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e
t
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
t
h
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
t
h
e
s
ca
r
ce
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
i
n
M
A
NE
T
.
B
atter
y
p
o
w
er
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
a
n
d
t
h
e
li
n
k
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
ar
e
th
e
m
aj
o
r
d
esig
n
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
ad
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
I
t
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
t
h
at
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
m
a
n
ag
ed
.
So
,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
at
is
m
o
r
e
b
an
d
w
id
th
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
t.
T
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
w
o
r
k
ed
to
w
ar
d
s
t
h
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
en
er
g
y
an
d
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
cl
u
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
o
p
ti
m
izi
n
g
t
h
e
b
an
d
w
id
th
,
o
p
ti
m
iz
in
g
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
at
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
lev
el,
o
p
ti
m
izi
n
g
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
at
th
e
o
v
er
all
n
et
w
o
r
k
lev
e
l
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
etc.
E
v
en
th
e
ex
is
t
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
ex
ten
d
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
o
r
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
o
p
ti
m
ized
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
B
u
t
f
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
ta
k
e
n
t
h
e
b
an
d
w
id
th
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
alto
g
eth
er
.
So
in
o
r
d
er
to
co
n
s
er
v
e
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
m
ak
e
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
b
an
d
w
id
th
o
p
ti
m
ized
,
a
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
D
y
n
a
m
ic
So
u
r
ce
R
o
u
t
in
g
(
DS
R
)
is
o
p
ti
m
ized
an
d
e
x
te
n
d
ed
to
ca
r
r
y
th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
b
ile
a
g
en
t
s
.
DSR
is
a
s
i
m
p
le
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
t
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
m
ed
iu
m
s
ize
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
B
u
t
it
d
o
esn
’
t
c
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
en
er
g
y
o
f
a
n
o
d
e
a
n
d
th
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
m
a
in
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
ap
er
is
to
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
D
SR
al
g
o
r
ith
m
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
t
a
n
d
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
o
p
ti
m
ized
.
A
n
d
to
d
o
s
o
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
as
b
ee
n
e
x
te
n
d
ed
to
u
s
e
th
e
m
o
b
ile
ag
en
t
s
i
n
th
e
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Mo
b
ile
ag
en
ts
ar
e
in
te
llig
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
th
a
t
ca
n
m
o
v
e
f
r
o
m
n
o
d
e
to
n
o
d
e
i
n
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
au
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
l
y
an
d
in
telli
g
en
tl
y
[
6
]
.
T
h
ey
ca
n
c
h
o
o
s
e
t
h
eir
d
esti
n
atio
n
t
h
e
m
s
el
v
es
ac
co
r
d
in
g
w
it
h
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ag
en
t
s
ca
n
b
e
e
x
ec
u
ted
at
a
n
o
d
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
x
ec
u
tio
n
s
tate
o
f
t
h
e
r
u
n
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
ca
n
b
e
s
av
ed
,
a
n
d
ca
r
r
ied
to
th
e
n
e
w
n
o
d
e
p
er
m
itti
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
to
r
esu
m
e
w
h
er
e
it
le
f
t
t
h
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
n
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
Ag
en
ts
ar
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
b
e
as
s
m
al
l
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
ec
au
s
e
a
co
s
t
i
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
to
m
i
g
r
ate
an
a
g
e
n
t
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Mo
b
ile
ag
en
t
s
ar
e
v
er
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
to
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
ate
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
w
ir
eles
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
[
9
]
-
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
m
o
b
ile
ag
en
t
ap
p
licatio
n
in
MA
NE
T
ar
e
th
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
to
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
an
d
th
e
lo
w
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Fro
m
th
e
p
ast
f
e
w
y
ea
r
s
,
r
esear
c
h
i
n
t
er
est
h
a
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
i
n
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
m
o
b
ile
ag
en
t
in
M
A
NE
T
f
o
r
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
ta
s
k
s
[
1
3
]
.
Mo
b
ile
ag
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
p
r
o
v
id
es
d
is
co
n
n
ec
te
d
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
co
d
e
m
i
g
r
atio
n
an
d
lo
ca
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
is
f
ac
ilit
a
tes
t
h
e
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
a
n
d
ex
tr
a
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
to
th
e
ad
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ad
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
o
p
er
atio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
clien
t
s
er
v
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
h
i
g
h
l
y
ap
p
r
ec
iab
le
w
h
e
n
lar
g
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ata
is
to
b
e
co
llected
o
r
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
ated
.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
ag
e
n
ts
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
to
f
i
v
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
ec
tio
n
is
d
escr
ib
in
g
t
h
e
liter
at
u
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
ex
is
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
an
d
ex
ten
s
io
n
s
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
t
h
e
b
an
d
wid
th
an
d
en
er
g
y
.
Sectio
n
3
is
d
ea
lin
g
w
i
th
t
h
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
e
x
ten
d
ed
b
an
d
w
id
th
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t
DS
R
r
o
u
ti
n
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
Sectio
n
4
g
i
v
e
s
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
if
ied
al
g
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
es
it
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
DS
R
.
Sectio
n
5
co
n
clu
d
e
s
th
e
p
ap
er
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
Du
e
to
t
h
e
lac
k
o
f
i
n
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
e,
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e
ac
ts
a
s
a
r
o
u
ter
to
r
o
u
te
th
e
p
ac
k
e
ts
i
n
M
A
NE
T
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
t
h
e
p
ac
k
e
ts
,
th
e
n
o
d
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
p
o
w
er
,
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
,
e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
o
th
er
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
w
o
r
k
ed
to
w
ar
d
s
m
ak
i
n
g
th
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
m
o
r
e
b
an
d
w
id
th
ef
f
ic
ien
t
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
is
d
ev
o
ted
to
w
ar
d
s
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
i
n
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
B
asag
n
i,
S.,
C
h
la
m
tac,
I
.
,
&
S
y
r
o
tiu
k
,
V.
R
[
1
5
]
h
av
e
ex
ten
d
ed
th
e
DS
R
p
r
o
to
co
l
an
d
u
s
ed
th
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
p
o
s
itio
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
to
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
m
o
r
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
ef
f
icie
n
t.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
l,
a
lo
ca
tio
n
tab
le
is
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
w
h
ich
s
to
r
es
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
as
GP
S
C
o
o
r
d
in
ates.
T
h
is
tab
le
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
f
i
n
d
s
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
a
n
o
d
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
is
a
w
ar
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
it
io
n
o
f
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
an
d
ca
n
al
s
o
f
i
n
d
it
s
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
es.
T
h
u
s
,
r
o
u
ti
n
g
c
an
b
e
d
o
n
e
lo
ca
ll
y
w
it
h
n
o
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
h
a
s
e.
I
t
m
i
n
i
m
izes
th
e
c
o
s
t
o
f
f
in
d
i
n
g
th
e
p
at
h
an
d
th
u
s
m
i
n
i
m
ize
s
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
.
Gar
cia
-
L
u
n
a
-
A
ce
v
es,
J
.
J
.
,
&
Sp
o
h
n
,
M
[
1
6
]
h
av
e
also
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
alg
o
r
ith
m
n
a
m
ed
s
o
u
r
ce
tr
ee
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
(
ST
A
R
)
w
h
i
ch
u
s
es
t
h
e
li
n
k
s
tate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
ef
f
icie
n
t
r
o
u
tin
g
.
I
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l,
a
s
o
u
r
ce
tr
ee
is
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
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ab
o
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t
h
e
lin
k
s
alo
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h
f
a
v
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o
u
tes.
T
h
is
tr
ee
g
i
v
es t
h
e
co
m
p
lete
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o
u
te
b
et
w
ee
n
a
s
o
u
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ce
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o
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esti
n
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
4
6
0
–
1466
1462
L
u
o
,
Y.
,
W
an
g
,
J
.
,
&
C
h
e
n
,
S
[
1
7
]
ex
ten
d
ed
th
e
DS
R
p
r
o
to
co
l
to
m
a
k
e
it
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
i
cien
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
in
d
s
th
e
r
o
u
te
b
a
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
G
ar
cia,
J
.
E
.
,
Kallel,
A
.
,
K
y
a
m
a
k
y
a,
K.
,
J
o
b
m
an
n
,
K.
,
C
an
o
,
J
.
C
.
,
&
Ma
n
zo
n
i,
P
[
1
8
]
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
t
alg
o
r
it
h
m
w
h
ich
is
th
e
e
x
te
n
s
io
n
o
f
DSR
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
tr
ied
to
n
o
t
u
s
e
th
e
n
o
d
es
in
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
w
h
ich
ar
e
h
a
v
i
n
g
lo
w
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
.
A
r
a
n
g
o
,
J
.
,
Deg
er
m
ar
k
,
M.
,
E
f
r
at,
A
.
,
&
P
in
k
,
S
[
1
9
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
n
e
w
f
lo
o
d
in
g
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
w
h
ic
h
i
s
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
ef
f
icien
t.
I
t
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
f
lo
o
d
in
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
s
b
y
m
in
i
m
izi
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
ess
a
g
e
s
n
ee
d
s
to
r
ea
c
h
t
h
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
Var
ap
r
asad
,
G.
,
&
Nar
ay
a
n
a
g
o
w
d
a,
S.
H
[
2
0
]
h
av
e
m
o
d
if
ie
d
th
e
DSR
alg
o
r
it
h
m
a
n
d
m
i
n
i
m
ized
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
er
p
ac
k
et
an
d
m
ax
i
m
ize
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
lif
e
ti
m
e.
I
n
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
t
h
r
ee
f
ield
s
ar
e
ad
d
ed
w
ith
th
e
R
R
E
Q
p
ac
k
et
i.e
.
L
SD,
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
m
o
d
el
to
in
cl
u
d
e
th
e
b
atter
y
p
o
w
er
o
f
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
in
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
s
e
lec
tio
n
.
Sriv
as
tav
a,
S.,
Dan
iel,
A
.
K.
,
Sin
g
h
,
R
.
,
&
Sai
n
i,
J
.
P
.
[
2
1
]
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t
p
o
s
itio
n
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
at
tak
es
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
p
ar
a
m
et
er
s
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
i.e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
,
lo
ad
,
en
er
g
y
,
an
d
h
o
p
co
u
n
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
a
s
ex
te
n
d
ed
th
e
DSR
al
g
o
r
ith
m
b
y
ap
p
en
d
in
g
s
o
m
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
t
r
ain
ts
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
c
h
o
o
s
es
th
e
n
o
d
es
t
h
at
ar
e
n
o
t
y
et
m
u
ch
u
til
ized
f
o
r
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
t
h
e
p
ac
k
ets.
I
t
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e,
lo
ad
,
h
o
p
co
u
n
t
an
d
th
e
b
an
d
w
id
th
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
e
lectio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
u
te.
I
f
an
y
n
o
d
e
f
o
u
n
d
it
s
el
f
n
o
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et,
it
w
i
ll
g
e
n
er
ate
th
e
li
n
k
f
ail
u
r
e
an
d
th
e
n
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
m
ai
n
ten
a
n
ce
p
h
a
s
e
w
ill b
e
in
itiate
d
.
Du
n
ca
n
,
N.
,
&
E
d
d
ie,
B
.
T
[
2
2
]
h
av
e
also
e
x
te
n
d
ed
th
e
DSR
p
r
o
to
co
l
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
an
d
t
h
u
s
m
a
k
i
n
g
it
en
er
g
y
ef
f
ic
ien
t.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
t
o
co
l,
th
e
en
er
g
y
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e
is
also
d
is
s
e
m
in
ated
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
e
r
eq
u
est
p
ac
k
et.
I
n
i
tial
t
h
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
h
o
p
co
u
n
t
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
a
m
etr
ic
f
o
r
r
o
u
te
s
elec
tio
n
b
u
t
as
th
e
n
o
d
e
’
s
e
n
er
g
y
d
r
ain
o
u
t,
th
e
n
o
d
e
’
s
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
t
h
e
m
etr
ic
f
o
r
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
u
te.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
h
av
i
n
g
lo
w
e
n
er
g
y
,
t
h
e
y
d
o
n
’
t
ta
k
e
p
ar
t
in
th
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
an
d
d
o
n
’
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
th
e
p
a
ck
et.
W
ith
t
h
e
e
x
te
n
s
i
v
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e,
i
t c
a
n
b
e
f
i
g
u
r
ed
o
u
t t
h
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
p
u
t a
tten
tio
n
to
w
ar
d
s
m
a
k
in
g
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t
b
u
t
f
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
w
o
r
k
i
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
w
ar
d
s
m
ak
in
g
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
an
d
w
i
d
th
ef
f
icie
n
t
an
d
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
ici
en
t
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
ec
tio
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
an
e
x
ten
s
io
n
o
f
D
SR
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
b
y
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
b
ile
a
g
e
n
ts
th
at
ar
e
in
te
lli
g
en
t,
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
an
d
w
o
r
k
s
o
n
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
m
i
n
i
m
izes
th
e
u
t
ilizatio
n
o
f
b
an
d
w
i
d
th
a
s
w
ell
as
m
a
k
i
n
g
it
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
t.
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
O
DIFIE
D
D
SR P
RO
T
O
CO
L
T
h
e
Dy
n
a
m
ic
So
u
r
ce
R
o
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
co
l
(
DSR
)
[
2
3
]
is
a
n
ea
s
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
icien
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
te
n
d
ed
esp
ec
iall
y
f
o
r
b
ein
g
u
tili
ze
d
i
n
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
m
o
b
ile
ad
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
DS
R
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
ca
n
b
e
en
tire
l
y
s
elf
-
o
r
g
a
n
ized
an
d
s
e
lf
-
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
ed
.
T
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
an
y
p
r
e
-
ex
is
ti
n
g
i
n
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
o
r
an
y
ce
n
tr
al
e
n
tit
y
f
o
r
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
m
o
d
u
le
s
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l.
On
e
is
"
R
o
u
te
Di
s
co
v
er
y
"
an
d
an
o
th
er
is
"
R
o
u
te
Ma
in
te
n
a
n
ce
"
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
w
h
ic
h
n
o
d
es
ca
n
f
i
n
d
an
d
r
etain
th
e
p
ath
s
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
to
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
T
h
e
D
SR
p
r
o
to
co
l
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
p
o
w
er
a
n
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
s
ea
r
c
h
f
o
r
th
e
p
at
h
.
T
h
is
,
in
r
etu
r
n
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
m
o
r
e
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
th
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
D
SR
P
r
o
to
co
l
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
e
f
f
ic
i
en
t,
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
ex
ten
d
ed
&
u
s
e
s
m
o
b
ile
a
g
en
t
s
in
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
in
telli
g
en
t
m
o
b
ile
ag
e
n
ts
ca
r
r
y
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est
p
ac
k
et
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
to
th
e
n
e
x
t
n
o
d
e
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e.
T
h
e
ag
e
n
t
s
w
ill
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i
s
it
th
e
n
o
d
e
an
d
s
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r
ch
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e
r
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te
ca
c
h
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
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r
c
e
n
o
d
e
to
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k
f
o
r
th
e
p
ath
to
t
h
e
d
esti
n
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n
n
o
d
e.
I
f
th
e
p
ath
i
s
th
er
e
i
n
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
ca
ch
e,
it
w
ill
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m
e
b
ac
k
to
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o
u
r
ce
n
o
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e
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at
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e
it
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ill
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n
ex
t
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o
b
ile
ag
e
n
t.
T
h
e
ag
e
n
t
w
i
ll
al
s
o
h
a
v
e
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
id
.
T
h
e
ag
e
n
t
d
o
esn
’
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
t
h
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
at
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
t
h
e
v
i
s
ited
n
o
d
e’
s
r
o
u
ti
n
g
tab
le
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
a
d
d
r
ess
.
I
t
w
o
r
k
s
o
n
th
e
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
ac
ti
o
n
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
if
ied
DS
R
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
h
ic
h
is
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
ag
en
t
s
:
Ste
p 1
:
T
h
e
Sen
d
er
w
i
ll c
h
ec
k
f
o
r
t
h
e
lo
ca
l r
o
u
te
ca
ch
e.
I
f
th
er
e
is
a
n
u
n
e
x
p
ir
ed
p
ath
la
y
i
n
g
t
h
en
t
h
e
p
ath
w
il
l
b
e
ap
p
en
d
ed
to
th
e
p
ac
k
et
h
e
ad
er
an
d
th
e
d
ata
w
i
ll
b
e
r
o
u
t
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
p
ath
.
A
ll
th
e
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
es
w
il
l b
e
ap
p
en
d
ed
in
th
e
n
o
d
e
lis
t o
f
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
h
ea
d
er
.
I
f
t
h
is
is
n
o
t th
e
ca
s
e
m
o
v
e
to
s
tep
2
.
Ste
p
2
:
I
f
t
h
e
p
at
h
i
s
n
o
t
t
h
er
e
in
th
e
r
o
u
te
ca
c
h
e,
t
h
e
s
e
n
d
er
n
o
d
e
w
ill
d
is
p
atch
th
e
m
o
b
ile
ag
e
n
ts
a
lo
n
g
w
it
h
th
e
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est p
ac
k
et.
T
h
is
p
ac
k
et
co
n
tai
n
s
t
h
e
e
m
p
t
y
n
o
d
e
lis
t.
Ste
p
3
:
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
a
g
en
t
w
i
ll
m
o
v
e
to
th
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
e
w
i
th
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
e
s
t
p
ac
k
e
t.
I
t
w
il
l
lo
o
k
f
o
r
n
o
d
e’
s
r
o
u
te
ca
ch
e
to
f
in
d
t
h
e
p
ath
to
t
h
e
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
n
o
d
e.
W
h
ile
t
h
is
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
,
th
e
m
o
b
ile
ag
en
t
w
ill
o
p
er
ate
in
t
h
e
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
an
d
it
w
il
l n
o
t
u
s
e
th
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
.
T
h
u
s
th
e
b
an
d
w
id
th
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
ar
e
o
p
tim
ized
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
E
xten
d
ed
B
a
n
d
w
id
th
Op
timiz
ed
a
n
d
E
n
erg
y
E
fficien
t D
yn
a
m
ic
S
o
u
r
ce
R
o
u
tin
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
l .
.
.
(
B
in
d
iya
B
h
a
tia
)
1463
Ste
p
4
:
I
f
th
e
p
ath
is
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
th
e
r
o
u
te
ca
ch
e
o
f
th
e
v
is
ite
d
n
o
d
e,
th
e
ag
en
t
w
ill
co
m
e
b
ac
k
w
i
th
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
r
ep
ly
p
ac
k
et
to
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
p
ath
w
i
ll
b
e
ap
p
en
d
ed
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
r
o
u
tin
g
p
ac
k
et
h
e
ad
er
.
E
ls
e
m
o
v
e
t
o
s
tep
5
.
Ste
p
5
:
I
f
th
e
p
ath
is
n
o
t
in
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
ca
ch
e
o
f
th
e
v
i
s
ited
n
o
d
e
th
en
,
th
e
v
is
ited
n
o
d
e
w
ill
b
e
ap
p
en
d
ed
in
th
e
n
o
d
e
lis
t a
n
d
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
ag
e
n
t
w
il
l
m
o
v
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
w
i
th
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
to
th
e
n
ex
t
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
e.
Ste
p
6
:
I
f
th
e
n
o
d
e
g
e
ts
m
u
lt
ip
le
m
o
b
ile
ag
e
n
ts
w
i
th
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
es
t,
th
e
n
o
d
e
w
il
l
ac
ce
p
t
o
n
l
y
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t a
g
en
t a
n
d
th
e
r
es
t o
f
th
e
a
g
en
t
w
ill b
e
d
is
ca
r
d
ed
.
Ste
p
7
:
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
w
ill
g
et
m
u
ltip
le
m
o
b
ile
ag
e
n
ts
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ath
s
to
th
e
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
w
ill
s
elec
t th
e
p
at
h
o
n
t
h
e
b
asis
o
f
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
h
o
p
co
u
n
t.
T
h
e
p
ac
k
et
h
ea
d
er
s
o
f
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est
p
ac
k
et
a
n
d
r
o
u
te
r
ep
l
y
p
ac
k
et
ar
e
m
o
d
i
f
ied
as
t
h
e
p
ac
k
ets
ar
e
co
n
tain
ed
i
n
m
o
b
ile
ag
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
a
t o
f
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est p
ac
k
et
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est p
ac
k
e
t
Mo
b
ile
Ag
e
n
t
I
d
:
A
u
n
iq
u
e
1
6
b
it
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
I
D
i
s
allo
c
ated
to
ev
er
y
m
o
b
ile
a
g
e
n
t
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est
p
ac
k
et.
T
ar
g
et
Ad
d
r
ess
:
I
t
is
th
e
3
2
b
it
a
d
d
r
ess
o
f
th
e
d
esti
n
at
io
n
n
o
d
e
A
d
d
r
e
s
s
[
1
]
.
A
d
d
r
ess
[
n
]
–
I
t
is
th
e
3
2
b
it
ad
d
r
ess
o
f
th
e
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
w
h
ic
h
th
e
m
o
b
ile
ag
e
n
t
w
ill
v
is
it.
A
d
d
r
ess
[
1
]
w
ill
b
e
th
e
ad
d
r
ess
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
n
o
d
e
th
e
m
o
b
ile
ag
e
n
t
w
i
ll v
i
s
it a
f
t
er
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
NS
T
h
e
ex
ten
d
ed
alg
o
r
it
h
m
is
s
i
m
u
lated
w
it
h
Net
w
o
r
k
Si
m
u
la
to
r
2
(
n
s
2
)
2
.
3
5
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
ar
e
a
o
f
1
0
0
0
m
*
1
0
0
0
m
is
u
s
ed
to
s
i
m
u
late
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
s
ed
is
T
C
P
w
ith
co
n
s
tan
t
b
it
r
ate
(
C
B
R
)
an
d
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
m
o
d
el
is
r
an
d
o
m
w
a
y
p
o
in
t.
T
ab
le
1
is
d
etailin
g
all
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
W
ith
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
,
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
s
im
u
late
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
i
f
ied
DSR
alg
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
tak
i
n
g
th
r
ee
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics:
a.
P
ac
k
et
Deliv
er
R
at
io
(
P
DR
)
b.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
c.
Ov
er
all
E
n
er
g
y
C
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Sim
u
latio
n
P
ar
am
e
ter
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
i
me
1
0
0
0
s
N
o
.
o
f
N
o
d
e
s
2
0
,
3
0
,
4
0
,
5
0
n
o
d
e
s
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
A
r
e
a
1
0
0
0
m*
1
0
0
0
m
M
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
mo
d
e
l
R
a
n
d
o
m W
a
y
p
o
i
n
t
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
L
a
y
e
r
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
T
C
P
T
r
a
f
f
i
c
M
o
d
e
l
C
B
R
T
r
a
n
smissi
o
n
R
a
n
g
e
2
5
0
m
S
i
z
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
a
c
k
e
t
5
1
2
b
y
t
e
s
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
all
t
h
e
s
ix
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics ar
e
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
a.
P
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
(
P
DR
)
I
t
is
t
h
e
r
atio
o
f
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
r
ec
ei
v
ed
at
th
e
d
e
s
ti
n
at
io
n
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
et
s
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
d
er
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
,
th
e
P
DR
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
v
ar
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
an
d
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
H
Mo
b
ile
A
g
e
n
t I
D
T
ar
g
et
A
d
d
r
ess
A
d
d
r
ess
[
1
]
A
d
d
r
ess
[
i]
A
d
d
r
ess
[
n
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
4
6
0
–
1466
1464
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
th
e
P
DR
o
f
t
h
e
ex
ten
d
ed
DS
R
i
s
p
r
ett
y
g
o
o
d
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
tr
ad
i
tio
n
al
DS
R
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
DR
Ver
s
u
s
w
i
th
n
o
.
o
f
n
o
d
es
b.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
is
th
e
r
ate
at
w
h
i
ch
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
in
a
to
tal
s
i
m
u
latio
n
ti
m
e.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
is
d
ep
ictin
g
th
e
h
i
g
h
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
in
ca
s
e
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
DSR
as t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
n
o
d
es a
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
v
er
s
u
s
n
o
.
o
f
n
o
d
es
c.
Ov
er
all
E
n
er
g
y
C
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
I
t
is
t
h
e
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er
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e
ca
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ca
lcu
lated
as:
E
n
er
g
y
C
o
n
s
u
m
ed
b
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e
=
∑
(
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en
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ef
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No
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R
esid
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n
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T
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g
r
ap
h
in
Fi
g
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r
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h
o
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i
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g
t
h
at
t
h
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te
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ed
DSR
i
s
u
t
ilizin
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er
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a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
DSR
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
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&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
E
xten
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B
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n
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timiz
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R
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to
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.
.
(
B
in
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iya
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h
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tia
)
1465
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
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er
all
E
n
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y
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n
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p
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n
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ith
m
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5.
CO
NCLU
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O
N
MA
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m
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atter
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ased
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est
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n
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ile
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d
th
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ts
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n
g
th
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p
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if
f
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en
t
n
o
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T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
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r
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lt
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
ex
ten
d
e
d
DSR
is
p
er
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r
m
in
g
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e
n
e
t
w
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k
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al
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ter
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eliv
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p
u
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s
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m
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t
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s
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w
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i
n
t
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t
b
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id
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ized
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
E.
K
ra
n
a
k
is,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
Co
m
p
a
ss
Ro
u
ti
n
g
o
n
G
e
o
m
e
tri
c
Ne
t
w
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s
,‖
P
ro
c
e
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in
g
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o
f
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1
1
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Ca
n
a
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mp
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ti
o
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Ge
o
me
try
,
1
9
9
9
.
[2
]
P.
S
u
m
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
No
d
e
Disjo
i
n
t
Ra
n
d
o
m
a
n
d
Op
ti
m
a
l
P
a
th
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
(ND
ROPS
)
A
l
g
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
S
e
c
u
rit
y
in
M
A
NE
T
S
,‖
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
]
Z.
S
.
M
a
h
m
o
d
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
―
T
h
e
Eff
e
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t
o
f
Ne
t
w
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rk
’s
S
ize
o
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e
P
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rf
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a
n
c
e
o
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th
e
G
a
te
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Dis
c
o
v
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n
d
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
S
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
M
A
NEM
O
,‖
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
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rin
g
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
ics
(
IJ
EE
I)
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
pp.
3
5
1
-
356
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
]
S.
S
i
n
g
h
a
n
d
C
.
S
.
Ra
g
h
a
v
e
n
d
ra
,
―
P
A
M
A
S
—
p
o
w
e
r
a
wa
re
m
u
lt
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-
a
c
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e
ss
p
ro
to
c
o
l
w
it
h
sig
n
a
ll
i
n
g
f
o
r
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,‖
ACM
S
IGCO
M
M
Co
mp
u
ter
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
-
26
,
1
9
9
8
.
[5
]
L
.
M
.
F
e
e
n
e
y
,
―
En
e
rg
y
e
ff
icie
n
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
in
a
d
h
o
c
w
irele
ss
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s
,‖
M
o
b
il
e
Ad
Ho
c
Ne
two
rk
in
g
,
pp.
3
0
1
-
327
,
2
0
0
4
.
[6
]
I.
S
a
to
h
,
―
M
o
b
il
e
a
g
e
n
ts
,‖
i
n
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
Am
b
ien
t
I
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
S
ma
rt
En
v
iro
n
me
n
t
s
,
S
p
rin
g
e
r
US,
p
p
.
7
7
1
-
791
,
2
0
1
0
.
[7
]
M.
Ch
e
n
a
n
d
S
.
G
o
n
z
a
lez
,
―
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
issu
e
s
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
a
g
e
n
ts
in
w
irele
ss
s
e
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,‖
IEE
E
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
ol
.
14
,
n
o
.
6
,
2
0
0
7
.
[8
]
D.
Ch
e
ss
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
M
o
b
il
e
a
g
e
n
ts:
A
re
th
e
y
a
g
o
o
d
i
d
e
a
?
In
‖
M
o
b
i
le
Ob
jec
t
S
y
ste
m
s:
T
o
w
a
rd
s
th
e
P
r
o
g
ra
m
m
a
b
le
In
tern
e
t
,
‖
L
e
c
tu
re
N
o
tes
in
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
2
2
,
1
9
9
7
.
[9
]
N.
M
ig
a
s,
e
t
a
l
.
,
―
M
o
b
il
e
a
g
e
n
ts
f
o
r
ro
u
ti
n
g
,
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
d
isc
o
v
e
r
y
,
a
n
d
a
u
t
o
m
a
ti
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
re
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
ra
ti
o
n
in
a
d
-
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,‖
i
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
o
f
C
o
mp
u
ter
-
Ba
se
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
2
0
0
3
.
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s.
1
0
th
I
EE
E
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
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a
l
C
o
n
fer
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n
c
e
a
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d
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
t
h
e
,
p
p
.
2
0
0
-
206
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
0
]
A
.
P
a
ti
l
a
n
d
S
.
S
a
p
re
,
―
In
telli
g
e
n
t
En
e
rg
y
E
ff
icie
n
t
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
b
a
se
d
o
n
Bio
l
o
g
ica
l
A
g
e
n
ts
fo
r
M
A
NE
T
S
,‖
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Eme
rg
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
ol
.
4
,
n
o
.
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
4
6
0
–
1466
1466
[1
1
]
R.
Bin
d
h
u
,
―
M
o
b
il
e
a
g
e
n
t
b
a
se
d
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
w
it
h
se
c
u
rit
y
fo
r
M
A
NET
,‖
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
2
]
S
.
A
.
P
u
tra,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
Co
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
De
sig
n
o
f
M
u
lt
i
-
a
g
e
n
t
S
y
ste
m
f
o
r
S
u
ra
m
a
d
u
Brid
g
e
S
tru
c
tu
ra
l
He
a
lt
h
M
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
S
y
st
e
m
,‖
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
(
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
n
tro
l)
,
v
o
l
.
13
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
9
-
1
0
8
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
3
]
B.
Bh
a
ti
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
Ro
le
o
f
M
o
b
il
e
A
g
e
n
ts
in
th
e
L
a
y
e
r
e
d
A
r
c
h
it
e
c
tu
re
o
f
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
-
h
o
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,‖
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
Ne
two
rk
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
e
c
u
rity
,
vol
.
7
,
n
o
.
11
,
p
p
.
37
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
N.
M
i
n
a
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
m
o
b
il
e
a
g
e
n
ts
f
o
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
n
e
tw
o
rk
ro
u
ti
n
g
,‖
i
n
S
o
ft
wa
re
a
g
e
n
ts
fo
r
fu
t
u
re
c
o
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
sy
ste
ms
,
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r,
Be
rli
n
,
He
id
e
lb
e
rg
,
p
p
.
2
8
7
-
3
0
4
,
1
9
9
9
.
[1
5
]
S.
Ba
sa
g
n
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
D
y
n
a
m
ic
so
u
rc
e
ro
u
ti
n
g
f
o
r
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
u
sin
g
th
e
g
lo
b
a
l
p
o
siti
o
n
i
n
g
s
y
ste
m
,‖
i
n
W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
in
g
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
1
9
9
9
.
W
CNC.
1
9
9
9
IEE
E
,
v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
3
0
1
-
3
0
5
,
1
9
9
9
.
[1
6
]
G
.
L
.
Ac
e
v
e
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
S
o
u
rc
e
-
tree
ro
u
ti
n
g
in
w
irele
ss
n
e
tw
o
r
k
s
,‖
i
n
Ne
two
rk
Pro
t
o
c
o
ls,
1
9
9
9
.
(
ICNP
'
9
9
)
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s.
S
e
v
e
n
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
,
p
p
.
2
7
3
-
2
8
2
,
1
9
9
9
.
[1
7
]
Y.
L
u
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
A
n
e
n
e
rg
y
-
e
ff
i
c
ien
t
DSR
ro
u
t
in
g
p
ro
to
c
o
l
b
a
se
d
o
n
m
o
b
il
it
y
p
re
d
ictio
n
,‖
i
n
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
2
0
0
6
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
o
n
W
o
rld
o
f
W
ire
les
s,
M
o
b
i
le
a
n
d
M
u
l
ti
me
d
ia
Ne
two
rk
s
,
I
EE
E
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
o
c
iety
,
p
p
.
4
4
4
-
4
4
6
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
8
]
J.
E.
G
a
rc
ia,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
A
n
o
v
e
l
DSR
-
b
a
se
d
e
n
e
rg
y
-
e
ff
icie
n
t
ro
u
t
in
g
a
lg
o
ri
th
m
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
-
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,‖
i
n
Veh
icu
la
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
0
3
.
VT
C
2
0
0
3
-
Fa
ll
.
2
0
0
3
IE
EE
5
8
th
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
2
8
4
9
-
2
8
5
4
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
9
]
J.
A
ra
n
g
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
A
n
Eff
icie
n
t
F
lo
o
d
in
g
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
-
h
o
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,‖
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
I
EE
E
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
Op
ti
miz
a
ti
o
n
i
n
M
o
b
il
e
,
A
d
Ho
c
a
n
d
W
ire
les
s
Ne
two
rk
s (
W
iOp
t’0
4
).
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
,
2
0
0
4
.
[2
0
]
G
.
V
a
ra
p
ra
sa
d
a
n
d
S
.
H
.
Na
ra
y
a
n
a
g
o
w
d
a
,
―
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
a
n
e
w
p
o
w
e
r
a
wa
re
ro
u
ti
n
g
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
b
a
se
d
o
n
e
x
isti
n
g
d
y
n
a
m
ic so
u
rc
e
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,‖
IET
n
e
two
rk
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
7
-
1
4
2
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
1
]
S.
S
r
iv
a
sta
v
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
En
e
rg
y
-
e
ff
icie
n
t
p
o
siti
o
n
b
a
se
d
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s
,‖
i
n
Ra
d
a
r,
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
(
ICRCC),
2
0
1
2
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
,
p
p
.
1
8
-
23
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
2
]
N.
Du
n
c
a
n
a
n
d
B
.
T
.
Ed
d
ie
,
―
A
n
e
n
e
rg
y
-
e
ff
ici
e
n
t
d
y
n
a
m
ic
so
u
rc
e
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,‖
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
ICT
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
23
-
32
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
3
]
D.
B.
Jo
h
n
so
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
―
DSR:
T
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
so
u
rc
e
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
m
u
lt
i
-
h
o
p
w
irele
ss
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,‖
Ad
h
o
c
n
e
two
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
1
3
9
-
1
7
2
,
2
0
0
1
.
[2
4
]
NS
-
2
w
it
h
W
irele
ss
a
n
d
M
o
b
il
i
ty
Ex
ten
sio
n
s,
a
v
a
il
a
b
le v
ia w
e
b
-
site
h
tt
p
:/
/w
ww
.
m
o
n
a
rc
h
.
c
s.c
m
u
.
e
d
u
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
M
s.
B
in
d
iy
a
Bh
a
ti
a
is
A
ss
istan
t
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
in
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
&
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
M
a
n
a
v
Ra
c
h
n
a
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
F
a
rid
a
b
a
d
.
S
h
e
is
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
P
h
D
(Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
&
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
)
f
ro
m
M
a
n
a
v
Ra
c
h
n
a
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
He
r
m
a
jo
r
a
re
a
s
o
f
in
tere
st
a
re
c
o
m
p
u
ter
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
a
n
d
a
g
e
n
t
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
Dr
.
M.
K
.
S
o
n
i
is
Ex
e
c
u
ti
v
e
Dire
c
to
r
&
De
a
n
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
M
a
n
a
v
Ra
c
h
n
a
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
F
a
rid
a
b
a
d
.
He
h
a
s
d
o
n
e
h
is
P
h
D
f
ro
m
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
In
stit
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ku
ru
k
sh
e
tra i
n
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
o
n
w
it
h
IIT
De
lh
i
o
n
M
icro
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
r
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
S
y
ste
m
s.
H
e
is
h
a
v
in
g
4
1
y
e
a
rs o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
.
His m
a
jo
r
a
re
a
s o
f
in
tere
st are
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
a
n
d
Co
n
t
ro
l
S
y
ste
m
s.
Dr
.
Pa
r
u
l
To
m
a
r
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
M
.
T
e
c
h
d
e
g
re
e
in
c
o
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
F
ro
m
M
a
h
a
rsh
i
Da
y
a
n
a
n
d
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ro
h
tak
i
n
2
0
0
6
.
P
r
e
se
n
tl
y
,
sh
e
is
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
A
ss
istan
t
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
in
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
YMCA
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
F
a
rid
a
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia.
S
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
P
h
.
D.
i
n
C
o
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
f
ro
m
Ku
ru
k
sh
tra
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ku
ru
k
sh
e
tra
in
2
0
1
2
.
He
r
a
re
a
s o
f
in
tere
st are
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
Da
tab
a
se
s,
so
f
t
wa
re
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
p
ro
g
ra
m
m
in
g
.
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