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Scatter
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I
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8
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8708
I
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Vo
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8
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No
.
3
,
J
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n
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201
8
:
1
8
7
5
–
1881
1876
T
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OSNR
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f
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.
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is
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10
15
20
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30
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r
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0
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10
dB
m
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dB
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dB
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m
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nm
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n
al
d
ef
o
r
m
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SB
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
8
7
5
–
1881
1878
attain
ed
.
So
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
ab
o
li
s
h
t
h
e
SB
S
e
f
f
ec
ts
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n
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
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ase
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d
u
lat
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n
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h
n
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e
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s
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o
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ce
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to
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a
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n
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o
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g
a
f
e
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r
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e
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ci
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to
d
r
iv
e
th
e
p
h
ase
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o
d
u
lat
o
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
NF
w
h
e
n
th
e
s
ig
n
al
p
o
w
er
is
v
ar
ied
f
r
o
m
-
3
0
d
B
m
to
0
d
B
m
w
it
h
SB
S o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
OSNR
w
it
h
t
h
e
ex
i
s
t
en
ce
o
f
SB
S a
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
t si
g
n
al
p
o
w
er
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
g
a
in
a
n
d
g
ai
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
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m
e
n
t a
f
ter
s
u
p
p
r
ess
in
g
t
h
e
SB
S
in
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
li
n
e
R
ef
er
r
i
n
g
to
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
,
it
i
s
cl
ea
r
th
at
t
h
e
g
ai
n
h
as
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
d
r
asti
ca
ll
y
w
h
e
n
a
p
h
ase
m
o
d
u
lato
r
is
in
s
ta
lled
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
tu
p
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
g
ain
at
0
d
B
m
s
i
g
n
al
is
ar
o
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n
d
2
1
.
1
5
d
B
an
d
th
e
g
ai
n
h
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s
b
ee
n
i
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p
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v
ed
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y
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2
.
6
5
d
B
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h
en
t
h
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SB
S
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
u
p
p
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ess
ed
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Fro
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ch
ar
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ter
izatio
n
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it
is
o
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tain
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th
at
t
h
e
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S
th
r
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ld
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ar
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n
d
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d
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t
h
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SB
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o
cc
u
r
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ed
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th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
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li
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e,
a
p
o
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tio
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o
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tr
an
s
m
itted
l
ig
h
t
i
s
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r
o
p
ag
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ac
k
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t
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d
ir
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tio
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o
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t
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m
it
ter
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h
is
r
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u
lt
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atu
r
atio
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tical
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o
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e
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s
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r
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elate
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r
e
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tio
n
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t
h
e
o
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tical
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ig
n
al.
So
th
e
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
th
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p
h
ase
m
o
d
u
la
to
r
i
m
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d
th
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g
a
in
tr
an
s
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i
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s
io
n
tr
e
m
e
n
d
o
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s
l
y
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ial
l
y
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t
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i
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t
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d
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h
e
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ea
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an
s
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ain
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s
ar
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d
4
5
.
1
1
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e
g
ai
n
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n
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v
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y
3
.
5
3
d
B
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Nev
er
th
eless
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e
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ai
n
s
tar
t
s
to
r
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r
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th
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ig
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d
t
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at
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G
a
i
n
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(d
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
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lec
&
C
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m
p
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g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
P
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ma
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mp
r
o
ve
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r
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r
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r
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(
N
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Yu
s
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ff
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1879
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
OSNR
w
ith
i
ts
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t a
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
t si
g
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p
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Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
R
-
E
DF
A
a
n
d
n
o
is
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
(
NF)
in
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
s
i
g
n
al
p
o
w
er
T
h
e
OSNR
to
g
eth
er
w
it
h
its
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
f
u
n
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tio
n
o
f
s
i
g
n
al
p
o
w
er
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
th
e
OSN
R
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
e
n
o
r
m
o
u
s
l
y
w
h
en
t
h
e
li
n
e
w
id
t
h
o
f
t
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e
p
r
o
p
ag
ated
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ig
n
al
i
s
b
r
o
ad
en
ed
u
p
u
s
i
n
g
p
h
ase
m
o
d
u
lato
r
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
tu
p
.
T
h
e
OS
NR
i
n
c
r
ea
s
e
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
v
el
y
f
r
o
m
2
3
.
0
7
d
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to
3
9
.
1
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d
B
w
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en
t
h
e
s
i
g
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al
p
o
w
er
is
v
ar
ied
f
r
o
m
-
30
d
B
m
to
0
d
B
m
.
T
h
e
OSNR
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
d
r
am
atica
ll
y
w
h
e
n
P
M
is
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p
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ig
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m
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t
ca
n
b
e
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n
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d
ed
th
at
th
e
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er
all
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er
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m
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t
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ated
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ig
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f
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th
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n
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t
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ied
f
r
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m
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30
d
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to
-
13
d
B
m
w
h
en
r
e
f
er
r
in
g
to
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
is
R
-
E
D
F
A
g
ai
n
is
atta
in
ed
at
P
o
r
t
C
in
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
i
n
p
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t
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r
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ar
o
u
n
d
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d
B
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,
t
h
e
g
ai
n
s
ta
r
ts
to
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ce
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tr
e
m
el
y
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1
0
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5
d
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at
0
d
B
m
s
i
g
n
al.
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h
e
s
at
u
r
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n
e
f
f
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t
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u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
h
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o
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t
h
at
co
n
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to
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e
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lin
i
n
g
o
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g
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a
t
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ig
h
er
s
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g
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le
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els.
T
h
e
N
F
p
atter
n
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to
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y
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er
s
ed
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t
h
e
g
ai
n
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atter
n
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er
e
t
h
e
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k
ee
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n
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ea
s
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n
g
w
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th
th
e
i
n
cr
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
ig
n
al
p
o
w
er
as
d
ep
i
cted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
al
i
s
at
-
30
d
B
m
,
t
h
e
NF
att
ain
ed
is
ar
o
u
n
d
4
.
6
d
B
w
h
ile
w
h
e
n
at
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
(
0
d
B
m
)
,
t
h
e
NF
o
b
tain
ed
is
ar
o
u
n
d
6
.
4
d
B
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
u
p
p
le
m
e
n
tar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
p
o
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
e
m
is
s
io
n
t
h
at
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
g
et
h
er
w
i
th
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
ag
ated
s
ig
n
al
.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
W
e
h
av
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
e
p
er
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ce
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m
p
r
o
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e
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e
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t
o
f
L
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an
d
h
y
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r
id
R
-
E
D
F
A
w
h
e
n
a
p
h
as
e
m
o
d
u
lato
r
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s
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
s
u
p
p
r
ess
th
e
SB
S
e
f
f
ec
t
in
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
g
ain
h
a
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
1
2
.
6
5
d
B
at
0
d
B
m
s
i
g
n
al
p
o
w
er
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
SB
S
is
f
u
ll
y
s
u
p
p
r
ess
ed
.
At
th
e
s
a
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[
1
]
M.
Yu
ce
l
a
n
d
G.
Ye
n
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m
ez
,
"
T
h
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3
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[
2
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ad
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.
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.
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[
3
]
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Ka
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ased
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4
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7
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6
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-
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ai,
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n
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Z
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G.
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[
8
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S.
Si
n
g
h
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n
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.
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Kale
r
,
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2
5
,
p
p
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5
0
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5
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,
2013.
[
9
]
L
.
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,
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Yo
n
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.
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i
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a
n
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,
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ian
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o
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1
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2
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.
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ic
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d
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ier,
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ti
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a
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d
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a
l
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m
m
u
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m
s.
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rre
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tl
y
,
sh
e
is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
o
f
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e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
r
s
(IE
EE
)
a
n
d
Op
ti
c
a
l
S
o
c
iety
o
f
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e
rica
a
s
w
e
ll
a
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th
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c
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m
m
it
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f
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r
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P
h
o
t
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ic
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o
c
iety
M
a
la
y
sia
Ch
a
p
ter
.
Abd
u
l
H
a
d
i
S
u
la
i
m
a
n
re
c
e
iv
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d
h
is
Ba
c
h
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lo
r
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f
S
c
ien
c
e
d
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re
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m
a
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rin
g
In
d
u
strial
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h
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sic
s
u
n
d
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r
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p
a
rtme
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t
o
f
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h
y
sic
s
f
ro
m
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
Jo
h
o
r
e
i
n
2
0
0
7
.
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o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
M
a
ste
r
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
(M
S
c
)
d
e
g
re
e
a
t
Un
iv
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rsiti
M
a
la
y
a
,
M
a
la
y
sia
in
2
0
0
9
,
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
f
ield
o
f
p
h
o
to
n
ics
d
e
v
ice
s
f
o
r
o
p
ti
c
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
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o
n
.
In
2
0
1
5
,
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
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Do
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to
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h
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h
y
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h
D)
d
e
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re
e
a
t
Un
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rsiti
P
u
tra M
a
la
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,
u
n
d
e
r
re
se
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o
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ics
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n
d
f
ib
e
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o
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ti
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sy
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e
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g
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e
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g
.
Bo
t
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se
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rk
s
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M
S
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n
d
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w
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o
m
p
lete
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t
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ter
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t
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2
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n
ti
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2
0
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w
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g
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is
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h
D.
A
f
ter
c
o
m
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letin
g
h
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rv
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s
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io
r
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t
Un
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e
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T
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a
n
d
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tern
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l
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ic
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rsit
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M
a
la
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sia
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0
1
6
),
re
sp
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ti
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ly
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Cu
rre
n
tl
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h
e
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s
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rk
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g
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t
Un
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n
a
g
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s
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ra
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se
a
rc
h
e
r.
His
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
m
u
lt
i
w
a
v
e
len
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th
f
ib
e
r
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r,
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o
t
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o
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li
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r
p
o
lariz
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ti
o
n
ro
ta
ti
o
n
a
n
d
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
o
p
t
ica
l
a
m
p
li
f
ier.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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1881
S
u
m
ia
ty
A
m
b
r
a
n
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
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e
c
tro
n
ics
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
si
a
in
2
0
0
5
a
n
d
th
e
M
a
ste
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsiti
o
f
M
A
R
A
,
S
e
lan
g
o
r,
M
a
la
y
sia
in
2
0
0
8
.
S
h
e
g
o
t
h
e
r
P
h
.
D
in
Op
t
o
e
lec
tro
n
ics
f
ro
m
th
e
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to
e
lec
t
ro
n
ics
Re
se
a
rc
h
Ce
n
tre
(ORC),
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
S
o
u
th
a
m
p
to
n
,
U
n
it
e
d
Ki
n
g
d
o
m
in
2
0
1
3
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
sh
e
is
w
o
rk
in
g
w
it
h
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a
la
y
sia
-
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p
a
n
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tern
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ti
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n
a
l
In
s
ti
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te
o
f
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e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(M
JII
T
),
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rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
si
a
.
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h
e
is
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
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h
e
In
stit
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ti
o
n
o
f
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e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
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g
in
e
e
rs
a
n
d
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
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f
th
e
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ti
c
a
l
S
o
c
iet
y
o
f
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e
rica
.
H
e
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
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la
n
a
r
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teg
ra
ted
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t
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e
v
ice
,
o
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ti
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l
se
n
so
r,
o
p
ti
c
a
l
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
t,
ra
re
-
e
a
rth
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d
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p
e
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o
p
ti
c
a
l
d
e
v
ice
s an
d
a
m
p
li
f
ier
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
.
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u
r
a
H
a
m
z
a
h
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a
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io
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tu
re
r
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t
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lay
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p
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n
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tern
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a
l
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stit
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o
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h
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JIIT
),
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iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
.
In
M
JIIT
,
sh
e
is
a
F
u
l
l
M
e
m
b
e
r
f
o
r
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ti
c
a
l
De
v
ice
s
a
n
d
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st
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m
s
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o
h
z
a
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a
n
d
a
n
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ss
o
c
iate
M
e
m
b
e
r
f
o
r
Disa
ste
r
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re
p
a
re
d
n
e
ss
a
n
d
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re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
Ce
n
tre
(DPP
C).
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h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
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m
m
u
n
ica
ti
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n
En
g
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rin
g
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ro
m
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
M
a
la
y
sia
,
M
a
la
y
sia
in
2
0
0
5
a
n
d
th
e
M
a
ste
r’s
a
n
d
P
h
D
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
M
a
la
y
a
,
M
a
la
y
si
a
in
2
0
0
8
a
n
d
2
0
1
2
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
is
i
n
o
p
ti
c
a
l
a
m
p
li
f
ier
a
n
d
las
e
r,
p
u
lse
las
e
r,
o
p
ti
c
a
l
se
n
so
r,
o
p
t
ica
l
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
t
a
n
d
ra
re
-
e
a
rth
-
d
o
p
e
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
d
e
v
ice
s.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
sh
e
is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
f
o
r
Th
e
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rs
a
n
d
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
S
e
c
re
taria
t
f
o
r
IEE
E
P
h
o
t
o
n
ic
S
o
c
iety
M
a
la
y
sia
Ch
a
p
ter.
M
o
h
d
Adzir
M
a
h
d
i
(M
’9
9
–
S
M
’0
3
)
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
d
e
g
re
e
w
it
h
f
irst
c
las
s
h
o
n
o
rs
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
la
y
sia
,
S
e
lan
g
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
in
1
9
9
6
.
L
a
te
r,
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
M
a
ste
r
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
s
w
it
h
d
isti
n
c
ti
o
n
s
i
n
Op
ti
c
a
l
F
ib
e
r
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsiti
M
a
la
y
a
,
Ku
a
la
L
u
m
p
u
r,
M
a
lay
si
a
in
1
9
9
9
a
n
d
2
0
0
2
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
In
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
0
3
,
h
e
jo
i
n
e
d
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
P
u
tr
a
M
a
la
y
sia
,
S
e
lan
g
o
r,
M
a
la
y
sia
wh
e
re
h
e
w
a
s
a
n
A
s
so
c
iate
P
ro
f
e
s
so
r
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n
d
is
n
o
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f
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ll
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r
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r.
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ri
o
r
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o
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h
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u
rre
n
t
a
p
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o
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n
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e
n
t,
A
d
z
ir
w
a
s
a
n
o
p
ti
c
a
l
d
e
sig
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
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t
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Co
rp
o
ra
ti
o
n
,
S
u
n
n
y
v
a
le,
US
A
a
n
d
a
re
se
a
rc
h
o
ff
ice
r
a
t
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
Div
isio
n
,
T
e
lek
o
m
M
a
la
y
sia
Be
rh
a
d
.
S
i
n
c
e
1
9
9
6
,
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
p
h
o
to
n
ics
re
se
a
rc
h
sp
e
c
ializin
g
in
o
p
ti
c
a
l
a
m
p
li
f
iers
a
n
d
las
e
rs.
He
h
a
s
a
u
th
o
re
d
a
n
d
c
o
a
u
th
o
re
d
o
v
e
r
3
3
0
sc
ien
t
if
ic
p
a
p
e
rs
in
jo
u
rn
a
ls
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n
d
2
1
0
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rti
c
les
in
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
p
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
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o
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ti
c
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l
f
ib
e
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m
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ier
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n
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las
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c
o
m
m
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ica
ti
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s,
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p
ti
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se
n
so
rs
a
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o
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ti
c
s.
A
d
z
ir’s
a
w
a
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s
a
n
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rs
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n
c
lu
d
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th
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G
ra
d
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a
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tu
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n
t
F
e
ll
o
w
sh
ip
,
th
e
A
u
stra
l
ia
-
M
a
la
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sia
In
stit
u
te
Re
se
a
rc
h
F
e
ll
o
ws
h
ip
,
th
e
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e
a
d
in
g
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c
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ti
sts
a
n
d
En
g
in
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rs
o
f
OIC
M
e
m
b
e
r
S
tate
s
(C
OMS
T
ECH),
th
e
COMS
T
ECH
Yo
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n
g
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c
ien
ti
st,
t
h
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T
WA
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Yo
u
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Aff
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iate
F
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ll
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n
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Na
ti
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l
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c
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d
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m
ic
Aw
a
rd
(Yo
u
n
g
A
c
a
d
e
m
icia
n
Aw
a
rd
).
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