Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
483
6
~
484
6
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v8
i
6
.
pp
483
6
-
484
6
4836
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
A Comparison S
t
ud
y o
f
Reacti
ve P
ower C
on
tro
l St
rat
eg
i
es
i
n
Wind
Farms
with SVC
an
d STATCOM
Na
z
ha
C
herk
aoui
1
,
To
uria
Ha
idi
2
,
Abdel
az
i
z
Be
lfqih
3
,
Faiss
al
El
Ma
ri
ami
4
,
Jam
al
Boukh
e
roua
a
5
1,
3,
4,
5
La
bora
tor
y
of
E
lectr
i
ca
l
S
ystems
and
En
erg
y
,
Nat
ional
High
er
School
of El
e
ct
ri
ci
t
y
and
Mec
h
anics (
ENSEM)
,
Morocc
o
2
La
bora
tor
y
of
E
le
c
tri
c
al S
y
st
ems,
Hass
ania
Scho
ol
of
Publ
ic Works
(EHT
P)
,
Mor
occ
o
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
r
24
, 201
8
Re
vised
Jun
14
, 201
8
Accepte
d
J
ul
22
, 2
01
8
In
the
re
ce
nt
y
e
a
rs,
the
integra
ti
o
n
of
the
wind
fa
rm
s
int
o
the
el
e
c
tri
c
al
grids
has
inc
rea
sed
r
api
dl
y
.
Espec
i
all
y
,
the
wind
power
pla
nts
m
ade
up
with
doubl
y
f
ed
indu
ct
ion
gen
erators
due
to
it
s
m
any
adv
at
ang
es,
such
as
bei
ng
abl
e
to
con
trol
its
rea
c
ti
ve
po
wer
.
Henc
e,
som
e
c
ountri
es
hav
e
pu
bli
shed
grid
code
req
uir
emen
ts
rel
ated
to
the
rea
c
ti
ve
power
t
hat
the
wind
tur
bine
s
have
to
sati
sf
y
.
Thi
s
pape
r
pre
sen
ts
a
coor
dina
t
ed
react
iv
e
power
con
trol
strate
g
y
in
which
STAT
COM
and
doub
l
y
fed
induction
gene
r
at
ors
in
wind
power
pla
nts
ar
e
used
in
orde
r
to
brin
g
bac
k
the
vo
lt
a
ge
at
the
point
of
comm
on
coupl
ing
in
th
e
al
lowab
le
ran
g
e.
First,
rea
c
ti
v
e
power
req
uire
m
e
nts
tha
t
th
e
wind
far
m
s
have
to
fulfill
in
som
e
Europe
a
n
count
ri
es
are
int
roduc
ed.
Second,
the
re
ac
t
ive
po
we
r
l
i
m
it
at
ions
of
2
MW
doubl
y
f
e
d
induction
gene
ra
tor
ar
e
det
ermined
.
Th
en,
th
e
sta
tic
s
y
nchr
onous
compensat
or
(STATCOM
)
and
the
s
y
n
chr
onous
var
co
m
pensa
tor
(SV
C)
FA
CTS
(
Flexible
AC
Transm
issi
on
Syst
e
m
s)
device
s
ar
e
pr
ese
nt
ed.
Fin
a
l
y
,
var
ious
react
iv
e
powe
r
cont
rol
s
tra
t
egi
es
ar
e
app
li
ed
to
10
MW
wind
far
m
,
and
th
e
sim
ulati
on
result
s
are a
n
aly
s
ed and com
par
ed
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
D
ou
bly
fed
in
du
ct
io
n
gen
e
ra
tor
P
oin
t
of c
ommon co
upli
ng
Re
act
ive
powe
r
c
on
tr
ol
strat
egies
STA
TC
OM
SV
C
W
i
nd
powe
r plant
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Nazh
a
Che
rk
a
ou
i
,
Lab
or
at
ory
of
Ele
ct
rical
System
s an
d Ene
r
gy
,
Nati
on
al
Highe
r
Sc
hool
of Ele
ct
rici
ty
an
d
Me
chan
ic
s
,
El Jadida
Roa
d, km
7
, Casa
bl
anca,
M
orocc
o.
Em
a
il
: nazh
a.c
herka
ou
i@e
nsem
.ac.
m
a
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
rece
nt
ye
ars,
the
inte
grat
ion
of
re
ne
wab
le
en
er
gies
into
the
po
wer
gr
id
s
ha
s
increase
d
sign
ific
a
ntly
.
Am
on
g
the
re
new
a
ble
sourc
es
avail
able,
the
wind
tur
bine
is
the
m
os
t
i
ns
ta
ll
ed
in
the
wo
rl
d
because
it
is
c
le
an
an
d
c
hea
p.
T
ra
ns
m
issi
on
syst
em
op
er
at
or
s
(TSO)
in
seve
ral
co
untr
ie
s
require
t
he
wind
powe
r
pla
nts
(
WPP)
to
be
a
bl
e
to
co
ntribute
to
ancil
la
ry
se
rv
ic
es,
f
or
i
ns
ta
nce
volt
age
re
gu
la
ti
on
a
nd
re
act
ive
powe
r
co
ntr
ol.
More
over,
in
so
m
e
countries
su
c
h
as
C
hi
na
w
he
n
the
reacti
ve
po
wer
capaci
ty
of
a
wi
nd
tur
bin
e
ca
nnot
m
eet
the
syst
em
vo
lt
age
re
gula
ti
on
re
quire
m
ents,
a
r
eact
ive
c
om
pen
sat
ion
de
vice
with
pro
pe
r
capaci
ty
sh
al
l
be
instal
le
d
at
the
WPP
;
if
necessa
ry,
a
dynam
ic
reac
ti
ve
com
pen
sat
ion
de
vice
sha
ll
be
instal
le
d
[
1].
Ma
ny
wor
ks
ha
ve
bee
n
done
in
or
de
r
to
dis
cuss
var
i
ou
s
st
rategies
in
wh
i
ch
wi
nd
far
m
s
ta
ke
pa
rt
in
the
volt
age
re
gula
ti
on
i
n
orde
r
to
m
ai
ntain
t
he
volt
age
i
n
the
el
ect
rical
ne
twork
within
the
al
lowa
ble
r
an
ge
[2
]
-
[
3
].
H
owev
er,
t
he
reacti
ve
powe
r
ca
pa
bili
ty
of
sm
al
l
wind
fa
rm
s
is
no
t
suffi
ci
ent
t
o
bri
ng b
ack
the
volt
age
at
the
po
int
of
com
m
on
cou
pl
ing
(P
CC
)
in
the
acce
ptable
r
ang
e
wh
e
n
a
de
ep
volt
age
sag
occ
ur
s
in
the
gr
id.
Hen
ce
,
the
re
is
a
nee
d
i
n
s
uc
h
cases
to
instal
l
reacti
ve
c
ompen
sat
ion
de
vi
ces.
I
n
li
te
ratu
r
e,
so
m
e
stud
ie
s
ha
ve
pr
ese
n
te
d
reac
ti
ve
powe
r
c
om
pen
sat
ion
str
at
egies
in
wh
i
ch
F
ACTS
de
vices
are
us
e
d.
For
e
xam
ple,
the
auth
or
s
i
n
[
4]
sh
ow
t
hat
the
connecti
on
of
the
ST
ATCO
M
at
the
PCC
can
c
on
tri
bu
t
e
to
m
i
ti
gate
vo
lt
ag
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A
Co
mparis
on
Study
of Re
activ
e Po
we
r
Co
ntro
l
Stra
te
gies
in
Wi
nd Farms
wi
th S
VC
...
(
Nazha C
herk
aoui)
4837
fluctuati
on
in
el
ect
rical
netwo
r
ks
to
w
hich
a
wind
fa
rm
is
con
nected
.
Be
sides,
in
[5
]
,
t
he
im
ple
m
enta
ti
on
of
the
ST
ATC
O
M
on
a
wi
nd
fa
rm
based
DF
I
G
pa
rtic
ip
at
e
to
m
it
igate
volt
age
sag
in
t
he
powe
r
syst
em
.
Nev
e
rtheless
,
the
wind
power
plants
can
al
s
o
co
ntribute
in
vo
lt
age
regulat
ion
if
s
pecific
te
chnolo
gies
of
wind
tur
bin
es
are
i
nst
al
le
d;
therefo
re,
wi
nd
t
urbines
can
be
use
d
as
reacti
ve
powe
r
com
pen
s
at
or
s
if
the
rea
ct
ive
powe
r
pro
vid
e
d
by
the
rea
ct
ive
com
pen
sat
ion
dev
ic
es
is
insuffici
ent.
I
n
this
pa
per,
f
irst,
a
com
par
at
ive
analy
sis
is
do
ne
betwee
n
th
e
m
os
t
FA
CTS
dev
ic
e
s
use
d
for
volt
age
regulat
ion,
na
m
el
y
the
SV
C
and
the
STA
TC
OM. T
hen, a c
oor
din
a
te
d
reacti
ve
po
wer
c
ontr
ol str
at
egy is p
rop
ose
d.
In this st
rategy, the
ST
AT
COM
and DFI
Gs bas
ed WF a
re
us
e
d
to
take
bac
k
t
he vo
lt
age
to
the a
dm
issi
ble v
al
ue.
This
pap
e
r
is
orga
nized
a
s
f
ollows:
first,
gr
i
d
c
od
e
re
quirem
ents
relat
ed
to
the
rea
ct
ive
pow
er
capab
il
it
y
of
wi
nd
t
urbines
i
n
so
m
e
Eur
opea
n
co
untrie
s
a
re
introd
uced.
Se
cond,
t
he
m
et
ho
d
pro
posed
in
[6
]
is
us
e
d
to
ob
ta
i
n
the
reacti
ve
po
wer
ca
pab
il
it
y
of
a
DFI
G
W
T
with
a
capaci
ty
of
2
M
W
.
T
he
n,
the
sync
hro
nous
var
c
om
pen
sat
or
(SVC)
a
nd
t
he
sta
ti
c
synch
ron
ou
s
c
om
pen
sat
or
(STAT
COM)
de
vices
are
prese
nted.
Finall
y,
a
com
par
at
ive
analy
sis
betw
een
th
ree
r
eac
ti
ve
powe
r
c
ontr
ol
strat
egies
so
t
hat
to
ke
ep
the
volt
age
in
the
acce
pta
ble
range is
done
.
2.
GRID
C
ODE
REQUIRE
M
ENTS
REL
A
TE
D
TO
TH
E
REA
CTIVE
POWER
C
APA
BIL
IT
Y
OF
WIN
D
F
A
RMS
In
m
any
countries,
the
wi
nd
powe
r
plants
(
WPP)
a
re
requ
ired
t
o
hav
e
th
e
capa
bili
ty
to
con
t
rib
ute
to
vo
lt
age
re
gu
la
t
ion
s
o
that
to
m
ai
ntain
the
volt
age
in
t
he
el
ect
rical
networ
k
withi
n
an
al
lowa
ble
ra
nge.
Hen
ce
,
the w
in
d
t
urbin
es in th
e
WF h
ave to
be
a
ble to supply
o
r
ab
s
orb
reacti
ve
po
wer
i
n
or
der
to
suppor
t t
he
vo
lt
age
at
the P
CC
dur
ing
volt
age
vari
at
ion
s
on the
powe
r
syst
em
.
Fig
ure
1
sho
w
s
reacti
ve
pow
er
cap
a
bili
ty
r
equ
i
rem
ents
of
var
io
us
Eu
r
opean
gr
i
d
co
des
.
If
a
wind
tur
bin
e
or
a
wind
far
m
operates
with
th
e
whole
area
il
lustrate
d
in
F
ig
ure
2,
s
o
al
l
Eur
opean
gri
d
cod
e
requirem
ents re
la
te
d
to
reacti
ve powe
r
ca
pa
bili
ty
can
be
sa
ti
sfied.
Figure
1.
Re
ac
ti
ve
powe
r
ca
pa
bili
ty
r
equ
i
re
m
ents in
m
any Eu
r
opean
grid
cod
e
s [
6
]
Figure
2. P
-
Q profile
to
sati
sf
y al
l Europ
e
an
gr
i
d
c
od
es
[
6
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
483
6
-
484
6
4838
3.
DOUBL
Y FE
D
I
NDU
CTIO
N
GE
NER
AT
OR
As
s
hown
i
n
F
ig
ure
3,
t
he
D
FI
G
c
onsist
s
of
a
tur
bin
e
,
an
inducti
on
ge
ne
rator
a
nd
a
ba
ck
to
bac
k
conve
rter.
T
he
DF
I
G
wind
tur
bin
e
s
upplies
the
m
ajo
r
qua
nt
it
y
of
el
ect
ric
powe
r
into
the
netw
ork
th
rou
gh
t
he
sta
tor,
wh
il
e
only
a
fr
act
io
n
of
the
powe
r
is
passe
d
thr
ou
gh
t
he
co
nv
e
rt
er
from
the
ro
tor
[
7
].
T
he
D
F
IG
has
sever
al
ad
va
nt
ages,
the
refor
e
;
i
t
is
the
m
os
t
com
m
on
ly
us
ed
te
chnolo
gy
in
the
world
.
I
n
fact,
the
r
otor
side
conve
rter
al
lo
ws
c
on
t
ro
ll
in
g
the
ro
t
or
c
urr
ents
to
obta
in
the
de
sired
act
ive
an
d
reacti
ve
powe
rs
at
t
he
sta
tor
side
[
8].
Be
sid
es,
the
D
FIG
i
s
the
chea
pest
so
luti
on
to
e
nsure
var
ia
ble
spe
ed
ope
rati
on
because
it
s
co
nv
e
rts
are sized
only
for ab
out 3
0% o
f
the
nom
inal gen
erate
d power
[9].
Figure
3. The
basic la
yo
ut of
a D
F
IG wi
nd t
urbine
[10
]
4.
REA
CTIVE
P
OWER
CAP
ABILIT
Y OF
DFIG WI
ND
TURBI
NE
The
P
-
Q
diagra
m
pr
op
os
e
d
i
n
[
7
]
is
us
ed
to
get
the
reacti
ve
powe
r
ca
pab
i
li
ty
of
2
M
W
DF
I
G.
I
n
thi
s
m
et
ho
d,
it
is
s
uggeste
d
that
the
reacti
ve
po
wer
ca
pa
bili
ty
is
lim
it
ed
by
three
par
am
et
ers:
ro
to
r
c
urren
t
(
I
r
)
,
sta
tor
cu
rr
e
nt
(
I
s
)
an
d
r
otor
volt
age
(
V
r
)
.
T
he
co
m
plex
powe
rs
f
ro
m
the
sta
tor
a
nd
t
he
r
oto
r
windin
gs
a
r
e
der
i
ved
us
in
g
the
ste
ady
sta
te
T
-
e
qu
i
valen
t
ci
rcu
it
show
n
in
Fi
g
ure
4,
al
so
;
it
is
con
s
idere
d
that
the
sta
to
r
vo
lt
age
is
eq
ua
l
to
1
p.u.
As
i
ll
us
trat
ed
in
Fig
ure
5,
th
e
P
Q
diag
ram
of
2
M
W
D
FIG
is
ob
ta
ine
d
by
th
e
m
os
t
restrict
ive
of th
e
three
bo
unda
ries. T
he para
m
et
ers
u
se
d
in
this pa
per are
s
how
n
in
T
a
ble
1
.
Figure
4.
Stea
dy
stat
e T
-
eq
uiva
le
nt circuit
of
the DFI
G
Figure
5.
P
Q d
ia
gr
am
o
f
th
e
DF
I
G use
d
i
n
t
his
pap
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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p
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8708
A
Co
mparis
on
Study
of Re
activ
e Po
we
r
Co
ntro
l
Stra
te
gies
in
Wi
nd Farms
wi
th S
VC
...
(
Nazha C
herk
aoui)
4839
Table
1.
RE
po
wer M
M82 p
ar
a
m
et
ers
[11]
Machin
e para
m
ete
r
Valu
e
No
m
in
al active
po
wer
2
MW
No
m
in
al stato
r
v
o
l
tag
e
6
9
0
V
Stato
r
resistan
ce
0
.00
2
0
6
Ω
Stato
r
in
d
u
ctan
ce
0
.03
2
Ω
Ro
to
r
resistan
ce
0
.00
2
8
Ω
Ro
to
r
in
d
u
ctan
ce
0
.02
1
Ω
Magn
etizin
g
r
esis
t
an
ce
3
6
.4 Ω
Magn
etizin
g
ind
u
c
tan
ce
0
.83
Ω
Turn
r
atio
2
.43
Slip
-
0
.2
5.
SVC (St
a
tic
V
AR Compe
ns
ator) [
12]
-
[
14]
The
S
VC
is
a
FA
CTS
(F
le
xib
le
AC
T
ran
s
m
issi
on
Syst
em
s)
dev
ic
e
tha
t
al
lows
im
pr
ovin
g
tra
ns
ie
nt
sta
bili
ty
and
c
ontr
olli
ng
pow
e
r
fl
ow
in
el
ect
r
ic
al
netw
orks. The S
VC
ad
jus
ts
the v
olta
ge
on p
owe
r
syst
e
m
s
b
y
abs
orbin
g
or
s
upplyi
ng
rea
ct
ive
powe
r
at
the
po
int
of
co
nnect
ion.
In
fac
t,
the
SV
C
pro
vid
es
reacti
ve
powe
r
wh
e
n netw
ork
vo
lt
age
is lo
w,
and it
cons
um
e
s r
eact
ive
pow
er
wh
e
n netw
ork
volt
age is
hi
gh.
The
S
VC,
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
6
co
ns
ist
s
of
a
com
bin
at
ion
of
Thyrist
or
s
witc
hed
ca
pacit
or
(TSC)
a
nd
Thyristo
r
c
ontrolle
d
react
or
(TCR)
co
nne
ct
ed
in
pa
rall
el
with
el
ect
ri
cal
netw
ork.
The
reacto
r
a
nd
th
e
capaci
tor
ba
nks
co
nn
ect
e
d
on
the
sec
onda
ry
side
of
a
c
ouplin
g
tra
ns
f
or
m
er
are
swi
tc
hed
to
obta
in
t
he
necessa
ry r
eact
ive po
wer
in
order t
o kee
p
the
volt
age in t
he
desire
d value.
Figure
6.
Stat
ic
V
a
r
Com
pen
s
at
or
(SVC)
The
S
VC
op
e
r
at
es
in
volt
age
regulat
ion
m
od
e
a
nd
i
n
var
con
t
ro
l
m
od
e.
In
va
r
co
ntr
ol
m
od
e,
the
su
sce
ptance
of SV
C
is
kep
t
co
ns
ta
nt.
T
he
V
-
I
char
act
erist
ic
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
7
is
i
m
ple
m
e
nted
w
he
n
the
SVC
op
e
rates in
the
vo
lt
age
r
e
gula
ti
on
m
od
e:
Figure
7. S
VC
V
-
I
c
har
act
eris
ti
c
The
vo
lt
age
is
adjuste
d
to
t
he
re
fer
e
nce
volt
age
V
ref
so
lo
ng
as
the
s
us
ce
ptance
B
of
t
he
S
VC
rem
ai
ns
within
the
bo
unds
values
(m
ini
mu
m
and
m
axim
u
m
su
scepta
nce
val
ues).
T
hese
lim
it
s
val
ues
are
i
m
po
sed
by
th
e
su
m
of
the
reacti
ve
po
wer
of
reacto
r
(
B
lm
a
x
)
a
nd
ca
pacit
or
ba
nks
(
B
c
max
)
.Th
e
eq
ua
ti
on
s
bellow
d
e
scrib
e the
V
-
I
c
har
a
ct
erist
ic
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
483
6
-
484
6
4840
V
=
V
ref
+
X
s
.
I
Wh
e
n SVC
op
erates i
n
re
gu
la
ti
on
m
od
e
(
−
B
c
max
<
B
<
B
lm
a
x
)
(1)
V
=
−
I
B
c
m
ax
Wh
e
n SVC
is
entirel
y ca
pacit
ive (
B
=
B
c
ma
x
)
(2)
V
=
I
B
l
m
ax
Wh
e
n SVC
is
entirel
y i
nductive
(
B
=
B
lm
a
x
)
(3)
Wh
e
re
V
: Pos
it
ive se
qu
ence
vo
lt
a
ge
(
pu)
I
: R
eact
ive curr
ent (p
u/
P
base
)
X
s
: Slop
e
or
dro
op
reacta
nce
(
pu/
P
base
)
B
c
max
:
Ma
xim
u
m
ca
pacit
ive s
us
ce
pt
ance whe
n on
l
y al
l TSCs are
in service
(pu/
P
base
)
B
lm
a
x
: M
axim
u
m
in
du
ct
ive
s
us
cept
ance
wh
e
n o
nly al
l TC
R are i
n
se
rv
ic
e
(
pu
/
P
base
)
P
base
: Thr
ee
phase
base
po
wer
6.
STATIC
S
Y
N
CHRO
N
O
US
COMPE
N
SAT
ER
(S
TAT
C
OM
)
[14
],
[
15]
The
ST
ATCO
M
is
a
FA
CTS
dev
ic
e
that
per
m
i
ts
i
m
pr
ov
in
g
powe
r
facto
r
and
re
gula
ti
ng
the
netw
ork
vo
lt
age
by
in
j
e
ct
ing
or
co
nsu
m
ing
reacti
ve
powe
r
to
or
f
rom
the
power
gri
d.
Fi
g
ure
8
il
lustrate
s
the
pr
i
nciple
of
op
e
rati
on
of
STA
TC
OM.
A
volt
age
S
our
ce
Converter
(
VS
C)
wh
ic
h
is
connecte
d
on
the
seco
nd
a
ry
side
of
a
co
up
li
ng
t
ra
ns
f
or
m
er
al
lo
ws
getti
ng
the
necessa
ry
reac
ti
ve
powe
r.
Th
e
VS
C
util
iz
es
a
f
or
ce
d
c
omm
uta
te
d
powe
r
el
ect
ron
ic
s d
e
v
ic
e
(
IGB
Ts, GTOs
)
t
o get a
volt
age
U2 from
a D
C
vo
lt
age
s
ource.
Figure
8.
Stat
ic
Sync
hro
nous
Com
pen
sat
or (STATC
OM)
The
act
ive
and
reacti
ve powe
r
outp
ut of t
he STATC
OM a
r
e g
ive
n by e
quat
ion
s
(4)
a
nd (5)
:
P
=
U
1
U
2
sin
δ
X
(4)
Q
=
U
1
(
U
1
−
U
2
c
os
δ
)
X
(5)
Wh
e
re
U
1
: The
volt
age
va
lue of t
he
c
ontrolle
d
syst
em
U
2
: The
outp
ut vo
lt
age v
al
ue of
t
he VSC
δ
: The
dif
fer
e
nc
e of the
phase
ang
le
betwe
en
U
1
an
d
U
2
X
: R
eact
ance of
filt
ers
an
d
i
nter
connecti
on tra
ns
f
or
m
er
In
t
he
ste
a
dy stat
e, δ
is e
qual
to 0 (
U
2
is i
n p
has
e w
it
h
U
1
),
so
onl
y t
he
reacti
ve
pow
e
r flo
w
(
P=
0). T
o
ens
ur
e
a
dyna
m
ic
reacti
ve
powe
r
regulat
io
n,
t
he
V
SC
c
ontr
ols
the
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
U
2
in
orde
r
to
co
ntr
ol
the
vo
lt
age
dif
fer
e
nce
bet
ween
U
2
and
U
1
.
The
refo
re,
the
ST
AT
COM
is
able
to
ad
j
us
t
gr
id
vo
lt
age
U
1
by
pro
vid
in
g or a
bs
or
bing
reacti
ve powe
r.
The
ST
ATCO
M
op
erates
in
vo
lt
age
regulat
ion
m
od
e
an
d
var
c
on
t
ro
l
m
od
e.
I
n
va
r
co
nt
ro
l
m
od
e,
th
e
reacti
ve
po
wer
ou
t
pu
t
is
m
ain
ta
ined
co
ns
ta
nt.
Fig
ure
9
s
hows
t
he
V
-
I
c
har
act
erist
ic
im
ple
m
ented
w
hen
t
he
STA
TC
OM
operates i
n v
oltag
e re
gu
la
ti
on m
od
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A
Co
mparis
on
Study
of Re
activ
e Po
we
r
Co
ntro
l
Stra
te
gies
in
Wi
nd Farms
wi
th S
VC
...
(
Nazha C
herk
aoui)
4841
Figure
9.
ST
A
TCOM V
-
I
c
ha
racteri
sti
c
The
vo
lt
age
is
adjuste
d
to
th
e
ref
e
ren
ce
volt
age
V
ref
so
l
ong
a
s
the
reacti
ve
currents
rem
ain
wit
hi
n
the
cu
rrent
li
m
it
s
(
−
I
max
,
I
max
)
w
hich
are
im
po
sed
by
the
c
onver
te
r
rati
ng
.
T
he
V
-
I
c
har
act
e
risti
c
of
t
he
STA
TC
OM is
ob
ta
ine
d by t
he
equati
on (6)
:
V
=
V
ref
+
X
s
.
I
(6)
Wh
e
re
V
: Pos
it
ive se
qu
ence
vo
lt
a
ge
X
s
: Slop
e
I
: R
eact
ive curr
ent
7.
REA
CTIVE
P
OWER
CON
TROL ST
RAT
EGY O
F W
PP BA
SED
D
FIG W
IN
D
T
UR
BI
NE
[16]
The
pur
pose
of
the
strat
egy
pr
ese
nted
in
t
hi
s
par
ag
ra
ph
is
to
ob
ta
in
the
r
eact
ive
power
ref
e
ren
ce
of
each
WT
in
the
WF
in
ord
er
to
pro
duce
the
necessa
ry
reacti
ve
po
wer
so
that
to
ke
ep
the
volt
age
in
th
e
el
ect
rical
g
rid
in
the
adm
issi
ble r
a
ng
e
r
e
qu
i
re
d by the
TS
O
.
This strate
gy is
explai
ned in
steps as:
Step
1.
T
he
r
eact
ive
powe
r
lim
i
ts
of
eac
h
D
FIG
(
an
d
)
are
obta
in
ed
usi
ng
the
m
e
tho
d
pr
ese
nted
in pa
ragrap
h I
V.
Step
2.
The
vol
ta
ge
m
easur
ed
at
the P
CC
is
c
om
par
ed wit
h
t
he vo
lt
age
r
e
quire
d by the
T
SO
.
Step
3.
T
he
propo
rtion
al
volt
age
co
ntr
ol
bloc
k
diag
ram
[1
7
]
i
ll
us
trat
ed
in
F
ig
ure
10
is
util
iz
ed
to
cal
culat
e
the r
eact
ive
po
wer re
qu
i
red b
y t
he WF
Step
4.
I
f
<
=
∑
=
1
,
the
n
t
he
m
inim
u
m
nu
m
ber
of
the
WTs
t
hat
c
on
tri
bu
te
in
the
reacti
ve
po
wer
su
pp
or
t
is
det
erm
ined
accor
ding
to
the
rea
ct
ive
power
li
m
it
a
ti
on
s
of
ea
ch
W
T
.
The
nu
m
ber
is ch
ose
n u
ntil
∑
=
1
≥
i
s m
et
.
If
≥
, th
e
n
al
l t
he DFIGs
w
il
l
par
ti
ci
pate in
the
vo
lt
age
r
e
gula
ti
on
.
Step
5.
When
fi
nish
e
d,
retu
rn
to step
1.
Figure
10.
Pro
portio
nal volt
age c
on
t
ro
l
blo
c
k diag
ram
[
1
7
]
8.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
The
pur
po
se
of
this
wor
k
is
to
prese
nt
a
co
ordinate
d
react
ive
po
wer
c
on
trol
strat
e
gy
in
w
hich
th
e
STA
TC
OM
a
nd
th
e
wind
farm
m
ade
up
with
D
FIG
wind
tur
bin
es
are
uti
li
zed.
Fir
st,
a
c
om
par
at
ive
a
na
ly
si
s
betwee
n
the
S
VC
an
d
t
he
ST
ATCOM
is
do
ne
in
orde
r
to
choo
se
t
he
a
ppropr
ia
te
F
ACT
S
de
vice
to
us
e
in
the
pro
po
se
d
strat
egy.
T
hen,
a
c
om
par
ison
is
done
betwee
n
t
he
res
ults
obta
ined
with
the
pro
po
se
d
strat
egy
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
483
6
-
484
6
4842
wh
e
n
only
FAC
TS
dev
ic
es
a
re
us
e
d
f
or
vol
ta
ge
regulat
ion.
To
do
this,
a
n
85
Mvar
ne
w
load
has
bee
n
ad
de
d
to
the
te
st
net
work,
a
s
il
lustrate
d
in
F
ig
ure
11
;
there
f
or
e,
a
vo
lt
age
sag
oc
cur
s
at
al
l
bu
s
es
in
the
netwo
r
k.
As
sh
ow
n
in
F
ig
ure
11,
the
wi
nd
powe
r
pla
nt
co
ns
ist
s
of
fi
ve
2
M
W
D
FIG,
a
nd
it
is
c
onnected
to
a
20
-
kV
distrib
ution p
ower
syst
em
tha
t expo
rts po
we
r
to
63 k
V network
th
rou
gh a
10 km
2
0 kV f
eeder
.
Figure
11.
A
n exem
ple case f
or sim
ulatio
n
Four
cases
a
re
te
ste
d
and
c
om
par
ed.
In
e
ve
ry
case
the
wind
sp
e
e
d
is
con
si
der
e
d
to
be
eq
ual
to
13 m
/s:
Ca
se 1
: T
her
e
i
s no reac
ti
ve p
ow
e
r
c
ontrol
strat
egy a
pp
li
ed
in this case
.
Ca
se
2:
A
15
Mvar
S
VC
is
the
only
el
e
m
e
nt
in
the
wind
far
m
that
pro
vid
es
reacti
ve
powe
r,
wh
il
e
the
reacti
ve powe
r
r
efe
re
nce se
nt
to each
WT wit
hin
the
WPP
i
s equal t
o 0
.
Ca
se
3:
A
1
5
Mvar
ST
ATC
OM
is
the
on
ly
el
e
m
ent
in
the
wind
far
m
tha
t
gen
erates
rea
ct
ive
power,
w
hil
e
the r
eact
ive
po
wer re
fer
e
nce s
ent to ea
ch
W
T
w
it
hin t
he WP
P is e
qu
al
t
o 0.
Ca
se
4:
T
he
D
FI
G
wind
tu
rbi
nes
within
t
he
W
F
pr
ov
i
de
r
eact
ive
po
wer
us
in
g
t
he
strat
egy
prese
nted
in
par
a
gr
a
ph
V
II
wh
e
n
the
ST
ATCOM
reac
hes
a
ce
rtai
n
va
lue
of
it
s
cap
aci
ty
.
In
this
work,
this
val
ue
is
consi
der
e
d
t
o b
e eq
ual to 9
0%
of the
ST
ATC
OM’s
ca
pacit
y.
The fact
or
of
volt
age c
on
t
ro
l
blo
c
k
k
V
C
is cal
culat
ed
as
fo
ll
ow:
k
V
C
=
Q
max
i
−
Q
min
i
∆
U
w
he
re
Q
i
m
a
x
and
Q
i
m
i
n
a
r
e
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
um
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
/
a
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
f
u
l
f
i
l
a
l
l
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
g
r
i
d
c
o
d
e
s
,
and ∆U
is t
he
ra
nge a
round
t
he rat
ed v
al
ue,
wh
ic
h
is
set
to 0.
1 pu in
this
work.
The
sim
ulati
on
res
ults
are
il
lu
strat
ed
in
F
ig
ure
12,
13,
14,
a
nd
15.
As
we
c
an
no
ti
ce
from
F
ig
ur
e
12,
the
act
ive
po
w
er
dec
reases
si
gn
i
ficantl
y
in
the
fir
st
case
w
hen
no
reacti
ve
powe
r
co
ntr
ol
strat
egy
is
ap
plied,
wh
e
reas it st
ay
ed
al
m
os
t t
he
s
a
m
e in the othe
r
cases
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A
Co
mparis
on
Study
of Re
activ
e Po
we
r
Co
ntro
l
Stra
te
gies
in
Wi
nd Farms
wi
th S
VC
...
(
Nazha C
herk
aoui)
4843
Figure
12.
Acti
ve powe
r ou
t
puts
by the
WTs
1
,
2,
3,
4
a
nd
5
A
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
13,
the
r
eact
ive
po
wer
ou
t
pu
ts
by
t
he
WTs
within
th
e
W
P
P
is
e
qua
l
to
0
in
cas
e
1,
2
a
nd
3.
T
his
is
du
e
to
the
fact
that
the
WF
don’
t
c
on
tri
bute
to
vo
lt
ag
e
r
egu
la
ti
on
in
th
ese
cases.
H
owever,
the
WF
par
ti
ci
pate
to
volt
age
regulat
io
n
in
case
4.
F
ur
t
herm
or
e,
the
reac
ti
ve
powe
r
outpu
t
by
the
WT
5
is
alm
os
t
equ
al
t
o
0
f
ro
m
the
ti
m
e
0,
4
s
beca
use
the
reacti
ve
powe
r
sup
plied
by
t
he
rem
ain
ed
WT
s
in
th
e
W
PP
is suffici
ent t
o t
ake p
a
rt in
r
ea
ct
ive pow
e
r
s
uppo
rt
.
Figure
13. Rea
ct
ive pow
e
r o
ut
pu
ts
by the
WTs
1,
2,
3, 4 an
d 5
As
il
lustrate
d
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
14, the
ad
diti
on of a n
ew
lo
ad of 85 Mvar
to the gr
id cau
ses a dr
op volt
age at
the
PCC
.
The
im
ple
m
entat
ion
of
F
ACTS
de
vices
at
the
PC
C
helps
to
i
ncrea
se
the
vol
ta
ge
at
this
po
i
nt
from
0,735
pu
in
ca
se
1
to
0,9
325
pu
i
n
case
2
a
nd
to
0,9
461
pu
in
case
3.
T
his
is
du
e
to
the
fact
that
the
re
act
ive
powe
r
pro
vid
e
d
by
the
ST
AT
COM
is
big
ge
r
than
that
pr
ov
ided
by
the
S
V
C,
as
sh
ow
n
in
F
ig
ure
15,
al
thou
gh
the
fact
t
hat
the
y
ha
ve
t
he
sam
e
rati
ng
.
As
a
res
ult,
w
e
can
c
oncl
ud
e
that
the
ST
ATCOM
give
s
bette
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
483
6
-
484
6
4844
perform
ance
i
n
com
par
iso
n
to
the
SV
C
.
H
oweve
r,
the
si
gnific
ant
im
pr
ovem
ent
in
the
vo
lt
age
at
the
PCC
is
ob
ta
ine
d
in
ca
se
4
beca
us
e
this
is
w
hen
th
e
m
os
t
i
m
po
rtant
am
ou
nt
of
reacti
ve
po
we
r
is
i
nj
ect
e
d.
We
ca
n
con
cl
ud
e
that t
he pr
opos
e
d st
r
at
egy p
e
rm
i
ts gett
ing
t
he best
r
es
ults.
Figure
14. V
oltage at t
he
PCC
in
case
1,
2,
3 and 4
Figure
15. Rea
ct
ive pow
e
r o
ut
pu
ts
by the
S
VC a
nd the
ST
ATCOM
9.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
w
ork,
we
prese
nt
a
coor
din
at
ed
re
act
ive
powe
r
con
t
ro
l
strat
e
gy
in
w
hich
th
e
doubly
fe
d
inducti
on
ge
ne
rators
in
the
wi
nd
powe
r
plant
and
a
ST
ATC
OM
are
us
e
d
s
o
that
to
m
ai
ntain
the
vo
lt
age
at
the
po
i
nt
of
c
ommon
c
ouplin
g
in
the
acce
ptable
range.
To
v
al
idate
the
perfor
m
ance
of
the
pro
posed
strat
e
gy,
it
was
com
par
ed
with
oth
e
r
reac
ti
ve
power
c
ontrol
strat
egies
in
w
hich
tw
o
di
ff
ere
nts
FA
C
TS
te
chnolo
gi
es
are
us
e
d
f
or
volt
age
re
gula
ti
on
.
Si
m
ulati
on
re
su
lt
s
sho
w
that
the
sig
nificant
i
m
pr
ovem
ent
of
t
he
volt
age
at
the
po
i
nt
of
c
omm
on
couplin
g
is
obta
ine
d
wh
e
n
t
he
wind
f
arm
ta
kes
par
t
i
n
the
rea
ct
ive
powe
r
s
upport
i
n
add
it
io
n
to
the
STA
TC
OM.
REFERE
NCE
S
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Gao,
e
t
al
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,
“
Com
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ison
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rds
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hnic
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l
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ire
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conn
ec
t
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r
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e
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ta
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at
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IG
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egul
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ti
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oltag
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grid
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olt
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IG
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A
Co
mparis
on
Study
of Re
activ
e Po
we
r
Co
ntro
l
Stra
te
gies
in
Wi
nd Farms
wi
th S
VC
...
(
Nazha C
herk
aoui)
4845
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M.
A.
Tof
igh,
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t
al.
,
“
Volta
g
e
r
egul
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ti
on
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d
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ne
ct
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nd
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using
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,
”
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ower
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Ene
rg
y
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ne
ering
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renc
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Mit
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g
e
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b
y
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ng
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OM
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DF
IG
-
b
ase
d
wind
far
m
s
conn
ecte
d
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a
power
s
y
stem
,
”
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Inte
rnat
iona
l
Confe
ren
ce
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ne
ering
Te
chnol
ogy
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ec
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C.
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“
Grid
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u
ir
ements
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power
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gr
at
i
on
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renc
e
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ers
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En
ergy
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[7]
T.
Lund
,
et
a
l.
,
“
Rea
ct
iv
e
power
ca
p
abi
lit
y
of
a
wind
turbi
ne
wit
h
doubl
y
fed
ind
uct
ion
g
ene
r
at
or
,
”
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ind
En
ergy
,
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10
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[8]
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Vijay
an,
“
Util
i
zi
ng
re
ac
t
ive
ca
pability
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y
fed
ind
uct
ion
gen
era
to
rs
to
enha
nce
s
y
stem
volt
a
g
e
per
form
anc
e
and
withsta
nd
wind
var
ia
b
il
i
t
y
,
”
m
aste
r thesis,
2010.
[9]
A.
M.
Thi
n
and
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S.
Y.
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y
a
in
g
,
“
Perform
anc
e
ana
l
y
sis
of
dou
bl
y
f
ed
inductio
n
gene
ra
tor
usin
g
vec
tor
cont
rol
te
chn
ique
,
”
Int
e
rnational
Journ
al
of
Elec
tric
al
and
Computer
Engi
nee
ring
(
IJECE
),
v
ol
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ss
ue:
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93
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S.
J.
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and
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,
“
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po
wer
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at
rix
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cont
ro
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IG
wind
turbi
ne
s
y
st
em
,
”
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KOMNIKA
Indone
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ourn
al
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tric
al
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idi
,
“
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tici
pat
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r
ea
c
ti
ve
po
wer
reg
ul
at
i
on
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n
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y
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em
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”
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disserta
ti
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,
“
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i
cient
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tor
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C
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on
the
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cont
rol
le
r
un
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d
Fau
l
t
in
th
e
sm
art
g
ri
,
”
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rnat
ional
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urnal
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i
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ne
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y
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usi
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ar
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om
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ab/
Sim
uli
nk
,
”
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sian
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urnal
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e
ct
ric
al
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ne
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ensa
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o
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ind
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m
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”
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,
‘‘Volt
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ct
ri
ca
l
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k
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iv
e
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ro
l
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tra
t
eg
y
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PP
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DF
IG wind
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ne
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rnternati
onal
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nfe
renc
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El
e
c
tric
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[17]
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,
“
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-
l
e
vel
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m
s
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D
oub
l
y
Fed
Induc
t
io
n
Gene
rat
ors
,
”
Eu
ropean
Wind En
ergy
Conf
ere
nc
e
,
W
arsa
w,
Polan
d,
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.