Analys
is by
Usin
g Sp
ectro
gr
am
Figure
3(
a
)
a
nd
3(b)
de
pict
har
m
on
ic
sig
na
l
in
the
ti
m
e
do
m
ai
n
an
d
th
e
TFRs
us
in
g
sp
ect
r
ogram
.
The
TFRs
s
how
the
sig
nal
pa
ram
et
ers
co
m
pr
ise
of
the
f
undam
ental
fr
eq
uen
cy
at
50Hz
and
the
7th
ha
rm
on
ic
com
po
ne
nt
at
350Hz,
res
pecti
vely
.
Furthe
r
m
or
e,
Fig
ur
e
3(c)
sho
ws
that
the
ha
rm
on
ic
volt
age
has
c
ontrib
ute
d
to
the
rise
of
the
RM
S
volt
age
f
ro
m
1.
0
to
1.
17
pu.
H
owever,
the
RM
S
fund
am
ental
vo
lt
age
sti
ll
re
m
ai
ns
at
1.0
pu.
Be
si
de
s
that,
the
TW
D
an
d
T
H
D
of
the
sig
nals
are
60
%
an
d
zer
o
TnHD
a
re
cal
culat
ed
a
nd
presented
well
in
Fi
gure
3(d).
Hen
ce
, fr
om
the an
al
ysi
s sho
w
that t
he
re is
no inter
ha
rm
on
ic
sign
al
is exist i
n t
he si
gn
al
.
The
e
xistence
of
i
nter
har
m
onic
sign
al
is
a
na
ly
zed
with
s
pe
ct
rogr
am
and
i
ts
TFR
is
dem
on
st
rates
in
Figure
4(
a
)
a
nd
4(b), se
par
at
el
y. As dem
on
strat
es in F
i
gur
e 4
(
b), t
he
sig
na
l con
sist
s
of fundam
ental
f
re
qu
e
ncy
at
50
Hz
an
d
the
interh
arm
on
ic
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
at
37
5
Hz
,
res
pecti
vely
.
Figure
4(
c
)
show
s
that
the
existe
nce
of
interha
rm
on
ic
vo
lt
age
has
i
nc
reased
t
he
RM
S
volt
age
f
ro
m
1.0
to
1.17
pu.
The
analy
sis
a
lso
res
ults
the
TWD
and
TnH
D
are
60
%
a
nd
as
dep
ic
ts
in
Fi
gure
4(d),
the
THD
is
zer
o
pe
rcen
t.
T
he
refor
e
,
the
re
s
ult
s
of
t
he
analy
sis sh
ow
on
ly
fun
dam
ental
an
d
i
nter
harm
on
ic
sign
al
e
xist in t
he
sig
na
l.
%
100
)
(
)
(
)
(
1
1
x
n
x
n
x
n
x
N
M
A
P
E
N
n
i
m
i
)
(
l
o
g
2
w
w
w
m
s
p
e
c
t
r
o
g
r
a
N
N
N
N
Cr
2
w
w
G
a
b
o
r
N
N
N
Cr
))
(
l
o
g
(
2
w
w
w
w
ST
N
N
N
N
N
Cr
s
w
w
L
i
n
e
a
r
T
F
D
N
N
N
N
M
e
m
or
y
)
(
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A
Cri
ti
cal Revi
ew
o
f Ti
me
-
f
re
q
ue
ncy
Distri
buti
on A
na
ly
sis
for
… (
M.
H. J
op
ri)
4609
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
3. (a
) H
arm
on
ic
signal
in
ti
m
e d
om
ain
, (
b)
Ha
rm
on
ic
sig
nal in T
F
R, (c
)
I
ns
ta
ntaneous
RM
S vo
lt
age
and RM
S
fun
dam
ental
v
oltag
e,
(
d) Insta
nta
ne
ous total
harm
on
ic
d
ist
or
ti
on, t
otal n
onha
r
m
on
ic
d
ist
or
ti
on
and total
w
a
ve
form
d
ist
or
ti
on.
(a)
(b)
Figure
4. (a
)
I
nt
erh
arm
on
ic
si
gn
al
i
n
ti
m
e d
om
ai
n,
(b)
Ha
r
m
on
ic
sign
al
i
n
T
FR,
(c)
I
ns
ta
ntane
ous RM
S
vo
lt
age
and R
MS f
undam
ental
vo
lt
ag
e,
(d) Insta
ntane
ous t
otal ha
rm
on
ic
d
ist
or
ti
on,
total
nonha
rm
on
ic
distor
ti
on a
nd t
otal wa
vefor
m
d
ist
or
ti
on.
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
-2
-
1
.
5
-1
-
0
.
5
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
2
P
o
w
e
r
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
S
i
g
n
a
l
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0
.
8
1
1
.
2
1
.
4
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
R
M
S
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
1
.
2
1
.
4
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
R
M
S
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0
50
100
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
T
o
t
a
l
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
D
i
st
o
r
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
P
e
r
ce
n
t
a
g
e
(
%
)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0
50
100
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
T
o
t
a
l
N
o
n
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
D
i
st
o
r
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
P
e
r
ce
n
t
a
g
e
(
%
)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
50
100
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
T
o
t
a
l
W
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
D
i
st
o
r
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
P
e
r
ce
n
t
a
g
e
(
%
)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
-2
-
1
.
5
-1
-
0
.
5
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
2
P
o
w
e
r
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
S
i
g
n
a
l
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4603
-
4618
4610
(c)
(d)
Figure
4. (a
)
I
nt
erh
arm
on
ic
si
gn
al
i
n
ti
m
e d
om
ai
n,
(b)
Ha
r
m
on
ic
sign
al
i
n
T
FR,
(c)
I
ns
ta
ntane
ous RM
S
vo
lt
age
and R
MS
f
undam
ental
v
oltag
e,
(d) Insta
ntane
ous t
otal ha
rm
on
ic
d
ist
or
ti
on,
total
nonha
rm
on
ic
distor
ti
on a
nd t
otal wa
vefor
m
d
ist
or
ti
on.
9
.2
.
Sign
al
Analysis
Usin
g
G
abor Tr
an
s
fo
r
m
Figure
5(a)
an
d
5(b
)
pr
ese
nt
har
m
on
ic
si
gnal
in
ti
m
e
do
m
ai
n
a
nd
the
TF
R
by
us
in
g
G
T.
F
r
om
the
TFR,
is
show
that
the
sign
al
con
ta
ins
f
undam
ental
fr
eq
ue
ncy
at
50Hz
a
nd
t
he
7t
h
ha
r
m
on
ic
co
m
po
ne
nt
at
350
Hz.
I
n
the
m
eantim
e,
Fi
gure
5(c)
sho
ws
that
the
e
xisten
ce
of
ha
rm
on
ic
vo
lt
age
ha
s
increase
d
th
e
RM
S
vo
lt
age
from
1.
0
to
1.17
pu.
The
analy
sis
outc
om
e
in
Figure
5(d
)
sho
ws
that
the
T
WD
a
nd
T
H
D
of
the
sign
al
at
a
valu
e
60%
an
d
t
he
T
nHD
is
zer
o
pe
rcen
t
as
fi
gure
d
in
Fig
ure
5(d).
T
hus,
it
is
cl
early
sh
ow
n
that
no
interha
rm
on
ic
com
po
ne
nt e
xists in the
sig
na
l.
Figure
6(a)
a
nd
6(b
)
sho
w
th
e
analy
sis
ou
tc
om
e
of
the
sign
al
with
inter
ha
rm
on
ic
com
p
on
e
nt
an
d
the
TFR
us
i
ng
GT
.
From
the
TFR,
it
sh
ows
t
ha
t
on
ly
the
fun
dam
ental
fr
eq
ue
ncy
at
50
Hz
a
nd
t
he
inte
rh
a
r
m
on
ic
com
po
ne
n
t
at
375
Hz
are
exist
in
t
he
s
ign
al
.
Me
a
nw
hile,
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
6(c),
the
e
xiste
nce
of
interha
rm
on
ic
vo
lt
age
has
in
creased
t
he
RM
S
vo
lt
age
from
is
1.
0
to
1.17
pu.
I
n
ad
diti
on
,
from
Figu
re
6(d
)
,
the
analy
sis
also
presents
the
value
of
TW
D
an
d
TnHD
i
s
60
%
an
d
zer
o
per
ce
nt
f
or
THD
.
Th
us
,
from
the
analy
sis cl
early
sh
ow t
hat
on
l
y fun
dam
ental
and inter
har
m
onic
co
m
pone
nts ex
ist
in
the
sign
al
.
(a)
(b)
Figure
5.
(
a)
H
arm
on
ic
signal
in
ti
m
e d
om
ain
, (
b)
Ha
rm
on
ic
sig
nal in T
F
R, (c
)
I
ns
ta
ntaneous
RM
S vo
lt
age
and RM
S
fun
dam
ental
v
oltag
e, (d) I
ns
ta
nta
ne
ous total
harm
on
ic
d
ist
or
ti
on, t
otal n
onha
r
m
on
ic
d
ist
or
ti
on
and total
w
a
ve
form
d
ist
or
ti
on
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0
.
8
1
1
.
2
1
.
4
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
R
M
S
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
1
.
2
1
.
4
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
R
M
S
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0
50
100
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
T
o
t
a
l
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
D
i
st
o
r
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
P
e
r
ce
n
t
a
g
e
(
%
)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0
50
100
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
T
o
t
a
l
N
o
n
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
D
i
st
o
r
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
P
e
r
ce
n
t
a
g
e
(
%
)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0
50
100
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
T
o
t
a
l
W
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
D
i
st
o
r
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
P
e
r
ce
n
t
a
g
e
(
%
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
-
1
.
5
-1
-
0
.
5
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
P
o
w
e
r
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
S
i
g
n
a
l
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A
Cri
ti
cal Revi
ew
o
f Ti
me
-
f
re
q
ue
ncy
Distri
buti
on A
na
ly
sis
for
… (
M.
H. J
op
ri)
4611
(c)
(d)
Figure
5.
(
a)
H
arm
on
ic
signal
in
ti
m
e d
om
ain
, (
b)
Ha
rm
on
ic
sig
nal in T
F
R, (c
)
I
ns
ta
ntaneous
RM
S vo
lt
age
and RM
S
fun
dam
ental
v
oltag
e, (d) I
ns
ta
nta
ne
ous total
harm
on
ic
d
ist
or
ti
on, t
otal n
onha
r
m
on
ic
d
ist
or
ti
on
and total
w
a
ve
form
d
ist
or
ti
on
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
6.
(
a
)
I
nt
erh
arm
on
ic
si
gn
al
i
n
ti
m
e d
om
ai
n,
(b)
Ha
r
m
on
ic
sign
al
i
n
T
FR,
(c)
I
ns
ta
ntane
ous RM
S
vo
lt
age
and R
MS f
undam
ental
v
oltag
e,
(d) Insta
ntane
ous t
otal ha
rm
on
ic
d
ist
or
ti
on,
total
nonha
rm
on
ic
distor
ti
on a
nd t
otal wa
vefor
m
d
ist
or
ti
on
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
1
.
2
1
.
4
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
R
M
S
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
1
.
2
1
.
4
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
R
M
S
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
50
100
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
T
o
t
a
l
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
D
i
st
o
r
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
P
e
r
ce
n
t
a
g
e
(
%
)
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
50
100
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
T
o
t
a
l
N
o
n
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
D
i
st
o
r
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
P
e
r
ce
n
t
a
g
e
(
%
)
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
50
100
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
T
o
t
a
l
W
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
D
i
st
o
r
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
P
e
r
ce
n
t
a
g
e
(
%
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
-
1
.
5
-1
-
0
.
5
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
P
o
w
e
r
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
S
i
g
n
a
l
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
1
.
2
1
.
4
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
R
M
S
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
1
.
2
1
.
4
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
R
M
S
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
50
100
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
T
o
t
a
l
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
D
i
st
o
r
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
P
e
r
ce
n
t
a
g
e
(
%
)
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
50
100
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
T
o
t
a
l
N
o
n
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
D
i
st
o
r
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
P
e
r
ce
n
t
a
g
e
(
%
)
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
50
100
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
T
o
t
a
l
W
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
D
i
st
o
r
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
P
e
r
ce
n
t
a
g
e
(
%
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4603
-
4618
4612
9.3.
Sign
al
Analysis
Usin
g
S
-
tr
an
s
fo
r
m
Figure
7(a)
a
nd
7(b
)
prese
nt
har
m
on
ic
sig
na
l
in
tim
e
do
m
ai
n
an
d
the
TF
R
by
us
in
g
ST
.
From
the
TFR,
it
is
cl
ear
ly
figu
re
d
that
the
sign
al
com
pr
ise
s
the
f
undam
ental
fr
eq
ue
ncy
at
50
Hz
a
nd
the
7th
ha
r
m
on
ic
com
po
ne
nt
at
350
H
z.
I
n
the
m
eantim
e,
Fi
gure
4(c)
s
ho
ws
that
the
e
xi
ste
nce
of
harm
on
ic
co
m
po
ne
nt
has
increase
d
the
RM
S
vo
lt
age
f
ro
m
1.
0
to
1.1
pu.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
Fig
ur
e
4(d)
dem
on
strat
es
th
e
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
TWD
and
THD
is
10%
a
nd
ze
r
o
per
ce
nt
f
or
t
he
TnHD
.
He
nc
e,
from
the
analy
sis
,
it
is
pl
ai
nly
sh
own
t
hat
no
interha
rm
on
ic
com
po
ne
nt e
xists in the
sig
na
l.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
7.
(
a
) H
arm
on
ic
signal
in
ti
m
e d
om
ain
, (
b)
Ha
rm
on
ic
sig
nal in T
F
R, (c
)
I
ns
ta
ntaneous
RM
S vo
lt
age
and RM
S
fun
dam
ental
v
oltag
e, (d) I
ns
ta
nta
ne
ous
total
harm
on
ic
d
ist
or
ti
on, t
otal n
onha
r
m
on
ic
d
ist
or
ti
on a
nd
total
w
ave
f
or
m
d
ist
ort
ion
Figure
8(
a
)
a
nd
8(b)
pr
ese
nt
the
inter
ha
rm
on
ic
sig
nal
a
nd
the
TFR
by
usi
ng
ST,
res
pec
ti
vely
.
The
sign
al
ha
s
a
fund
am
ental
com
po
nen
t
at
50
Hz
an
d
inter
ha
rm
on
ic
com
p
on
e
nt
at
375
Hz.
Fig
ure
8(c
)
show
s
that
the
interh
arm
on
ic
vo
lt
age
co
ntribute
s
to
the
rise
of
RM
S
fr
om
1.
0
to
1.1
pu.
I
n
ad
diti
on
,
the
sign
al
analy
sis
pr
ese
nts
the
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
TW
D
a
nd
TnH
D
with
a
value
of
10
%
an
d
zer
o
pe
rcen
t
f
or
the
T
HD
a
s
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gure
8(d
).
T
hus,
the
a
naly
sis
cl
early
sh
ows
that
on
ly
the
f
undam
ental
and
inte
rh
a
rm
on
ic
com
po
ne
nt
s e
xi
st i
n
the si
gnal
.
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
-
1
.
5
-1
-
0
.
5
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
P
o
w
e
r
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
S
i
g
n
a
l
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
T
i
m
e
-
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
R
e
p
r
e
se
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
(
H
z)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0
.
0
5
0
.
1
0
.
1
5
0
.
2
0
.
2
5
0
.
3
0
.
3
5
0
.
4
0
.
4
5
0
.
5
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
R
M
S
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
R
M
S
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
p
u
)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0
50
100
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
T
o
t
a
l
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
D
i
st
o
r
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
P
e
r
ce
n
t
a
g
e
(
%
)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0
50
100
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
T
o
t
a
l
N
o
n
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
D
i
st
o
r
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
P
e
r
ce
n
t
a
g
e
(
%
)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0
50
100
I
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
T
o
t
a
l
W
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
D
i
st
o
r
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
(
m
se
c)
P
e
r
ce
n
t
a
g
e
(
%
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.