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[
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tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
is
t
h
at
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
in
B
ip
o
lar
HVDC
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
d
c
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
li
n
e
f
au
lt
s
w
h
e
n
o
n
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
is
tr
ip
p
ed
h
as
b
ee
n
s
t
u
d
ied
w
h
ic
h
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ab
o
v
e
p
ap
er
h
as
d
e
s
cr
ib
ed
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
is
ed
a
s
f
o
llo
w
s
-
Sectio
n
2
d
escr
ib
es t
h
e
b
asic
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
A
NN
m
o
d
u
le
u
s
i
n
g
B
P
NN,
Sectio
n
3
co
n
tai
n
s
HVDC
s
y
s
te
m
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
,
Sectio
n
4
co
n
tai
n
s
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
,
Sectio
n
5
co
n
tai
n
s
t
h
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
w
o
r
k
.
2.
ARTI
F
I
CI
AL
N
E
URA
L
NE
T
WO
RK
ANA
L
YS
I
S
An
ar
tific
ial
n
e
u
r
al
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
(
A
NN)
h
a
s
ar
tif
ic
ial
n
e
u
r
o
n
s
a
n
d
h
as
a
m
a
th
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el
o
r
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
m
o
d
el.
A
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
an
i
n
t
er
co
n
n
ec
ted
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
ar
ti
f
ici
al
n
eu
r
o
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
as
it
co
m
e
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
eu
r
o
n
s
a
n
d
lead
s
an
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
n
n
eu
r
o
n
s
d
ec
id
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
ANN
s
y
s
te
m
w
as
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
M
A
T
L
A
B
p
ac
k
ag
e
f
o
r
au
to
m
atic
s
elec
tio
n
.
I
t
h
as
in
p
u
t
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
f
o
r
o
b
tain
i
n
g
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
th
e
d
ata
f
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
tr
ai
n
in
g
.
Fo
r
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
t
r
ain
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
it
s
o
p
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
ch
ec
k
ed
w
ith
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
.
I
f
ar
e
th
e
in
p
u
t
n
e
u
r
o
n
s
,
ar
e
w
ei
g
h
ted
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
lin
k
s
,
)
ar
e
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
u
s
in
g
E
q
u
atio
n
s
(1
)
-
(3
)
(
1
)
∑
(
2
)
(
3
)
2
.
1
.
P
re
-
p
ro
ce
s
s
ing
a
nd
f
ea
t
ure
ex
t
ra
ct
io
n
P
r
e
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
s
i
g
n
al
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
r
m
s
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
in
s
tan
ta
n
eo
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
i
g
n
a
ls
.
HVD
C
m
o
d
el
i
s
s
i
m
u
lated
u
s
in
g
Ma
tl
ab
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
an
d
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
at
r
ela
y
in
g
p
o
in
t.
2
.
2
.
T
ra
ini
ng
da
t
a
s
et
P
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
o
f
tr
ain
i
n
g
i
s
d
o
n
e
o
n
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
f
au
lt
f
o
r
li
n
e
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
au
l
ts
in
b
ip
o
lar
HVDC.
Fa
u
lt
L
o
ca
tio
n
T
r
ain
in
g
: 2
0
,
6
0
,
1
0
0
,
1
4
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
9
4
0
k
m
T
esti
n
g
: 1
0
,
3
0
,
5
0
,
7
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
9
3
0
k
m
T
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
s
a
m
p
les
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tr
ain
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
h
al
f
c
y
cle
d
ata
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
n
s
ta
n
t
o
f
f
a
u
lt.
3.
H
VDC
T
O
P
O
L
O
G
I
E
S
3
.
1
.
Asy
mm
et
rica
l
m
o
no
po
le
HVDC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
m
ai
n
l
y
t
w
o
t
y
p
es
o
f
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
Mo
n
o
p
o
lar
an
d
B
ip
o
lar
.
T
h
e
Mo
n
o
p
o
lar
HVDC is
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
w
ith
ea
r
t
h
as
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
etu
r
n
.
3
.
2
.
B
ipo
la
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
I
n
b
ip
o
lar
s
y
s
te
m
b
o
th
th
e
p
o
les
ca
r
r
y
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
is
u
s
ed
to
tr
an
s
f
er
lar
g
e
p
o
w
er
.
I
t
h
as
ad
v
an
tg
e
th
at
f
a
u
lt
i
n
o
n
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
lin
e
al
s
o
ca
u
s
es
c
u
r
r
en
t
to
f
l
o
w
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
t
h
er
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
li
n
es
a
t
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
e
t
w
o
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
AC
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
h
as
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
th
at
ev
e
n
if
o
n
e
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
n
o
t o
p
er
atin
g
o
r
tr
ip
p
ed
th
e
o
t
h
er
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
r
r
ies h
al
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
C
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SS
N:
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Dir
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.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
ip
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lar
s
y
s
te
m
3
.
3
.
T
w
elv
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pu
ls
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co
nv
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t
er
I
n
HVD
C
tr
a
n
s
m
is
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io
n
1
2
p
u
ls
e
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
p
r
ef
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an
d
is
m
ad
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b
y
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n
n
e
ctin
g
s
er
ie
s
co
m
b
i
n
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n
o
f
t
w
o
b
r
id
g
es.
On
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
Y/Y
f
o
r
o
n
e
b
r
id
g
e
an
d
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er
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an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
Y/
f
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r
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er
b
r
id
g
e
is
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s
ed
f
o
r
p
h
ase
d
is
p
lace
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
d
c
lin
k
v
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lta
g
e
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o
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tain
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f
r
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m
th
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t
w
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in
d
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v
id
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c
v
o
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[
1
]
.
T
h
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eq
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s
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3
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4
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P
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ip
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p
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1
0
0
0
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W
(
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0
k
V,
2
k
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)
.
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ter
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tio
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A
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0
Hz.
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h
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f
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llo
w
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s
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e
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d
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tio
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o
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a
f
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lt
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s
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n
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n
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
2.
a.
T
h
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r
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tif
ier
en
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s
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it
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ith
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3
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as tr
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d.
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t
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m
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o
d
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o
b
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s
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ar
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o
f
f
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s
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I
t
d
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th
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f
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in
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t
a
n
y
p
r
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b
lem
.
R
E
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
K.K.
P
a
d
iy
a
r,
“
HV
DC p
o
w
e
r
tran
s
m
issio
n
sy
ste
m
s
”
,
S
e
c
o
n
d
re
v
ise
d
e
d
it
i
o
n
,
Ne
w
a
g
e
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
r.
[2
]
Jo
h
a
n
S
trau
s
,
L
in
a
Be
rtl
in
g
,
“
In
tro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
t
o
HV
DC
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
Re
li
a
b
le
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
s
”
,
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
1
0
t
h
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Pro
b
a
b
il
isti
c
M
e
th
o
d
s
Ap
p
li
e
d
to
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
,
2
0
0
8
,
PM
AP
S
'
0
8
.
[3
]
X
.
Zh
e
n
g
,
T
.
Ne
n
g
li
n
g
,
Y.
G
u
a
n
g
li
a
n
g
,
D.
Ha
o
y
in
,
“
A
tr
a
n
sie
n
t
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
sc
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
HV
DC
tr
a
n
sm
issio
n
li
n
e
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
we
r De
l.
2
0
1
2
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
1
8
-
7
2
4
.
[4
]
H.
L
iv
a
n
i,
C.
Y
.
Ev
re
n
o
so
g
lu
,
“
A
sin
g
le
-
e
n
d
e
d
f
a
u
lt
lo
c
a
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
s
e
g
m
e
n
ted
HV
DC
tra
n
sm
issio
n
li
n
e
”
,
EP
S
R,
2
0
1
7
,
v
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l.
1
0
7
,
p
p
.
1
9
0
-
1
9
8
.
[5
]
J.Up
e
n
d
a
r,
C.
P
.
G
u
p
ta,
G
.
K.
S
in
g
h
,
“
A
NN
Ba
se
d
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
F
a
u
lt
Clas
sif
ica
ti
o
n
”
,
IEE
E
Reg
io
n
1
0
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
T
ENCON
,
2
0
0
8
.
[6
]
Yi
W
a
n
g
，
Zi
g
u
a
n
g
Zh
a
n
g
，
Yu
a
n
F
u
，
Ya
n
g
He
i
，
Xia
n
g
y
u
Zh
a
n
g
,
“
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
L
in
e
o
f
DC
G
rid
s
Ba
se
d
o
n
V
S
C”
,
I
EE
E
8
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
M
o
ti
o
n
Co
n
t
ro
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
IPE
M
C
-
ECCE
Asia
)
,
2
0
1
6
.
[7
]
X
.
D.
Zh
e
n
g
,
N.
-
L
.
T
a
i,
J.S
.
T
h
o
rp
,
G
.
-
L
.
Ya
n
g
,
“
A
tran
sie
n
t
h
a
rm
o
n
ic
c
u
rre
n
t
p
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
sc
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
HV
DC
tran
sm
issio
n
li
n
e
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
we
r De
li
v
e
ry
,
2
0
1
2
,
v
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l.
2
4
,
p
p
.
2
2
7
8
-
2
2
8
5
.
[8
]
Z.
X
iao
d
o
n
g
,
N.
T
a
i,
G
.
Ya
n
g
,
H.
Din
g
,
“
A
tran
sie
n
t
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
sc
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
HV
DC
tran
sm
issio
n
l
in
e
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r De
li
v
e
ry
,
2
0
1
2
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
p
p
.
7
1
8
-
7
2
4
.
[9
]
Y.
Zh
a
n
g
,
N.
T
a
i,
a
n
d
B
.
X
u
,
“
F
a
u
lt
a
n
a
ly
sis
a
n
d
trav
e
ll
in
g
-
w
a
v
e
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
sc
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
b
ip
o
lar
HV
DC
li
n
e
s
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r De
l
.
,
2
0
1
2
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
8
3
-
1
5
9
1
.
[1
0
]
X
iao
d
o
n
g
,
Z.
,
Ne
n
g
li
n
g
,
T
.
,
T
h
o
r
p
,
J.
S
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
e
d
d
if
fe
re
n
ti
a
l
p
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
sc
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
lo
n
g
d
i
sta
n
c
e
UH
V
DC
tra
n
sm
issio
n
li
n
e
”
,
Pro
c
.
I
n
t.
C
o
n
f
.
Po
we
r E
n
e
rg
y
S
o
c
.
Ge
n
.
M
e
e
ti
n
g
,
2
0
1
4
p
p
.
1
-
5.
[1
1
]
L
.
X
iao
lei,
A
.
H.
Os
m
a
n
,
O.P
.
M
a
li
k
,
“
H
y
b
rid
trav
e
li
n
g
w
a
v
e
/b
o
u
n
d
a
ry
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
f
o
r
m
o
n
o
p
o
lar
H
VD
C
li
n
e
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r De
li
v
e
ry
,
2
0
0
9
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
p
p
.
5
6
9
-
5
7
8
.
[1
2
]
K.
De
Ke
r
f
,
K.
S
riv
a
st
a
v
a
,
M
.
Re
z
a
,
D.
Be
k
a
e
rt,
S
.
Co
le,
D.
V
a
n
He
rtem
,
a
n
d
R.
Be
l
m
a
n
s,
“
W
a
v
e
let
-
b
a
se
d
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
stra
teg
y
f
o
r
DC
f
a
u
lt
s
in
m
u
lt
i
-
term
in
a
l
V
S
C
HV
DC
sy
ste
m
s”
,
In
st.
En
g
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l.
T
ra
n
s
.
Ge
n
.
,
T
ra
n
sm
.
Distrib
.
,
2
0
1
1
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
9
6
-
5
0
3
.
[1
3
]
L
.
L
.
l
a
i,
F
.
Nd
e
h
-
c
h
e
,
“
F
a
u
lt
Id
e
n
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
H
V
DC
S
y
ste
m
w
it
h
Ne
u
ra
l
Ne
tw
o
rk
”
,
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
5
th
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
p
o
w
e
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
1
9
9
4
,
p
p
.
31
-
2
6
3
.
[1
4
]
Y.
M
.
Ye
a
p
,
a
n
d
A
.
Uk
il
,
“
W
a
v
e
let
Ba
se
d
F
a
u
lt
A
n
a
l
y
sis
in
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S
y
ste
m
”
,
in
Pro
c
.
IECON
2
0
1
4
-
4
0
th
A
n
n
u
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
IEE
E
In
d
u
stri
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
S
o
c
iety
,
Da
ll
a
s,
USA
.
2
0
1
4
.
[1
5
]
Dr.S
.
N S
iv
a
n
a
n
d
a
m
,
Dr.S
.
N De
e
p
a
,
P
ri
n
c
ip
le
o
f
so
f
t
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
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il
e
y
,
2
n
d
e
d
it
i
o
n
.
[1
6
]
A
.
N.
S
a
r
wa
d
e
1
,
P
.
K.
Ka
tt
i,
J.
G
.
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h
o
d
e
k
a
r,
"
Re
a
c
h
a
n
d
Op
e
ra
ti
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g
T
i
m
e
Co
rre
c
ti
o
n
o
f
Dig
it
a
l
Dista
n
c
e
Re
la
y
,
"
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ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
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e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
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ECE
),
v
o
l.
7
,
no
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
8
-
6
7
,
F
e
b
r
u
a
ry
2
0
1
7
.
[1
7
]
B.
Na
g
u
,
P
.
V
.
Ra
m
a
n
a
Ra
o
,
M
.
S
y
d
u
lu
,
"
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h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
A
C
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y
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m
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tab
il
it
y
u
si
n
g
A
rti
f
icia
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ra
l
Ne
tw
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r
k
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se
d
HV
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Co
n
tr
o
ls,
"
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ter
n
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ti
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l
J
o
u
r
n
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l
o
f
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e
c
trica
l
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n
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mp
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ter
En
g
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e
rin
g
(
IJ
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),
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
pp.
4
4
1
-
4
5
5
,
A
u
g
u
st 2
0
1
3
.
[1
8
]
M
.
H
Jo
p
ri,
A
.
R
A
b
d
u
ll
a
h
,
M
.
M
a
n
a
p
,
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.
R
Yu
so
f
f
4
,
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.
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u
ti
k
n
o
,
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.
F
Ha
b
b
a
n
,
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A
n
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m
p
ro
v
e
d
De
tec
ti
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n
a
n
d
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sif
ic
a
ti
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n
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e
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h
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iq
u
e
o
f
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rm
o
n
ic
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ig
n
a
ls
in
P
o
w
e
r
Distri
b
u
ti
o
n
b
y
Util
izin
g
S
p
e
c
tro
g
ra
m
”
,
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ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
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e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r E
n
g
i
n
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e
rin
g
(
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),
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0
1
7
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
12
-
2
0
.
[1
9
]
K.
S
a
ty
a
n
a
r
a
y
a
n
a
,
S
a
h
e
b
Hu
ss
a
in
M
D,
B.
Ra
m
e
sh
,
"
Id
e
n
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
F
a
u
lt
s
in
H
V
DC
S
y
ste
m
u
sin
g
W
a
v
e
let
A
n
a
l
y
si
s,"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
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),
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0
1
2
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
-
1
8
2
.
[2
0
]
Y.
Zh
a
n
g
,
N.
L
.
T
a
i,
a
n
d
B.
X
u
,
“
F
a
u
lt
a
n
a
ly
sis
a
n
d
trav
e
ll
in
g
-
wa
v
e
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
sc
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
b
ip
o
la
r
HV
DC
li
n
e
s
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
we
r De
l.
,
2
0
1
2
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
8
3
-
1
5
9
1
.
[2
1
]
Ji
y
a
n
g
W
u
,
Ha
ifen
g
L
i,
G
a
n
g
Wa
n
g
,
a
n
d
Yu
a
n
sh
e
n
g
L
ian
g
,
“
A
n
Im
p
ro
v
e
d
T
ra
v
e
ll
in
g
-
Wav
e
P
ro
te
c
ti
o
n
S
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
L
CC
-
HV
DC T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
L
in
e
s
”
,
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
De
li
v
e
ry
,
2
0
1
7
,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
6
-
1
1
6
.
[2
2
]
S
h
u
-
p
in
g
G
a
o
,
Qi
L
iu
,
G
u
o
-
b
in
g
S
o
n
g
,
“
Cu
rre
n
t
d
if
f
e
re
n
ti
a
l
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
p
ri
n
c
ip
le
o
f
HV
DC
tran
sm
is
sio
n
sy
ste
m
”
,
IET
Ge
n
e
r.
T
ra
n
sm
.
Distrib
.
,
2
0
1
7
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
2
8
6
-
1
2
9
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.